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chain employs many intermediaries – buyers, exporters, and importers, among others. Fair trade supports a more direct route, connecting a producer or cooperative to a fair trade distributor, then to the store. This process allows for less profit dilution, and fosters long-term relationships between producers and import... |
Without fair trade, artisans, farmers and cooperatives from small, developing communities would not have access to the global market. By purchasing fair trade items produced by these workers, you contribute directly to their local economy. In fact, many fair trade producers invest profits back into their businesses and... |
all fair trade sales include a "social premium," which is a set fee paid to the cooperative that must be invested in community development. Each cooperative makes a collective decision as to how to invest their social premium. |
Influenza, or “the flu,” is a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs which occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring. Flu is a serious infection which is associated, on average, with more than |
200,000 hospitalizations due to flu related complications and can lead to thousands of deaths every year in the United States. “No one wants to spread the flu to family, friends, or colleagues. Yet many of us admit to tossing our |
manners aside when we have the flu,” said Anna Post, great-great-granddaughter of Emily Post and co-author of the 18th edition of Emily Post’s Etiquette. “Knowing how to politely cancel an event you’re hosting or how to avoid shaking your client’s |
hand because you’re sick can help avoid a potentially difficult and awkward situation. By following appropriate flu etiquette, we can all play a role in preventing the spread of the flu virus.” The Emily Post Institute offers the following etiquette |
tips to manage common situations where the flu virus might be spread from one person to another: 1. Share space, not the flu – Covering sneezes and coughs is a good habit all year round, especially during flu season. The |
flu virus can spread up to six feet away from coughing, sneezing, or even just talking. 2. Know when to take a sick day – The flu is highly contagious and the people you work with don’t want to get |
sick. Knowing the symptoms of flu versus a cold is important so you know when to take a sick day and see a doctor. Remember the acronym F.A.C.T.S. to recognize if you might have the flu (Fever, Aches, Chills, Tiredness |
well—would you mind covering your mouth when you cough? Thanks.” Most people when prompted are eager to show good manners and do the right thing. “Every year, millions of Americans get influenza. We are all personally responsible for helping to |
control its spread,” says Susan J. Rehm, MD, medical director at the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID). “The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends flu vaccine as the first and most important step in preventing influenza, as well |
as good hygiene. If symptoms arise, see a doctor quickly. The flu can be treated with prescription antiviral medicines.” To help children recognize flu symptoms, learn good habits, and pass the time with a fun activity this winter, download a |
free coloring book at FluFACTS.com. On FluFACTS.com, you’ll find information to help you distinguish between flu and cold symptoms, sign up for flu alerts in your area, and download a free “Fight the Flu” iPhone app. This influenza education campaign |
In 1996, the Phoenix Zoo's first pair of wolves, Chico and Rosa, gave birth to 3 pups. The female pup was chosen by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association's Species |
Survival Plan and the Mexican Wolf Recovery Team to be paired up with a male wolf and released into the wild. On May 7, 1999 Chico and his new mate, |
Eureka, produced one healthy pup that was later sent to another breeding facility. In 2003 Eureka was retired to Southwest Wildlife Rehabilitation Center where she lives with a retired male. |
Currently the Zoo has Sonora and Morela, both females born in 2001. The related females are held on exhibit in the Arizona trail. There are no current plans to breed |
them. They are part of the SSP and are being housed in a large, naturalistic exhibit meant to properly interpret their current habitat type. Other species in the same area |
representing northeastern Arizona are thick billed parrots, bobcats, and a mountain lion. The wolves at the Phoenix Zoo are managed in a way so that the least amount of interaction |
as possible is made between them and the animal keepers. This is done to keep the wolves as "wild" as possible, by fostering behaviors and characteristics that will enhance their |
ability to survive in the wild. Wolf Awareness Week is an interpretive program that is held annually. During this week, lectures, presentations, and stands are set up to increase visitor |
awareness of wolf issues in general, and of the Mexican wolf reintroduction process in particular. - Non-invasive research in coordination with the AZA's Reproductive Advisory Group and the Mexican Wolf |
SSP. - Coordinated interpretive and research programs in collaboration with Southwest Wildlife Rehabilitation and Education Foundation, as well as other local and regional NGO's and zoos holding wolves in captivity. |
NOTE: This document, part of the largest scientific document composed by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle, is written mostly in ink. Marginal notes are here integrated into the text. Editorial symbols used in the transcription: [some text] 'some |
text> 'some text' is a description of a destroyed word or passage Text in small red font is a hyperlink or notes added by the editors. Reproduced with the permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library and William Huxley |
Darwin. N side of River. Porphyry. —ascending which you arrive at a dead level plain, much divided & cut up by vallies one side corresponds to the other. — This plain reaches up to the foot of two hills ∴ |
Negro but evidently same sort — all water brackish, more or less. V [Bottle]: is it washing any salt water of old sea? In one valley, which was deep, there was a coating of salt which resembled the Salitrales more |
with diluvium. — recent sea cause of sterility. — I should imagine gravel 10 20 or 30 feet thick, for beneath this there appears a white. calcareo- sandy clay — clayey sandstone in soft. forming beds. seen in vallies at |
— compact well crystallized. & the above sort all occurring together. — Porphyry exposed by vallies evidently covered up by the calcareo- sandstone bed. — Did these hills up-heave. the modern bed or upheaved with it? On salt side. rough |
porphyrys. (a white variety same as in cherry garden occurring with the red sort.). — Britannia rock very porphyritic variety. — Barranca. about 5 miles on S. shore. — 130 feet high. — yellowish sandy clay. form a bed about |
40 feet high. — res many large oyster especially in lower part. — chiefly characterized by Turritella. — & many large Arica. — some Pectens: (a Volut. Buccinium (, which I could not bring home). Above this immense bed of |
gravel. — line of separation horizontal. — Further inland great level plain, same as the northern, with white calcareo-sandstone. which is above level of gravel bed. — Therefore gravel covers great inequalities in lower modern beds. — Going up Southside |
of creek. meet many varieties of Porphyry. few miles beyond. Guanaco. Island. I walked into the Interior there appeared to be high table land within. but it really was not evident when approached. — was covered with gravel. & composed |
of calcareo-sandstone; excessive marks of diluvium. not now accountable & was vallies going east immense barriers (which are exposed) of Porphyry have been cut through. — Near here. ab calc. sandstone crossed lied upon earthy Porphyry (655. 656). — & |
was covered by thin bed of ferruginous sandstone: — at extremity of the creek, rock sublimely peaked & perpendicular valley most abrupt sided. — one side valley suddenly commencing with cliff of 100 feet present stream minute. depositing fine mud |
on the rock much pebbles: in course of river one boulder of greenstone. — It is certain that cause much more violent than now exist. must have acted. such as Volcanoes. (immense beds of gravel shows same thing). & the |
plain I think requires same condition. — At the very head saw square white table land. — Cliffs on this side of Wood Island. very remarkable: at first the lower part is generally more crystalline such as. (653). — then |
— Is it same as high land? — There are many dykes. one running (compass ENE.). — Do they cut the chalk. — Strata irregular. W by S dip most common. — Does the chalk dip? Proportion of beds? nature |
of superior table land. ? — Salinia. ? — Dip? Lower rocks? Has there been two upheavals? . double range of table land, lower 50 or 60 feet above sea. — higher some hundred. & some miles further back.: Dykes |
opposite Guanacos Island. Pitchstone occurring under porphyry. — Guanacos Island iron stone occurring in Porphyry. [sketch] The porphyry rock is often cavernous, irregularly papform. These two hills are composed of the laminated porphyry. — The great plain, at the foot |
of two hills, is generally covered by calcareous (1640) sandy soft sandstone. — sometimes it is not calcareous 91662). — this seems to lie over a sort of clay. salt taste (origin of salt water?) angular decomposition (1663. 1664) which |
contains layers of fine crystall: gypsum. — it is probable that the oyster beds belong to this plain; although not been on north side. The South Barranca (I saw. Jan 4th) are horizontally stratified; the clay bed is half the |
thickness of cliff. — the gravel other half & the cliff about (80 feet) or less than quarter the whole range, high plain, where we have seen Calc. sandstone. — The organic remains, in the bed & the gypsum in |
upper part show it to be of same age as great St Fe bed. — Area greater size. — Turritella more numerous. — but yet same general feature. — the calc. sandstone appears to be the same as occurs above |
— The common rocks are white hard feldspathic (672. 673. 679.) They generally rest on such as red, hard. porphyry (674). — which occasionally becomes more crystalline as (677). — There are no limits to these alternations & passages. Another |
perhaps even more abundant rock a common feldspathic rock 1649, where the universal occurrence of very small rounded pebbles proves the action of water. — this is covered by such (674. 647. 1648 red porphyry: jasper porphyry, white [illeg] held. |
rock 1665 1650). — The sup more common superior bed is a rock, resembling ferruginous sandstone, but really a soft earthy snow white thick bed with particles of quartz. strikingly resembling calcareous matter. as (1651. 1675). Then the white & |
red, fine grained, uncrystallized feldspathic rock. — 31 verso [blank] The colouring matter of the red varieties, often times tinges the white of a delicate pink sometimes in lines. — at other times, in a horizontal section. in circular patches |
found three. 1st had even sides, straight & vertical & composed of the same substance as the surrounding mass, which was (1649), the central parts. were tinged red. — must be fissure filled up. — The two others were vertical, |
very tortuous & might be traced for long distance. — it the 2d was composed of rocks such as 1652 & 1672; about a foot thick — I could not perceive it altered the rocks. — it cut curious chemical |
rock (1670) with much mica & ran S & N — a small dyke of this nature cut through dyke 2d. — In one or two places there are conglomerate beds beneath such rocks as 1649. — 1672. 1673. 74, |
always of a dark red colour. — they are composed of pebbles of a size of sand to that of a mans head. — The pebbles are of highly crystalline porphiries such as do not now exist near here. — |
They have been deposited in rapid current. from the stratification, general dip of beds same as usual. — From this & such specimens as (1783) with water lines I conclude all these rocks have been formed under water. — If |
I had only seen a section such as F. I should have thought (1677) had been melted & poured over the inferior rocks. — more especially as the junction is slightly inducted. — Whatever origin of 1679 is It must |
be the same for all porphiries 1634 -- 39. for where section F is; the cliffs end & great porphyritic formation begins of which (1677) present in external form & nature a good type. — Yet I cannot think rocks |
such as 1681. which pass into 1675. & such, 1673.,. 1674. which lie over rocks of aqueous origin such rocks as 1673 passing into. 1649 & pass into each other & alternate without marked change can owe their origins to |
such different causes as Fire & Water. Section F is interesting, where Porphyry 1677 dips into the sea. I thought it belonged to the range of hills behind the Fort — it was only at its outcrop. I saw it |
overlying such rocks as 1678. 1679.) & other coarser varieties with small pebbles such as (1649). — The dip is here W N W. — which is unusual & it is the point of a bite or bay & commencement |
of the tw softer rocks. — The general dip of all the above rocks is NNW. — but not accurately; the stratification is in plains considerably disturbed. at Dip at about 15°. — I noticed here the same fact as |
tale as section F. viz. that Porphyry (1684) (which is part of same bed with (1690: 1691) & which include the principal varieties in the country. lies over rocks of a very earthy nature, sometimes quite soft. & very commonly |
lined with horizontal or waving ferruginous lines. as in sandstone, evidently formed in water. — These 6 rocks occur without any determinate order & pass into each other. — The passage of Porhyry 1684. is certain. the laminated variety 1691. |
occurs at top of bed. — which appears to be its common position. — These beds (porphyry) inducted dip to SSE at ∠ 10° (or about). now they rest on S side of great Porphyry range. behind the Fort. — |
This range runs about ENE & WSW or NE & W. which line continued falls to the South of the cliffs. & therefore their northerly dip is explained by line of violence continued, although no actual hills are produced. The |
following facts are I think proved by geology of Port Desire viz that earthy & crystalline porphiries were formed, were covered by conglomerates & other mechanical rock; that rocks partaking of both character of mechanical & chemical passed into each |
other & alternated an argument for the Wernerians; that there was a common deposit of white earthy feldspar: & that the dykes are of curious chemical nature, that the conglomerates are formed from the rolling of porphyries rocks now present. |
that these beds were upheaved by the chain of hills north of the Fort. — That this roughly impressed the present form of land. — That in certain places, a great bed of yellowish sandy clay was deposited abounding with |
large ostreae very generally same fossils. with S Josef & St Fe ∴ contemporaneous. that the upper parts of this bed was purer clay & contained layers of Gypsum, that above this there is bed of to earthy sandstone, sometimes |
generally (same as in R. Chupat near Rios calcareous. — That these beds show no sign of violence. — That after this a most enormous alluvial action removed parts of the lower beds & deposited a vast thickness of rounded |
porphyry & white quartz pebbles. (if these were two upheavals one took place at this period?) — that the sea remained or this gave time enough to leave shells which now exist, even with their colours. elevated 247 feet above |
the sea. — Then the land was elevated or sea subsided. — That some this there has been very great alluvial action, more than the present dry climate can account for. Even if we put out of the case the |
great removals & immense vallies in the upper plain, where there are little traces of water ever running. We may instance the creek, which cuts through hard Porphyry rocks, 100 to 200 feet high, nor only a little stream with |
which deposits mud. — Leaving about pinnacles & overhanging crags, as a mark of former. — I saw one of the rude precipitatious side ravines, commencing at once, with a cliff 60 or 70 feet high, as in volcanic country. |
I think volcanic earthquakes must here have been present, & aided by rapid torrents. — Would not old creeks, where is shown to exist in the harbour, when covered by modern beds yet be the lowest part & account for |
modern vallies coinciding with old ones. & these, leaving one to suppose present causes had effected them. when in such a case of this shells with their colour reducing you to a short period, renders it impossible. [illeg] gravel many |
long after the Argilla being then not very darker for clay beds from Oyster being found higher up. — Yet after the deposit of gravel complete change of life. — modern shells inland of Pectens Julian & where It would |
appear to be a [Calanote] over the than species on the right & being replaced by other sorts [Turions] (shells from coast) Patella, Muscles Return to homepage Citation: John van Wyhe, editor. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. |
American Journal of Physical Anthropology doi:10.1002/ajpa.21350 A mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the Tibetan Plateau before and after the last glacial maximum Zhendong Qin et al. As the |
highest plateau surrounded by towering mountain ranges, the Tibetan Plateau was once considered to be one of the last populated areas of modern humans. However, this view has been tremendously |
changed by archeological, linguistic, and genetic findings in the past 60 years. Nevertheless, the timing and routes of entry of modern humans into the Tibetan Plateau is still unclear. To |
make these problems clear, we carried out high-resolution mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) analyses on 562 Tibeto-Burman inhabitants from nine different regions across the plateau. By examining the mtDNA haplogroup distributions and their |
principal components, we demonstrated that maternal diversity on the plateau reflects mostly a northern East Asian ancestry. Furthermore, phylogeographic analysis of plateau-specific sublineages based on 31 complete mtDNA sequences revealed |
two primary components: pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) inhabitants and post-LGM immigrants. Also, the analysis of one major pre-LGM sublineage A10 showed a strong signal of post-LGM population expansion (about 15,000 |
Date: December 2004 Creator: Habel, Agnieszka Description: This problem in lieu of thesis is a discussion of two topics: Brownian movement and quantum computers. Brownian movement is a physical phenomenon in which the particle velocity is constantly undergoing random fluctuations. Chapters 2, 3 and 4, describe Brownian... |
different perspectives. The next four chapters are devoted to the subject of quantum computers, which are the signal of a new era of technology and science combined together. In the first chapter I present to a reader the two topics of my problem in lieu of thesis. In the second |
chapter I explain the idea of Brownian motion, its interpretation as a stochastic process and I find its distribution function. The next chapter illustrates the probabilistic picture of Brownian motion, where the statistical averages over trajectories are related to the probability distribution function. Chapter 4 show... |
Langevin equation, introduced in chapter 1, using a Hamiltonian picture of a bath with infinite number of harmonic oscillators. The chapter 5 explains how the idea of quantum computers was developed and how step-by-step all the puzzles for the field of quantum computers were created. The next chapter, chapter 6, |
Date of this Version Fathers play an important role in our families. They are role models, protectors, providers, and partners. They can be breadwinners, teachers and mentors. And sadly, sometimes they are also absent due to alcoholism, abandonment or death. How do our fathers influence and shape us? Join us as we expl... |
shaped like a bird? Maybe it had a pretty color or had crystals in it. Just about everybody as a child has collected some kind of rock.” In this case, |
treasure has nothing to do with money, unless that includes the money Roberts has invested in her rock hound habit. She was one of those children who picked up pretty |
rocks, but her appreciation never went away. Today, she’s president of the North Mississippi Gem and Mineral Society, a group of like-minded people who think good things can be found |
by looking down. “We don’t do a lot digging. You’re looking at the surface or just below the surface,” said Roberts, 61, of Counce, Tenn. “A lot of material comes |
to the surface after a heavy rain. If you’re collecting a day or two after a heavy rain, you need your mud boots on. Mississippi is known for its ooey, |
gooey clay.” The society has regular field trips to hunt for new rocks and minerals. In these litigious days, it’s important to get permission from land owners before the searching |
begins. Provisions include a rock hammer, shovel and safety glasses, as well as containers to hold fresh finds and a screwdriver to pry things up, Roberts said. “You’ve got to |
pack your own lunch and water,” she said. “Some of the places we collect at are old quarries, so there aren’t any facilities. You have to be pretty self- sufficient.” |
Society members have loaned some of their finds for an exhibit at the Oren Dunn City Museum in Tupelo’s Ballard Park. The collection includes items on loan from the Mississippi |
Museum of Natural Science in Jackson. The “Mississippi’s Geologic History: Written in Stone” exhibit features fossilized sea life from the Mississippian period, which was 323 to 363 million years ago, |
as well as clay from Monroe County used to make kitty litter. Crystals, geodes and petrified wood also are included. The rare and common rocks, minerals and fossils will be |
on display until March 23. Self-described rock hounds come to the hobby in different ways. While Roberts likes to put on her mud boots and hunt for fossils, John Byzet, |
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