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pass within 500,000 miles of the star's visible surface. Mercury, the planet closest to the sun, is about 36 million miles from the solar surface. SOHO has also been used to discover three other well-populated comet groups: the Meyer, with at least 55 members; Marsden, with at least 21 members; |
and the Kracht, with 24 members. These groups are named after the astronomers who suggested the comets are related, because they have similar orbits. Many comet discoveries were made by amateurs using SOHO images on the Internet. SOHO comet hunters come from all over the world. The United States, United |
Kingdom, China, Japan, Taiwan, Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany, and Lithuania are among the many countries whose citizens have used SOHO to chase comets. Almost all of SOHO's comets are discovered using images from its Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) instrument. LASCO is used to observe the faint, mu... |
atmosphere of the sun, called the corona. A disk in the instrument is used to make an artificial eclipse, blocking direct light from the sun, so the much fainter corona can be seen. Sun grazing comets are discovered when they enter LASCO's field of view as they pass close by |
the star. "Building coronagraphs like LASCO is still more art than science, because the light we are trying to detect is very faint," said Dr. Joe Gurman, U.S. project scientist for SOHO at Goddard. "Any imperfections in the optics or dust in the instrument will scatter the light, making the |
images too noisy to be useful. Discovering almost 1,000 comets since SOHO's launch on December 2, 1995 is a testament to the skill of the LASCO team." SOHO successfully completed its primary mission in April 1998. It has enough fuel to remain on station to keep hunting comets for decades |
What leadership traits can we learn from wolves? In The Wisdom of Wolves author Twyman Towery shares the milieu of the wolf pack where teamwork, loyalty and communication are the norm rather than the exception. Whether it�s their traits of curiosity, perseverance, loyalty or play, wolves exist for the survival of the p... |
business, family or personal relationships. The Wisdom of Wolves shows us that not only has the teamwork of the wolves among themselves been critical to their success, but the teamwork between humans and wolves has helped boost the life environment for both species. The Wisdom of the Wolves provides food for thought: T... |
and the strength of the wolf is the pack. Simple Truths provides customers with inspirational and motivational gift books and movies. Our books and movies are comprised of short inspirational stories and motivational quotes that are certain to make a positive lasting impression. Simple Truths gift books and movies are ... |
Forcing yourself to look at the big picture, or pretending that you are a fly on the wall observing a scene as it unfolds, can be an effective anger management |
strategy. Experts say that changing the focus from being a participant in a stressful situation, to being an observer from a distanced perspective can help an individual come to a |
true understanding of their feelings. Researchers call this strategy “self-distancing.” In a new study, college students who believed a lab partner was berating them for not following directions responded less |
aggressively and showed less anger when they were told to take analyze their feelings from a self-distanced perspective. “The secret is to not get immersed in your own anger and, |
instead, have a more detached view,” said Dominik Mischkowski, lead author of the research performed at Ohio State University. “You have to see yourself in this stressful situation as a |
fly on the wall would see it.” While other studies have examined the value of self-distancing for calming angry feelings, this is the first to show that it can work |
in the heat of the moment, when people are most likely to act aggressively, Mischkowski said. The worst thing to do in an anger-inducing situation is what people normally do: |
try to focus on their hurt and angry feelings to understand them, said Brad Bushman, Ph.D., a co-author of the study. “If you focus too much on how you’re feeling, |
it usually backfires,” Bushman said. “It keeps the aggressive thoughts and feelings active in your mind, which makes it more likely that you’ll act aggressively.” Study findings are found online |
in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology and will be published in a future print edition. To prove the concept, researchers performed to related studies. The first involved 94 college |
students who were told they were participating in a study about the effects of music on problem solving, creativity and emotions. The students listened to an intense piece of classical |
music while attempting to solve 14 difficult anagrams (rearranging a group of letters to form a word such as “pandemonium”). They had only seven seconds to solve each anagram, record |
their answer and communicate it to the experimenter over an intercom. But the plan of the study was to provoke the students into anger, which the experimenters did using a |
technique which has been used many times in similar studies. The experimenter interrupted the study participants several times to ask them to speak louder into the intercom, finally saying “Look, |
this is the third time I have to say this! Can’t you follow directions? Speak louder!” After this part of the experiment, the participants were told they would be participating |
in a task examining the effects of music on creativity and feelings. The students were told to go back to the anagram task and “see the scene in your mind’s |
eye.” They were put into three groups, each of which were asked to view the scene in different ways. Some students were told to adopt a self-immersed perspective (“see the |
situation unfold through your eyes as if it were happening to you all over again”) and then analyze their feelings surrounding the event. Others were told to use the self-distancing |
perspective (“move away from the situation to a point where you can now watch the event unfold from a distance and watch the situation unfold as if it were happening |
to the distant you all over again”) and then analyze their feelings. The third control group was not told how to view the scene or analyze their feelings. Each group |
was told to replay the scene in their minds for 45 seconds. Then the researchers tested the participants for aggressive thoughts and angry feelings. Results showed that students who used |
the self-distancing perspective had fewer aggressive thoughts and felt less angry than both those who used the self-immersed approach and those in the control group. “The self-distancing approach helped people |
regulate their angry feelings and also reduced their aggressive thoughts,” Mischkowski said. In a second study, the researchers went further and showed that self-distancing can actually make people less aggressive |
when they’ve been provoked. In this study, 95 college students were told they were going to do an anagram task, similar to the one in the previous experiment. But in |
this case, they were told they were going to be working with an unseen student partner, rather than one of researchers (in reality, it actually was one of the researchers). |
In this case, the supposed partner was the one who delivered the scathing comments about following directions. As in the first study, the participants were then randomly assigned to analyze |
their feelings surrounding the task from a self-immersed or a self-distanced perspective. Participants assigned to a third control group did not receive any instructions regarding how to view the scene |
or focus on their feelings. Next, the participants were told they would be competing against the same partner who had provoked them earlier in a reaction-time task. The winner of |
the task would get the opportunity to blast the loser with noise through headphones – and the winner chose the intensity and length of the noise blast. Investigators discovered participants |
who used the self-distancing perspective to think about their partners’ provocations showed lower levels of aggression than those in the other two groups. That is, their noise blasts against their |
partner tended to be shorter and less intense. “These participants were tested very shortly after they had been provoked by their partner,” Mischkowski said. “The fact that those who used |
self-distancing showed lower levels of aggression shows that this technique can work in the heat of the moment, when the anger is still fresh.” Of interest is the discovery that |
those who used the self-distancing approach showed less aggression than those in the control group, who were not told how to view the anger-inducing incident with their partner. This suggests |
people may naturally use a self-immersing perspective when confronted with a provocation – a perspective that is not likely to reduce anger. Thus, the tendency to immerse oneself in a |
problem (anger) to work through the situation, may backfire and make an individual more aggressive. A better technique to use when angry is distraction – thinking of something calming to |
take the mind off the anger. However, even this technique is only a short-term strategy. Mischkowski believes the research clearly shows that self-distancing is the best method to mitigate anger. |
Within the next 10 years the EU-funded Diabetes Prevention study, part of an international study called TRIGR (Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk), coordinated at the University of Helsinki, Finland, will generate a definite answer to the question whether early nutritional modification may prevent type 1 d... |
European data indicate that the disease incidence has increased five-six-fold among children under the age of 15 years after World War II, and there are no signs that the increase in incidence is levelling off. The most conspicuous increase has been seen among children under the age of 5 years. The TRIGR study is the f... |
1 diabetes. The study is designed to answer to the question whether excluding cow's milk protein from the infant's diet decreases the risk of fu-ture diabetes. All subjects are followed for 10 years to get information on whether the dietary recommendations for infants at increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes should... |
(Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and USA) have been recruiting families for the study. To be eligible the newborn infant has to have at least one family member (mother, father and/or sib) affected by type 1... |
target of 2032 eligible infants was reached at the be-ginning of September 2006, but the Study Group has decided to continue recruitment till the end of December 2006 (when the EU contribution will finish) to make the study even more powerful statistically. A majority of the study participants (52%) have been recruited... |
of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and the Data Management Unit (DMU) at the University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. The trial has logistically been a true challenge for both the ICC and DMU. DMU has been successful in establishing a secure, real-time, web-based, interactive data management system that works extr... |
study is generating a wealth of information on breast-feeding practices, infant nutrition and growth in young children in various countries. At 2 weeks of age almost all the participating infants were breast-fed. Exclusive breast-feeding continued longer in Europe than in North America. More than one third of the infan... |
age of 4 months, while WHO recommends that supplementary food should be introduced at the earliest by the age of 6 months. In Europe the first foods to be introduced are typically vegetables and fruits, whereas gluten-free cereals are most commonly introduced in North America. Newborn infants in Northern Europe (NE) ha... |
Central and Southern Europe (CSE). The NE children remained heavier than those from CSE at least up to the age of 18 months. The NE children were also taller than the CSE children starting already from the age of 3 months up to the age of 18 months. Accelerated growth in infancy has been identified as a risk factor for... |
- The growing field of global health delivery is in need of technological strategies to improve transparency and operations research. - Our organization has implemented several simple “Web 2.0” strategies while delivering medical and public health services in rural Nepal. - These strategies help Nyaya Health improve tr... |
pharmaceutical procurement, medical treatment protocols, and public health programs. - The platforms include quantitative outcomes data and logistics protocols on a wiki; an open-access, online deidentified patient database; geospatial data analysis through real-time maps; a blog; and a public line-by-line online budge... |
The clutch assembly consists of a clutch disc, a clutch pressure plate, and a clutch release bearing. All these components are usually replaced at the same time. The clutch assembly has two key functions: it transmits power produced by the engine to the gearbox, and it allows that power to be interrupted when the clutc... |
by the engine requires this interruption. It makes it possible to change gears and to shift into neutral at a traffic light or stop sign. When the clutch assembly is not operating correctly, two things can happen. It either doesn't interrupt the power from the engine to the gearbox, which causes grinding sounds and dif... |
fails to transmit the drive from the engine to the gearbox. This results in the engine “revving up” without the vehicle speed increasing. In the case of a complete failure, the engine will rev up, but the vehicle will not move. Clutch components naturally wear out. Clutch components may fail or wear due to; bad driving... |
the clutch improperly adjusted, or from exposure to oil. To replace the clutch assembly, the driveshaft (or half shafts where applicable) and the manual transmission (gearbox) must be removed to gain access to the clutch components. New clutch components are fitted and the gearbox is then reinstalled. |
People who struggle to find enough food to eat are poor. The World Bank’s poverty line is an income of less than $1.25 a day. Financial Times readers, who spend more than that amount on their morning newspaper, are in no position to dispute that judgment. In the past two decades, economic growth in China and India has ... |
amount. That achievement is not diminished because some individuals in both these countries have become very rich. Fundamentally, poverty is about absolute deprivation.Kay observes that there is also a relative definition of poverty: Under the definition that I have proposed on this blog for wealth, poverty would simpl... |
level that equal numbers of people are above and below, so that a rise in Sir Martin Sorrell’s bonus does not lead anyone into poverty – that would confuse poverty and inequality. But the choice of median income as a reference level has a wider significance. It encapsulates the idea that in a rich society, poverty is a... |
everyday activities of that society. You might therefore be poor if you lack access to antibiotics or Facebook, even though in this respect you are no worse off than the Sun King or John D. Rockefeller, and in other respects considerably better off than most people in the world. However, to define poverty as social exc... |
of income. It is not hard to imagine places in which few, if any, people experience a sense of exclusion. These might include both sophisticated societies with high incomes per head – towns in Scandinavia – and simple cultures without access to modern essentials – rural villages in the developing world. Poverty becomes... |
once we define poverty in terms of outcomes beyond simple incomes as measured in currency units, we have indeed entered the territory of culture and politics, and ultimately, what constitutes a life worth living. Just as GDP doesn't measure all that matters when it comes to wealth, I am deeply skeptical of efforts to d... |
Statistics are indeed important inputs to policy, and I prefer mine simple and transparent. So let's leave poverty defined in terms of absolute income, as defined by the World Bank and others. If we care about obesity, lack of access to antibiotics or even Facebook -- all perfectly legitimate valued outcomes -- then le... |
variables that measure these outcomes. Just don't label these issues "poverty" as it will conflate arguments about what it means to be wealthy with efforts to attain whatever valued outcomes we as a society decide to pursue. |
- Giovanni Battista Montini Son of a prominent newspaper editor. Ordained in Brescia, Italy on 29 May 1920, he continued his studies in Rome, Italy, and became part of the Vatican secretariat of state in 1922. One of two pro-secretaries to Pope Pius XII. Archbishop of Milan from 1954 to 1963 where he worked on social p... |
employers. Created cardinal-priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti on 15 December 1958. Elected 262nd Pope in 1963. As Pope, Paul continued the reforms of John XXIII. He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, and supervised implementations of many of its reforms, such as the vernacularization and reform of the l... |
councils of priests in their own dioceses. Powers of dispensation devolved from the Roman Curia onto the bishops, rules on fasting and abstinence were relaxed, and some restrictions on inter-marriage were lifted. A commission to revise canon law revision was established. In 1964, Paul made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land... |
followed by trips to India in 1964, the United States in 1965, where he addressed the United Nations, Africa in 1969, and Southeast Asia in 1970. Relations between the Vatican and the Communists improved, and Communist leaders visited the Vatican for the first time. Paul met with leaders of other churches, and in 1969 ... |
were reached with the Anglicans and Lutherans. Paul issued frequent reassertions of papal primacy in the face of growing dissent within the Roman Catholic Church itself. He enlarged the college of cardinals, and added cardinals from third world countries. In the 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae, Paul reaffirmed the church... |
hierarchies openly modified the statement. Liberals raised questions about priestly celibacy, divorce, and the role of women in the church, but Paul held to traditional Church positions. - if you have information relevant to the beatication of Pope Paul, contact Rev. Antonio Marrazzo, CSSR Associazione Paolo VI Via Tri... |
By Tom Baxter A few years ago, Emory’s Michael C. Carlos Museum hosted a fascinating exhibit based on the papyrus legal records of a family which lived in Egypt in |
the 5th Century BC. As a testament to the lasting lessons such archaeological treasures can transmit, it came to mind last week when Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. |
president to endorse same-sex marriage. The papyri were the legal documents of a couple, Ananiah, a Jewish temple official, and his wife Tamut, an Egyptian woman who’d been sold into |
slavery as a child. They lived on the island of Elephantine in the Nile, in a time when Egypt was part of the Persian Empire and Jewish mercenaries guarded its |
southern border. As it is today, relationships could be complicated back then. When she married Ananiah on July 3, 449 BC, Tamut was owned by another man, Meshullam, who didn’t |
free her or her daughter for another 22 years. Things worked out, though. Later papyri record Ananiah giving Tamut part ownership of their house, selling a house to his son-in-law |
and making payments on a wedding gift for their daughter. The records are a striking contrast of the bizarre with the familiar. The conventions of legalese have changed so little |
over the millenia that a modern-day lawyer would feel completely at home with these contracts. But the concept of marriage around which these legal proceedings revolve appears to have been |
radically different from ours today. The contract between Ananiah and Tamut is so detailed that it specifies on which side of the stairs each is to walk up and down. |
But as far as the state was concerned, marriage contracts like theirs – the notarized enumeration of what one party could take the other to court for, if things didn’t |
work out – was all the marriage was. Since Ananiah was a religious leader, there may have been a ceremony to sanctify the marriage within the Jewish community on the |
island, but over the whole of Egyptian society, the state’s involvement in defining, protecting and preserving marriage was quite limited and specific to each coupling. If government has developed a |
better way to deal with this complex aspect of human society, it was not in evidence last week, when North Carolina voters overwhelmingly declared their support for an amendment defining |
marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman, and Obama declared the next day that he’d decided his “evolving” views on the subject and supports the right |
of people of the same sex to marry. By comparison with other historic stands taken by presidents, Obama’s carried remarkably little weight. The states decide this issue, and one just |
had. Obama’s statement on a morning news show the following day was couched more as something which had been forced by Vice President Joe Biden’s unguarded comments on the subject |
rather than the embarrassment of a big vote in the state where the Democrats will hold their convention this summer. This sounds progressively more fishy the longer you think about |
it, particularly when you hear how angry the Obama staffers sounded about Biden’s goofiness, according to the reporters who repeated on-the-record what the staffers told them off-the-record. Yet symbolically, Obama’s |
statement was rightly looked on as an historic event. The North Carolina vote, which put into the state constitution what was already on the books as state law, was also |
largely symbolic. And lemme tell you – as former Gov. Roy Barnes might have said after his bitter experience with changing the state flag – symbolism is the rat poison |
of good government. Should government get more involved in marriage, as those on both sides of the current controversy would have it, or less? At present the states and the |
federal government find themselves in a cycle of ineffectiveness. Washington has no power over what the states define marriage to be, but because of the Defense of Marriage Act, signed |
by President Clinton, which prohibits same-sex couples from the rights and protections of marriage in more than a thousand federal laws, it really doesn’t matter what the states do either. |
Because our modern concept of marriage — unlike the Egyptians — involves a certain fusion, long since blurred, between the provinces of religion and the state, we appear bound to |
debate state by state an issue which in some respects can only be settled congregation by congregation. Nor does government at the federal or the state level have the ability |
to stop the steady decline in heterosexual marriage, as attested by a voluminous array of statistics on divorce, unwed mothers and single-parent households. In terms of the work hours it |
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