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572836864b864d1900164754 | In von Neumann's model what does p represent? | p represents the prices of the goods | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the g... |
572836864b864d1900164755 | In von Neumann's model what does q represent? | q represents the "intensity" at which the production process would run | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the g... |
572836864b864d1900164756 | What is the rate of qrowth equal to? | rate of growth equals the interest rate | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the g... |
572836864b864d1900164757 | Was the economic model successful? | proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nalong with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution λ represents the g... |
572837a4ff5b5019007d9f40 | What were von Neumann's model an example of? | viewed as a special case of linear programming | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper ... |
572837a4ff5b5019007d9f41 | What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy? | unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper ... |
572837a4ff5b5019007d9f42 | What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model? | fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper ... |
5728386d4b864d1900164782 | When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin? | When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in ... |
5728386d4b864d1900164783 | What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics? | Nicholas Kaldor | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in ... |
5728386d4b864d1900164784 | In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations? | Léon Walras | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in ... |
572839072ca10214002da104 | What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested? | homogeneous linear system of Gordan | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLater, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative l... |
572839072ca10214002da105 | What did von Neuman's method use? | pivoting algorithm between simplices | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLater, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative l... |
572839072ca10214002da106 | What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of? | algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLater, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative l... |
572839f4ff5b5019007d9f74 | When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio? | 1941 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residu... |
572839f4ff5b5019007d9f75 | How has mean square ratio been applied? | Durbin–Watson statistic | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residu... |
572839f4ff5b5019007d9f76 | what does null hypothesis test against? | alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residu... |
57283ad62ca10214002da12c | The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area? | numerical hydrodynamics | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic o... |
57283ad62ca10214002da12d | What did the math of artificial viscosity do? | smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic o... |
57283ad62ca10214002da12e | What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics? | they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves) | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic o... |
57283bbeff5b5019007d9fae | What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb? | concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most per... |
57283bbeff5b5019007d9faf | Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable? | he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most per... |
57283bbeff5b5019007d9fb0 | What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb? | more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly" | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most per... |
57283cc13acd2414000df787 | what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent? | implosive lens project was greatly expanded | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhen it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He ... |
57283cc13acd2414000df788 | What was the tolerance limit for implosion "edge effect"? | not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhen it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He ... |
57283cc13acd2414000df789 | Who constructed Trinity bomb? | George Kistiakowsky | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhen it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He ... |
57283cc13acd2414000df78a | In what year was Trinity bomb completed? | 1945 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhen it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He ... |
57283dd13acd2414000df7a3 | What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection? | four other scientists and various military personnel | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nAlong with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected si... |
57283dd13acd2414000df7a4 | What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets? | oversaw computations | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nAlong with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected si... |
57283dd13acd2414000df7a5 | What was von Neumann's first choice for target city? | Kyoto | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nAlong with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected si... |
57283dd13acd2414000df7a6 | Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city? | Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nAlong with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected si... |
57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe2 | On what day was the first atomic blast? | July 16, 1945 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nOn July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New... |
57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe3 | Where did the first atomic blast test take place? | Alamogordo Army Airfield, | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nOn July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New... |
57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe4 | What was the power of the first atomic blast? | between 20 and 22 kilotons | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nOn July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New... |
57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffc | With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb? | Klaus Fuchs | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for... |
57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffd | What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry? | using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for... |
57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffe | What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage? | Soviet Union | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for... |
572841842ca10214002da1ae | In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization? | Weapons Systems Evaluation Group | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapon... |
572841842ca10214002da1af | What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons? | Armed Forces Special Weapons Project | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapon... |
572841842ca10214002da1b0 | What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission? | General Advisory Committee | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapon... |
572842b04b864d190016482c | In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC? | 1955 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for th... |
572842b04b864d190016482d | What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for? | Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for th... |
572842b04b864d190016482e | What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb? | relative inaccuracy of the missile | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for th... |
572842b04b864d190016482f | Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help? | Oppenheimer | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for th... |
572843ce4b864d190016485c | What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee? | decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nShortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neuma... |
572843ce4b864d190016485d | What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs? | while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nShortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neuma... |
572843ce4b864d190016485e | In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? | 1959 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nShortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neuma... |
572845213acd2414000df81f | What was MAD? | mutual assured destruction | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer—or MANIAC). He also \"moved h... |
572845213acd2414000df820 | What was the goal of MAD? | quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer—or MANIAC). He also \"moved h... |
572845213acd2414000df821 | What were Russians opinions of future weaponry? | Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer—or MANIAC). He also \"moved h... |
572845213acd2414000df822 | What was the concern of a missile gap? | keeping up with the Soviets | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer—or MANIAC). He also \"moved h... |
572846473acd2414000df84d | Why did von Neumann join government work? | felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described... |
572846473acd2414000df84e | How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology? | violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described... |
572846473acd2414000df84f | What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government? | Manhattan Project | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described... |
572847273acd2414000df85d | Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm? | Von Neumann | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 2... |
572847273acd2414000df85e | With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence? | Alan Turing | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 2... |
572847273acd2414000df85f | What does a merge sort algorithm do? | the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 2... |
5728489dff5b5019007da0d8 | Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out? | von Neumann's digital computers | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solution... |
5728489dff5b5019007da0d9 | What was the Monte Carlo method? | allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solution... |
5728489dff5b5019007da0da | Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed? | pseudorandom numbers | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solution... |
57284a152ca10214002da258 | What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers? | von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhile consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert ... |
57284a152ca10214002da259 | What was the significance of EDVAC? | architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhile consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert ... |
57284a152ca10214002da25a | Where was ENIAC located? | University of Pennsylvania | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nWhile consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert ... |
57284b74ff5b5019007da116 | What was the speed difference with new ENIAC? | new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nJohn von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks requ... |
57284b74ff5b5019007da117 | What were advantages for programming new ENIAC? | programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nJohn von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks requ... |
57284b74ff5b5019007da118 | After the design of IAS, who built the computer? | RCA Research Laboratory | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nJohn von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks requ... |
57284cb1ff5b5019007da126 | When was stochastic computing introduced? | 1953 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nStochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating aut... |
57284cb1ff5b5019007da127 | How long before stochastic computing could be implemented? | advances in computing of the 1960s. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nStochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating aut... |
57284cb1ff5b5019007da128 | When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program? | 1949 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nStochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating aut... |
57284cb1ff5b5019007da129 | What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program? | computer virus | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nStochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating aut... |
57284db43acd2414000df8e3 | On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced? | ENIAC | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipu... |
57284db43acd2414000df8e4 | In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation | 1950 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipu... |
57284db43acd2414000df8e5 | How much colder was world in last glacial age? | 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipu... |
57284ec5ff5b5019007da15a | How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head? | stunned other mathematicians | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" ... |
57284ec5ff5b5019007da15b | Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann? | Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring." | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" ... |
57284ec5ff5b5019007da15c | Did von Neumann enjoy thinking? | Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nVon Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" ... |
57284fc8ff5b5019007da160 | How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? | "fastest mind I ever met", | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only stu... |
57284fc8ff5b5019007da161 | What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann? | He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only stu... |
57284fc8ff5b5019007da162 | What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann? | Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nLothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only stu... |
572850984b864d1900164930 | What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann? | One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHerman Goldstine wrote: \"One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminut... |
572850984b864d1900164931 | Could von Neumann recall written text much later? | he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHerman Goldstine wrote: \"One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminut... |
572850984b864d1900164932 | What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability? | von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one. | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHerman Goldstine wrote: \"One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminut... |
57285159ff5b5019007da170 | What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability? | I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\n\"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. \"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyon... |
57285159ff5b5019007da171 | What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann? | he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\n\"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. \"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyon... |
57285159ff5b5019007da172 | What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann? | most scintillating intellect of this century | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\n\"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. \"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyon... |
572852073acd2414000df905 | In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer? | 1955 | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith t... |
572852073acd2414000df906 | From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live? | died within two weeks | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith t... |
572852073acd2414000df907 | How long did von Neumann survive with cancer? | eighteen months | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nIn 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith t... |
5728531a4b864d1900164948 | Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann? | Father Strittmatter | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHe invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (suc... |
5728531a4b864d1900164949 | Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann? | did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHe invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (suc... |
5728531a4b864d190016494a | Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life? | he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHe invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (suc... |
5728531a4b864d190016494b | What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs? | always believed him to be "completely agnostic." | [
"John_von_Neumann\n\nHe invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (suc... |
5728027d3acd2414000df20d | What year was the PlayStation 3 released? | 2006 | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nThe console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social ... |
5728027d3acd2414000df20e | What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3? | PlayStation Network | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nThe console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social ... |
5728027d3acd2414000df20f | What was the thinner version of the PS3 called? | Slim | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nThe console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social ... |
5728027d3acd2414000df210 | What year did the Super Slim model hit stores? | 2012 | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nThe console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social ... |
5728027d3acd2414000df211 | How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016? | 85 million | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nThe console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disc as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, included it being the first to introduce Sony's social ... |
572805603acd2414000df277 | What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in? | boomerang | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nSony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, alt... |
572805603acd2414000df278 | What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling? | E3 2005 | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nSony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, alt... |
572805603acd2414000df279 | What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows? | Final Fantasy VII | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nSony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, alt... |
572805603acd2414000df27a | What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3? | Tokyo Game Show | [
"PlayStation_3\n\nSony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, alt... |
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