id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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570d3941fed7b91900d45d47 | When were sensors initially developed? | during the First World War | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nInitially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain c... |
570d3941fed7b91900d45d48 | Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s? | optronics | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nInitially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain c... |
570d3941fed7b91900d45d49 | What country created an integrated system for ADGB? | Britain | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nInitially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain c... |
570d3941fed7b91900d45d4a | What did the integrated system for ADGB link? | the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nInitially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain c... |
570d3941fed7b91900d45d4b | What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment? | NATO | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nInitially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain c... |
570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d51 | Which country had the most severe case? | Soviet Union | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided in... |
570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d52 | This separate service was known as what in the Soviet Union? | Voyska PVO | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided in... |
570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d53 | What two systems did Voyska PVO have? | fighter aircraft and ground-based systems | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided in... |
570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d54 | What year did the PVO Strany become independent? | 1954 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided in... |
570d3a3cfed7b91900d45d55 | What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces? | PVO SV | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided in... |
570d3b05b3d812140066d59b | When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? | 30 September 1915 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nOn 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, m... |
570d3b05b3d812140066d59c | How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city? | 45 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nOn 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, m... |
570d3b05b3d812140066d59d | Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon? | Radoje Ljutovac | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nOn 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, m... |
570d3b05b3d812140066d59e | What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down? | both pilots died | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nOn 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, m... |
570d3b05b3d812140066d59f | Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event? | First Balkan War in 1912 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nOn 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, m... |
570d3c44b3d812140066d5b9 | What was the problem with AA gunnery? | successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on t... |
570d3c44b3d812140066d5ba | Different things could affect what with the shell? | predicted trajectory | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on t... |
570d3c44b3d812140066d5bb | What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved? | 'off-set' angles for range and elevation | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on t... |
570d3c44b3d812140066d5bc | Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target? | the target's future position | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on t... |
570d3c44b3d812140066d5bd | What two things figured the fuse length? | Range and height of the target | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on t... |
570d3e82fed7b91900d45d83 | What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield? | World War I | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nWorld War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and... |
570d3e82fed7b91900d45d84 | In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks? | Gotha G.V bombers | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nWorld War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and... |
570d3e82fed7b91900d45d85 | The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what? | an independent air force | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nWorld War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and... |
570d3e82fed7b91900d45d86 | The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas? | their range and weapon load | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nWorld War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and... |
570d3e82fed7b91900d45d87 | Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I? | Europe | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nWorld War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and... |
570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d95 | How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s? | eight | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nFrom the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed... |
570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d96 | Where was the Observer Corps based? | Britain | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nFrom the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed... |
570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d97 | When was the Observer Corps formed? | 1925 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nFrom the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed... |
570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d98 | What did the Observer Corps observe and report on? | hostile aircraft flying over Britain | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nFrom the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed... |
570d3f2ffed7b91900d45d99 | What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching? | radar | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nFrom the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed... |
570d4027b3d812140066d5e9 | Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I? | RAF | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an im... |
570d4027b3d812140066d5ea | The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what? | .50-inch | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an im... |
570d4027b3d812140066d5eb | What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935? | an impact fused 2 lb HE shell | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an im... |
570d4027b3d812140066d5ec | What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom? | The air-cooled Bofors | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an im... |
570d4027b3d812140066d5ed | What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name? | The Predictor AA No 3 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nUntil this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an im... |
570d410afed7b91900d45db3 | What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s? | solid fuel rockets | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nDuring the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the ... |
570d410afed7b91900d45db4 | Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets? | for anti-aircraft fire | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nDuring the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the ... |
570d410afed7b91900d45db5 | What were rockets called at this time? | unrotated projectiles | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nDuring the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the ... |
570d410afed7b91900d45db6 | How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks? | 2-inch | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nDuring the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the ... |
570d410afed7b91900d45db7 | What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war? | 3-inch | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nDuring the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the ... |
570d43f9fed7b91900d45deb | What did the British get a license to build? | the Bofors 40 mm | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produc... |
570d43f9fed7b91900d45dec | While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft? | aircraft of any size | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produc... |
570d43f9fed7b91900d45ded | What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder? | a movie | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produc... |
570d43f9fed7b91900d45dee | What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called? | The Gun | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produc... |
570d43f9fed7b91900d45def | Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war? | Americans | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produc... |
570d4501b3d812140066d607 | What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft? | The interceptor aircraft | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-10... |
570d4501b3d812140066d608 | What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most? | bombers | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-10... |
570d4501b3d812140066d609 | When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built? | after the end of World War II | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-10... |
570d4501b3d812140066d60a | When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore? | the late 1960s | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-10... |
570d4501b3d812140066d60b | The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what? | ICBMs | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-10... |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d64f | What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use? | the laser | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Ene... |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d650 | When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat? | the late 1960s | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Ene... |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d651 | What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s? | Tactical High Energy Laser | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Ene... |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d652 | The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what? | experimental usefulness | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Ene... |
570d4bd6b3d812140066d653 | When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence? | in the next ten years | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAnother potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Ene... |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d689 | What is the air defence of a certain area called? | Area air defence | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nArea air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have ... |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68a | Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences? | Air Forces | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nArea air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have ... |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68b | What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence? | CIM-10 Bomarc | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nArea air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have ... |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68c | What range do area defence systems have? | medium to long range | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nArea air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have ... |
570d4f6bb3d812140066d68d | What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War? | to cover populated areas | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nArea air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have ... |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b1 | Which country probably coined the term air defence? | Britain | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After ... |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b2 | What does ADGB stand for? | Air Defence of Great Britain | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After ... |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b3 | What year was the ADGB created? | 1925 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After ... |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b4 | Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns? | Amyas Borton | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After ... |
570d5163b3d812140066d6b5 | What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname? | "Archibald, certainly not!" | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After ... |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e99 | What is the first purpose of air defence? | detect hostile aircraft | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles ... |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9a | What is the second purpose of air defence? | destroy them | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles ... |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9b | What is the critical issue in air defence? | to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles ... |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9c | Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where? | at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles ... |
570d5228fed7b91900d45e9d | What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target? | speed and direction | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles ... |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea3 | What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks? | Passive air defence | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPassive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes ca... |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea4 | Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence? | ground forces | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPassive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes ca... |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea5 | Passive air defence includes camouflage and what? | concealment | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPassive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes ca... |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea6 | What was camouflaged during World War II? | important buildings | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPassive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes ca... |
570d5301fed7b91900d45ea7 | Some airfield runways were painted green during what war? | the Cold War | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nPassive air defence is defined by NATO as \"Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack\". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes ca... |
570d5502b3d812140066d6cf | How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery? | 2 to 12 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries oft... |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d0 | In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery? | fire control elements | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries oft... |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d1 | Where do batteries typically get deployed? | in a small area | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries oft... |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d2 | Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another? | SHORAD | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries oft... |
570d5502b3d812140066d6d3 | Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist? | MANPADS | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries oft... |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb7 | It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where? | in the air | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses w... |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb8 | In addition to high explosive, what else was used? | shrapnel | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses w... |
570d55affed7b91900d45eb9 | Airburst fuses could be which two things? | igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork) | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses w... |
570d55affed7b91900d45eba | What were hydrogen filled balloons called? | Zeppelins | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses w... |
570d55affed7b91900d45ebb | What was used as targets in training practices? | Smoke shells | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses w... |
570d656efed7b91900d45fbf | What was the primary method for HAA fire? | aimed fire | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nTwo assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was... |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc0 | Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire? | its height | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nTwo assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was... |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc1 | Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors? | speed and height | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nTwo assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was... |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc2 | Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them? | 24,000 feet | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nTwo assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was... |
570d656efed7b91900d45fc3 | What kind of fuses were needed? | Mechanical | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nTwo assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was... |
570d6620b3d812140066d813 | What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with? | two 3-inch AA guns | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, w... |
570d6620b3d812140066d814 | When were improvements developed for these guns? | throughout the inter-war period | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, w... |
570d6620b3d812140066d815 | When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun? | 1924 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, w... |
570d6620b3d812140066d816 | Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun? | 90 mm AA gun | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, w... |
570d6620b3d812140066d817 | What year was the M1 version approved? | 1940 | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nThe US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, w... |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ff9 | Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control? | Soviet Union | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence in... |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffa | What other group has also been under this integrated command and control? | NATO's Allied Command Europe | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence in... |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffb | Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat? | forces in the field | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence in... |
570d6767fed7b91900d45ffc | What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent? | A surface-based air defence capability | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nIn some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence in... |
570d67fafed7b91900d46011 | What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War? | a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon | [
"Anti-aircraft_warfare\n\nAfter World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (we... |
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