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a copy? Five copies may seem a lot, but as with a will, it is vital that this document is found as soon as it is required to ensure your |
wishes are carried out. These are the people who you should give a copy to: - One copy to your GP; - One copy to a trusted friend; - One |
copy to a trusted family member; - One copy with your solicitor; - One copy to keep yourself. You can also carry a credit-card sized card stating that you have |
an advance decision. Consider keeping a digital copy in your Lifebox. You will be the only person able to access it, and then update it if required. You can give |
your second key holder permission to open your Lifebox when you feel you losing the capacity to make cohesive decisions about your end of life care. Remember to replace old |
copies with new copies if you update your advance decision. An advance decision enables you to state the scenarios in which you would or would not wish to receive further |
treatment. - if you are terminally ill with no reasonable prospect of recovery; - if you suffer a serious mental impairment; or - if you are persistently unconscious for X |
amount of weeks. In a Pro-Choice advance decision - which also lets you state which treatments you do consent to - you can also state any spiritual and personal wishes |
HIGHER EDUCATION AND EE On college campuses across North America, young people with passion for environmental causes are taking action to make the world more sustainable. How do we turn these motivated students into future environmental educators? NAAEE’s Guidelines for the Preparation and Professional Development of E... |
for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, which accredits more than half of the 1,200 or so colleges of teacher education in the U.S. How does this impact universities? • Sixty percent of all the colleges and universities that certify teachers are accredited by NCATE. NAAEE’s partnership with NCATE demonstrates accep... |
trained, they will be more comfortable teaching about the environment, particularly in interdisciplinary teams. "Adding NAAEE standards to the NCATE protocols will encourage teacher education programs to take environmental education seriously. The issues facing our society require teachers that are prepared to teach ab... |
the EE Standards is offered each year at the NAAEE annual conference. Nonformal Educator Preparation – Departments other than the College of Education offer training for future environmental educators. EE providers lead activities for children and adults at nonformal educational institutions such as nature centers, zoo... |
in corporate sustainability departments, teaching employees and customers about the environment, or in media reaching millions of readers and viewers. Regardless of the setting, NAAEE’s Guidelines for the Preparation and Professional Development of Environmental Educators outlines the experiences and learning that will... |
Recovery is a process, beginning with diagnosis and eventually moving into successful management of your illness. Successful recovery involves learning about your illness and the treatments available, empowering yourself through the support of peers and family members, and finally moving |
to a point where you take action to manage your own illness by helping others. Untreated Mental Illness: A Needless Human Tragedy Severe mental illnesses are treatable disorders of the brain. Left untreated, however, they are among the most disabling |
and destructive illnesses known to humankind. Millions of Americans struggling with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, know only too well the personal costs of these debilitating illnesses. Stigma, shame, discrimination, unemployment, homelessness, criminalization, s... |
isolation, poverty, and premature death mark the lives of most individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses. Mental Illness Recovery: A Reality Within Our Grasp The real tragedy of mental illness in this country is that we know |
how to put things right. We know how to give people back their lives, to give them back their self-respect, to help them become contributing members of our society. NAMI's In Our Own Voice, a live presentation by consumers, offers |
living proof that recovery from mental illness is an ongoing reality. Science has greatly expanded our understanding and treatment of severe mental illnesses. Once forgotten in the back wards of mental institutions, individuals with brain disorders have a real chance |
at reclaiming full, productive lives, but only if they have access to the treatments, services, and programs so vital to recovery. - Newer classes of medications can better treat individuals with severe mental illnesses and with far fewer side effects. |
Eighty percent of those suffering from bipolar disorder and 65 percent of those with major depression respond quickly to treatment; additionally, 60 percent of those with schizophrenia can be relieved of acute symptoms with proper medication. - Assertive community treatment, |
a proven model treatment program that provides round-the-clock support to individuals with the most severe and persistent mental illnesses, significantly reduces hospitalizations, incarceration, homelessness, and increases employment, decent housing and quality of life. - The involvement of consumers and family |
Joined: 16 Mar 2004 |Posted: Tue Aug 04, 2009 2:40 pm Post subject: Immune Responses Jolted into Action by Nanohorns |The immune response triggered by carbon nanotube-like structures could be harnessed to help treat infectious diseases and cancers, say researchers. The way tiny structures like nanotubes can trigger som... |
vehicles to deliver drugs inside the body in a targeted way. White blood cells can efficiently detect and capture nanostructures, so much research is focused on allowing nanotubes and similar structures to pass unmolested in the body. But a French-Italian research team plans to use nanohorns, a cone-shaped variety of c... |
that the usually unwelcome immune response could kick-start the body into fighting a disease or cancer more effectively. To test their theory, Alberto Bianco and Hélène Dumortier at the CNRS Institute in Strasbourg, France, in collaboration with Maurizio Prato at the University of Trieste, Italy, gave carbon nanohorns ... |
job is to swallow foreign particles. After 24 hours, most of the macrophages had swallowed some nanohorns. But they had also begun to release reactive oxygen compounds and other small molecules that signal to other parts of the immune system to become more active. The researchers think they could tune that cellular dis... |
by filling the interior of nanohorns with particular antigens, like ice cream filling a cone. "The nanohorns would deliver the antigen to the macrophages while also triggering a cascade of pro-inflammatory effects," Dumortier says. "This process should initiate an antigen-specific immune response." "There is still a lo... |
Ruth Duncan at Cardiff University , UK . "Safety would ultimately depend on proposed dose, the frequency of dose and the route of administration," she says. Dumortier agrees more work is needed, but adds that the results so far suggest that nanohorns are less toxic to cells than normal nanotubes can be. "No sign of cel... |
three days of macrophage culture in the presence of nanohorns," Dumortier says. Recent headline-grabbing results suggest that nanotubes much longer than they are wide can cause similar inflammation to asbestos . But nanohorns do not take on such proportions and so would not be expected to have such an effect. Journal r... |
In this study, Ni and Cu nanowire arrays and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays are fabricated using standard techniques such as electrochemical deposition of metals into porous anodic alumina oxide templates having pore diameters of about 50 nm. We perform optical measurements on these nanowire array structures. Optic... |
the as-prepared samples is recorded using an imaging spectrometer in the wavelength range from 400 to 2,000 nm (i.e., from visible to near-infrared bandwidth). The measurements are carried out at temperatures set to be 4.2, 70, 150, and 200 K and at room temperature. We find that the intensity of |
the OR spectrum for nanowire arrays depends strongly on the temperature. The strongest OR can be observed at about T = 200 K for all samples in visible regime. The OR spectra for these samples show different features in the visible and near-infrared bandwidths. We discuss the physical mechanisms responsible |
for these interesting experimental findings. This study is relevant to the application of metal nanowire arrays as optical and optoelectronic devices. Keywords:Nanowire array; Optical properties; Visible and near-infrared; Temperature dependence In recent years, quasi one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured materials have ... |
contrast to the bulk ones and to the potential applications as electronic, magnetic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices [1-4]. From a viewpoint of physics, the basic physical properties of nanostructured materials differ significantly from those of bulk materials with the same chemical components. In particular, quan... |
in the dimensionally reduced nanomaterial systems. Therefore, nanowires have been a major focus of research on nanoscaled materials which can be taken as a fundamental building block of nanotechnology and practical nanodevices. It should be noticed that metal nanowires have displayed unique optical and optoelectronic p... |
resonance (SPR) which is a resonant oscillation of the conducting electrons within the metallic nanostructures. The SPR effect in nanowire structures can cause a tremendous enhancement of the electromagnetic near-field in the immediate vicinity of the particles and can give rise to enhanced scattering and absorption of... |
SPR in metal nanowires and related phenomena (such as the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear optic response, plasmonic excitation, to mention but a few) contributes greatly to their promising applications in biosensors, optical devices, and photonic and plasmonic devices [5-8]. Moreover, metal nanowire wave... |
Hz or THz) surface plasmon polaritons , which can fill the gap of terahertz electronics and optoelectronics. On the other hand, superlattice nanowires have even richer physical properties owing to further quantum confinement of electron motion along the wire direction. They have been proposed as advanced electronic dev... |
observe novel effects such as giant magnetoresistance and even high thermoelectric figure of merit [10,11]. Furthermore, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, it is now possible to fabricate nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays [12,13]. One of the major advantages to apply nanowire arrays and superl... |
and optoelectronic devices is that the optical response of the array structures can be tuned and modulated via varying sample parameters such as the diameter of the wire and the pattern of the array structure. Due to potential applications of the nanowire arrays and superlattice nanowire arrays as optical devices, |
it is of importance and significance to examine their basic optical properties. In this article, we present a detailed experimental study on the optical properties of three kinds of nanowire array structures such as Ni and Cu nanowire arrays and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays. We would like to examine how |
these advanced nanostructured material systems can respond to light radiation, how their optical properties depend on temperature and radiation wavelength, and why the optical properties of the nanowire arrays differ from those observed in bulk materials. Samples and measurements In this study, three kinds of nanowire ... |
including Ni arrays, Cu arrays, and Ni/Cu superlattice arrays. Samples are prepared by direct current electrodeposition [14-16] of metal into the holes of porous anodic alumina membrane (PAAM) with the pore size of about 50 nm. Noteworthy is the diameter of the nanowires used in the investigation, which is about |
50 nm. The length of the nanowires is about 30 μm. The holes of the PAAM are periodically in hexagonal pattern, which can serve as template. The distance between adjacent wires is about 60 nm. Because of the confinement of the PAAM material, metal nanowires grow only along the direction |
of nanopores of the PAAM template and, therefore, form an array structure. In these samples, a layer of Au film (about 200-nm thick) is sputtered onto one side of the PAAM template to serve as the working electrode. The schematic diagram of the Ni or Cu nanowire array in the |
PAAM template is shown in Figure 1. For the fabrication of the Ni/Cu superlattice arrays, Ni and Cu materials are deposited alternately into the PAAM holes. The details of the sample fabrication were documented in [14-16]. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Ni or Cu nanowire arrays in porous anodic alumina |
membrane. In the measurement of optical reflection spectrum, the incident light is set at a 45° angle to the sample surface, and the emergent light beam is also at a 45° angle to the sample surface. For the measurement of optical reflection (OR) spectrum, the incident and emergent light beams |
are set at an angle of 45° to the sample surface (see Figure 1). The measurements are carried out in the visible (400 to 800 nm in wavelength) and near-infrared (1 to 2 μm in wavelength) bandwidths. The tungsten halogen lamp is taken as a white incident light source for |
the measurements in the visible bandwidth. The Si carbide rod is employed as broadband infrared incident light source for the measurements in the near-infrared bandwidth. The OR spectrum is recorded using an imaging spectrometer (iHR320 HORIBA Jobin Yvon Inc., Edison, NJ, USA) where the PMT is used for the detection |
of 400- to 800-nm wavelength regime, and the InGaAs photodetector is employed for the measurement of 1- to 2-μm wavelength regime. For measurements in the visible regime, the temperatures are set at 4.2, 70, 150, and 200 K and at room temperature. The change of temperature is achieved in an |
Oxford cooling system. The measurements in the near-infrared regime are undertaken at room temperature. Results and discussion The OR spectra for Ni and Cu nanowire arrays and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays are shown in Figure 2 in visible bandwidth for different temperatures at 4.2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 K, |
respectively. As can be seen, the intensity of OR in nanowire array structures depends strongly on temperature. When temperature (T) < 200 K, the intensity of OR for a Ni nanowire array sample increases with temperature. When T > 200 K, the OR intensity decreases with increasing temperature. The strongest |
OR can be observed at about 200 K. A similar phenomenon can be found for a Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array sample. In contrast, the OR spectra for Cu nanowire arrays (see Figure 2c) show different temperature dependence. With increasing temperature, the intensity of OR for a Cu nanowire array first |
decreases in the 4.2- to 70-K regime, then increases in the 70- to 200-K regime, and decreases again when T > 200 K. Again, the strongest OR for Cu nanowire arrays can be observed at about T = 200 K. These experimental findings suggest that 200 K is an appropriate |
temperature for the enhancement of optical reflection from Cu, Ni, and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array structures. This can provide a basis for further investigation into other optical properties such as optical absorption and emission from metal nanowire arrays in visible regime. We find that when T > 200 K, the |
OR spectrum for Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array lies between those for Cu and Ni nanowire arrays. However, at lower temperatures (e.g., at 150 K), the intensity of the OR spectrum for Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than those for Cu and Ni nanowire arrays. Figure 2. The spectra of |
optical reflection for nanowire arrays measured at different temperatures of 4.2, 70, 150, 200, and 297 K as indicated. The results for a Ni nanowire array (a), a Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array (b), and a Cu nanowire array (c) are shown. In Figure 3, the OR spectra are shown at |
room temperature for three metal nanowire array samples in visible and near-infrared bandwidths. In the visible regime (see Figure 3a), two relatively wide reflection peaks can be observed for all samples at about 500 to 650 nm and 650 to 700 nm, respectively. The 650- to 700-nm peaks for the |
three samples appear at almost the same position (at about 667 nm), while the 500- to 650-nm ones redshift slightly with respect to that of the incident light source. The peak position of the light source is at about 554 nm, whereas the peaks for Cu and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire |
arrays are at about 585 nm and that for Ni nanowire arrays is at about 600 nm. It should be noted that the visible light source provided by the tungsten halogen lamp has two main peaks in the 400- to 800-nm wavelength regime. The intensity of infrared light source given |
by the Si carbide rod decreases when the radiation wavelength approaches 2 μm. The variation of the intensity of the light sources is enhanced via measurement systems. We notice that Ni nanowire arrays reflect more strongly the visible light; Cu nanowire arrays reflect relatively weakly, and the OR spectrum for |
Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays is just in between them. In the near-infrared range of 1,000 to 2,000 nm (see Figure 3b), the peaks of OR spectra for Cu nanowire arrays and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays are at about 1,808 nm, and Ni nanowire arrays and light source are at about |
1,727 nm. The OR spectra for nanowire arrays redshift slightly with respect to the spectrum of the light source. In contrast to the visible regime, the Cu nanowire array reflects more strongly the infrared radiation than Ni nanowire array. Interestingly, the OR spectrum for Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array is below |
that for Ni nanowire array when radiation wavelength is less than 1,730 nm, and it is located in between the OR spectra for Ni and Cu arrays when radiation wavelength is larger than 1,730 nm. Figure 3. The OR spectra for three kinds of nanowire arrays in visible(a) and near-infrared |
(b)bandwidths. The measurements are carried out at room temperature. The intensity of the incident light source is shown as a reference. The peak positions are marked to guide the eye. It is known that the OR spectrum of a metal nanostructure is determined mainly by surface plasmon modes and corresponding |
SPR. Our results indicate that the Cu, Ni, and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays show roughly the same OR spectra when the diameter and the length of the wires are the same. This implies that the features of the SPR in Ni, Cu, and Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays have some similarities. |
From a fact that a strong optical reflection can weaken optical absorption and transmission, we can predict that Cu nanowire arrays can have stronger (weaker) optical absorption than Ni nanowire arrays in the visible (near-infrared) regime. The strong temperature dependence of the OR spectra for these array structures ... |
there exists strong electron-phonon scattering in nanowire array samples. In the presence of light radiation field and phonon scattering, the electrons in an array structure can gain energy from the radiation field and lose energy via emission of phonons and excitation of plasmon and surface plasmon. At relatively low ... |
the electron-phonon interaction is achieved mainly via phonon emission scattering channels, and the strength of the scattering increases with temperature. A strong phonon scattering implies a small electronic conductivity or a weak optical absorption and, thus, a strong OR. This is the main reason why the OR in metal n... |
arrays increases with temperature in the low-temperature regime. At relatively high temperatures, because phonon occupation number increases rapidly with temperature, the electron-phonon interaction is achieved not only through phonon emission, but also through phonon absorption. Phonon absorption can result in a gain ... |
electronic conductivity. In this case, the effective strength of electron-phonon scattering decreases with increasing temperature, and therefore, the intensity of OR decreases with increasing temperature. It is interesting to note that such a mechanism is responsible to temperature-dependent electronic and optical prop... |
found that the strongest magneto-phonon resonance can be observed at about 180 K for GaAs-based bulk and low-dimensional systems. However, we do not know the exact mechanism responsible to the decrease in OR for Cu nanowire arrays with increasing temperature when the temperature is within 4.2 to 70 K regime. |
This may suggest a strong metallic optic conduction in Cu nanowire array samples in this temperature regime. We note that in a metal nanowire array, the visible (infrared) OR is caused mainly by SPR via interband (intraband) electronic transitions. Due to quantum confinement effect in the nanowire array structure, the |
surface plasmon and surface plasmon polariton modes induced by inter- and intraband transitions can have different features. For bulk metals, the interband SPR induced mainly by electronic transition from higher-energy sp-band to lower-energy d-band determines the color of the metal. At the same time, the intraband SPR... |
and d-bands gives free-carrier optic absorption which leads mainly to a lower-frequency background optic reflection. Because Cu is a better conductor than Ni, Ni normally reflects more strongly the visible light radiation than Cu does. However, for nanowire arrays, the electronic states in different bands are quantized... |
transition accompanied by the absorption of photons can be achieved via inter-subband transition events which can result in resonant optical absorption when photon energy approaches the energy spacing between two subbands. Thus, intraband optical absorption can be enhanced in nanowire arrays. The results shown in Figur... |
enhancement of intraband optical absorption in Ni nanowire arrays is stronger than that in Cu nanowire arrays. As a result, Cu nanowire arrays reflect more strongly the infrared radiation than Ni arrays do. Because the quantum confinement effect affects mainly the electronic states in different bands in the array struc... |
the main features of OR due to interband electronic transition does not change very significantly. This is why Ni nanowire arrays can reflect more strongly the visible radiation than Cu arrays can, as shown in Figure 3a and similar to the case for bulk materials. Moreover, our results show that |
in the visible regime and when T > 200 K, the OR spectrum for Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire arrays lies between those for Cu and Ni nanowire arrays. However, at relatively lower temperatures (e.g., at 150 K), the intensity of the OR spectrum for Ni/Cu superlattice nanowire array is lower than |
those for Cu and Ni nanowire arrays. We believe that this may have resulted from different features of the phonon modes and electron-phonon scattering in nanowire and superlattice nanowire structures. In superlattice nanowire systems formed by different host materials, the phonon modes can be quantized and the conducti... |
confined along the wire direction. The quantized phonon modes can weaken the electron-phonon scattering because a scattering event requires momentum and energy conservation. On the other hand, the localized electrons can interact more strongly with phonons. Our results suggest that when T > 200 K, the former case is do... |
and when T ≃ 150 K, the latter effect is stronger. In this study, Cu, Ni, and Ni/Cu nanowire arrays have been fabricated using state-of-the-art nanotechnology. The optical measurements on these nanowire arrays have been carried out in visible and near-infrared bandwidths for different temperatures. We have found that t... |
optical reflection spectra of these samples depend strongly on temperature and on radiation wavelength. In particular, (1) the strongest OR in the visible regime can be observed at about 200 K for all samples, and (2) the OR for Cu nanowire arrays show a different dependence on temperature and radiation |
wavelength from that for Ni nanowire arrays. These results indicate that the surface plasmon resonances induced by inter- and intraband electronic transitions, the electron-phonon interaction, and the quantum confinement effect can play important roles in affecting optical properties of the metal nanowire array structu... |
findings from this study can provide an in-depth understanding of optical properties of Cu and Ni nanowire arrays and Cu/Ni superlattice nanowire arrays and can provide a physical base for the application of metal nanowire arrays as advanced optical and optoelectronic devices. The authors declare that they have no comp... |
interests. WX proposed the research work, coordinated the collaboration, and carried out the analyses of experimental results. YYZ designed the experiment and experimental setup, carried out the measurements, and drafted the manuscript. SHX and GTF fabricated the nanowire and superlattice nanowire array samples. YMX an... |
results and discussion, and analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 10974206), Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province, and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. J Crystal Growth 2003, 254:14. Publ... |
Text J Appl Phys 2002, 91:4590-4594. Publisher Full Text Appl Surf Sci 2008, 255:1901. Publisher Full Text Surf Coat Technol 2010, 205:2432-2437. Publisher Full Text C R Physique 2008, 9:215-231. Publisher Full Text Appl Phys Lett 1994, 65:2484. Publisher Full Text Appl Phys Lett 1994, 65:3019. Publisher Full Text Nano |
The knowledge, skills and understandings relating to students’ writing have been drawn from the Statements of Learning for English (MCEECDYA 2005). Students are taught to write a variety of forms of writing at school. The three main forms of writing |
(also called genres or text types) that are taught are narrative writing, informative writing and persuasive writing. In the Writing tests, students are provided with a ‘writing stimulus' (sometimes called a prompt – an idea or topic) and asked to |
write a response in a particular genre or text type. In 2013, students will be required to complete a persuasive writing task. The Writing task targets the full range of student capabilities expected of students from Years 3 to 9. |
The same stimulus is used for students in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9. The lines in the response booklet for Year 3 students are more widely spaced than for Years 5, 7 and 9 and more capable students will |
address the topic at a higher level. The same marking guide is used to assess all students' writing, allowing for a national comparison of student writing capabilities across these year levels. Assessing the Writing task Students’ writing will be marked |
by assessors who have received intensive training in the application of a set of ten writing criteria summarised below. The full Persuasive Writing Marking Guide ( 5.7 MB) and the writing stimulus used to prompt the writing samples in the |
contextually appropriate language choices ||The control of multiple threads and relationships across the text, achieved through the use of grammatical elements (referring words, text connectives, conjunctions) and lexical elements (substitutions, repetitions, word associations) ||The segmenting of text into paragraphs ... |
of the words used The Narrative Writing Marking Guide (used in 2008 - 2010 ) is also available. Use of formulaic structures Beginning writers can benefit from being taught how to use structured scaffolds. One such scaffold that is commonly |
used is the five paragraph argument essay. However, when students becomes more competent, the use of this structure can be limiting. As writers develop their capabilities they should be encouraged to move away from formulaic structures and to use a |
variety of different persuasive text types, styles and language features, as appropriate to different topics. Students are required to write their opinion and to draw on personal knowledge and experience when responding to test topics. Students are not expected to |
have detailed knowledge about the topic. Students should feel free to use any knowledge that they have on the topic, but should not feel the need to manufacture evidence to support their argument. In fact, students who do so may |
undermine the credibility of their argument by making statements that are implausible. Example topics and different styles: City or country (see example prompt ) A beginning writer could write their opinion about living in either the city or country and |
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