id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd2 | When did the US buy Alaska? | 1867 | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day,... |
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd3 | What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians? | about 25% | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day,... |
5730e7c0b54a4f140068ccd4 | What is the term for Russian-speaking people? | Russophones | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day,... |
5730e962f6cb411900e24546 | For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian? | Apollo-Soyuz | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, In... |
5730e962f6cb411900e24547 | When did Apollo-Soyuz fly? | 1975 | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, In... |
5730e962f6cb411900e24548 | What are Russian astronauts called? | cosmonauts | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, In... |
5730e962f6cb411900e24549 | What math competition has Russian as an official language? | International Mathematical Olympiad | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, UNESCO, World Intellectual Property Organization, In... |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b69 | What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013? | Russian | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of ... |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6a | What percent of all websites are in English? | 54.7% | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of ... |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6b | What percent of all websites are in Russian? | 5.9% | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of ... |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6c | What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian? | 89.8% | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of ... |
5730e9bfaca1c71400fe5b6d | What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian? | 79.0% | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn March 2013 it was announced that Russian is now the second-most used language on the Internet after English. People use the Russian language on 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian is used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of ... |
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb01 | What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into? | "Northern" and "Southern" | [
"Russian_language\n\nDespite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, \"Northern\" and \"Southern\", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the t... |
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb02 | What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into? | Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern | [
"Russian_language\n\nDespite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, \"Northern\" and \"Southern\", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the t... |
5730edfaa5e9cc1400cdbb03 | What distinguishes Russian dialects? | non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar | [
"Russian_language\n\nDespite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, \"Northern\" and \"Southern\", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the t... |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc58 | What is okanye? | pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed c... |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc59 | What articles are similar to Bulgarian? | post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed c... |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5a | What do some Russian dialects do about vowels? | absence of vowel reduction | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed c... |
5730ee8905b4da19006bcc5b | What region of dialects is the Volga River area in? | Northern Russian | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly (the phenomenon called okanye/оканье). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e~i̯ɛ/ in the place of Proto-Slavic *ě and /o~u̯ɔ/ in stressed c... |
5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb07 | What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian? | unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi])... |
5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb08 | What is pronounced [ɪ] in Moscow's dialect? | unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi])... |
5730eef6a5e9cc1400cdbb09 | What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with? | modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian) | [
"Russian_language\n\nIn the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несли is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi], not [nʲɪsˈlʲi])... |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb13 | Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary? | Vladimir Dal | [
"Russian_language\n\nAmong the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological At... |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb14 | In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published? | 19th | [
"Russian_language\n\nAmong the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological At... |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb15 | When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects? | 18th century | [
"Russian_language\n\nAmong the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological At... |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb16 | When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created? | turn of the 20th century | [
"Russian_language\n\nAmong the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological At... |
5730f09fa5e9cc1400cdbb17 | How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language? | four decades | [
"Russian_language\n\nAmong the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the 18th century. In the 19th, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological At... |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad6 | What did the old letter ⟨ѣ⟩ become? | ⟨е⟩ | [
"Russian_language\n\nOlder letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я... |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad7 | What did the old letters ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩ become? | ⟨и⟩ | [
"Russian_language\n\nOlder letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я... |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad8 | What did the old letter ⟨ѳ⟩ become? | ⟨ф⟩ | [
"Russian_language\n\nOlder letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я... |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cad9 | What did the old letter ⟨ѫ⟩ become? | ⟨у⟩ | [
"Russian_language\n\nOlder letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я... |
5730f1c3e6313a140071cada | What did the old letter ⟨ѭ⟩ become? | ⟨ю⟩ | [
"Russian_language\n\nOlder letters of the Russian alphabet include ⟨ѣ⟩, which merged to ⟨е⟩ (/je/ or /ʲe/); ⟨і⟩ and ⟨ѵ⟩, which both merged to ⟨и⟩ (/i/); ⟨ѳ⟩, which merged to ⟨ф⟩ (/f/); ⟨ѫ⟩, which merged to ⟨у⟩ (/u/); ⟨ѭ⟩, which merged to ⟨ю⟩ (/ju/ or /ʲu/); and ⟨ѧ/⟨ѩ⟩⟩, which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨я... |
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1d | What is 'moroz' a transliteration of? | мороз | [
"Russian_language\n\nBecause of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the ma... |
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1e | What is 'mysh' a transliteration of? | мышь | [
"Russian_language\n\nBecause of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the ma... |
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb1f | What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration? | Unicode character encoding, | [
"Russian_language\n\nBecause of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the ma... |
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb20 | What does 'moroz' mean? | frost | [
"Russian_language\n\nBecause of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the ma... |
5730f210a5e9cc1400cdbb21 | What does 'mysh' mean? | mouse | [
"Russian_language\n\nBecause of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz, and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš'. Once commonly used by the ma... |
5730f2a1497a881900248a85 | Who created KOI8-R encoding? | the Soviet government | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditio... |
5730f2a1497a881900248a86 | What system used CP1251 encoding? | Microsoft Windows | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditio... |
5730f2a1497a881900248a87 | What systems used IBM866 encoding? | MS-DOS and OS/2 | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditio... |
5730f2a1497a881900248a88 | What encoding did early Macs use? | ISO/IEC 8859-5 | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditio... |
5730f2a1497a881900248a89 | In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage? | 1995–2005 | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. KOI8-R was designed by the Soviet government and was intended to serve as the standard encoding. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditio... |
5730f30ce6313a140071cae0 | What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of? | Russian Academy of Sciences | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvio... |
5730f30ce6313a140071cae1 | What can optional acute accents indicate? | stress | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvio... |
5730f30ce6313a140071cae2 | What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian? | castle | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvio... |
5730f30ce6313a140071cae3 | What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian? | this is marvelous | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvio... |
5730f30ce6313a140071cae4 | What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian? | standing | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent (знак ударения) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvio... |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc74 | Who says Russian has 6 vowels? | St. Petersburg Phonological School | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ha... |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc75 | When are Russian vowels written differently? | depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ha... |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc76 | What dialect is standard Russian based on? | Moscow dialect | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ha... |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc77 | What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to? | Irish | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ha... |
5730f38405b4da19006bcc78 | What is done to unstressed vowels? | reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St. Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called ha... |
5730f3cae6313a140071caea | What might /kʲ/ be considered? | a phoneme | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which ... |
5730f3cae6313a140071caeb | What is palatalization? | the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which ... |
5730f3cae6313a140071caec | How are 'dental' sounds pronounced? | with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge | [
"Russian_language\n\nRussian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of the consonants. While /k/, /ɡ/, /x/ do have palatalized allophones [kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ], only /kʲ/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive (the only native minimal pair which ... |
5730f434497a881900248a99 | When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine? | approximately 1000 AD | [
"Russian_language\n\nJudging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about... |
5730f434497a881900248a9a | When was Kievan Rus' formed? | about 880 | [
"Russian_language\n\nJudging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about... |
5730f434497a881900248a9b | What countries did Kievan Rus' become? | modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus | [
"Russian_language\n\nJudging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about... |
5730f434497a881900248a9c | What was the main language in Kievan Rus'? | Old East Slavic | [
"Russian_language\n\nJudging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about... |
5730f434497a881900248a9d | When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity? | 988 | [
"Russian_language\n\nJudging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about... |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc88 | Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from? | the languages of Western Europe | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion ... |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc89 | What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? | French | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion ... |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8a | What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800? | German | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion ... |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8b | Who wrote 'War and Peace'? | Leo Tolstoy | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion ... |
5730f49b05b4da19006bcc8c | What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation? | French | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion ... |
5730f4ede6313a140071caf0 | Who revolutionized modern Russian? | Alexander Pushkin | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called \"высо́кий стиль\" — \"high style\") in fav... |
5730f4ede6313a140071caf1 | What did Pushkin reject from older Russian? | archaic grammar and vocabulary | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called \"высо́кий стиль\" — \"high style\") in fav... |
5730f4ede6313a140071caf2 | What was 'high style'? | archaic grammar and vocabulary | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called \"высо́кий стиль\" — \"high style\") in fav... |
5730f4ede6313a140071caf3 | What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing? | became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech | [
"Russian_language\n\nThe modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called \"высо́кий стиль\" — \"high style\") in fav... |
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc92 | When did the USSR dissolve? | 1991 | [
"Russian_language\n\nDuring the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official lang... |
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc93 | When did the USSR make Russian the official language? | 1990 | [
"Russian_language\n\nDuring the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official lang... |
5730f53c05b4da19006bcc94 | What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990? | the unifying role and superior status | [
"Russian_language\n\nDuring the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official lang... |
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb45 | What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of? | Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to figures published in 2006 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in ... |
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb46 | Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"? | A. L. Arefyev | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to figures published in 2006 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in ... |
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb47 | When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published? | 2012 | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to figures published in 2006 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in ... |
5730f5bda5e9cc1400cdbb48 | What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian? | In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. | [
"Russian_language\n\nAccording to figures published in 2006 in the journal \"Demoskop Weekly\" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in ... |
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c732 | What is the USAF? | the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the Na... |
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c733 | How many uniformed services are there in the United States? | seven | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the Na... |
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c734 | When did the USAF split from the US Army? | 18 September 1947 | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the Na... |
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c735 | What act formed the USAF? | National Security Act of 1947 | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the Na... |
5730bbbb8ab72b1400f9c736 | What is one of the functions of the USAF? | Nuclear Deterrence Operations | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the Na... |
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75a | How many departments are there in the Department of Defense? | three | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by ... |
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75b | Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? | Secretary of Defense | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by ... |
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75c | What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? | Senate | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by ... |
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75d | Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff? | Chief of Staff of the Air Force | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by ... |
5730be5f8ab72b1400f9c75e | Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? | Secretary of Defense | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nThe U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by ... |
5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab1 | How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? | twelve | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nRecently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine... |
5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab2 | What do these core functions of the Air Force express? | contribute to national security | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nRecently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine... |
5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab3 | What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? | core functions | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nRecently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine... |
5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a6 | What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? | Assure/Dissuade/Deter | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nAssure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means ... |
5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a7 | How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? | Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nAssure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means ... |
5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a8 | What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? | US national security | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nAssure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means ... |
5730c9a4f6cb411900e244a9 | What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? | carry out the nuclear strike operations mission | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nAssure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means ... |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01540 | What is the definition of a nuclear strike? | the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adv... |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01541 | What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? | deployment of nuclear strike capabilities | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adv... |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01542 | Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict? | President | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adv... |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01543 | What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? | US NDO objectives | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adv... |
5730cac0b7151e1900c01544 | What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? | Continental United States | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adv... |
5730d135b54a4f140068cc8a | What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? | Nuclear surety | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consid... |
5730d135b54a4f140068cc8b | What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? | unauthorized or accidental use | [
"United_States_Air_Force\n\nNuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consid... |
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