question stringlengths 29 100 | answers list | ctxs list | nq_annotated_gold dict |
|---|---|---|---|
where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers found | [
"medulla oblongata",
"the medulla oblongata"
] | [
{
"title": "Cardiology",
"text": "the United States. As the center focus of cardiology, the heart has numerous anatomical features (e.g., atria, ventricles, heart valves) and numerous physiological features (e.g., systole, heart sounds, afterload) that have been encyclopedically documented for many centurie... | {
"title": "Vasomotor center",
"long_answer": "The vasomotor center (VMC) is a portion of the medulla oblongata that, together with the cardiovascular center and respiratory center, regulates blood pressure and other homeostatic processes. Vasomotor center is a fairly archaic term since this function relies not on a single brain structure (\"center\") but rather represents a presympathetic network of interacting neurons. Upon increase in carbon dioxide level at central chemoreceptors, it stimulates the sympathetic system to constrict vessels. This is opposite to carbon dioxide in tissues causing vasodilatation, especially in the brain. Cranial nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve) and X Vagus nerve both feed into the vasomotor centre and are themselves involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The localization of VMC was determined by Filipp Ovsyannikov in 1871.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The vasomotor center (VMC) is a portion of the medulla oblongata that, together with the cardiovascular center and respiratory center, regulates blood pressure and other homeostatic processes. Vasomotor center is a fairly archaic term since this function relies not on a single brain structure (\"center\") but rather represents a presympathetic network of interacting neurons. Upon increase in carbon dioxide level at central chemoreceptors, it stimulates the sympathetic system to constrict vessels. This is opposite to carbon dioxide in tissues causing vasodilatation, especially in the brain. Cranial nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve) and X Vagus nerve both feed into the vasomotor centre",
"short_answers": [
"medulla oblongata",
"the medulla oblongata"
]
} |
what is the population of the tri-cities washington | [
"283,846",
"over 300,000"
] | [
{
"title": "Tri-Cities, Washington",
"text": "of 2010, there were 48,058 people, and according to the 2000 census, 15,549 households, and 10,682 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,111.8 people per square mile (429.2/km²). There were 16,458 housing units at an average density of 472.... | {
"title": "Tri-Cities, Washington",
"long_answer": "The official 2016 estimate of MSA population of Tri-Cities is 283,846. This is over a 12% increase from 2010. (2016 US MSA estimates) 2017 estimates now show Tri-Cities as over 300,000.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The official 2016 estimate of MSA population of Tri-Cities is 283,846. This is over a 12% increase from 2010. (2016 US MSA estimates) 2017 estimates now show Tri-Cities as over 300,000.",
"short_answers": [
"283,846",
"over 300,000"
]
} |
who wrote the music for christmas story live | [
"Pasek and Paul",
"Pasek & Paul",
"Justin Paul",
"Benj Pasek"
] | [
{
"title": "A Christmas Story Live!",
"text": "A Christmas Story Live! A Christmas Story Live! is a television special that was originally broadcast by Fox on December 17, 2017. It was a live, televised musical remake of the 1983 film \"A Christmas Story\", and incorporated the 2012 stage musical version \"... | {
"title": "A Christmas Story: The Musical",
"long_answer": "A Christmas Story: The Musical is a musical version of the film A Christmas Story. The musical has music and lyrics written by Pasek & Paul and the book by Joseph Robinette. The musical takes place in the 1940s in Indiana and focuses on a child named Ralphie, who wants a Red Ryder BB Gun for Christmas.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A Christmas Story: The Musical is a musical version of the film A Christmas Story. The musical has music and lyrics written by Pasek & Paul and the book by Joseph Robinette. The musical takes place in the 1940s in Indiana and focuses on a child named Ralphie, who wants a Red Ryder BB Gun for Christmas.",
"short_answers": [
"Pasek & Paul"
]
} |
who sang the song i think we're alone now | [
"Tiffany",
"Tommy James and the Shondells"
] | [
{
"title": "I Think We're Alone Now",
"text": "minutes. On the B-side of the song is the single \"Christmas Song\". 7\" CD single In 2006, the British all-female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover version of \"I Think We're Alone Now\" for their greatest hits album \"The Sound of Girls Aloud\" and the s... | {
"title": "I Think We're Alone Now",
"long_answer": "\"I Think We're Alone Now\" is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was the title selection from a same-named album released by the American recording artists Tommy James and the Shondells. \"I Think We're Alone Now\" was a 1967 US hit for James and the Shondells, reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song has since been covered several times by other artists. The late 1987 recording by Tiffany reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. One month earlier, another Tommy James song had also hit number 1—Billy Idol's version of \"Mony, Mony\". Other cover versions have also charted, including those by The Rubinoos (number 45 US, 1977) and Girls Aloud (number 4 UK, 2006).",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"I Think We're Alone Now\" is a song written and composed by Ritchie Cordell that was the title selection from a same-named album released by the American recording artists Tommy James and the Shondells. \"I Think We're Alone Now\" was a 1967 US hit for James and the Shondells, reaching number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song has since been covered several times by other artists. The late 1987 recording by Tiffany reached number 1 on the charts of various countries including the US, UK, Canada, and New Zealand. One month earlier, another Tommy James song had",
"short_answers": [
"Tiffany",
"Tommy James and the Shondells"
]
} |
when does mexico play in the winter olympics | [
"9 to 25 February 2018"
] | [
{
"title": "Ice hockey in Mexico",
"text": "Mexican Elite League () on 2 October 2010, with the goal to establishing Mexico's high-level international competitor in ice hockey. Currently it has four professional teams and 17 associated equipment. The men's national team played its first game on 10 April 200... | {
"title": "Mexico at the 2018 Winter Olympics",
"long_answer": "Mexico competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with four competitors in three sports.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Mexico competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with four competitors in three sports.",
"short_answers": [
"9 to 25 February 2018"
]
} |
when was the abacus invented in ancient china | [
"2nd century BC"
] | [
{
"title": "Abacus",
"text": "Abacus The abacus (\"plural\" abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, a... | {
"title": "Abacus",
"long_answer": "The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.",
"short_answers": [
"2nd century BC"
]
} |
the nurses' health study is an example of what type of study | [
"long-term",
"prospective",
"prospective studies"
] | [
{
"title": "Nurses' Health Study",
"text": "These conditions demonstrated relationships with states of health, such as risk of developing chronic disease. Because the women continued submitting their responses as time passed, the Nurses' Health Study was the first cohort study of such magnitude to follow a ... | {
"title": "Nurses' Health Study",
"long_answer": "The Nurses' Health Study (NHS), is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies are among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The NHS studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (type 2). The studies include clinicians, epidemiologists, and statisticians at the Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and several Harvard-affiliated hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Nurses' Health Study (NHS), is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies are among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The NHS studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (type 2). The studies include clinicians, epidemiologists, and statisticians at the Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, and several Harvard-affiliated hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital",
"short_answers": [
"long-term",
"prospective",
"prospective studies"
]
} |
who plays the little girl in jurassic park | [
"Ariana Clarice Richards"
] | [
{
"title": "Jurassic Park (film)",
"text": "so I spent endless time in a drug store to find the most photogenic. I went with Barbasol, which ended up in the movie. I was so broke that I took the can home after the audition to use it.\" Laura Dern was Spielberg's first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler th... | {
"title": "Ariana Richards",
"long_answer": "Ariana Clarice Richards (born September 11, 1979) is an American actress and painter. She is best known for her role as Lex Murphy in the blockbuster film Jurassic Park. Richards won several Young Artist Awards for her acting, but since adulthood has focused on her art career.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Ariana Clarice Richards (born September 11, 1979) is an American actress and painter. She is best known for her role as Lex Murphy in the blockbuster film Jurassic Park. Richards won several Young Artist Awards for her acting, but since adulthood has focused on her art career.",
"short_answers": [
"Ariana Clarice Richards"
]
} |
who took over the dutch colony in north america | [
"England",
"English"
] | [
{
"title": "Adriaen van der Donck",
"text": "took over the colony, the city of New Amsterdam retained the municipal charter van der Donck had lobbied for, including uniquely Dutch features, such as a guarantee of free trade. Adriaen van der Donck Adriaen Cornelissen van der Donck (16181655) was a lawyer and... | {
"title": "Dutch colonization of the Americas",
"long_answer": "In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, threatening to attack. Being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York (from James's English title). Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany (from James's Scottish title). The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, threatening to attack. Being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York (from James's English title). Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany (from James's Scottish title). The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey.",
"short_answers": [
"English"
]
} |
where in the constitution is the executive branch referenced | [
"Article Two"
] | [
{
"title": "Constitution",
"text": "the use of the metric system of measurement instead of national units previously used. Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the Baron de Montesquieu, involves three branches of government: e... | {
"title": "Article Two of the United States Constitution",
"long_answer": "Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. The executive branch includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Article Two of the United States Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government, which carries out and enforces federal laws. The executive branch includes the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies, and other boards, commissions, and committees.",
"short_answers": [
"Article Two"
]
} |
when is the second half of vikings season 5 coming out | [
"2018"
] | [
{
"title": "Vikings (season 5)",
"text": "Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first four episodes, and Liz Gill for the fifth to thirteenth episodes. Bi... | {
"title": "Vikings (season 5)",
"long_answer": "The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half will premiere in 2018. The premise of the fifth season differs from the previous four after the departure of Travis Fimmel as Ragnar, and it now follows the adventures of his sons. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is introduced as a major character, after his initial appearance in the fourth season's finale.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half will premiere in 2018. The premise of the fifth season differs from the previous four after the departure of Travis Fimmel as Ragnar, and it now follows the adventures of his sons. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is introduced as a major character, after his initial appearance in the fourth season's finale.",
"short_answers": [
"2018"
]
} |
who coined the phrase let them eat cake | [
"Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
] | [
{
"title": "Let them eat cake",
"text": "a 7th-century chronicle of the Chinese Jin Dynasty, reports that when Emperor Hui (259–307) of Western Jin was told that his people were starving because there was no rice, he said, \"Why don't they eat (ground) meat?\" (何不食肉糜), showing his incompetence. Let them eat... | {
"title": "Let them eat cake",
"long_answer": "While the phrase is commonly attributed to Queen Marie Antoinette, there is no record of her having said it. It appears in book six of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, his autobiography (whose first six books were written in 1765, when Marie Antoinette was nine years of age, and published in 1782). The context of Rousseau's account was his desire to have some bread to accompany some wine he had stolen; however, feeling he was too elegantly dressed to go into an ordinary bakery, he recollected the words of a \"great princess\":",
"chunked_long_answer": "While the phrase is commonly attributed to Queen Marie Antoinette, there is no record of her having said it. It appears in book six of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions, his autobiography (whose first six books were written in 1765, when Marie Antoinette was nine years of age, and published in 1782). The context of Rousseau's account was his desire to have some bread to accompany some wine he had stolen; however, feeling he was too elegantly dressed to go into an ordinary bakery, he recollected the words of a \"great princess\":",
"short_answers": [
"Jean-Jacques Rousseau"
]
} |
sri lanka belongs to which part of asia | [
"South Asia"
] | [
{
"title": "Geography of Sri Lanka",
"text": "Geography of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, formerly called \"Ceylon\", is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, southeast of the Indian subcontinent, in a strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes. The nation has a total area of 65,610 km², with 64,740 km² of ... | {
"title": "South Asia",
"long_answer": "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.",
"short_answers": [
"South Asia"
]
} |
when was the $1 000 bill discontinued | [
"1969",
"December 27, 1945",
"July 14, 1969"
] | [
{
"title": "United States five-dollar bill",
"text": "$5 bill in circulation is 5.5 years before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 6% of all paper currency produced by the U.S. Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing in 2009 were $5 bills. The redesigned $5 bill was unveiled on September 20, 200... | {
"title": "Large denominations of United States currency",
"long_answer": "Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System, due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System, due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.",
"short_answers": [
"December 27, 1945",
"July 14, 1969"
]
} |
when does star wars battlefront 2 com out | [
"November 17, 2017"
] | [
{
"title": "Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)",
"text": "which re-enables multiplayer and allows for Steam and GOG cross play, with a second patch released on January 3, 2018, which featured minor bug fixes and performance optimizations. A Disney spokesperson told \"Polygon\" that GOG Galaxy was \... | {
"title": "Star Wars Battlefront II (2017 video game)",
"long_answer": "Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise. It is the fourth major installment of the Star Wars: Battlefront series and seventh overall, and a sequel to the 2015 reboot of the series. It was developed by EA DICE, in collaboration with Criterion Games and Motive Studios, and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released worldwide on November 17, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise. It is the fourth major installment of the Star Wars: Battlefront series and seventh overall, and a sequel to the 2015 reboot of the series. It was developed by EA DICE, in collaboration with Criterion Games and Motive Studios, and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released worldwide on November 17, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.",
"short_answers": [
"November 17, 2017"
]
} |
who sings gimme some lovin in days of thunder | [
"The Spencer Davis Group",
"Spencer Davis Group"
] | [
{
"title": "Johnny Thunder (singer)",
"text": "reaching no. 67 in late 1965. In 1967, he had another minor hit as part of a duo with Ruby Winters on \"Make Love To Me\". In 1969, Thunder released his first single for Calla Records, the \"raucous\" rock song \"I'm Alive\", featuring \"Verbal Expressions of T... | {
"title": "Days of Thunder (soundtrack)",
"long_answer": "The song \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" is credited to Terry Reid, but the version in the movie is actually from The Spencer Davis Group. \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" also featured on Reid's 1991 solo album, The Driver, along with an alternate version of \"The Last Note of Freedom\" with different lyrics, titled \"The Driver (Part 2)\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "The song \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" is credited to Terry Reid, but the version in the movie is actually from The Spencer Davis Group. \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" also featured on Reid's 1991 solo album, The Driver, along with an alternate version of \"The Last Note of Freedom\" with different lyrics, titled \"The Driver (Part 2)\".",
"short_answers": [
"The Spencer Davis Group"
]
} |
how many languages in harry potter translated into | [
"over 74",
"over 74 languages"
] | [
{
"title": "Harry Potter in translation",
"text": "plus the original English. The number of authorized translations is not equal to the number of languages because there have been multiple authorized translations into the same language. Specifically, there have been two separate translations into each of: M... | {
"title": "Harry Potter in translation",
"long_answer": "The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, with the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, having been translated into over 74 languages. This includes languages diverse as Azerbaijani, Malayalam and Welsh as well as the dead languages Latin and Ancient Greek. This makes it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the Valencian adaptation of Catalan.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Harry Potter series of fantasy novels by J. K. Rowling is one of the most translated series of all time, with the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, having been translated into over 74 languages. This includes languages diverse as Azerbaijani, Malayalam and Welsh as well as the dead languages Latin and Ancient Greek. This makes it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. Additionally, regional adaptations of the books have been made to accommodate regional dialects such as the American English edition or the",
"short_answers": [
"over 74",
"over 74 languages"
]
} |
how many episodes of greys anatomy season 14 | [
"24",
"24 episodes",
"21"
] | [
{
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)",
"text": "a 14th season on February 10, 2017. It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a two-hour premiere. Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she woul... | {
"title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 14)",
"long_answer": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere. The season will consist of 24 episodes, with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.",
"short_answers": [
"24",
"24 episodes"
]
} |
the road that connects the tombs is called | [
"\"Spirit Way\""
] | [
{
"title": "Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)",
"text": "Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem) The Tombs of the Kings () () are a collection of rock cut tombs in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene. The tombs are located 820 meters north of Jerusalem's Old City walls in the Sheik... | {
"title": "Ming tombs",
"long_answer": "A 7-kilometer (4 mi) road named the \"Spirit Way\" (pinyin: Shéndào) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the \"Great Red Gate\". The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming dynasty, this archway is one of the biggest stone archways in China today.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A 7-kilometer (4 mi) road named the \"Spirit Way\" (pinyin: Shéndào) leads into the complex, lined with statues of guardian animals and officials, with a front gate consisting of a three-arches, painted red, and called the \"Great Red Gate\". The Spirit Way, or Sacred Way, starts with a huge stone memorial archway lying at the front of the area. Constructed in 1540, during the Ming dynasty, this archway is one of the biggest stone archways in China today.",
"short_answers": [
"\"Spirit Way\""
]
} |
who proposed evolution in 1859 as the basis of biological development | [
"Alfred Russel Wallace",
"Charles Darwin"
] | [
{
"title": "History of zoology since 1859",
"text": "mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural s... | {
"title": "History of evolutionary thought",
"long_answer": "In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until it was revived by developments in biology that occurred during the 1920s through the 1940s. Before that time most biologists regarded other factors as responsible for evolution. Alternatives to natural selection suggested during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" (c. 1880 to 1920) included inheritance of acquired characteristics (neo-Lamarckism), an innate drive for change (orthogenesis), and sudden large mutations (saltationism). Mendelian genetics, a series of 19th-century experiments with pea plant variations rediscovered in 1900, was integrated with natural selection by Ronald Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright during the 1910s to 1930s, and resulted in the founding of the new discipline of population genetics. During the 1930s and 1940s population genetics became integrated with other biological fields, resulting in a widely applicable theory of evolution that encompassed much of biology—the modern synthesis.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published a new evolutionary theory, explained in detail in Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). Unlike Lamarck, Darwin proposed common descent and a branching tree of life, meaning that two very different species could share a common ancestor. Darwin based his theory on the idea of natural selection: it synthesized a broad range of evidence from animal husbandry, biogeography, geology, morphology, and embryology. Debate over Darwin's work led to the rapid acceptance of the general concept of evolution, but the specific mechanism he proposed, natural selection, was not widely accepted until",
"short_answers": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace",
"Charles Darwin"
]
} |
what is the membrane on the surface of the stomach called | [
"the visceral membrane",
"Serous Membrane"
] | [
{
"title": "Gastric mucosa",
"text": "of surface epithelium and gastric pits of the fundus and pyloric part of the stomach. Gastric mucosa The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach, which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In humans, it is about 1 mm thick, and its surface is smo... | {
"title": "Serous membrane",
"long_answer": "In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid. The inner layer that covers organs (viscera) in body cavities is called the visceral membrane. A second layer of epithelial cells of the serous membrane, called the parietal layer, lines the body wall. Between the two layers is a potential space, mostly empty except for a few milliliters of lubricating serous fluid that is secreted by the two serous membranes.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid. The inner layer that covers organs (viscera) in body cavities is called the visceral membrane. A second layer of epithelial cells of the serous membrane, called the parietal layer, lines the body wall. Between the two layers is a potential space, mostly empty except for a few milliliters of lubricating serous fluid that is secreted by the two serous membranes.",
"short_answers": [
"the visceral membrane"
]
} |
where are mucosal associated lymphoid tissues present in the human body and why | [
"oral passage",
"salivary glands",
"gastrointestinal tract",
"breast",
"skin",
"thyroid",
"lung",
"nasopharyngeal tract",
"eye"
] | [
{
"title": "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue",
"text": "deliver it to the lymphoid tissue. There are three types of situations in which MALT is present- Tonsils, Appendix, Small Intestinal area The components of MALT are sometimes subdivided into the following: It can be also distinguished by level of orga... | {
"title": "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue",
"long_answer": "The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract,oral passage, nasopharyngeal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the lymphoid tissue.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract,oral passage, nasopharyngeal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin. MALT is populated by lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells, as well as plasma cells and macrophages, each of which is well situated to encounter antigens passing through the mucosal epithelium. In the case of intestinal MALT, M cells are also present, which sample antigen from the lumen and deliver it to the",
"short_answers": [
"breast",
"eye",
"gastrointestinal tract",
"lung",
"nasopharyngeal tract",
"oral passage",
"salivary glands",
"skin",
"thyroid"
]
} |
when is the publishers clearing house sweepstakes drawing | [
"just after the Super Bowl"
] | [
{
"title": "Publishers Clearing House",
"text": "Publishers Clearing House Publishers Clearing House (PCH) is a direct marketing company that markets merchandise and magazine subscriptions with sweepstakes and prize-based games. Publishers Clearing House was founded in 1953 by Harold Mertz to replace door-t... | {
"title": "Publishers Clearing House",
"long_answer": "Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to much less than their nominal values.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Although PCH advertises its sweepstakes along with magazine subscriptions, no purchase is necessary to enter or win. In 1995, PCH began the tradition of announcing winners of its $10 million prize just after the Super Bowl. As of 2012, $225 million in prizes have been distributed. Some of its larger prizes are for $5,000 a week for life, or $10 million. Prizes can also range from $1 Amazon gift cards to $2,500, $1 million or $3 million. The larger cash prizes are paid in installments, typically with a balloon payment at 30 years, reducing the present value of prizes to",
"short_answers": [
"just after the Super Bowl"
]
} |
where does summer of the monkeys take place | [
"Oklahoma",
"Missouri"
] | [
{
"title": "Summer of the Monkeys (film)",
"text": "place in rural Canada and featured Heritage Park Historical Village 0-6-0 Steam Locomotive #2024 as the Circus train. It was built by Lima Locomotive Works in 1944 and originally US Army Locomotive #4076. Shots of the park's town were also used for town sc... | {
"title": "Summer of the Monkeys",
"long_answer": "The book is set at the end of the nineteenth century. The protagonist is a 14-year-old boy named Jay Berry Lee, who had enjoyed an idyllic childhood. Born to Missouri sharecroppers, he moves with his family to Oklahoma after his grandfather offers them free land. Daisy, his sister, has a crippled leg, and they devote much effort to gaining enough money to pay for reconstructive surgery. One day, while looking for their lost milk cow, Jay Berry discovers monkeys in a nearby river bottom. Visiting his grandfather's store, he learns that they have escaped from a travelling circus, which has offered a vast reward for their capture: $100 for the chief monkey, \"Jimbo\", and $2 each for the others. Jay Berry makes multiple attempts to capture them using traps and a net borrowed from his grandfather, but he gains only scratches and bites from them, at one point even losing his pants in the process.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The book is set at the end of the nineteenth century. The protagonist is a 14-year-old boy named Jay Berry Lee, who had enjoyed an idyllic childhood. Born to Missouri sharecroppers, he moves with his family to Oklahoma after his grandfather offers them free land. Daisy, his sister, has a crippled leg, and they devote much effort to gaining enough money to pay for reconstructive surgery. One day, while looking for their lost milk cow, Jay Berry discovers monkeys in a nearby river bottom. Visiting his grandfather's store, he learns that they have escaped from a travelling circus, which has",
"short_answers": [
"Missouri",
"Oklahoma"
]
} |
when does ellen's new game show start | [
"December 18, 2017"
] | [
{
"title": "Ellen's Game of Games",
"text": "can win the game without having to answer a question when opponents all fail. Starting in Season Two, when two contestants remain, the round ends and new rules are put in effect. When one contestant misses, the other remaining contestant must answer the same ques... | {
"title": "Ellen's Game of Games",
"long_answer": "Ellen's Game of Games, also known as Game of Games and stylized as ellen's GAME OF GAMES is an American television game show that premiered on December 18, 2017. In March 2017, NBC ordered six (later eight) hourlong episodes of the series. Ellen DeGeneres serves as host, while Stephen \"tWitch\" Boss appears as announcer/sidekick. The series is based on game segments from DeGeneres' daytime talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show. A special preview episode aired on December 18, 2017, with the official series premiere on January 2, 2018. On January 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a 13-episode second season.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Ellen's Game of Games, also known as Game of Games and stylized as ellen's GAME OF GAMES is an American television game show that premiered on December 18, 2017. In March 2017, NBC ordered six (later eight) hourlong episodes of the series. Ellen DeGeneres serves as host, while Stephen \"tWitch\" Boss appears as announcer/sidekick. The series is based on game segments from DeGeneres' daytime talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show. A special preview episode aired on December 18, 2017, with the official series premiere on January 2, 2018. On January 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a 13-episode second",
"short_answers": [
"December 18, 2017"
]
} |
when does season 5 of ruby come out | [
"October 14, 2017",
"October 14, 2017"
] | [
{
"title": "Max & Ruby",
"text": "produced by Nelvana and Treehouse in seasons 1–6, and 9 Story Media Group in seasons 3–5 in Canada, and Silver Lining Productions in seasons 1–3, and Chorion in season 4 in the United States. A sixth season of the series premiered on September 18, 2016, with a new main voic... | {
"title": "List of RWBY episodes",
"long_answer": "The fifth Volume premiered on October 14, 2017, a date which was first announced at the RTX Austin 2017 event. The episodes are released to Rooster Teeth FIRST members Saturdays at 10am CT, then to Rooster Teeth registered members the following Tuesday, and to the general public the following Saturday.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The fifth Volume premiered on October 14, 2017, a date which was first announced at the RTX Austin 2017 event. The episodes are released to Rooster Teeth FIRST members Saturdays at 10am CT, then to Rooster Teeth registered members the following Tuesday, and to the general public the following Saturday.",
"short_answers": [
"October 14, 2017"
]
} |
when does the boy in the striped pajamas take place | [
"World War II",
"during World War II"
] | [
{
"title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas",
"text": "early portion of the novel, writing: \"Boyne's reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of t... | {
"title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas",
"long_answer": "Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to \"Out-With\" because of the orders of \"The Fury\" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to \"Out-With\" because of the orders of \"The Fury\" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz) and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One",
"short_answers": [
"World War II",
"during World War II"
]
} |
which body part(s) occupy the greatest portion of the primary motor cortex | [
"face",
"the human hands"
] | [
{
"title": "Primary motor cortex",
"text": "Primary motor cortex The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe. It is the primary region of the motor system and works in association with other motor areas including premotor c... | {
"title": "Primary motor cortex",
"long_answer": "At the primary motor cortex, motor representation is orderly arranged (in an inverted fashion) from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom) along a fold in the cortex called the central sulcus. However, some body parts may be controlled by partially overlapping regions of cortex. Each cerebral hemisphere of the primary motor cortex only contains a motor representation of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. The amount of primary motor cortex devoted to a body part is not proportional to the absolute size of the body surface, but, instead, to the relative density of cutaneous motor receptors on said body part. The density of cutaneous motor receptors on the body part is generally indicative of the necessary degree of precision of movement required at that body part. For this reason, the human hands and face have a much larger representation than the legs.",
"chunked_long_answer": "cortex. Each cerebral hemisphere of the primary motor cortex only contains a motor representation of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. The amount of primary motor cortex devoted to a body part is not proportional to the absolute size of the body surface, but, instead, to the relative density of cutaneous motor receptors on said body part. The density of cutaneous motor receptors on the body part is generally indicative of the necessary degree of precision of movement required at that body part. For this reason, the human hands and face have a much larger representation than the legs.",
"short_answers": [
"face",
"the human hands"
]
} |
who penned the famous indian epic the ramayana | [
"Valmiki",
"the Hindu sage Valmiki"
] | [
{
"title": "Ramayana",
"text": "masterpiece of India, popularly known as \"Tulsi-krita Ramayana\". Gujarati poet Premanand wrote a version of the \"Ramayana\" in the 17th century. Other versions include Krittivasi Ramayan, a Bengali version by Krittibas Ojha in the 15th century; Vilanka Ramayana by 15th cen... | {
"title": "Ramayana",
"long_answer": "The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom. It follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest from the kingdom, by his father King Dasharatha, on request of his second wife Kaikeyi. His travels across forests in India with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of his wife by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, resulting in a war with him, and Rama's eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Hindu sage Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, the legendary prince of the Kosala Kingdom. It follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest from the kingdom, by his father King Dasharatha, on request of his second wife Kaikeyi. His travels across forests in India with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of his wife by Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, resulting in a war with him, and Rama's eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king.",
"short_answers": [
"Valmiki",
"the Hindu sage Valmiki"
]
} |
who wrote the song what child is this | [
"William Chatterton Dix"
] | [
{
"title": "Desmond Child",
"text": "Desmond Child Desmond Child (born John Charles Barrett; October 28, 1953) is an American songwriter and producer. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008. He is the son of Hungarian father Joseph Marfy and a Cuban songwriter Elena Casals. His hits as a ... | {
"title": "What Child Is This?",
"long_answer": "\"What Child Is This?\" is a Christmas carol whose lyrics were written by William Chatterton Dix, in 1865. At the time of composing the carol, Dix worked as an insurance company manager and had been struck by a severe illness. While recovering, he underwent a spiritual renewal that led him to write several hymns, including lyrics to this carol that was subsequently set to the tune of \"Greensleeves\", a traditional English folk song. Although it was written in Great Britain, the carol is more popular in the United States than in its country of origin today.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"What Child Is This?\" is a Christmas carol whose lyrics were written by William Chatterton Dix, in 1865. At the time of composing the carol, Dix worked as an insurance company manager and had been struck by a severe illness. While recovering, he underwent a spiritual renewal that led him to write several hymns, including lyrics to this carol that was subsequently set to the tune of \"Greensleeves\", a traditional English folk song. Although it was written in Great Britain, the carol is more popular in the United States than in its country of origin today.",
"short_answers": [
"William Chatterton Dix"
]
} |
what type of government is in north america | [
"Federal presidential constitutional republic",
"federal republic"
] | [
{
"title": "Government of Canada",
"text": "authority, that indeed ideal 'democracy' consists precisely in this kind of plebiscitary autocracy.\" Government of Canada The Government of Canada (), officially Her Majesty's Government (), is the federal administration of Canada. In Canadian English, the term c... | {
"title": "United States",
"long_answer": "The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km) and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state",
"short_answers": [
"federal republic"
]
} |
when did the eagles last play in a superbowl | [
"2017 season"
] | [
{
"title": "Veterans Stadium",
"text": "Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2003. The Eagles moved into Lincoln Financial Field in August 2003. The final game ever played at the stadium was the afternoon of September 28, 2003, a 5-2 Phillies loss to the Atlanta Braves. The final... | {
"title": "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season",
"long_answer": "The Eagles had far and away the best team in the NFC and proved that right from the start. Possessing a high-powered offense which featured McNabb, Owens, and Brian Westbrook, as well as a bruising defense led by Pro Bowlers Trotter, Brian Dawkins, Lito Sheppard, and Michael Lewis, they steamrolled opponents on the way to a 13–1 start to the season. After resting starters for the final two games, the 13–3 Eagles soared past the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs, earning a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville against the defending champion New England Patriots. The game was hard fought, but the Eagles fell 24–21, ending their magical season one score short of the ultimate goal. This season was considered the franchise's most successful until their Super Bowl LII-winning 2017 season.",
"chunked_long_answer": "led by Pro Bowlers Trotter, Brian Dawkins, Lito Sheppard, and Michael Lewis, they steamrolled opponents on the way to a 13–1 start to the season. After resting starters for the final two games, the 13–3 Eagles soared past the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs, earning a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville against the defending champion New England Patriots. The game was hard fought, but the Eagles fell 24–21, ending their magical season one score short of the ultimate goal. This season was considered the franchise's most successful until their Super Bowl LII-winning 2017 season.",
"short_answers": [
"2017 season"
]
} |
what happens when an air mass is pushed up and over a mountain range | [
"Orographic lift"
] | [
{
"title": "Air mass",
"text": "oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers. The temperature decrease with height and cloud depth are directly affected by both the water temperature and the large-scale environment. The stronger the temperature decrease with height, the deeper the clou... | {
"title": "Orographic lift",
"long_answer": "Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.",
"short_answers": [
"Orographic lift"
]
} |
when did the great fire of london end | [
"5 September 1666",
"Wednesday, 5 September 1666"
] | [
{
"title": "Great Fire of London",
"text": "the bridge, a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again. Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped. The fire's spread to the north reached the financial heart of ... | {
"title": "Great Fire of London",
"long_answer": "The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.",
"short_answers": [
"5 September 1666",
"Wednesday, 5 September 1666"
]
} |
who created the convention on the rights of the child | [
"The UN General Assembly",
"The United Nations"
] | [
{
"title": "U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child",
"text": "U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The United States has signed the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), but is the only United Nations member state that is not a party to it. The U... | {
"title": "Convention on the Rights of the Child",
"long_answer": "The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation.",
"short_answers": [
"The United Nations"
]
} |
pace maker is associated with which body organ | [
"heart",
"the heart"
] | [
{
"title": "Pacemaker (running)",
"text": "Pacemaker (running) A pacemaker or pacesetter, sometimes informally called a rabbit, is a runner who leads a middle- or long distance running event for the first section to ensure a fast time and avoid excessive tactical racing. Pacemakers are frequently employed b... | {
"title": "Artificial cardiac pacemaker",
"long_answer": "A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.",
"short_answers": [
"heart",
"the heart"
]
} |
who won the most mvp awards in the nba | [
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
] | [
{
"title": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award",
"text": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1955–56 season to the best performing player of the regular season. The winner re... | {
"title": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award",
"long_answer": "Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times. Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times, while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons. Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice. Only two rookies have won the award: Wilt Chamberlain in the 1959–60 season and Wes Unseld in the 1968–69 season. Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria, Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered \"international players\" by the NBA.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times. Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times, while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times. Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons. Moses Malone, Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times, while Bob Pettit, Karl Malone, Tim Duncan, Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice.",
"short_answers": [
"Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"
]
} |
who was originally cast to play indiana jones | [
"Tom Selleck"
] | [
{
"title": "Cowboys & Aliens",
"text": "Aliens\", Ford had previously acted in the Western films \"A Time for Killing\" in 1967, \"Journey to Shiloh\" in 1969 and \"The Frisco Kid\" in 1979. While Ford is well known for playing Indiana Jones, the filmmakers wanted to avoid giving him a cowboy hat that would... | {
"title": "Indiana Jones",
"long_answer": "Originally, Spielberg suggested Harrison Ford; Lucas resisted the idea, since he had already cast the actor in American Graffiti, Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his \"Bobby De Niro\" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's concerns was that shooting for Magnum P.I. conflicted with shooting for Raiders, both of which were to begin about the same time. However, Selleck was to say later in an interview that shooting for Magnum P.I. was delayed and did not actually begin until shooting for Raiders had concluded.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Wars and The Empire Strikes Back, and did not want Ford to become known as his \"Bobby De Niro\" (in reference to the fact that fellow director Martin Scorsese regularly casts Robert De Niro in his films). During an intensive casting process, Lucas and Spielberg auditioned many actors, and finally cast actor Tom Selleck as Indiana Jones. Shortly afterward pre-production began in earnest on Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, CBS refused to release Selleck from his contractual commitment to Magnum, P.I. (which was gradually gaining momentum in the ratings), forcing him to turn down the role. One of CBS's",
"short_answers": [
"Tom Selleck"
]
} |
when was the first temple built in jerusalem | [
"the mid-10th century BCE"
] | [
{
"title": "Second Temple",
"text": "Second Temple The Second Temple (, \"Beit HaMikdash HaSheni\") was the Jewish holy temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. According to Jewish tradition, it replaced Solomon's Temple (the First Templ... | {
"title": "Solomon's Temple",
"long_answer": "The only source of information on the First Temple is the Tanakh. According to the biblical sources, the temple was constructed under Solomon, during the united monarchy of Israel and Judah. The Bible describes Hiram I of Tyre who furnished architects, workmen and cedar timbers for the temple of his ally Solomon at Jerusalem. He also co-operated with Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea. 1 Kings 6:1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple \"in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel\". The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE. This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE. Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9:10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the Temple and his royal palace. The Temple itself finished being built after 7 years. During the united monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Israel, and housed the Ark of the Covenant. Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and, based on the 2nd-century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE (3338 AM), 165 years later than secular estimates.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Solomon in mounting an expedition on the Red Sea. 1 Kings 6:1 puts the date of the beginning of building the temple \"in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel\". The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE. This puts the date of its construction in the mid-10th century BCE. Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine which Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites. 1 Kings 9:10 says that it took Solomon 20 years altogether to build the",
"short_answers": [
"the mid-10th century BCE"
]
} |
who was the grandfather on the cosby show | [
"Earle Hyman"
] | [
{
"title": "Bill Cosby",
"text": "Bill Cosby William Henry Cosby Jr. (; born July 12, 1937) is an American former stand-up comedian, actor, musician, author, and convicted sex offender. Cosby began his career as a stand-up comic at the hungry i in San Francisco during the 1960s. He then landed a starring ro... | {
"title": "Earle Hyman",
"long_answer": "Earle Hyman (October 11, 1926 – November 17, 2017) was an American stage, television, and film actor. Hyman is known for his role on ThunderCats as the voice of Panthro and various other characters. He also appeared on The Cosby Show as Cliff's father, Russell Huxtable.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Earle Hyman (October 11, 1926 – November 17, 2017) was an American stage, television, and film actor. Hyman is known for his role on ThunderCats as the voice of Panthro and various other characters. He also appeared on The Cosby Show as Cliff's father, Russell Huxtable.",
"short_answers": [
"Earle Hyman"
]
} |
where did the tea come from in the boston tea party | [
"England",
"East India Company",
"the East India Company"
] | [
{
"title": "Boston Tea Party",
"text": "than 2,000 chests containing nearly 600,000 pounds of tea. Americans learned the details of the Tea Act while the ships were en route, and opposition began to mount. Whigs, sometimes calling themselves Sons of Liberty, began a campaign to raise awareness and to convin... | {
"title": "Boston Tea Party",
"long_answer": "The Boston Tea Party was a political protest and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. In defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying any taxes, thus undercutting local tea merchants, the demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Boston Tea Party was a political protest and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. In defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying any taxes, thus undercutting local tea merchants, the demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company.",
"short_answers": [
"East India Company",
"the East India Company"
]
} |
what country shares borders with both belarus and romania | [
"Ukraine"
] | [
{
"title": "Belarus–Lithuania border",
"text": "border is based on the border between Lithuanian SSR and Belarusian SSR within Soviet Union, which had remained largely stable since 1940. Since 2004 the border has served as the outer border of the European Union and, since 2007, the Schengen area. These deve... | {
"title": "State Border of Ukraine",
"long_answer": "Ukraine borders with seven countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Russia, and Belarus. The total length of the Ukrainian border is 6,992.98 km (4,345.24 mi). In reality Ukraine does not have real established and ratified borders with Russia, Belarus, and Moldova (republics of the former Soviet Union). The borders with other countries were inherited from the Soviet border patrol service which was recreated into the Ukrainian after the fall of the Soviet Union.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Ukraine borders with seven countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova, Russia, and Belarus. The total length of the Ukrainian border is 6,992.98 km (4,345.24 mi). In reality Ukraine does not have real established and ratified borders with Russia, Belarus, and Moldova (republics of the former Soviet Union). The borders with other countries were inherited from the Soviet border patrol service which was recreated into the Ukrainian after the fall of the Soviet Union.",
"short_answers": [
"Ukraine"
]
} |
who was one of the first to chart the course of forgetting over time | [
"Hermann Ebbinghaus"
] | [
{
"title": "Ed Cooke (author)",
"text": "(a microwave in the kitchen). He also features prominently in Joshua Foer's \"Moonwalking with Einstein\", having acted as memory coach to Foer, who went on to become U.S. Memory Champion. He is co-founder of Memrise, an online educational platform that uses memory t... | {
"title": "Forgetting curve",
"long_answer": "In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus collected data to plot a forgetting curve. Today, we approximate forgetting with an exponential curve:",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus collected data to plot a forgetting curve. Today, we approximate forgetting with an exponential curve:",
"short_answers": [
"Hermann Ebbinghaus"
]
} |
the most stable mineral at the earth's surface | [
"quartz",
"feldspar"
] | [
{
"title": "Calcite",
"text": "Calcite Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO). The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 3 as \"calcite\". Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vate... | {
"title": "Sandstone",
"long_answer": "Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series. Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series. Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.",
"short_answers": [
"feldspar",
"quartz"
]
} |
who did the whistling in the muppet movie | [
"Andrew Bird",
"musician Andrew Bird"
] | [
{
"title": "The Muppets (film)",
"text": "a whistling act, which is unanimously praised by the audience. Refusing to lose, Richman disables the telephone lines and evicts the Muppets from the theater, after the latter fall short of their monetary goal. Kermit gathers the group in the lobby and delivers a sp... | {
"title": "Walter (Muppet)",
"long_answer": "Later in the film, Walter starts to question whether he is man, which he was believed to be his entire life, or actually a Muppet, which was why he always felt a strong connection towards them. This emotion eventually leads him to sing the Academy Award-winning song, \"Man or Muppet\", where the human version of Walter is portrayed by actor Jim Parsons. The scene is pivotal to the character's arc as it resolves Walter's internal issues with himself. The character's solo act of whistling in the telethon's finale was performed by musician Andrew Bird. At the conclusion of the film, Walter deduces that he is a Muppet, adopts whistling as his sole talent and joins the group as their newest member.",
"chunked_long_answer": "or actually a Muppet, which was why he always felt a strong connection towards them. This emotion eventually leads him to sing the Academy Award-winning song, \"Man or Muppet\", where the human version of Walter is portrayed by actor Jim Parsons. The scene is pivotal to the character's arc as it resolves Walter's internal issues with himself. The character's solo act of whistling in the telethon's finale was performed by musician Andrew Bird. At the conclusion of the film, Walter deduces that he is a Muppet, adopts whistling as his sole talent and joins the group as their newest member.",
"short_answers": [
"Andrew Bird",
"musician Andrew Bird"
]
} |
how many games in a row have the uconn women's basketball team won | [
"111 straight wins",
"111",
"90"
] | [
{
"title": "2016–17 Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team",
"text": "UConn Huskies on the sustained excellence it has taken to establish a new consecutive games won record. Even though they make it look easy at times, 91 wins and counting is an unbelievable accomplishment. It is saying something when ... | {
"title": "Connecticut Huskies women's basketball",
"long_answer": "UConn owns the two longest winning streaks, any gender, in college basketball history. The longest streak, 111 straight wins, started with a win against Creighton on November 23, 2014, and ended on March 31, 2017 when a buzzer-beater at the end of the overtime caused a loss in the 2017 NCAA Final Four by Mississippi State. The second streak counts 90 consecutive wins, including two undefeated seasons (2008–09 and 2009–10), and was delimited by two losses against Stanford, the first on April 6, 2008 in the National Semifinals of the NCAA Tournament, and the second – three seasons later – on December 19, 2010.",
"chunked_long_answer": "longest winning streaks, any gender, in college basketball history. The longest streak, 111 straight wins, started with a win against Creighton on November 23, 2014, and ended on March 31, 2017 when a buzzer-beater at the end of the overtime caused a loss in the 2017 NCAA Final Four by Mississippi State. The second streak counts 90 consecutive wins, including two undefeated seasons (2008–09 and 2009–10), and was delimited by two losses against Stanford, the first on April 6, 2008 in the National Semifinals of the NCAA Tournament, and the second – three seasons later – on December 19, 2010.",
"short_answers": [
"111",
"111 straight wins",
"90"
]
} |
when did scotland last qualify for world cup | [
"1998"
] | [
{
"title": "Scotland national football team",
"text": "finishing third in their qualifying group behind Croatia and Belgium. This second successive failure to qualify prompted Craig Brown to resign from his position after the final qualifying match. The SFA appointed former Germany manager Berti Vogts as Br... | {
"title": "Scotland at the FIFA World Cup",
"long_answer": "Craig Brown guided Scotland to qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, finishing as the best runners-up. Scotland were drawn against holders Brazil in the opening game of the World Cup. John Collins scored from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux, but the final match against Morocco ended in a 3–0 defeat. Scotland have not appeared at the World Cup since.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Craig Brown guided Scotland to qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, finishing as the best runners-up. Scotland were drawn against holders Brazil in the opening game of the World Cup. John Collins scored from the penalty spot to level the score at 1–1, but a Tom Boyd own goal led to a 2–1 defeat. Scotland drew their next game 1–1 with Norway in Bordeaux, but the final match against Morocco ended in a 3–0 defeat. Scotland have not appeared at the World Cup since.",
"short_answers": [
"1998"
]
} |
who plays the main character in hacksaw ridge | [
"Andrew Garfield"
] | [
{
"title": "Hacksaw Ridge",
"text": "Worthington, Luke Bracey, Teresa Palmer, Hugo Weaving, Rachel Griffiths, and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles. The film was released in the United States on November 4, 2016, grossing $175.3 million worldwide and received largely positive reviews, with Gibson's direction... | {
"title": "Hacksaw Ridge",
"long_answer": "Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan, based on the 2004 documentary The Conscientious Objector. The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who was a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refusing to carry or use a firearm or weapons of any kind. Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor, for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa. Andrew Garfield stars as Doss, with Sam Worthington, Luke Bracey, Teresa Palmer, Hugo Weaving, Rachel Griffiths, and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles.",
"chunked_long_answer": "and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan, based on the 2004 documentary The Conscientious Objector. The film focuses on the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss, an American pacifist combat medic who was a Seventh-day Adventist Christian, refusing to carry or use a firearm or weapons of any kind. Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor, for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa. Andrew Garfield stars as Doss, with Sam Worthington, Luke Bracey, Teresa Palmer, Hugo Weaving, Rachel Griffiths, and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles.",
"short_answers": [
"Andrew Garfield"
]
} |
who opens the church of the holy sepulchre | [
"the Sunni Muslim family",
"the Nusaybah family"
] | [
{
"title": "Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre",
"text": "and at midnight, while chanting their Office, they go in procession to the tomb of the Saviour, where they intone the Benedictus. Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, in 1869, on his way to the opening of the Suez Canal, visited the Holy Land. He conferred nume... | {
"title": "Nusaybah clan",
"long_answer": "According to tradition, the Nusaybah family took its name from a female companion or Sahabah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad named Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. She was a member of the Ansar who transferred their political power over Medina to the prophet. Nusaybah fought along with Muhammed in battle and was an early example of women taking leadership roles in Islam. Since the arrival of Islam in Jerusalem in the seventh century, the Sunni Muslim family has held the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre alongside the Joudeh Al-Goudia family (who were added to the original arrangement in the time of Saladin, the Muslim conqueror who seized the holy city from the Crusaders in 1187). This arrangement emerged during the days of the second Sunni caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab, who hoped to avoid clashes among rival Christian sects for control over the church. Although symbolic, the arrangement has provided the stability the Christians of the city needed, and is a symbol of tolerance and inter-religious harmony, and gave the Nusaybah family a visible role in Christian activities in Jerusalem, which include pilgrimages and visits by Western Christians.",
"chunked_long_answer": "According to tradition, the Nusaybah family took its name from a female companion or Sahabah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad named Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. She was a member of the Ansar who transferred their political power over Medina to the prophet. Nusaybah fought along with Muhammed in battle and was an early example of women taking leadership roles in Islam. Since the arrival of Islam in Jerusalem in the seventh century, the Sunni Muslim family has held the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre alongside the Joudeh Al-Goudia family (who were added to the original arrangement in the time of Saladin, the Muslim conqueror who seized the holy city from the Crusaders in 1187). This arrangement emerged during the days of the second Sunni caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab, who hoped to avoid clashes among rival Christian sects for control over the church. Although symbolic, the arrangement has provided the stability the Christians of the city needed, and is a symbol of tolerance and inter-religious harmony, and gave the Nusaybah family a visible role in Christian activities in Jerusalem, which include pilgrimages and visits by Western Christians.",
"short_answers": [
"the Sunni Muslim family",
"the Nusaybah family"
]
} |
india participated olympic hockey for the first time | [
"1927",
"1928"
] | [
{
"title": "India at the 2016 Summer Olympics",
"text": "team qualified for the Olympics by receiving a berth and earning the gold medal from the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon. ---- India women's field hockey team qualified for the Olympics by having achieved a top five finish at the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hocke... | {
"title": "India at the Olympics",
"long_answer": "In 1927, the provisional Indian Olympic Committee formally became the Indian Olympic Association (IOA); its main tasks were to promote the development of sports in India, choose host cities for the national games, and send teams selected from the national games to the Summer Olympics. Thus, at the 1928 national games, it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics, with Sondhi as manager. By this time, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics. The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to the 1932 Games (four athletes and one swimmer) and 1936 (four athletes, three wrestlers, one Burmese weight-lifter), along with three officials headed by team manager Sondhi.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1927, the provisional Indian Olympic Committee formally became the Indian Olympic Association (IOA); its main tasks were to promote the development of sports in India, choose host cities for the national games, and send teams selected from the national games to the Summer Olympics. Thus, at the 1928 national games, it selected seven athletes to represent India at the next Summer Olympics, with Sondhi as manager. By this time, the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) had also been established and it sent a hockey team to the Summer Olympics. The national hockey team and additional sportspersons were similarly sent to",
"short_answers": [
"1927",
"1928"
]
} |
when was how deep is your love released | [
"1977",
"September 1977"
] | [
{
"title": "How Deep Is Your Love (Sean Paul song)",
"text": "Is Your Love\" was first released onto YouTube on 4 October 2012 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The music video premiered on BET's 106 & Park on 2 October 2012, when Sean Paul visited the show to premiere the video. ... | {
"title": "How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)",
"long_answer": "\"How Deep Is Your Love\" is a pop ballad and Rap based, written, and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 and released as a single in September of that year. It was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever. It was a number three hit in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the United States, it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 24 December 1977 (becoming the first of six consecutive US number-one hits), ended the 10-week reign of Debby Boone's \"You Light Up My Life\" and stayed in the Top 10 for a then-record 17 weeks. The single spent six weeks atop the US adult contemporary chart. It is listed at number 22 on the 55th anniversary edition of Billboard's All Time Top 100. Alongside \"Stayin' Alive\" and \"Night Fever\", it is one of the group's three tracks on the list. The song was covered by Take That for their 1996 Greatest Hits album, reaching number-one on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"How Deep Is Your Love\" is a pop ballad and Rap based, written, and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 and released as a single in September of that year. It was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever. It was a number three hit in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the United States, it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 24 December 1977 (becoming the first of six consecutive US number-one hits), ended the 10-week reign of Debby Boone's \"You Light Up My Life\" and stayed in the Top 10 for a then-record 17 weeks. ",
"short_answers": [
"1977"
]
} |
where was the last world cup held and who won | [
"Germany",
"hosted by Brazil",
"won by Germany",
"Estádio do Maracanã"
] | [
{
"title": "Mário Zagallo",
"text": "inside forward. Zagallo won the World Cup as a manager in 1970, and as assistant coach in 1994, both with Brazil. He was the first person to win the World Cup both as a player and as a manager. Winning the World Cup in 1970 at the age of 38, he is also the second younge... | {
"title": "List of FIFA World Cup finals",
"long_answer": "The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Brazil in 2014, was won by Germany, who beat Argentina 1–0 after extra time.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The FIFA World Cup is an international association football competition established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years, except in 1942 and 1946, when the competition was cancelled due to World War II. The most recent World Cup, hosted by Brazil in 2014, was won by Germany, who beat Argentina 1–0 after extra time.",
"short_answers": [
"hosted by Brazil",
"won by Germany"
]
} |
when was the internet introduced to the public | [
"September 1993",
"1995",
"in the very late 1980s"
] | [
{
"title": "Internet service provider",
"text": "such as UUCP. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the World Wide Web. During the 1980s, online service providers such ... | {
"title": "History of the Internet",
"long_answer": "A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic, a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers. This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users, and therefore included images and text on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer. Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995. The online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic, a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers. This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users, and therefore included images and text on the same page, unlike previous browser designs; its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer. Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995. ",
"short_answers": [
"1995",
"September 1993"
]
} |
where does creatine come from in the body | [
"kidneys",
"liver",
"the liver and kidneys",
"arginine",
"glycine"
] | [
{
"title": "Creatine",
"text": "that the intramuscular stores of creatine can be increased by ingesting creatine in larger than normal amounts, scientists discovered \"creatine phosphate\", and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. The substance creatine is naturally... | {
"title": "Creatine",
"long_answer": "Creatine synthesis primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys. On average, it is produced endogenously at an estimated rate of about 8.3 mmol or 1 gram per day in young adults. Creatine is also obtained through the diet at a rate of about 1 gram per day from an omnivorous diet. Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle, while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, and other tissues.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Creatine synthesis primarily occurs in the liver and kidneys. On average, it is produced endogenously at an estimated rate of about 8.3 mmol or 1 gram per day in young adults. Creatine is also obtained through the diet at a rate of about 1 gram per day from an omnivorous diet. Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle, while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, and other tissues.",
"short_answers": [
"kidneys",
"liver",
"the liver and kidneys"
]
} |
what happens when iron reacts with oxygen and water | [
"Rust"
] | [
{
"title": "Iron-rich sedimentary rocks",
"text": "from bacteria or by chemical oxidation. This often happens when ferrous ions come into contact with water (due to dissolved oxygen within surface waters) and a water-mineral reaction occurs. The formula for the oxidation/reduction of iron is: The formula wo... | {
"title": "Rust",
"long_answer": "Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3·nH2O and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3).",
"chunked_long_answer": "Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable both visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3·nH2O and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3).",
"short_answers": [
"Rust"
]
} |
when did the continental congress vote to adopt the declaration of independence | [
"July 2, 1776"
] | [
{
"title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence",
"text": "in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that it was signed by Congress on the day when it was ... | {
"title": "Continental Congress",
"long_answer": "Although the delegates were divided early on as to whether to break from Crown rule, the second Continental Congress on July 2, 1776, passed a resolution asserting independence, with no opposing vote recorded. The Declaration of Independence was issued two days later declaring themselves a new nation: the United States of America. It established a Continental Army, giving command to one of its members, George Washington of Virginia. It waged war with Great Britain, made a militia treaty with France, and funded the war effort with loans and paper money.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Although the delegates were divided early on as to whether to break from Crown rule, the second Continental Congress on July 2, 1776, passed a resolution asserting independence, with no opposing vote recorded. The Declaration of Independence was issued two days later declaring themselves a new nation: the United States of America. It established a Continental Army, giving command to one of its members, George Washington of Virginia. It waged war with Great Britain, made a militia treaty with France, and funded the war effort with loans and paper money.",
"short_answers": [
"July 2, 1776"
]
} |
where did the titanic sink at what ocean | [
"North Atlantic Ocean"
] | [
{
"title": "Wreck of the RMS Titanic",
"text": "Wreck of the RMS Titanic The wreck of the RMS \"Titanic\" lies at a depth of about , about south-southeast off the coast of Newfoundland. It lies in two main pieces about a third of a mile (600 m) apart. The bow is still recognizable with many preserved interi... | {
"title": "RMS Titanic",
"long_answer": "RMS Titanic (/taɪˈtænɪk/) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.",
"chunked_long_answer": "RMS Titanic (/taɪˈtænɪk/) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912, after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Titanic",
"short_answers": [
"North Atlantic Ocean"
]
} |
when did chicano studies become major studies programs on college campuses | [
"By 1975",
"1972"
] | [
{
"title": "Latino studies",
"text": "of Latino Studies significantly differs from institution to institution in terms of nomenclature, pedagogical practice, and disciplinary location—with examples ranging from degree-granting autonomous departments to interdisciplinary (and multidisciplinary) programs to u... | {
"title": "Chicana/o studies",
"long_answer": "By 1975, many Chicano studies programs were in place at major universities.",
"chunked_long_answer": "By 1975, many Chicano studies programs were in place at major universities.",
"short_answers": [
"By 1975"
]
} |
where does the lincoln highway begin and end | [
"Lincoln Park in San Francisco"
] | [
{
"title": "Route of the Lincoln Highway",
"text": "present State Route 171 and State Route 138. From Timpie it turned south roughly along present State Route 196, running to Orr's Ranch (), now a bit north of the east gate of the Dugway Proving Ground). Between Orr's Ranch and the north edge of the Dugway ... | {
"title": "Lincoln Highway",
"long_answer": "The Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America. Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco, originally through 13 states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. In 1915, the \"Colorado Loop\" was removed, and in 1928, a realignment relocated the Lincoln Highway through the northern tip of West Virginia. Thus, there are a total of 14 states, 128 counties, and more than 700 cities, towns and villages through which the highway passed at some time in its history.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Lincoln Highway was one of the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America. Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco, originally through 13 states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. In 1915, the \"Colorado Loop\" was removed, and in 1928, a realignment relocated the Lincoln Highway through the northern tip of West Virginia. Thus, there are a total of",
"short_answers": [
"Lincoln Park in San Francisco"
]
} |
who sang never gonna let you go | [
"Joe Pizzulo and Leeza Miller",
"Joe Pizzulo",
"Leeza Miller"
] | [
{
"title": "Si Cranstoun",
"text": "it home, listened to it, loved it, sang along to it.\" His style draws heavily on music of this period. He said of his single \"Never Gonna Let You Go\", \"Motown Soul fused with Rock 'n' Roll. Well, they said it could never be done so this song is going to prove them wro... | {
"title": "Never Gonna Let You Go (Sérgio Mendes song)",
"long_answer": "\"Never Gonna Let You Go\" is a popular song from 1983 credited to Brazilian musician and bandleader Sérgio Mendes and sung by Joe Pizzulo and Leeza Miller. Songwriters Cynthia Weil (lyrics) and Barry Mann (music) composed the song, which appears on Mendes' 1983 self-titled album.",
"chunked_long_answer": "\"Never Gonna Let You Go\" is a popular song from 1983 credited to Brazilian musician and bandleader Sérgio Mendes and sung by Joe Pizzulo and Leeza Miller. Songwriters Cynthia Weil (lyrics) and Barry Mann (music) composed the song, which appears on Mendes' 1983 self-titled album.",
"short_answers": [
"Joe Pizzulo",
"Joe Pizzulo and Leeza Miller",
"Leeza Miller"
]
} |
what was the immediate catalyst to the civil war | [
"slavery"
] | [
{
"title": "Civil war",
"text": "on individuals’ desire to maximize their profits, grievance-based explanations which center on conflict as a response to socioeconomic or political injustice, and opportunity-based explanations which center on factors that make it easier to engage in violent mobilization. Ac... | {
"title": "Origins of the American Civil War",
"long_answer": "The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Another explanation for secession, and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy, was white Southern nationalism. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism. Most of the debate is about the first question, as to why some southern states decided to secede.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Another explanation for secession, and the subsequent formation of the Confederacy, was white Southern nationalism. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on American nationalism. Most of the debate is about the first question, as to why some southern states decided to secede.",
"short_answers": [
"slavery"
]
} |
what happens to water that infiltrates the soil if it is not absorbed by the roots of plants | [
"runoff"
] | [
{
"title": "Soil",
"text": "point, seeds will not germinate, plants begin to wilt and then die. Water moves in soil under the influence of gravity, osmosis and capillarity. When water enters the soil, it displaces air from interconnected macropores by buoyancy, and breaks aggregates into which air is entrap... | {
"title": "Infiltration (hydrology)",
"long_answer": "Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is most often measured in millimetres per hour or inches per hour. The rate decreases as the soil becomes saturated. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier. It is related to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface soil. The rate of infiltration can be measured using an infiltrometer.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is most often measured in millimetres per hour or inches per hour. The rate decreases as the soil becomes saturated. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier. It is related to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface soil. The rate of infiltration can be measured using an infiltrometer.",
"short_answers": [
"runoff"
]
} |
the golden age of india took place during the rule of the | [
"Chandragupta II",
"Samudragupta",
"Chandragupta I",
"Gupta Empire",
"Vishnu Gupta",
"the Guptas",
"Sri-Gupta"
] | [
{
"title": "History of India",
"text": "South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region bet... | {
"title": "Gupta Empire",
"long_answer": "The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire, which existed at its zenith from approximately 319 to 485 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is called the Golden Age of India. The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by Sri Gupta; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II . The 5th-century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas, and others.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire, which existed at its zenith from approximately 319 to 485 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is called the Golden Age of India. The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by Sri Gupta; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II . The 5th-century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas, and others.",
"short_answers": [
"Gupta Empire",
"the Guptas"
]
} |
when is the world consumer right day celebrated | [
"15 March every year",
"15 March"
] | [
{
"title": "Consumer Bill of Rights",
"text": "a charter. Subsequently, the organization began recognizing the date of Kennedy's speech, March 15, as World Consumer Rights Day. As of May 2014, the UK Government has introduced proposed legislation before Parliament. The bill is the \"Consumer Rights Bill\", ... | {
"title": "Consumers International",
"long_answer": "World Consumer Rights Day is celebrated on 15 March every year. The theme for 2018 is Fairer Digital Marketplaces. Consumers International is calling for: 1. Access to fair and secure internet for the over half the world that are still offline. 2. Action against scams and fraud. 3. Better general consumer protection online.",
"chunked_long_answer": "World Consumer Rights Day is celebrated on 15 March every year. The theme for 2018 is Fairer Digital Marketplaces. Consumers International is calling for: 1. Access to fair and secure internet for the over half the world that are still offline. 2. Action against scams and fraud. 3. Better general consumer protection online.",
"short_answers": [
"15 March",
"15 March every year"
]
} |
what is the purpose of a jake brake | [
"slowing the vehicle"
] | [
{
"title": "Jacobs Vehicle Systems",
"text": "stored in it before it can push back on the piston during the down stroke. The Jake Brake turns a power producing engine into a power absorbing air compressor and in turn, causes the truck to slow down. Inside of the truck, the driver can choose how many cylinde... | {
"title": "Compression release engine brake",
"long_answer": "A compression release engine brake, frequently called a Jake Nett brake or Jacobs brake, is an engine braking mechanism installed on some diesel engines. When activated, it opens exhaust valves in the cylinders after the compression cycle, releasing the compressed air trapped in the cylinders, and slowing the vehicle.",
"chunked_long_answer": "A compression release engine brake, frequently called a Jake Nett brake or Jacobs brake, is an engine braking mechanism installed on some diesel engines. When activated, it opens exhaust valves in the cylinders after the compression cycle, releasing the compressed air trapped in the cylinders, and slowing the vehicle.",
"short_answers": [
"slowing the vehicle"
]
} |
where did the allies go after north africa | [
"Italy",
"the Italian Campaign"
] | [
{
"title": "North African Campaign",
"text": "the Italian-German \"Panzer\" Army near the Mareth Line and came under command of General Harold Alexander's 18th Army Group for the concluding phase of the war in North Africa, the Tunisia Campaign. Operation Torch started on 8 November 1942, and finished on 11... | {
"title": "North African Campaign",
"long_answer": "Information gleaned via British Ultra code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian Campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany's main European ally.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Information gleaned via British Ultra code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the Italian Campaign, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany's main European ally.",
"short_answers": [
"Italy",
"the Italian Campaign"
]
} |
who sings i feel love with the blue man group | [
"Annette Strean",
"Annette",
"Venus Hum"
] | [
{
"title": "I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)",
"text": "I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song) \"\"I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)\"\" is a song written by Ike Turner, produced by Ike & Tina Turner and recorded and released as a single by Ike & Tina's backing trio, The Ikettes. Recorded in 1961, it became a hit for the I... | {
"title": "Venus Hum",
"long_answer": "Their first full-length album, titled Venus Hum, was released in 2001. Big Beautiful Sky was released two years later. Also in 2003, Venus Hum toured with and opened for Blue Man Group, with Annette providing vocals on \"I Feel Love\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "Their first full-length album, titled Venus Hum, was released in 2001. Big Beautiful Sky was released two years later. Also in 2003, Venus Hum toured with and opened for Blue Man Group, with Annette providing vocals on \"I Feel Love\".",
"short_answers": [
"Annette",
"Venus Hum"
]
} |
what was the meaning of the song puff the magic dragon | [
"the hardships of growing older"
] | [
{
"title": "Puff, the Magic Dragon",
"text": "song with Mike Mitchell as director. The song was adapted for a children's pantomime, which played at Sydney's Seymour Centre in 1983. A 2007 book adaptation of the song's lyrics by Yarrow, Lipton, and illustrator Eric Puybaret gives the story a happier ending w... | {
"title": "Puff, the Magic Dragon",
"long_answer": "The authors of the song have repeatedly rejected this interpretation and have strongly and consistently denied that they intended any references to drug use. Leonard Lipton has stated \"Puff the Magic Dragon is not about drugs.\" Peter Yarrow has frequently explained that the song is about the hardships of growing older and has no relationship to drug-taking. He has also said of the song that it \"never had any meaning other than the obvious one\" and is about the \"loss of innocence in children\", and dismissed the suggestion of association with drugs as \"sloppy research\".",
"chunked_long_answer": "The authors of the song have repeatedly rejected this interpretation and have strongly and consistently denied that they intended any references to drug use. Leonard Lipton has stated \"Puff the Magic Dragon is not about drugs.\" Peter Yarrow has frequently explained that the song is about the hardships of growing older and has no relationship to drug-taking. He has also said of the song that it \"never had any meaning other than the obvious one\" and is about the \"loss of innocence in children\", and dismissed the suggestion of association with drugs as \"sloppy research\".",
"short_answers": [
"the hardships of growing older"
]
} |
the type of display that google glass presents to its users is called what | [
"head-up display",
"optical head-mounted display",
"Prism projector"
] | [
{
"title": "Google Glass",
"text": "be released in the US for companies such as Boeing.. Google Glass Enterprise Edition has already been successfully used by Dr. Ned Sahin to help children with autism learn social skills. Google Glass applications are free applications built by third-party developers. Glas... | {
"title": "Google Glass",
"long_answer": "The Google Glass prototype resembled standard eyeglasses with the lens replaced by a head-up display. In mid-2011, Google engineered a prototype that weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg); by 2013 they were lighter than the average pair of sunglasses.\n",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Google Glass prototype resembled standard eyeglasses with the lens replaced by a head-up display. In mid-2011, Google engineered a prototype that weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg); by 2013 they were lighter than the average pair of sunglasses.",
"short_answers": [
"head-up display"
]
} |
who won the battle of the first battle of bull run | [
"Confederate victory",
"Confederate forces",
"Confederate"
] | [
{
"title": "William Pittenger (soldier)",
"text": "William Pittenger (soldier) William Pittenger (January 31, 1840 Knoxville, Jefferson County, Ohio – April 24, 1904 Fallbrook, California) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He was one of the first recipients of the Medal of Honor. The s... | {
"title": "First Battle of Bull Run",
"long_answer": "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.\n",
"chunked_long_answer": "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.\n",
"short_answers": [
"Confederate",
"Confederate forces",
"Confederate victory"
]
} |
who is the current cruiserweight champion in wwe | [
"Cedric Alexander",
"Cedric Alexander,"
] | [
{
"title": "Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)",
"text": "main eventers and world heavyweight champions include Shawn Michaels, Chris Jericho, Dolph Ziggler, Christian, Rey Mysterio, Jeff Hardy, Eddie Guerrero, Chris Benoit, CM Punk, Seth Rollins, Finn Balor, and A.J. Styles. With so many successful lig... | {
"title": "List of current champions in WWE",
"long_answer": "The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live. The title is held by Cedric Alexander, who is in his first reign. He won the vacant title by defeating Mustafa Ali in the finals of a 16-man tournament on April 8, 2018, on the WrestleMania 34 pre-show.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live. The title is held by Cedric Alexander, who is in his first reign. He won the vacant title by defeating Mustafa Ali in the finals of a 16-man tournament on April 8, 2018, on the WrestleMania 34 pre-show.",
"short_answers": [
"Cedric Alexander",
"Cedric Alexander,"
]
} |
what type of government did the ming dynasty have | [
"imperial rule"
] | [
{
"title": "The Chinese State in Ming Society",
"text": "of which \"represent important areas of intersection between the Ming state and society.\" Brook argues that the model of despotic government fails to account for the complex interactions between individuals, groups, communities, society and state in ... | {
"title": "Economy of the Ming dynasty",
"long_answer": "The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the Han and Song periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants, the gradual weakening of imperial rule, and technological advances.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the Han and Song periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants, the gradual weakening of imperial rule, and technological advances.",
"short_answers": [
"imperial rule"
]
} |
the mughal garden of rashtrapati bhavan is modelled on which garden | [
"the Persian gardens",
"charbagh"
] | [
{
"title": "Rashtrapati Bhavan",
"text": "creepers like Jasmine, Rhyncospermum, Tecoma Grandiflora, Bignonia Vanista, Adenoclyma, Echitice, Parana Paniculata. Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees. Around the circular garden there are rooms for the office of the horticulturist, a green house, s... | {
"title": "Mughal gardens",
"long_answer": "The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur, described his favourite type of garden as a charbagh. They use the term bāgh, baug, bageecha or bagicha for garden. This word developed a new meaning in India, as Babur explains; India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. The Agra garden, which was renamed after Partition of India as the Ram Bagh, since it lied in Hindu majority portion is thought to have been the first charbagh. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to \"the highly disciplined geometry\". An early textual references about Mughal gardens are found in the memoirs and biographies of the Mughal emperors, including those of Babur, Humayun and Akbar. Later references are found from \"the accounts of India\" written by various European travellers (Bernier for example). The first serious historical study of Mughal gardens was written by Constance Villiers-Stuart, with the title Gardens of the Great Mughals (1913). Her husband was a Colonel in Britain's Indian army. This gave her a good network of contacts and an opportunity to travel. During their residence at Pinjore Gardens, Mrs. Villiers-Stuart also had an opportunity to direct the maintenance of an important Mughal garden. Her book makes reference to the forthcoming design of a garden in the Government House at New Delhi (now known as Rashtrapati Bhavan). She was consulted by Edwin Lutyens, and this may have influenced his choice of Mughal style for this project. Recent scholarly work on the history of Mughal gardens has been carried out under the auspicious guidance of Dumbarton Oaks (including Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects edited by James L. Wescoat, Jr. and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn) and the Smithsonian Institution. Some examples of Mughal gardens are Shalimar Gardens (Lahore), Lalbagh Fort at Dhaka, and Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar).",
"chunked_long_answer": "The founder of the Mughal empire, Babur, described his favourite type of garden as a charbagh. They use the term bāgh, baug, bageecha or bagicha for garden. This word developed a new meaning in India, as Babur explains; India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. The Agra garden, which was renamed after Partition of India as the Ram Bagh, since it lied in Hindu majority portion is thought to have been the first charbagh. India, Bangladesh and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens which differ from their Central Asian predecessors with respect to \"the highly",
"short_answers": [
"charbagh"
]
} |
who was the sixteenth century physician who published | [
"Andreas Vesalius"
] | [
{
"title": "Matthaeus Platearius",
"text": "of Pliny and Dioscorides, while George Sarton thought it an improvement on \"\"De Materia Medica\"\". Matthaeus and his brother Johannes were the sons of a female physician from the Salerno school and married to Johannes Platearius I. She is surmised to be Trotula... | {
"title": "Andreas Vesalius",
"long_answer": "Andreas Vesalius (/vɪˈseɪliəs/; 31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Andreas Vesalius (/vɪˈseɪliəs/; 31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V.",
"short_answers": [
"Andreas Vesalius"
]
} |
how many terms can a mayor serve in texas | [
"two four-year terms"
] | [
{
"title": "Mayor of Plano, Texas",
"text": "Mayor of Plano, Texas The Mayor of Plano, Texas is the chief executive of Plano's Government, as stipulated by the Charter of Plano, Texas. The Mayor of Plano served one-year terms until 1884, when the term length was extended to two years. In 2006, the use of th... | {
"title": "Politics of Houston",
"long_answer": "As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two four-year terms - a mayor is elected for a four-year term (previously the mayor, controller, and councilmembers are elected to a two-year term prior to the November 3, 2015 city elections), and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. City council members, who also have a three-term limit, are elected from eleven districts in the city, along with five at-large council members, who represent the entire city. Term limits with the City of Houston are absolute - past elected officeholders are prohibited from campaigning for their former council positions (which includes the Mayor and City Controller). The current Mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner.",
"chunked_long_answer": "As the result of a 1991 referendum in Houston, the two-year term was amended to elected officials who can serve up to three terms until 2015 where the three term limit and two year terms were replaced with a two four-year terms - a mayor is elected for a four-year term (previously the mayor, controller, and councilmembers are elected to a two-year term prior to the November 3, 2015 city elections), and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms. City council members, who also have a three-term limit, are elected from eleven districts in the city, along",
"short_answers": [
"two four-year terms"
]
} |
where does the light reaction of photosynthesis occur | [
"on the thylakoid membranes"
] | [
{
"title": "Photosynthesis",
"text": "Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called react... | {
"title": "Light-dependent reactions",
"long_answer": "In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.",
"short_answers": [
"on the thylakoid membranes"
]
} |
where did the battle of corinth take place | [
"in Corinth, Mississippi",
"Corinth, Mississippi"
] | [
{
"title": "Mississippi in the American Civil War",
"text": "has been known as the Siege of Corinth. Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans moved to Corinth as well and concentrated his force with Halleck later in the year to again attack the city. The Battle of Corinth took place on October 3–4, 1862, when Confederat... | {
"title": "Siege of Corinth",
"long_answer": "The Siege of Corinth (also known as the First Battle of Corinth) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi. A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city, whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard. The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Siege of Corinth (also known as the First Battle of Corinth) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi. A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city, whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard. The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces.",
"short_answers": [
"Corinth, Mississippi",
"in Corinth, Mississippi"
]
} |
under article 1 what is the minimum age required to serve in the house of representatives | [
"25",
"25 years old"
] | [
{
"title": "Age of candidacy",
"text": "municipal councils in the Land. In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35. Any Belgian who has reached the age of 18 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional pa... | {
"title": "Article One of the United States Constitution",
"long_answer": "The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives: A Representative must be at least 25 years old, must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected, and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years. There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents; although this is usually the case, there have been occasional exceptions.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives: A Representative must be at least 25 years old, must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected, and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years. There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents; although this is usually the case, there have been occasional exceptions.",
"short_answers": [
"25",
"25 years old"
]
} |
what is the population of st petersburg fl | [
"260,999",
"257,083"
] | [
{
"title": "St. Petersburg, Florida",
"text": "approximately 4000 residents, while in the same period the population of Florida increased by over two and a half million residents. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (55.13%) is water. St. Pet... | {
"title": "St. Petersburg, Florida",
"long_answer": "Saint Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083, making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat (the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County).",
"chunked_long_answer": "Saint Petersburg is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. As of the 2015 census estimate, the population was 257,083, making it the fifth-most populous city in Florida and the largest in the state that is not a county seat (the city of Clearwater is the seat of Pinellas County).",
"short_answers": [
"257,083"
]
} |
who plays at the prudential center in newark | [
"Seton Hall Pirates",
"New Jersey Devils"
] | [
{
"title": "Prudential Center",
"text": "was amidst rumors that the franchise would move to Nashville. Despite playing championship-caliber hockey in the 2002–03 season culminating in a Stanley Cup that year, the Devils only averaged 14,858 fans per game at their home arena, Continental Airlines Arena at th... | {
"title": "Prudential Center",
"long_answer": "Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark, New Jersey, United States. It was designed by HOK Sport (now Populous), with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects. Opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team from Seton Hall University. The arena seats 16,514 patrons for hockey and 18,711 for basketball. Fans and sports writers have affectionately nicknamed the arena \"The Rock\" in reference to the Rock of Gibraltar, the corporate logo of Prudential Financial, a financial institution that owns the naming rights to the arena and is headquartered within walking distance of it. In December 2013, the arena ranked third nationally and ninth internationally for self-reported annual revenue.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark, New Jersey, United States. It was designed by HOK Sport (now Populous), with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects. Opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team from Seton Hall University. The arena seats 16,514 patrons for hockey and 18,711 for basketball. Fans and sports writers have affectionately nicknamed the arena \"The Rock\" in reference to the Rock of Gibraltar, the corporate logo of Prudential Financial, a",
"short_answers": [
"New Jersey Devils",
"Seton Hall Pirates"
]
} |
the cold dry winds that blow over northern india in winter are called | [
"Northeast Monsoon",
"Retreating Monsoon",
"Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon"
] | [
{
"title": "Climate of India",
"text": "a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or \"retreating\") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India.It is called autumn. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies. Th... | {
"title": "Climate of Asia",
"long_answer": "Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.",
"short_answers": [
"Northeast Monsoon",
"Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon",
"Retreating Monsoon"
]
} |
how long has tom brady been the patriots quarterback | [
"2001",
"16 seasons"
] | [
{
"title": "Tom Brady",
"text": "throwing for 154 passing yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens, 33–14, his first career home playoff loss, and the first playoff loss at home by a Patriots quarterback since 1978 (Steve Grogan). On September 10, 2010... | {
"title": "Tom Brady",
"long_answer": "After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Due to his late draft selection, Brady is considered to be the biggest \"steal\" in the history of the NFL Draft. In Brady's 16 seasons as a starter, he has quarterbacked the Patriots to eight Super Bowl appearances, the most for any player in history.",
"chunked_long_answer": "After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Due to his late draft selection, Brady is considered to be the biggest \"steal\" in the history of the NFL Draft. In Brady's 16 seasons as a starter, he has quarterbacked the Patriots to eight Super Bowl appearances, the most for any player in history.",
"short_answers": [
"16 seasons"
]
} |
who did the chiefs play in the playoffs | [
"the Tennessee Titans"
] | [
{
"title": "Kansas City Chiefs",
"text": "the AFC Divisional Playoffs. In a game where neither team punted, the Chiefs lost the shoot-out 38–31. It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8–0 at home in the regular season, only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead. After a disappoin... | {
"title": "Kansas City Chiefs",
"long_answer": "In the Wild Card round the Chiefs lost a tight game to the Tennessee Titans 22-21, allowing Derrick Henry to rush for 156 yards. That ended another disappointing season for the Chiefs, and extended their NFL record for most consecutive home playoff losses to six. ",
"chunked_long_answer": "In the Wild Card round the Chiefs lost a tight game to the Tennessee Titans 22-21, allowing Derrick Henry to rush for 156 yards. That ended another disappointing season for the Chiefs, and extended their NFL record for most consecutive home playoff losses to six.",
"short_answers": [
"the Tennessee Titans"
]
} |
what category was hurricane charley when it hit florida | [
"4",
"Category 4",
"Category 4"
] | [
{
"title": "Hurricane Charley",
"text": "and rounded the southwest portion of the subtropical ridge, becoming a major hurricane—a storm classified as a Category 3 hurricane or higher—just before making landfall on southern Cuba. Charley came ashore near Punta Cayamas with maximum sustained winds of and gust... | {
"title": "Hurricane Charley",
"long_answer": "Hurricane Charley was the third named storm, the second hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15, and at its peak intensity it attained 150 mph (240 km/h) winds, making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength, making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in 1992.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Hurricane Charley was the third named storm, the second hurricane, and the second major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Charley lasted from August 9 to August 15, and at its peak intensity it attained 150 mph (240 km/h) winds, making it a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall in southwestern Florida at maximum strength, making it the strongest hurricane to hit the United States since Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in 1992.",
"short_answers": [
"4",
"Category 4"
]
} |
where in the bible is the book of revelation | [
"last book",
"in the New Testament"
] | [
{
"title": "Book of Revelation",
"text": "used allowed him to use the Hebrew Scriptures as the source and also use basic techniques of parallel formation, thereby alluding to the Hebrew Scriptures. In order of appearance: Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Ap... | {
"title": "Book of Revelation",
"long_answer": "The Book of Revelation, often called the Revelation to John, the Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation or Apocalypse, is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology. Its title is derived from the first word of the text, written in Koine Greek: apokalypsis, meaning \"unveiling\" or \"revelation\" (before title pages and titles, books were commonly known by their first words, as is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses (Torah). The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon (although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles).",
"chunked_long_answer": "Apocalypse of John, The Revelation, or simply Revelation or Apocalypse, is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology. Its title is derived from the first word of the text, written in Koine Greek: apokalypsis, meaning \"unveiling\" or \"revelation\" (before title pages and titles, books were commonly known by their first words, as is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses (Torah). The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon (although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles).",
"short_answers": [
"in the New Testament"
]
} |
who has the most votes for the all star game | [
"fan voting"
] | [
{
"title": "All-Star Final Vote",
"text": "All-Star Final Vote All-Star Final Vote is an annual Internet and text message ballot by Major League Baseball fans to elect the final player for each team that participates in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game after all other selections have been made and an... | {
"title": "NBA All-Star Game",
"long_answer": "The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards, selected by a combination of fan, player, and media voting. In 2017, the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50% of the total and player and media voting account for 25% each. The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All-Star starters over more deserving players., Prior to 2013, fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players. The NBA in 2003 began offering All-Star ballots in three languages—English, Spanish and Chinese—for fan voting of the starters.",
"chunked_long_answer": "and media voting. In 2017, the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50% of the total and player and media voting account for 25% each. The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All-Star starters over more deserving players., Prior to 2013, fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players. The NBA in 2003 began offering All-Star ballots in three languages—English, Spanish and Chinese—for fan voting of the starters.",
"short_answers": [
"fan voting"
]
} |
when was the first mad max movie release | [
"12 April 1979",
"April 1979",
"1979"
] | [
{
"title": "Mad Max (franchise)",
"text": "released internationally in 1980. It became a top-grossing Australian film, while holding the record in the \"Guinness Book of Records\" for decades as the most profitable film ever created, and has been credited for further opening the global market to Australian ... | {
"title": "Mad Max",
"long_answer": "Mad Max is a 1979 Australian dystopian action film directed by George Miller, produced by Byron Kennedy, and starring Mel Gibson as \"Mad\" Max Rockatansky, Joanne Samuel, Hugh Keays-Byrne, Steve Bisley, Tim Burns, and Roger Ward. James McCausland and Miller wrote the screenplay from a story by Miller and Kennedy. The film presents a tale of societal collapse, murder, and revenge set in a future Australia, in which an unhinged policeman becomes embroiled in a violent feud with a savage motorcycle gang. Principal photography took place in and around Melbourne, Australia, and lasted six weeks.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Mad Max is a 1979 Australian dystopian action film directed by George Miller, produced by Byron Kennedy, and starring Mel Gibson as \"Mad\" Max Rockatansky, Joanne Samuel, Hugh Keays-Byrne, Steve Bisley, Tim Burns, and Roger Ward. James McCausland and Miller wrote the screenplay from a story by Miller and Kennedy. The film presents a tale of societal collapse, murder, and revenge set in a future Australia, in which an unhinged policeman becomes embroiled in a violent feud with a savage motorcycle gang. Principal photography took place in and around Melbourne, Australia, and lasted six weeks.",
"short_answers": [
"1979"
]
} |
what does the adrenal gland produce that is necessary for the sympathetic nervous system to function | [
"epinephrine"
] | [
{
"title": "Adrenal gland",
"text": "a characteristic not present in all sympathetic organs. Glucocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex were once thought to be responsible for the differentiation of chromaffin cells. More recent research suggests that BMP-4 secreted in adrenal tissue is the main respons... | {
"title": "Sympathetic nervous system",
"long_answer": "Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including many of those in the skin, the digestive tract, and the kidneys. This occurs as a result of activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta-2 adrenergic receptors (stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands) in the skeletal muscles, the heart, the lungs, and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response. The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the organism and an increase in blood flow to those organs involved in intense physical activity.",
"chunked_long_answer": "causes vasoconstriction of most blood vessels, including many of those in the skin, the digestive tract, and the kidneys. This occurs as a result of activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. These receptors exist throughout the vasculature of the body but are inhibited and counterbalanced by beta-2 adrenergic receptors (stimulated by epinephrine release from the adrenal glands) in the skeletal muscles, the heart, the lungs, and the brain during a sympathoadrenal response. The net effect of this is a shunting of blood away from the organs not necessary to the immediate survival of the",
"short_answers": [
"epinephrine"
]
} |
what is the most fundamental unit of life according to the cell theory | [
"cells"
] | [
{
"title": "Rudolf Virchow",
"text": "the microscopic level, as the basic principles of investigation in medical sciences. He went further and stated that the cell was the basic unit of the body that had to be studied to understand disease. Although the term 'cell' had been coined in the 1665 by an English ... | {
"title": "Cell theory",
"long_answer": "In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. ",
"short_answers": [
"cells"
]
} |
who sings god is great beer is good | [
"Currington"
] | [
{
"title": "In Heaven There Is No Beer",
"text": "In Heaven There Is No Beer \"In Heaven There Is No Beer\" is a song about the existential pleasures of beer drinking. The title of the song is the reason for drinking beer while you are still alive. The song in German is \"Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier\", in Sp... | {
"title": "People Are Crazy",
"long_answer": "\"People Are Crazy\" centralizes on the male narrator and an old man whom he meets in a bar. In the first verse, the two of them converse, which leads to the old man saying, \"God is great, beer is good / And people are crazy.\" They continue to converse throughout the second verse as well before parting ways. In the third verse, some time has passed, and the narrator reads the old man's obituary in the paper. He discovers that the now dead old man was a millionaire and \"left his fortune to / Some guy he barely knew\" (i.e., the narrator). After this discovery, the narrator also declares that \"people are crazy.\" The song is in a 4/4 time signature and a moderate tempo, in the key of F major, using a main chord pattern of F–C–Dm–B♭. Currington's vocals range from B♭3 to D5.",
"chunked_long_answer": "They continue to converse throughout the second verse as well before parting ways. In the third verse, some time has passed, and the narrator reads the old man's obituary in the paper. He discovers that the now dead old man was a millionaire and \"left his fortune to / Some guy he barely knew\" (i.e., the narrator). After this discovery, the narrator also declares that \"people are crazy.\" The song is in a 4/4 time signature and a moderate tempo, in the key of F major, using a main chord pattern of F–C–Dm–B♭. Currington's vocals range from B♭3 to D5.",
"short_answers": [
"Currington"
]
} |
when did toyota start making cars in the us | [
"by the early 1980s",
"1984"
] | [
{
"title": "Toyota",
"text": "companies Citroën and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France. A youth-oriented marque for North America, Scion, was introduced in 2003. Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading companies for the year 2005 but slid to 55th for 2011. T... | {
"title": "Toyota",
"long_answer": "Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown, Kentucky, Princeton, Indiana, San Antonio, Texas, Buffalo, West Virginia, and Blue Springs, Mississippi. Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. in Fremont, California, which began in 1984 and ended in 2009. It still has a joint venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. in Lafayette, Indiana, which started in 2006. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured, among others.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama, Georgetown, Kentucky, Princeton, Indiana, San Antonio, Texas, Buffalo, West Virginia, and Blue Springs, Mississippi. Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. in Fremont, California, which began in 1984 and ended in 2009. It still has a joint venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. in Lafayette, Indiana, which started in 2006. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured, among others.",
"short_answers": [
"1984"
]
} |
the art and science of making objects from clay is called | [
"Ceramic art",
"Ceramic"
] | [
{
"title": "Clay chemistry",
"text": "Clay chemistry Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures, properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals. It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structura... | {
"title": "Ceramic art",
"long_answer": "Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take forms including art ware, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. Ceramic art is one of the arts, particularly the visual arts. Of these, it is one of the plastic arts. While some ceramics are considered fine art, as pottery or sculpture, some are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture and decorate the art ware. Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as \"art pottery\". In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. It may take forms including art ware, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. Ceramic art is one of the arts, particularly the visual arts. Of these, it is one of the plastic arts. While some ceramics are considered fine art, as pottery or sculpture, some are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture and decorate",
"short_answers": [
"Ceramic",
"Ceramic art"
]
} |
who was the oldest man elected president of usa | [
"Ronald Reagan",
"Donald Trump"
] | [
{
"title": "James Bowler",
"text": "of Chicago, who had traveled to Salt Lake City for the ceremony. James Bowler James Bernard Bowler (February 5, 1875 – July 18, 1957) was a political figure from Chicago, Illinois (USA). He served three terms as a United States Representative for Illinois. Bowler is the o... | {
"title": "List of presidents of the United States by age",
"long_answer": "The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.",
"chunked_long_answer": "and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.",
"short_answers": [
"Ronald Reagan"
]
} |
what is the name of the muslim dress | [
"hijab"
] | [
{
"title": "Taqiyah (cap)",
"text": "There is the kufi, which is worn with the grand boubou. The West African robe is called a Senegalese kaftan. The traditional wedding attire is the dashiki suit. The traditional women's attire is the kaftan or the wrapper. Most converts use the name Kufi when referring to... | {
"title": "Islam and clothing",
"long_answer": "The Qur'an admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals but it doesn't require covering the head. The Qur'an explicitly states that \"O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women\" and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet. Wearing hijab, or al-khimar, is considered by some to be obligatory in Islam, as the quote states \"Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms\", all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that \"al-khimar\" means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head, and \"over their bosoms\" implies women should cover their breasts, necks etc. ",
"chunked_long_answer": "but it doesn't require covering the head. The Qur'an explicitly states that \"O wives of the Prophet, you are not like anyone among women\" and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet. Wearing hijab, or al-khimar, is considered by some to be obligatory in Islam, as the quote states \"Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms\", all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that \"al-khimar\" means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head, and \"over their bosoms\" implies women should cover their breasts, necks etc. ",
"short_answers": [
"hijab"
]
} |
what is the democracy of the united states | [
"federal republic"
] | [
{
"title": "Democracy in America",
"text": "democracy in the United States, discussing possible threats \"to\" democracy and possible dangers \"of\" democracy. These include his belief that democracy has a tendency to degenerate into \"soft despotism\" as well as the risk of developing a tyranny of the majo... | {
"title": "Politics of the United States",
"long_answer": "The United States is a federal republic in which the president, Congress, and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution. The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments.\n",
"chunked_long_answer": "The United States is a federal republic in which the president, Congress, and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution. The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments.",
"short_answers": [
"federal republic"
]
} |
when did the democratic party change its name | [
"the 1830s"
] | [
{
"title": "Democrat Party (epithet)",
"text": "always said \"Democratic Party\" and would continue to do so, which contrasted with his predecessor, Meade Alcorn, and with National Republican Senatorial Committee chairman Barry Goldwater, both of whom used \"Democrat Party\". According to Congressional Quar... | {
"title": "History of the United States Democratic Party",
"long_answer": "The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by 1824. It was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee.",
"chunked_long_answer": "The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by 1824. It was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee.",
"short_answers": [
"the 1830s"
]
} |
what percentage of global man-made co2 emissions comes from worldwide aviation | [
"4 percent cumulative effect"
] | [
{
"title": "Airline",
"text": "global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum. North America accounts for nearly 40 percent of the world's GHG emissions from aviation fuel use. CO2 emissions from the jet fuel burned per passenger on an average airline flight is about 353 kilograms (776 pounds). Loss of natura... | {
"title": "Environmental impact of aviation",
"long_answer": "In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around 2%. However, in the case of high-altitude airliners which frequently fly near or in the stratosphere, non-CO2 altitude-sensitive effects may increase the total impact on anthropogenic (human-made) climate change significantly. A 2007 report from Environmental Change Institute / Oxford University posits a range closer to 4 percent cumulative effect. Subsonic aircraft-in-flight contribute to climate change in four ways:",
"chunked_long_answer": "In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around 2%. However, in the case of high-altitude airliners which frequently fly near or in the stratosphere, non-CO2 altitude-sensitive effects may increase the total impact on anthropogenic (human-made) climate change significantly. A 2007 report from Environmental Change Institute / Oxford University posits a range closer to 4 percent cumulative effect. Subsonic aircraft-in-flight contribute to climate change in four ways:",
"short_answers": [
"4 percent cumulative effect"
]
} |
who won the 7 man elimination chamber match | [
"Roman Reigns"
] | [
{
"title": "Elimination Chamber (2018)",
"text": "simultaneously pinned Wyatt, and it was decided that both would be a part of the Elimination Chamber match, marking the first seven-man chamber match. The following week, all seven men participated in a gauntlet match that began with Reigns and Rollins. Reig... | {
"title": "Elimination Chamber (2018)",
"long_answer": "Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 34. On the undercard, Alexa Bliss retained the Raw Women's Championship in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match, and Asuka defeated Nia Jax to extend her undefeated streak and to keep Jax from being added to her WrestleMania 34 championship match. The event was also notable for Ronda Rousey signing her Raw contract, where she had a confrontation with Chief Operating Officer Triple H and Raw Commissioner Stephanie McMahon, which was the former's first appearance since the night after Survivor Series.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Six matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the first-ever seven-man Elimination Chamber match to become the number one contender against Brock Lesnar for the Universal Championship at WrestleMania 34. On the undercard, Alexa Bliss retained the Raw Women's Championship in the first-ever women's Elimination Chamber match, and Asuka defeated Nia Jax to extend her undefeated streak and to keep Jax from being added to her WrestleMania 34 championship match. The event was also notable for Ronda Rousey signing her Raw contract, where she had a confrontation with Chief",
"short_answers": [
"Roman Reigns"
]
} |
when did the royal mint move to wales | [
"1968",
"the 1960s.",
"17 December 1968",
"the 1960s"
] | [
{
"title": "Llantrisant",
"text": "coins, moved from London to Llantrisant in 1967 in order to meet demand when the UK converted to decimal currency. The Royal Mint is now entirely located in Llantrisant after a phased move, and employs over 900 workers on its 38-acre site. In addition to British coins, the... | {
"title": "Royal Mint",
"long_answer": "Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a blank treatment plant and plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was officially opened on 17 December 1968 by the royal attendance of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip and their son Prince Charles. Originally there were fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the Investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales; however, such protests failed to materialise. The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from virgin metals completing the full minting process. Upon completion the final cost for the land, buildings and plant came to £8 million. Coin minting and production gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years until the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975. In an attempt to consolidate all previous coin-related acts, the Coinage Act of 1971 was passed, which among other things effectively abolished the individual role of Master of the Mint. Under this act, the Chancellor of the Exchequer took over the role, with a Deputy Master being appointed by the Treasury to exercise all the powers and duties of the Master within the mint.",
"chunked_long_answer": "Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a blank treatment plant and plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was officially opened on 17 December 1968 by the royal attendance of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip and their son Prince Charles. Originally there were fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the Investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales; however, such protests failed to materialise. The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from virgin metals completing",
"short_answers": [
"17 December 1968",
"1968"
]
} |
when did marathon change its name to snickers | [
"19 July 1990"
] | [
{
"title": "Snickers",
"text": "bar was marketed under the name \"Marathon\" in the UK and Ireland until 1990, when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name (Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s). There are also se... | {
"title": "Snickers",
"long_answer": "In the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until 19 July 1990. Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets.",
"chunked_long_answer": "In the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until 19 July 1990. Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets.",
"short_answers": [
"19 July 1990"
]
} |
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