id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f01 | When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity? | incandescent | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morni... |
56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f02 | Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses? | climate | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morni... |
56e75e3b37bdd419002c3f03 | Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings? | Franklin | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morni... |
56e7608500c9c71400d7704e | Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars? | increases | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSeveral studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST."
] |
56e7608500c9c71400d7704f | What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published? | 2008 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSeveral studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST."
] |
56e7608500c9c71400d77050 | What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation? | extension of DST | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSeveral studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST."
] |
56e762fb37bdd419002c3f23 | What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST? | sporting goods | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nRetailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-El... |
56e762fb37bdd419002c3f24 | What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST? | the National Golf Foundation | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nRetailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-El... |
56e762fb37bdd419002c3f25 | What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide? | 1984 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nRetailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-El... |
56e762fb37bdd419002c3f26 | According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union? | 3% | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nRetailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-El... |
56e762fb37bdd419002c3f27 | How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST? | $30 million | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nRetailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-El... |
56e7666737bdd419002c3f3f | Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates? | after | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nConversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so ... |
56e7666737bdd419002c3f40 | What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing? | cows | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nConversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so ... |
56e7666737bdd419002c3f41 | What does earlier milk delivery do to cows? | disrupts their systems | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nConversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so ... |
56e7666737bdd419002c3f42 | Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier? | earlier | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nConversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so ... |
56e7666737bdd419002c3f43 | Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun? | parents of young children | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nConversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so ... |
56e7692a00c9c71400d770de | What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work? | 2007 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanging clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart... |
56e7692a00c9c71400d770df | Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes? | William F. Shughart II | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanging clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart... |
56e7692a00c9c71400d770e0 | What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings? | decreased economic efficiency | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanging clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart... |
56e7692a00c9c71400d770e1 | What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000? | the daylight-saving effect | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanging clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart... |
56e7692a00c9c71400d770e2 | What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST? | methodology | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanging clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart... |
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f89 | In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected? | 1976 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a... |
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8a | What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%? | the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a... |
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8b | What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time? | SDST | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a... |
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8c | In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents? | 11% | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a... |
56e76ba237bdd419002c3f8d | How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study? | 40 minutes | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a... |
56e76d0b00c9c71400d77118 | What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings? | violent crime rate | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in so... |
56e76d0b00c9c71400d77119 | How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion? | two | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in so... |
56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711a | How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime? | one | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in so... |
56e76d0b00c9c71400d7711c | In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST? | 1970s | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in so... |
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa7 | There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm? | heating | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearl... |
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa8 | In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year? | carbon monoxide detectors | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearl... |
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fa9 | If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder? | the first days of spring and autumn | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearl... |
56e76f9037bdd419002c3faa | What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year? | lights | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearl... |
56e76f9037bdd419002c3fab | What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly? | hazardous materials | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearl... |
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb1 | What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST? | outdoor exercise | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but o... |
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb2 | What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb? | vitamin D | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but o... |
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb3 | What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.? | Gordon Gund | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but o... |
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb4 | What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun? | skin cancer | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but o... |
56e7713c37bdd419002c3fb5 | Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what? | rise earlier | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but o... |
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fea | What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes? | circadian rhythm | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nClock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after th... |
56e777fc37bdd419002c3feb | In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST? | Kazakhstan | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nClock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after th... |
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fec | Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts? | Dmitri Medvedev | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nClock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after th... |
56e777fc37bdd419002c3fed | According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack? | three | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nClock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after th... |
56e779ea37bdd419002c4007 | Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn? | higher | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAn unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours."
] |
56e779ea37bdd419002c4008 | Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after? | before dawn | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAn unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours."
] |
56e779ea37bdd419002c4009 | What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic? | air pollution | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAn unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours."
] |
56e77c7137bdd419002c4027 | During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59? | twice | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST ru... |
56e77c7137bdd419002c4028 | What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to? | confusion | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST ru... |
56e77c7137bdd419002c4029 | What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST? | change their clocks | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST ru... |
56e77c7137bdd419002c402a | What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of? | multiple DST rules | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST ru... |
56e7825400c9c71400d771e9 | What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST? | 1993 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDamage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medi... |
56e7825400c9c71400d771ea | For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility? | one hour | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDamage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medi... |
56e7825400c9c71400d771eb | Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change? | software developers | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDamage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medi... |
56e7825400c9c71400d771ec | What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time? | Coordinated Universal Time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDamage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medi... |
56e7825400c9c71400d771ed | What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time? | Unix-based | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDamage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medi... |
56e7834800c9c71400d771fd | Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often? | weekly | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented."
] |
56e7834800c9c71400d771fe | What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process? | complexity | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented."
] |
56e7834800c9c71400d771ff | What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often? | Some clock-shift problems | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented."
] |
56e7851100c9c71400d77213 | What does DST inherit from standard time? | disadvantages | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is i... |
56e7851100c9c71400d77214 | Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time? | magnify | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is i... |
56e7851100c9c71400d77215 | Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon? | two | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is i... |
56e7851100c9c71400d77216 | What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST? | sun-exposure guidelines | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is i... |
56e7851100c9c71400d77217 | When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence? | time zone | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nDST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is i... |
56e787fb37bdd419002c40bf | What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English? | Richard Meade | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAs explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually a... |
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c0 | In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time? | daylight savings time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAs explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually a... |
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c1 | Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications? | daylight saving time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAs explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually a... |
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c2 | Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary? | American Heritage | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAs explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually a... |
56e787fb37bdd419002c40c3 | Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include? | daylight time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nAs explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an \"s\") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English (\"the change has been virtually a... |
56e78a2e00c9c71400d7726f | Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST? | daylight saving | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario d... |
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77270 | What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation? | summer time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario d... |
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77271 | What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST? | zomertijd | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario d... |
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77272 | What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"? | ora legale | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario d... |
56e78a2e00c9c71400d77273 | What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English? | solar time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nIn Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario d... |
56e78bd100c9c71400d77283 | What usually changes when a place observes DST? | The name of local time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Tim... |
56e78bd100c9c71400d77284 | What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones? | standard | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Tim... |
56e78bd100c9c71400d77285 | In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time? | Pacific Daylight Time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Tim... |
56e78bd100c9c71400d77286 | When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing? | British Summer Time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Tim... |
56e78bd100c9c71400d77287 | What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English? | summer | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Tim... |
56e78dab37bdd419002c411f | What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST? | spring forward, fall back | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe North American mnemonic \"spring forward, fall back\" (also \"spring ahead ...\", \"spring up ...\", and \"... fall behind\") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks."
] |
56e78dab37bdd419002c4120 | What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called? | mnemonic | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe North American mnemonic \"spring forward, fall back\" (also \"spring ahead ...\", \"spring up ...\", and \"... fall behind\") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks."
] |
56e78dab37bdd419002c4121 | What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember? | which direction to shift clocks | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe North American mnemonic \"spring forward, fall back\" (also \"spring ahead ...\", \"spring up ...\", and \"... fall behind\") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks."
] |
56e790f337bdd419002c4153 | What can cause issues with installed computer systems? | Changes to DST rules | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanges to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corpora... |
56e790f337bdd419002c4154 | What year did DST rules change in North America? | 2007 | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanges to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corpora... |
56e790f337bdd419002c4155 | What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes? | upgrades | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanges to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corpora... |
56e790f337bdd419002c4156 | In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes? | email | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanges to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corpora... |
56e790f337bdd419002c4157 | Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes? | corporate information technologists | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nChanges to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corpora... |
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f7 | What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes? | UTC | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display."
] |
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f8 | By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor? | time zone differences | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display."
] |
56e793ad00c9c71400d772f9 | In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC? | operating systems | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display."
] |
56e793ad00c9c71400d772fa | Where do computers usually use UTC? | internally | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display."
] |
56e793ad00c9c71400d772fb | What time would a computer probably use for the clock display? | local time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nSome applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display."
] |
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a4 | Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time? | the IANA time zone database | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nHowever, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo."
] |
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a5 | What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time? | date/time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nHowever, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo."
] |
56e795ee37bdd419002c41a6 | What's another name for the IANA database? | zoneinfo | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nHowever, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo."
] |
56e798c700c9c71400d77347 | The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location? | historical and predicted clock shifts | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When t... |
56e798c700c9c71400d77348 | IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made? | system maintenance | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When t... |
56e798c700c9c71400d77349 | What environment variable defines a location's name? | TZ | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When t... |
56e798c700c9c71400d7734a | What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo? | timezone-independent epoch time | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When t... |
56e798c700c9c71400d7734b | What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it? | tztab | [
"Daylight_saving_time\n\nThe IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's \"tztab\" database is similar but incompatible. When t... |
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