Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
5706021475f01819005e7868	Where are Emus from?	Australia	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been o...
570602f875f01819005e786e	Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?	from Iceland to Britain	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer br...
570602f875f01819005e786f	Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?	arctic climates to the contiguous United States	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer br...
570602f875f01819005e7870	Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?	Asia and Europe	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer br...
570602f875f01819005e7871	Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?	Africa	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer br...
570602f875f01819005e7872	How do young learn migratory routes?	during their first migration with their parents	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe typical image of migration is of northern landbirds, such as swallows (Hirundinidae) and birds of prey, making long flights to the tropics. However, many Holarctic wildfowl and finch (Fringillidae) species winter in the North Temperate Zone, in regions with milder winters than their summer br...
5706046752bb8914006897aa	What route does a migrating bird usually follow?	an hooked or arched line	[ "Bird_migration\n\nOften, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bod...
5706046752bb8914006897ab	What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?	large water bodies or high mountain ranges	[ "Bird_migration\n\nOften, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bod...
5706046752bb8914006897ac	Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?	the lack of stopover or feeding sites	[ "Bird_migration\n\nOften, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bod...
5706046752bb8914006897ad	Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?	lack of thermal columns	[ "Bird_migration\n\nOften, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bod...
5706057875f01819005e788c	What do water birds avoid while migrating?	a large area of land without bodies of water	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barrie...
5706057875f01819005e788d	Where do brent geese migrate from?	the Taymyr Peninsula	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barrie...
5706057875f01819005e788e	Where do brent geese migrate to?	the Wadden Sea	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barrie...
5706057875f01819005e788f	How do brent geese migrate?	via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe same considerations about barriers and detours that apply to long-distance land-bird migration apply to water birds, but in reverse: a large area of land without bodies of water that offer feeding sites may also be a barrier to a bird that feeds in coastal waters. Detours avoiding such barrie...
5706068852bb8914006897be	What are waders called in North America?	shorebirds	[ "Bird_migration\n\nA similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated s...
5706068852bb8914006897bf	Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?	warmer locations in the same hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nA similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated s...
5706068852bb8914006897c0	Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?	the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nA similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated s...
5706068852bb8914006897c1	Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?	Arctic breeding grounds	[ "Bird_migration\n\nA similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated s...
5706071252bb8914006897cc	What does successful migration depend on for some waders?	the availability of certain key food resources	[ "Bird_migration\n\nFor some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy...
5706071252bb8914006897cd	Where do migrants refuel?	stopover points along the migration route	[ "Bird_migration\n\nFor some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy...
5706071252bb8914006897ce	Where is an important stopover location?	the Bay of Fundy	[ "Bird_migration\n\nFor some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy...
5706071252bb8914006897cf	What is another stopover location?	Delaware Bay	[ "Bird_migration\n\nFor some species of waders, migration success depends on the availability of certain key food resources at stopover points along the migration route. This gives the migrants an opportunity to refuel for the next leg of the voyage. Some examples of important stopover locations are the Bay of Fundy...
5706783775f01819005e7ba4	Which bird has the longest migration?	bar-tailed godwits	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey." ]
5706783775f01819005e7ba5	How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?	11,000 km	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey." ]
5706783775f01819005e7ba6	Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from	Alaska	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey." ]
5706783775f01819005e7ba7	Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?	New Zealand	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey." ]
5706783775f01819005e7ba8	How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?	55 percent	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome bar-tailed godwits Limosa lapponica have the longest known non-stop flight of any migrant, flying 11,000 km from Alaska to their New Zealand non-breeding areas. Prior to migration, 55 percent of their bodyweight is stored as fat to fuel this uninterrupted journey." ]
5706791075f01819005e7bae	Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?	The Arctic tern	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSeabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winte...
5706791075f01819005e7baf	Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?	The Arctic tern	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSeabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winte...
5706791075f01819005e7bb0	How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?	three months	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSeabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winte...
5706791075f01819005e7bb1	How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?	22,000 km	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSeabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winte...
5706791075f01819005e7bb2	Where do tubenosed birds breed?	the southern hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSeabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winte...
5706865b75f01819005e7bcc	Which species are great wanderers?	pelagic	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congre...
5706865b75f01819005e7bcd	Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?	Manx shearwater	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congre...
5706865b75f01819005e7bce	How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?	8 million km	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congre...
5706865b75f01819005e7bcf	How long did the Manx shearwater live?	50 year	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congre...
5706865b75f01819005e7bd0	How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?	14,000 km	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe most pelagic species, mainly in the 'tubenose' order Procellariiformes, are great wanderers, and the albatrosses of the southern oceans may circle the globe as they ride the \"roaring forties\" outside the breeding season. The tubenoses spread widely over large areas of open ocean, but congre...
5706872b52bb891400689a44	What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?	thermal columns of rising hot air	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodi...
5706872b52bb891400689a45	When do large birds of pray migrate?	daytime	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodi...
5706872b52bb891400689a46	What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?	Batumi bottleneck	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodi...
5706872b52bb891400689a47	How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?	10 to 20%	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodi...
5706872b52bb891400689a48	How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?	hundreds of thousands	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSome large broad-winged birds rely on thermal columns of rising hot air to enable them to soar. These include many birds of prey such as vultures, eagles, and buzzards, but also storks. These birds migrate in the daytime. Migratory species in these groups have great difficulty crossing large bodi...
5706883275f01819005e7bd6	When do many insectivorous birds migrate?	usually at night	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occ...
5706883275f01819005e7bd7	Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?	smaller insectivorous birds	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occ...
5706883275f01819005e7bd8	What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?	passage migrants	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occ...
5706883275f01819005e7bd9	How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?	a few days	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany of the smaller insectivorous birds including the warblers, hummingbirds and flycatchers migrate large distances, usually at night. They land in the morning and may feed for a few days before resuming their migration. The birds are referred to as passage migrants in the regions where they occ...
570688d052bb891400689a4e	What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?	minimize predation	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss." ]
570688d052bb891400689a4f	What is a cost of nocturnal migration?	loss of sleep	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss." ]
570688d052bb891400689a50	How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?	Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss." ]
570688d052bb891400689a51	What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?	avoid overheating	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss." ]
57068e2575f01819005e7bfc	What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do?	respond to changing day length	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tic...
57068e2575f01819005e7bfd	How do species that move short distances know when to migrate?	response to local weather conditions	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tic...
57068e2575f01819005e7bfe	Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally?	to escape the cold higher ground	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tic...
57068e2575f01819005e7bff	Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?	the coast or towards the south	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tic...
57068e2575f01819005e7c00	How far do British chaffinch more in their lives?	5 km	[ "Bird_migration\n\nMany long-distance migrants appear to be genetically programmed to respond to changing day length. Species that move short distances, however, may not need such a timing mechanism, instead moving in response to local weather conditions. Thus mountain and moorland breeders, such as wallcreeper Tic...
5706909b52bb891400689a60	How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?	two	[ "Bird_migration\n\nShort-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the nort...
5706909b52bb891400689a61	Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?	the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita	[ "Bird_migration\n\nShort-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the nort...
5706909b52bb891400689a62	Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?	to stay in the northern hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nShort-distance passerine migrants have two evolutionary origins. Those that have long-distance migrants in the same family, such as the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, are species of southern hemisphere origins that have progressively shortened their return migration to stay in the nort...
5706910552bb891400689a66	What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?	the waxwings Bombycilla	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSpecies that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities." ]
5706910552bb891400689a67	What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?	winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSpecies that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities." ]
5706910552bb891400689a68	Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?	enhanced breeding opportunities	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSpecies that have no long-distance migratory relatives, such as the waxwings Bombycilla, are effectively moving in response to winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food, rather than enhanced breeding opportunities." ]
5706917375f01819005e7c10	Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?	In the tropics	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits." ]
5706917375f01819005e7c11	Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?	to obtain more of their preferred foods	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits." ]
5706917375f01819005e7c12	What are tropical birds preferred foods?	fruits	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits." ]
5706917375f01819005e7c13	Where is it always warm enough for food supply?	In the tropics	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn the tropics there is little variation in the length of day throughout the year, and it is always warm enough for a food supply, but altitudinal migration occurs in some tropical birds. There is evidence that this enables the migrants to obtain more of their preferred foods such as fruits." ]
5706a3b152bb891400689afe	For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?	a good breeding season followed by a food source failure	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with...
5706a3b152bb891400689aff	How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?	five	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with...
5706a3b152bb891400689b00	How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?	18	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with...
5706a3b152bb891400689b01	What years did Red crossbills invade England?	1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791	[ "Bird_migration\n\nSometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with...
5706a4a052bb891400689b06	In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?	Northern	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is muc...
5706a4a052bb891400689b07	Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?	south	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is muc...
5706a4a052bb891400689b08	Why do birds migrate south in winter?	food becomes scarce	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is muc...
5706a4a052bb891400689b09	Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?	species of the Southern Hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is muc...
5706a4a052bb891400689b0a	Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?	there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere	[ "Bird_migration\n\nBird migration is primarily, but not entirely, a Northern Hemisphere phenomenon. This is because land birds in high northern latitudes, where food becomes scarce in winter, leave for areas further south (including the Southern Hemisphere) to overwinter, and because the continental landmass is muc...
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc0	What controls a birds migration?	a primitive trait	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous...
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc1	How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?	endogenous programs as well as learning	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous...
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc2	What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?	migration	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous...
5706a5bc75f01819005e7cc3	What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?	The ability to navigate	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe control of migration, its timing and response are genetically controlled and appear to be a primitive trait that is present even in non-migratory species of birds. The ability to navigate and orient themselves during migration is a much more complex phenomenon that may include both endogenous...
5706abd252bb891400689b4a	What is the primary cue for migration?	changes in the day length	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Nau...
5706abd252bb891400689b4b	How do birds act in the period before migration?	higher activity	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Nau...
5706abd252bb891400689b4c	What does Zugunruhe mean in English?	migratory restlessness	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Nau...
5706abd252bb891400689b4d	What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?	preferential flight direction	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Nau...
5706abd252bb891400689b4e	When do caged birds change their preferential direction?	the same time their wild conspecifics change course	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe primary physiological cue for migration are the changes in the day length. These changes are also related to hormonal changes in the birds. In the period before migration, many birds display higher activity or Zugunruhe (German: migratory restlessness), first described by Johann Friedrich Nau...
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0a	What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?	protandry	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry." ]
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0b	What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?	males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry." ]
5706ac4e75f01819005e7d0c	Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?	sexual dimorphism	[ "Bird_migration\n\nIn polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry." ]
5706acd875f01819005e7d10	What is navigation based on?	a variety of senses	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNavigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magn...
5706acd875f01819005e7d11	What do many birds use as a compass?	sun	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNavigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magn...
5706acd875f01819005e7d12	What does using the sun for direction involve?	the need for making compensation based on the time	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNavigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magn...
5706acd875f01819005e7d13	What else is navigation based on?	use visual landmarks	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNavigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magn...
5706acd875f01819005e7d14	What is magnetoception?	the ability to detect magnetic fields	[ "Bird_migration\n\nNavigation is based on a variety of senses. Many birds have been shown to use a sun compass. Using the sun for direction involves the need for making compensation based on the time. Navigation has also been shown to be based on a combination of other abilities including the ability to detect magn...
5706b5312eaba6190074ac4e	When do long distance migrants disperse?	as young birds	[ "Bird_migration\n\nLong distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year." ]
5706b5312eaba6190074ac4f	What do young birds form attachments to?	potential breeding sites	[ "Bird_migration\n\nLong distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year." ]
5706b5312eaba6190074ac50	What else do young birds form attachments to?	wintering sites	[ "Bird_migration\n\nLong distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year." ]
5706b5312eaba6190074ac51	What happens when the site attachment is made?	they show high site-fidelity	[ "Bird_migration\n\nLong distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year." ]
5706b5312eaba6190074ac52	Where do migrating birds visit?	the same wintering sites year after year	[ "Bird_migration\n\nLong distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year." ]
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da1	What are older migrating birds better at?	making corrections for wind drift	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive abi...
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da2	How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?	Satellite	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive abi...
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da3	What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?	recognize habitats and form mental maps	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive abi...
5706b8810eeca41400aa0da4	What are examples of day migrating raptors?	ospreys and honey buzzards	[ "Bird_migration\n\nThe ability of birds to navigate during migrations cannot be fully explained by endogenous programming, even with the help of responses to environmental cues. The ability to successfully perform long-distance migrations can probably only be fully explained with an accounting for the cognitive abi...

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