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but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. |
And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant. But how is a literature review different from an academic research paper? While the main focus of an |
academic research paper is to support your own argument, the focus of a literature review is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others. The academic research paper also covers a range of sources, but it is usually |
a select number of sources, because the emphasis is on the argument. Likewise, a literature review can also have an "argument," but it is not as important as covering a number of sources. In short, an academic research paper and |
a literature review contain some of the same elements. In fact, many academic research papers will contain a literature review section. But it is the aspect of the study (the argument or the sources) that is emphasized that determines what |
type of document it is. Why do we write literature reviews? Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act |
as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in |
his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. Who writes these things, anyway? Literature reviews are written occasionally |
in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and social sciences; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper. Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself. Excerpt from “Literature Reviews” from The |
EducationALA's Great Web Sites for Kids The American Library Association’s search engine of recommended sites for children. Includes grade level appropriateness and summaries of each website. California Preschools and Daycare |
Centers Looking for a preschool or daycare for your child? This site lets you search preschools by city and includes address, phone number, tuition, hours of operation, and links to |
the school's Webpage.California Reading List (CRL) This site provides reading lists that corresponds with the child’s reading level from grades K-12, based on their scores reflected in the California English-Language |
Arts Standards Test.Education.com Advice, reference articles, and an online community for parents of preschool to high school students.Great Schools Discusses California school-related issues and provides ratings and tips on how |
to evaluate a school.Helping Your Child with Homework The U.S. Department of Education’s publication explaining the "hows" and "whys" of homework which includes helpful tips. Home Schooling Resources from the |
Librarian's Index to the Internet Links to home schooling websites including California organizations. STAR Program Resources Additional resources including the STAR scoring guide, sample subject and writing test questions and |
informative guides for parents and teachers. STAR Program Results School, district, county and statewide summary results for Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program for the current year. Includes prior year |
CST, SAT/9, and CAT/6 results. STAR Test Questions Gives a list of CST Released test questions and answers from 2003-2008, by subject and grade. Created by moms, this site contains |
books reviews from a parent's perspective. Find "fiction that fits" your criteria for a good book. Recommended by the 2010 Association for Library Service to Children's Great Websites for Kids |
Your Toddler 18 - 36 Months - Your 18-24 month old: Your toddler learns new things every day! He or she may carry books around and pretend to read, recognize favorite books, and develop a routine with a caregiver that involves reading. - By the age of 2, children have |
a constantly growing vocabulary of between 1,000 and 2,000 words. He or she may use words in simple combinations such as "all done" or "pick up." - Your 24-36 month old: Your toddler will be speaking in sentences, and will ask and answer simple questions. He or she will imitate |
sounds, actions, and words in books, as well as label parts of illustrations. Your toddler will enjoy hearing his or her favorite stories read aloud repeatedly and will enjoy reading being a part of daily routines. - By age 3, children often demonstrate obvious enjoyment of reading, and will label |
items in illustrations. Toddlers at this age may also begin creating scribbles that resemble printing. Tips for reading with your toddler: - Discuss the books that you read with your child. Ask who, what, where, when, why, and how questions. - Your child will enjoy the chance to answer questions |
like "what is this animal?" or "what do you think will happen next?" Be sure to give your child enough time to answer questions before telling them the answer or moving on. Counting to ten silently in your head will help you to wait long enough for a response. This |
will show your child that you have respect for their developing thinking and speaking skills. - Choose books that show characters doing things that your toddler does too (eating, playing, going to bed). - Keep books on low shelves so that your toddler has easy access to them. - Choose |
non-fiction books about colors, shapes, animals, families, etc. - Teach your toddler how to handle books correctly and carefully. - Share stories with repetitive text and encourage your child to repeat familiar parts along with you. - Recite rhymes and sing songs during daily routines. Books for Toddlers: - Brown |
Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? by Bill Martin - Chicka Chicka Boom Boom by Bill Martin Jr. and John Archambault - Freight Train by Donald Crews - From Head to Toe by Eric Carle - Gingerbread Baby by Jan Brett - My Car by Byron Barton - Planes |
by Byron Barton - The Little Red Hen by Bryon Barton - The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle - We're Going on a Bear Hunt by Michael Rosen and Helen Oxenbury |
World Water Day is on Monday, March 22nd, and it's a crucial moment in the fight against the global sanitation and water crisis that’s killing thousands of people every single day. No matter where you are in the world you can celebrate World Water Day! Check out some of the |
ways below: The World’s Longest Toilet Queue is a mass mobilization event and Guinness World Record attempt bringing together thousands of campaigners from across the world to demand real change. Ever seen water flow uphill? Without help of petrol or electricity? Meet the hydraulic ram, a robust and simple water-powere... |
water pump. The ram pumps uses the power of water with a height difference flowing in the spring, stream or river to lift a fraction of the water up to 200 meters vertically, and sometimes pump it over a kilometre or two to where it is needed. No fuel or |
electricity required. The ram pump holds great potential for rural drinking water and irrigation water supply in hilly and mountainous areas, such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Nepal, and the Philippines. Photo above: Children surrounding a hydraulic ram produced by AIDFI on the island Negros, the Philippines. If you are i... |
Los Angeles area, come celebrate World Water Day with a Night of Generosity at SKYBAR on March 22nd at 8pm. Water is big business. Just five beverage companies consume enough water over the course of a year to satisfy the daily water needs of every person on the planet. Of |
course, we may not be able to control how much water is put in a can of soda or a beer (less water, more alcohol, please) or the amount it takes to make paper, but we can control our own use at the workplace and even influence those who manage |
supplies. It may not be our nickel that gets spent on the utility bill at work, but the gains are certainly ours when we reduce the corporate water footprint on the planet. Water prices are poised to rise due to increased water stress, and corporate growth is expected to be |
impeded as resources dwindle. Make no mistake, all of this comes out of our paychecks in one way or another. At this very moment, millions of women are carrying 40 pounds of water on the return leg of their average 3.5-mile daily trek. So today, on International Women's Day, I |
want to pay tribute to the resiliency of these women, and highlight the collective possibility they embody -- if freed from the back-breaking and time-consuming burden of collecting water. Providing women with access to a nearby source of clean water frees up their days to earn an income or engage |
in other more productive activities – which can help significantly elevate their status in the community. photo by Beth Harper via Creative Commons. Outdoors is where we as residents tend to use huge amounts of water. In some parts of the country, mostly out in the arid West, 70 percent |
or more of residential water is used for lawn irrigation. Something is seriously wrong with this picture. Pink flamingos and fountains aside, decorative lawns that need lots of care and lots of water are scourges. It may be that suburbia is making the wells run dry. Indeed, homeowners use an |
average of 120 gallons of water each day for things outside. Think about that for a second: "things outside" -- where rain should be able to do the job nicely -- if we stick with the vegetation that grows naturally in our locale, that is. Irrigation, my dear water-freak neighbor, |
was invented to keep our fields of food alive, not your imported turf. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon and former U.S. President Bill Clinton unveiled a new United Nations program to raise money to help fight HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and more. Through the program, called MASSIVEGOOD, travelers can donate a |
minimum of $2 on top of their airfare to support an international UN Health financing initiative by clicking on MASSIVEGOOD. Five clicks, the equivalent of $10, bought an insecticide-treated bed net, while 25 clicks was enough to pay for a year’s worth of HIV medication for one child. Around the |
world, most boreholes are drilled with big, heavy equipment which arrives by truck, makes a lot of noise, and gets the job done in a short time, at a cost of about $5,000 to $20,000 per borehole. But there is a growing interest in doing it in a different way |
-- drilling by hand. It takes longer, it is heavy work, but it also gets the job done. Why are people getting interested? A hand-drilled borehole costs about $500 or less. Läkarmissionen is one of our NGO partners in Sweden and is helping us to fight the global water crisis. |
Their operation began in 1958 to support a Swedish church related mission hospital in South Africa. That is what gave them the name Läkarmissionen - the Swedish Medical Mission Foundation. Läkarmissionen’s intention is to make it possible for marginalized people to gain improved quality of life. Our experiences indicat... |
knowledge is from the heart as well as the mind. It is not a mere mental perception of the forms of things or a knowledge of their material nature; it must include the soul of things, the divine ideas that they enshrine. Everything is dependent on the small things: relaxation - you always relax more; acceptance, onesel... |
- will always be just as difficult, but at least you have done it before. It is important to do all these little things Question: - How can we discern whether it is the divine conscience animating us and directing us in a certain direction, or the animal soul seeking release from seemingly unfavorable environments: Ans... |
for betterment, but clouded more or less in each by reason of education and habit of thought; hence it varies in brightness. It is not possible to make a hard-and-fast fixed rule for finding out what is the animating motive. If we are trying to get into a better state, it is for us to decide if that be simply and wholl... |
actions are surrounded by desire as the rust is round the polished metal or the smoke round the fire, but we must try. So if we fix for ourselves the rule that we will try to do the best we can for others, we will generally be led right. If we rely on the higher self and aspire to be guided by it, we |
will be led to the right even if the road goes through pain, for sorrow and pain are necessary for purification of the soul. But if we wish to run away from an environment because we do not like it and without trying to live in it while not of it, we are not altering ourselves but simply altering the circumstances, and... |
always gain anything. Questioner: What is your attitude to the early teachings of Theosophy, the Blavatsky type? Do you consider we have deteriorated or advanced? KRISHNAMURTI: I am afraid I do not know, because I do not know what Madame Blavatsky's teachings are. Why should I? Why should you know of someone else's tea... |
is only one way, which is not distant from the truth; there is only one method to that truth, because the means are not distinct from the end. Now you who have studied Madame Blavatsky's and the latest Theosophy, or whatever it is, why do you want to be students of books instead of students of life? Why do you set up l... |
ask whose teachings are better? Don't you see? Please, I am not being harsh, or anything of that kind. Don't you see? You are Christians; find out what is true and false in Christianity—and you will then find out what is true. Find out what is true and false in your environment with all its oppressions and cruelties, a... |
what is true. Why do you want philosophies? Because life is an ugly thing, and you hope to run away from it through philosophy. Life is so empty, dull, stupid, ignominious, and you want something to bring romanticism into your world, some hope, some lingering, haunting feeling; whereas, if you really faced the world as... |
something much more, infinitely greater than any philosophy, greater than any book in the world, greater than any teaching or greater than any teacher. We have really lost all sense of feeling, feeling for the oppressed, and feeling for the oppressor. You only feel when you are oppressed. So gradually we have intellect... |
we are absolutely shallow; and to fill that shallowness, to enrich ourselves, we study books. The Theosophical Society has had three objects for more than a century. They are: Of these three objects the first has been considered the most important, at least since the time H.P. Blavatsky and H.S. Olcott arrived in India... |
in Wheaton (Adyar) rephrases the above, but leaves brotherhood out. It is as follows: To encourage open-minded enquiry into world religions, philosophy, science, and the arts in order to understand the wisdom of the ages, respect the unity of all life, and help people explore spiritual self-transformation. A mission st... |
objects of the Theosophical Society to agree precisely with the mission-statement. One would also expect the wording of the mission-statement to be more modern. In that vein it would have been a nice challenge if the board of directors of the US-section of the TS had found a new sex-neutral way of saying that people sh... |
'nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity (etc)' mean? But to leave it all out is really going too far for me, and for several of the people I met in Wheaton this summer. This mission-statement sounds selfish to me. Great: I find an organisation where people will help me with my self-transformation en where my ... |
be supported. Wonderful. And there is no suggestion that I personally need to do anything at all. I don't need to practice loving kindness. I don't need to find tolerance in my heart for those I've learned to despise or ignore. I will perhaps learn to respect the unity of all life in abstract, but there is no need for ... |
practical at all... I'm obviously being cynical. In actual fact the attempt to form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color is work. It means a constant attempt to overcome my conditioning. It means reaching out to people. It means practicing kindness.... |
find it very disappointing that the TS in America has edited this very important attempt out of its 'mission statement' and hope they will change things soon. Each summer the American Section of the Theosophical Society (TS) has a gathering that is both business meeting and summer school. Non-members of the TS are not ... |
them from coming either. The atmosphere of the gathering was both very familiar to me, as strange and new. Familiar, as it was as comfortable talking to these overseas theosophists, as it has always been talking to theosophists here in the Netherlands. Strange as well, as inevitably things are done differently, when th... |
I'm used to seeing it. 'evening dress optional' says it all, I think. For those who have not been to Olcott for this: evening dress means suits and ties and dresses and in the case of theosophists: saris and Indian dresses in general. First Betty Bland, the national president of the TS in the USA, welcomed us. Then the... |
world's religions', though this is obviously practically impossible there were a lot. The atmosphere of that ceremony was more informal than I saw it in India. It looked like people could just come up and give whatever prayer they wanted. Among the many prayers more than one Christian denomination was represented, as w... |
ended with greetings from all over the world. I gave greetings from the Netherlands and the International Theosophical Centre at Naarden also in the Netherlands. The business meeting consisted of reports from the various departments. I was surprised to see the work that went into making it literally entertaining. The Q... |
appeared. This is certainly different from how I'm used to seeing it, but I enjoyed myself anyhow. The theme of the school was 'Theosophy in action'. Radha Burnier, international president, gave most of the lectures. Room had been made for Diana Chapotin's coverage of the Order of Service, John Algeo and Joy Mills. Aft... |
were - as usual - very interesting. In the afternoon there were usually lectures, workshops and meditation classes. To be honest I wasn't impressed with what I saw of the meditation classes. Theosophists don't have a reputation of being very good at meditation and this didn't help any in my book. The morning meditation... |
confirmed this impression was that several people told me that they had a tendency to fall asleep during the morning-meditation. The lectures were very good. Radha Burnier's opening lecture was about finding balance. She meant finding a balance between the development of buddhi (roughly intuition), thought, emotion and... |
itself naturally in action or words at some point. Spiritual aspiration as well needs to be in harmony. Too much of it leads to ambition, too much tension or waste of energy. Mental balance includes overcoming the duality of thought. This means that likes and dislikes will disappear and we will neither accept nor rejec... |
Theosophical Order of Service (TOS), stressed that theosophists are active in social service in various ways. One of the main ways is individual action. She meant that theosophists all over the world are active in social work through organisations that have nothing to do with theosophy. The second way in which theosoph... |
theosophical lodges and sections. The TOS complements all that with very specific projects in area's like education, animal welfare, vegetarianism and help in case of natural disasters like recently Katrina. On an organisational level TOS-groups are led by theosophists, but the volunteers don't have to be members. Thou... |
behind the work are communicated regularly to keep the work theosophical. Diana explained that the work of the TOS has grown dramatically recently under her leadership. She can't cope on her own anymore and a reorganisation is necessary. Joy Mills gave a public lecture on the vitality of living truth. She stressed the ... |
going beyond book wisdom. If we really see the truth, our heart and our whole being will change. That's the power of living truth. In order for that to happen, we need to actually practice truth as we know it (not as we want it to be) in our daily lives. Every experience that broadens our sensitivity, mirrors living tr... |
thought the interconnectedness of everything is becoming quite clear. H.P. Blavatsky actually went one step further: she saw everything as one living being, One Life. The theory of Gaia shows this on the level of the earth, but for Blavatsky it's true of the whole universe. Breath is used as an image of that Oneness. R... |
growing in wisdom. In this lecture she repeated a theme that threads through her Watchtower pieces in The Theosophist as well: Humanity grows in knowledge, but not in wisdom. The knowledge that has been developed over the past two centuries leads to destruction because there is no knowledge on what is right in the long... |
is very hard to find out what right action is. We don't realise enough that in hurting someone else, we hurt ourselves. Wisdom leads to a peaceful, sensitive world. Knowledge leads to pride and this can only be challenged by becoming aware of the limitations of knowledge. Otherwise knowledge leads to a feeling of separ... |
to think independently and become aware to what extent we are all influenced by others. An example she gave is that the simple life is no longer seen as ideal. Everybody wants to live as is portrayed on television. In all her lectures this week Radha reminded us that our personal problems need to come second. Growth in... |
that means forgetting self. Our personal problems and our joys are both temporary. We make them bigger than they are. Why is suffering such a large problem? The TS was founded to fight prejudice. Prejudice hinders an insight into real problems and can only be dissolved by a feeling of connectedness with all human being... |
it's better to give a little lovingly, than to give a lot without love. It was very impressive to hear the report of theosophists living near the area where Katrina hit. There were slides as accompanying there very personal report. The most important insight I got from that was that storms are normal for the people in ... |
in case of a storm. Despite that fact, and this has not been stressed enough, this was the most successful evacuation in history. Around 90-95% of the people in the New Orleans region were evacuated. We were told that criminals always stay behind so they can loot. This is part of the pattern. Because this storm did so ... |
storms, everything got bigger than usual. John Algeo spoke about the most holy mission of theosophy. He started by saying that Blavatsky in her final five years on earth, had left a legacy of five: These three letters were the backbone to Johns two lectures. They give direction to Theosophical work in the world. Blavat... |
of disaster, blessings often come. Disasters mix things up. Tibetan Buddhism would never have spread to the West as it has, if China hadn't invaded Tibet. In her 1891 letter, Blavatsky mainly spoke of living theosophy, not the teachings. In her first letter she stressed the aim of the Theosophical Society to unite peop... |
can't created holiness, health or wholeness. We have to become fully human, that is what the word master signifies: to master ourselves. There can only be harmony in organisations, if opposites are balanced, not through wiping out differences. In his second lecture he returned to the theme of unifying people of all nat... |
can't be forced. No rule can open the heart-mind of people. No group is safe from fundamentalism. Theosophists too run this risk, though in real theosophy there can be no dogmas, because it is based on real insight and rational thinking. Real theosophy reflects divine reason, the reason of Buddhi. John closed with Blav... |
be theosophists, live theosophy. In her next lecture Radha talked about growing in Love. Love is our true being, that aspect of ourselves which is one with every other. Love is beyond words, it's part of Universal Life. It is necessary to feel affection for kids and animals. Continually looking for security, that wish ... |
is little friendship, little Love. How do we remove the barriers that separate us from our essential nature: Love? To this practical question, Radha's answer is to be more sensitive. We have to feel as others feel, without identifying with their pain. You can't help others by going along with their pain, but you have t... |
beyond social custom and convention and being really sensitive. This sensitivity doesn't hinder our happiness. Our real nature isn't just Love, it's also Bliss. But we need to become conscious of other people. Unkind thoughts hurt others, and ultimately ourselves. They are like a hungry wolf that eats up our best tende... |
must be the worst possible atheists. The problem with gossip is that it is superficial. We have to learn to look under the surface, without judgment of any kind. The habit to criticize strengthens the ego. Be a missionary of Love and generosity. Be prepared to give of yourself. Don't just do what is necessary, but acti... |
conversation. Every tendency of personality has to disappear. That way of looking teaches us to overcome pettiness. The first step is the last step, because the direction in which we move is of primary importance. Radha's final lecture was called 'purification through action'. Real wisdom is in seeing action in non-act... |
Each of us has to decide that for ourselves. Keep in mind that our energy impacts the world, not just our actions. Everything is interconnected. That's why abstaining from action isn't the same thing as freedom from action. When actions create problems, it's not right action. Right action is necessary, but we have to a... |
if there is egoism involved. The tricky part is that even that thought is in a way selfish. We need an inner balance that is independent of success or failure. Success and failure are part of the ups and downs of life, but we don't have to inwardly get involved in that. The risk of accomplishment is that one starts thi... |
this. That feeling can get in the way of right action. The problem with selfish action is that even if the short-term result seems good, it's never permanent. Radha closed with one of Krishnamurti's insights: actions that are a product of the past, don't work. Action only works if it's the consequence of right insight.... |
aspect that the title does suggest: that sometimes insight follows unselfish action. Right action can help clean the personality. One has to start somewhere. The final session was a question and answer round with Radha Burnier, Joy Mills and John Algeo. The questions had come in through the internet and from the discus... |
the Theosophical Society? Yes, we have Muslim members in Indonesia, India and Pakistan. Radha stressed that Muslim women aren't forced to stay at home in all countries. In many countries they are free. Why do people ignore the Middle Path? The middle path is hard, said Radha, people prefer it easy. It's hard to overcom... |
about loving yourself. Joy Mills answered that it is important to look at yourself objectively. Observe yourself, it is unnecessary to become emotional or judgmental about yourself. Loving yourself means accepting what is, and resolving to change. Radha asks what it means to love yourself. Can you love your shadow? Rea... |
Under a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Maryland State Department of Education receives funding to build the capacity of local school systems to |
deliver HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Programs. Funded program activities include strengthening coordinated school health programs at the local school system level to deliver training in HIV/AIDS prevention and developing policy and |
procedures. The CDC has identified promising and research based practices in HIV/AIDS prevention education. For more information and a list of the identified programs to be delivered within a coordinated |
school health model visit the CDC website. For a summary of Maryland laws and regulations relating to Health Education, HIV/AIDS and Teen Pregnancy Prevention education visit nasbe survey.pdf The 2004 |
School Health Education Profile (SHEP) assesses the status of HIV prevention efforts within high schools health education curriculum in Maryland schools. Maryland results are linked below: Principal Results in pdf |
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