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animals to be cloned. Scientists are now working to clone endangered relatives of such animals, in hopes of releasing those individuals into the wild to strengthen natural populations. Earlier this year, Gomez and her colleagues successfully cloned endangered black-footed cats. An endangered wild ox, called a gaur, and... |
(wild cattle) have also been successfully cloned. Work is underway to clone and otherwise increase the population of Sumatran rhinos, which presently number only about 200-300 in the wild. While one healthy clone is an interesting novelty, clones must also be able to reproduce in order to be fully successful. |
Gomez said that kittens of cloned wild cat parents have died "due to problems with nuclear programing," but some normal kittens have resulted and continue to thrive. Both she and Ryder say that there is no international policy calling for cloning and preservation of highly endangered species. Instead, isolated faciliti... |
and the work of dedicated individuals are responsible for the successes. "The effort needs to be more widespread and organized," Gomez said. Through published papers and talks, Ryder and his colleagues have repeatedly called for an organized global effort. It would need an "overarching international body" on par with U... |
he believes. "The first step is saving tissue samples, as we're in the process of doing for Lonesome George," he said. "But we who are among the forefront would like to train others to establish frozen zoo biobanks in other countries." "I am confident that one day such an international |
structure will come together, bringing in other conservation work, such as preserving habitat," Ryder concluded. "It's poignant to lose a subspecies like that of Lonesome George. People in the future will be looking back at us, wondering why we didn't act sooner." |
for National Geographic News Explosive population growth is driving human evolution to speed up around the world, according to a new study. The pace of change accelerated about 40,000 years ago and then picked up even more with the advent of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, the study says. And while humans are evolv... |
and environmental factors are shaping evolution differently on different continents. "We're evolving away from each other. We're getting more and more different," said Henry Harpending, an anthropologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City who co-authored the study. For example, in Europe natural selection has ... |
also have genes selected for light skin, but they are different from the European ones. "Europeans and Asians are both bleached Africans, but the way they got bleached is different in the two areas," Harpending said. He and colleagues report the finding this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sc... |
the DNA from 270 people in the International HapMap Project, an effort to identify variation in human genes that cause disease and serve as targets for new medicines. The study specifically looked for genetic variations called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs (pronounced "snips"), which are mutations at a singl... |
"We look for parts of chromosomes that are common in the population but are new, and if they are common but recent, they must have gotten to high frequency by selection," Harpending explained. SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES |
This is outstanding, but how does the cerebrospinal fluid stop the brain receiving harmful pathogens in the same way that the blood would? Any answers welcome, I'm just interested! Image courtesy J. Iliff and M. Nedergaard, AAAS Green tracer molecules drift through cerebrospinal fluid crowding around a blood vessel. Im... |
2012 Talk about brainwashing—a newfound plumbing system, identified in mice, likely helps the brain empty its waste, a new study says. Because mouse biology is similar to ours, the same findings should apply to people too, experts say. Thanks to a blood-brain barrier—a natural wall that protects the brain tissue—the or... |
and other pathogens. To get nutrients to brain tissue and remove its waste, the brain makes a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid. But exactly how the fluid removes gunk generated by brain cells wasn't certain until now. Watch a video explaining the newfound plumbing system. Experiments in the 1950s and '60s hinted that ... |
spreads out in a glass of water—moved cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Yet this process is too slow to explain the brain's lightning-fast activity and immaculate cleanliness. It turns out that, while studying brain tissue, the researchers in the 1950s and '60s unwittingly turned off the plumbing that washes the ti... |
has been around for a long time, but if you open the skull anywhere, like a hydraulic pump, it stops. They thought [the cleaning system] didn't exist," said study leader Maiken Nedergaard, a neuroscientist at the University of Rochester Medical Center. The pump system is "on the order of a thousand times faster than di... |
no one had discovered this until now." Brain Under Pressure Nedergaard and her colleagues dubbed the newfound plumbing the glymphatic system, after neural tissue called glial cells, which power the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Glial cells do this by growing their "feet" around vessels and veins that carry blood, formin... |
this outer pipe then suck nutrient-rich cerebrospinal fluid from the blood vessels into channels dense with nerve cells, and pores at other locations pump the fluid out. The process simultaneously carries away the brain's waste while feeding its cells. Nedergaard and her team used a special two-photon microscope, whose... |
without harming it. "These microscopes are revolutionizing neuroscience, and they've only become commercially available in the past five or six years," Nedergaard said. Studying living mouse brains required opening their skulls. Yet unlike in previous experiments, the researchers sealed each hole with a tiny glass plat... |
into the mouse brains then allowed the team to record movies of the cerebrospinal fluid moving through brain tissue. "The fact we could look at it and make a movie was very important to showing the flow," Nedergaard said. (See brain pictures.) Brain Study Makes Scientist's "Heart Sing" Clinical neuroscientist Bruce Ran... |
in the study, said the work makes his "heart sing." "It wasn't impossible to imagine that cerebrospinal fluid moves with enough force to be a garbage-disposal system, but that was always speculative," said Ransom, of the University of Washington in Seattle. "This team, however, has done something very clever to find th... |
can vigorously wash away waste." Now that the plumbing has been found, study leader Nedergaard and her colleagues are exploring its implications. A big one may be in its role in Alzheimer's disease, which is thought to arise when brain cells are killed by the accumulation of a protein waste called beta-amyloid. "Next w... |
said. "We need to see if this same system exists in humans—which I suspect it does." The study of the brain's plumbing system was published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. These six scientists were snubbed for awards or robbed of credit for discoveries … because they were women. Sweden needs garbage to m... |
importing trash—just over 881,000 tons—from nearby Norway to do it. A boulder-size meteor slammed into the moon in March, igniting an explosion so bright that anyone looking up at right moment might have spotted it. |
Washington, Aug 9 (IANS) The formation in the air of sulphuric acid, which smells like rotten eggs, is significantly impacting our climate and health, says a study. The study led by Roy Lee Mauldin III, research associate at the University |
of Colorado-Boulder's atmospheric and oceanic sciences department, charts a previously unknown chemical pathway for the formation of sulphuric acid, which can trigger both increased acid rain and cloud formation as well as harmful respiratory effects on humans. Sulphuric acid plays |
an essential role in the Earth's atmosphere, from the ecological impacts of acid precipitation to the formation of new aerosol particles, which have significant climatic and health effects. Our findings demonstrate a newly observed connection between the biosphere and atmospheric |
chemistry, Mauldin was quoted as saying in the journal Nature. More than 90 percent of sulphur dioxide emissions are from fossil fuel combustion at power plants and other industrial facilities, says the US Environmental Protection Agency, according to a university |
statement. Other sulphur sources include volcanoes and even ocean phytoplankton. Sulphur dioxide reacts with hydroxide to produce sulphuric acid that can form acid rain, harmful to terrestrial and aquatic life on Earth. Airborne sulphuric acid particles, which form in a |
wide variety of sizes, play the main role in the formation of clouds, which can have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, Mauldin said. Most of the lab experiments for the study were conducted at the Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research |
Glasses-free 3D is something available on just a handful of TVs, which manage it only through complicated hardware, and at no small cost. Still, the effect is pretty smooth and no more tiresome for the eyes than glasses-assisted technology, from what we've been able to gather. There is one more accomplishment that tech... |
at the action, depending on the angle from which one beholds the TV. Researchers from the Massachusetts institute of Technology (MIT) claim to have created something of the sort. Called Tensor Display, it uses several layers of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with a refresh rate of 360 Hz per second. The technique is di... |
two layers of LCD screens (the bottom for light and dark bands and the top for the two slightly offset images). The problem with this old method (a century old really) is that the only way so far known for creating multiple perspectives would rely on complicated hardware and algorithms. Hundreds of perspectives would h... |
viewer, and that means that too much info has to be displayed at once. Every frame of the stereo-3D video would need the screen to flicker 10 times, each with a different pattern. Thus, a convincing stereo-3D illusion would need a 1,000 Hz refresh rate. MIT's Tensor Display lowers that requirement by using a higher num... |
the pattern calculation becomes more complex. Fortunately, the researcher had a convenient factor to exploit: not all aspects of a scene change with the viewing angle. This reduced the amount of information that needed to be sent to the LCD screens. The end result was a panel that produces stereo-3D images based on cal... |
all things (they produce 3D images of internal organs). The Media Lab researchers will demo a Tensor Display prototype at Siggraph 2012 (5-9 August), made of three LCD panels. A second model will have two LCDs with a sheet of lenses between them (refract light left and right), primarily for wider viewing angles (50 deg... |
soon, or at least sooner than any alternatives. “Holography works, it’s beautiful, nothing can touch its quality. The problem, of course, is that holograms don’t move,” said Douglas Lanman, a postdoc at the Media Lab. “To make them move, you need to create a hologram in real time, and to do that, you need little tiny p... |
DUBAI, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) -- With new oil and gas nations coming up and renewable energy usage gaining global momentum, the fossil fuels-rich Gulf states might run into rough waters in the upcoming decades. The Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait are today synonyms for oil, but that could change soon. According to t... |
Gulf monopoly of oil supply is contested by the United States which is on the way to become the largest oil exporter throughout the world by 2030. Meantime, Lebanon and Israel, two old arch-foes in the Middle East technically still at war, started digging deeply off the Mediterranean coast in search for oil and gas. In... |
of solar power, wind energy and bio-thermal heat rivals the fossil fuels' monopoly as the only safe and reliable source of energy. At the 6th World Future Energy Summit (WFES) that was held on Jan. 15-17 in Abu Dhabi, the participants were able to see how the world would function without the use of oil and gas or at le... |
with less fossil fuels. The Catecar, a Switzerland-based company, presented the Dragonfly, a solar-powered hybrid which does not need to be plugged because the solar panel is fixed on the roof. Meanwhile, Abu Dhabi's environmental city Masdar launched a pilot project aiming at running sea-water desalination plants with... |
expensive use of oil and gas to run such plants," said Dr. Sultan Al-Jaber, the chief executive of Masdar. At present, half of the world's desalinated water is produced in the Gulf Arab region. During the summit, the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council presented how we live next in the Estidama-house, a building equipped ... |
an efficient use of water and electricity. Washington's independence on Arab oil till 2030 would have deep implications for U.S. military bases in the region, where two thirds of the world's known oil reserves are located, the German daily Die Welt reported in a secret study which the German intelligence service BND re... |
Eastern oil would flow to East Asia. Moreover, the United States is sitting on large shale gas reserves as a source of natural gas. Due to shale gas discoveries, the world's largest economy might also become autonomous in producing its own natural gas. However, the method to access shale gas through "fracking" is stron... |
danger for nature if shale gas is extracted from mountainous regions. Meanwhile, Lebanon, known so far as the only Arab country without a desert and without oil, held the country's first International Oil and Gas Summit in Beirut. The summit was held after an exploration company from Norway found huge gas reserves bene... |
which would have the potential of becoming a second Kuwait once it starts exporting gas. Lebanon's southern neighbor Israel claims parts of that field known as Leviathan, comprising 17 trillion cubic foot of natural gas. A Dubai-based economist, who requested anonymity, said that the disputed gas field might lay the fo... |
president for the Gulf region at U.S. energy giant ExxonMobil, said at the energy summit in Abu Dhabi, which harbors some 7 percent of the world's known oil reserves, that the demand for oil and gas would rise 35 percent until 2040, dampening hopes that renewable energy like wind power, solar energy or thermal earth-he... |
in the future. "Oil and gas are reliable, safe and accessible for all, while solar energy is not scalable to satisfy the huge demand," said Mauritzen. According to ExxonMobil's forecast, world population will grow to 8.7 billion in the next 30 years, up from the current 7 billion. ExxonMoil currently upgrades together ... |
in the Upper Zakum, the world's largest offshore oilfield. "We are reclaiming land to build four artificial islands in the Upper Zakum in order to build stations for machines and staff," said Mauritzen. He noted that this was a unique example how oil exploration can be done in a cost-efficient way. |
Warmer temperatures, variable monsoons, and other signs of climate change are a hot topic of conversation among many Himalayan villagers, according to scientific sampling of climate change perception among local peoples. “This area is cold and it’s often raining. Even during the non-monsoon times there is mist and fog ... |
inevitably conversations here turn to weather,” said Kamal Bawa, biologist at the University of Massachusetts, Boston (UMB), and president of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) in Bangalore, India. “When you stop and have a cup of tea in someone’s kitchen, the conversation invariably turns... |
the weather. But then they soon start talking about how the weather has been changing.” Bawa is also a member of the National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration. Bawa didn’t set out to study Himalayan perceptions of climate change. But after hearing the same themes repeated again and again |
during household conversations he decided to investigate. With UMB graduate student Pahupati Chaudhary, he surveyed some 500 homes spread across 18 villages in Darjeeling Hills, West Bengal, India and Nepal’s Ilam district. The pair found some surprisingly consistent observations. Three-fourths of the people surveyed b... |
warmer and two-thirds believe that summer and monsoon season have begun earlier over the past ten years. Seventy percent believe that water sources are drying up while forty-six percent said that they think there is less snow on the high mountains. Many villagers also told Chaudhary they’d noticed shifts in |
some species ranges and earlier flowering and budding of plants. New pests have also arrived, villagers routinely reported, to plague crops and people—including mosquitoes where none had been before. Most of these changes were reported by much higher percentages of people living at higher altitudes than by those at low... |
altitudes. “We’ve shown in earlier research that people at high altitudes seem to be more sensitive to climate change, and of course it’s known that climate change is more severe at higher altitudes, so that’s not a surprise,” Bawa said. Many Himalayan peoples live in areas where predicted and observed |
impacts of climate change, like species migration, are more acute. Many of them also live “close to the land,” where agricultural-based livelihoods make them especially attuned to weather patterns. Listening to Locals Can Help Climate Science Scientific data on climate change have been hard to come by in the region, |
Bawa reported. Few weather stations dot remote and high-altitude locales and where they do exist their data are often incomplete. But where data can be found they seem to corroborate local observations, Bawa said, citing his own research on temperature and rainfall records as well as the work of other |
It can be gathered quickly and widely and used to “jump start” scientific efforts. “There seems to be quite a bit of knowledge residing with local communities, in the Himalaya and elsewhere, and we can really use that knowledge to formulate scientific questions for further research and make more rapid |
assessments of the impacts of climate change.” Bawa said it’s hard to determine to what extent local peoples are familiar with the global dialogue on climate change, or how much that might have influenced their perceptions. But most of those he spoke with didn’t identify a clear cause for the |
a recent study of this topic in Tibet, where many respondents believed that humans are causing climate change—but not by producing greenhouse gasses as most climate scientists believe. “They seem to think that the climate is changing because the Gods are not happy and perhaps the people in the younger |
Use the back button to select a different record. Librarians' Conference of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association Start Year : 1935 End Year : 1956 The Librarians' Conference was established April 11, 1935, during the 59th Annual Session of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association (KNEA) in Louisville, KY. It wa... |
the first formal organization for African American librarians and teacher librarians in Kentucky. The group continued to meet annually during the KNEA Conference until desegregation in 1956, when it was subsumed into the Kentucky Education Association. For more see Librarians' Conference reports in the Kentucky Negro E... |
Violence Against Women Act March 24, 2008 The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Renewal passes the House and Senate and signed into law New law will safely and effectively meet the needs of more victims The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is the cornerstone of our nation's response to domestic and sexual violence. A ... |
(S. 47) passed in the Senate on February 12, 2013 (78-22) and in the House of Representatives on February 28, 2013 (286-138). President Obama signed the bill into law on March 7, 2013. YOUR calls made a difference! This is our collective victory for survivors. Want to make one more call? Visit our Legislative Action Ce... |
you can thank your Senators and Representatives for voting for VAWA. What will this renewal of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) change? The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) has improved our nation's response to violence. However, not all victims have been protected or reached. VAWA 2013 will close critical gaps i... |
upon lifesaving services for all victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking - including Native women, immigrants, LGBT victims, college students and youth, and public housing residents. VAWA 2013 also authorized appropriate funding to provide for VAWA's vitally important programs and pro... |
Women: Native American victims of domestic violence often cannot seek justice because their courts are not allowed to prosecute non-Native offenders -- even for crimes committed on Tribal land. This major gap in justice, safety, and violence prevention must be addressed. VAWA 2013 includes a solution that would give Tr... |
communities accountable. Justice and safety for LGBT survivors: Lesbian, gay, bisexul and transgender survivors of violence experience the same rates of violence as straight individuals. However, LGBT survivors sometimes face discrimination when seeking help and protection. VAWA 2013 prohibits such discrimination to en... |
find safety. Safe housing for survivors: Landmark VAWA housing protections that were passed in 2005 have helped prevent discrimination against and unjust evictions of survivors of domestic violence in public and assisted housing. The law, however, did not cover all federally subsidized housing programs. VAWA 2013 expan... |
of sexual assault and creates emergency housing transfer options. Protections for immigrant survivors: VAWA 2013 maintains important protections for immigrant survivors of abuse, while also making key improvements to existing provisions including by strengthening the International Marriage Broker Regulation Act and the... |
violence. Provisions in VAWA 2013 add additional protections for students by requiring schools to implement a recording process for incidences of dating violence, as well as report the findings. In addition, schools would be required to create plans to prevent this violence and educate victims on their rights and resou... |
needs of millions of victims across the country. VAWA 2013 includes many important improvements to these grant programs, including allowing state domestic violence coalitions to be the lead applicant on the Grants to Encourage Arrest program; ensuring that specific stakeholders, including domestic violence coalitions, ... |
Office on Violence Against Women to receive coalition and other key domestic violence and sexual assault community input. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is effective and important: VAWA creates and supports comprehensive, cost-effective responses to the pervasive and insidious crimes of domestic violence, sexual... |
Departments of Justice (DOJ) and Health and Human Services (HHS), have dramatically improved federal, tribal, state, and local responses to these crimes. - There has been as much as a 51% increase in reporting by women and a 37% increase in reporting by men. - The number of individuals killed by an intimate partner has... |
and 57% for men, and the rate of non-fatal intimate partner violence against women has decreased by 67%. - VAWA not only saves lives, it saves money. In its first six years alone, VAWA saved taxpayers at least $12.6 billion in net averted social costs. A recent study found that civil protection orders saved one state (... |
million in a single year. - Find more information here. Initially passed in 1994, VAWA created the first U.S. federal legislation acknowledging domestic violence and sexual assault as crimes, and provided federal resources to encourage community-coordinated responses to combating violence. Its reauthorization in 2000 i... |
and by expanding the definition of crime to include dating violence and stalking. Its subsequent reauthorization in 2005 took a more holistic approach to addressing these crimes and created new programs to meet the emerging needs of communities working to prevent violence. Included in the 2005 reauthorization were new ... |
for rape crisis centers, and culturally- and linguistically-specific services. VAWA 2013 will ensure the continuation and improvement of these vital, lifesaving programs and laws. NNEDV continues to be a leading force in efforts to reauthorize VAWA. NNEDV and its member state domestic violence coalitions also played a ... |
2000 and 2005. NNEDV is currently working with state coalitions, national organizations, and Congress to ensure VAWA’s swift reauthorization and targeted investments in VAWA grant programs through the appropriations process. NNEDV's Role in VAWA Reauthorization NNEDV played an integral role in efforts to reauthorize VA... |
of VAWA in 1994 and its reauthorization in 2000 and 2005. - NNEDV's press statements on VAWA - NNEDV's President Kim Gandy on MSNBC - NNEDV's Vice President of Development & Innovation Cindy Southworth on PBS Learn More and Take Action: - VAWA 2013 Reauthorization Factsheet - S. 47 - The full text of the bill to reauth... |
Against Women Act of 2013 - Legislative Action Center Learn More About VAWA: - VAWA 2005 Fact Sheet - Section By Section Summary of VAWA 2005 - The Violence Against Women Act of 2005 The full text of the "Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005" as signed into law on Jan. 5, 2006. V... |
doing to address them. The catalysts for change were our desire to: These changes took some of us, and our colleagues, out of our comfort zone as we adapted the way in which we worked in our classrooms and tried |
out different roles for ourselves and our We needed to take into account the different needs of individual teachers in our schools and their students as they began to use In order to improve BOTH teachers' and students' abilities to |
work on the rich tasks, it was necessary to take account of, and find ways of supporting: The challenges involved in learning mathematics through rich The use of a range of lesson structures The use of effective questioning to promote |
thinking In what follows, we have identified some problems from the NRICH website, closely linked to the curriculum, which are ideal for use by schools wishing to introduce rich tasks. The aim is to be able to predict the area |
of any tilted What areas are possible? What areas are impossible? Is there a connection between the "tilt" and the area of a What observations, thoughts and conclusions can you offer? The NRICH website offers Teachers' Notes to many problems. |
These include suggestions for how the problems might be used in the Briefly, introduce the environment with an interactive whiteboard (IWB), or drawing diagrams on the board. Ask students to work in pairs to find one or more ways to |
calculate the exact area of the square displayed on the board. Obtain suggestions, with students coming to the board to demonstrate their methods, until the group seem confident with both techniques i.e. 'boxing in' and dissection. Then pose the questions |
Give them five minutes to work on their own/in pairs to think about, and make some brief notes on how they will start working on the problem and why they think such an approach would be Share ideas about strategies |
as a whole group. They will need to find ways of breaking the problem down working systematically and keeping track of their data. It may be useful to stop the group and share "good ideas" as work progresses. The aim |
is to mediate the problem by encouraging systematic approaches. As conjectures emerge ask learners to write them on a poster/the board and ensure they have convincing arguments or proofs to hand that can justify them. Encourage students to find clear |
concise vocabulary to express their rules, and to express how certain they are about them (e.g. probable pattern/result from Choose four consecutive whole numbers, for example, 4 , 5 , 6 Multiply the first and last numbers together. Multiply the |
middle pair together. Choose different sets of four consecutive whole numbers and do What do you notice? Choose five consecutive whole numbers, for example, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 and 7. Multiply the second and fourth numbers together. |
Choose different sets of five consecutive whole numbers and do What do you notice now? What happens when you take 6, 7, 8,'?¦ n consecutive whole numbers and compare the product of the first and last numbers with the product |
of the second and penultimate numbers? Explain your findings. Establish that the group knows the meaning of 'consecutive' - consecutive days, consecutive letters in the alphabet... Choose four consecutive numbers and tell your students that you will multiply the outer |
ones and the inner ones. Ask students to pick their own sets of four consecutive numbers and do the same. Record all the results on the board. What do they notice? Will this always happen? Even with consecutive negative How |
could we explain it? Encourage algebraic and geometric Much of what will follow will depend on the arithmetical and algebraic confidence of the group. Use the extension and support remarks below to indicate the best way to use this resource |
beyond the questions in the problem. This problem only operated on the end numbers and the 'end but one' numbers. Could you make a more general statement and justify If you have an odd number of consecutive numbers, what's the |
difference between the product of the end numbers and the square of the middle number? This problem could also be approached purely numerically, as an exercise in developing fluency with multiplication tables while looking for pattern and structure. A multiplication |
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