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weather a location experiences. The overall climate of Norway and the British Isle is about 18°F (10°C) warmer in the winter than other cites located at the same latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Take it to the MAX! Keeping Current While ocean currents are a shallow level circulations, there |
is global circulation which extends to the depths of the sea called the Great Ocean Conveyor. Also called the thermohaline circulation, it is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline). In the northern Atlantic Ocean, as water flows |
north it cools considerably increasing its density. As it cools to the freezing point, sea ice forms with the "salts" extracted from the frozen water making the water below more dense. The very salty water sinks to the ocean floor. Learning Lesson: That Sinking Feeling It is not static, but |
a slowly southward flowing current. The route of the deep water flow is through the Atlantic Basin around South Africa and into the Indian Ocean and on past Australia into the Pacific Ocean Basin. If the water is sinking in the North Atlantic Ocean then it must rise somewhere else. |
This upwelling is relatively widespread. However, water samples taken around the world indicate that most of the upwelling takes place in the North Pacific Ocean. It is estimated that once the water sinks in the North Atlantic Ocean that it takes 1,000-1,200 years before that deep, salty bottom water rises |
Michele Johnson, Ames Research Center Astronomers have discovered a pair of neighboring planets with dissimilar densities orbiting very close to each other. The planets are too close to their star to be in the so-called "habitable zone," the region in a system where liquid water might exist on the surface, but they hav... |
are published today in the journal Science. The research team, led by Josh Carter, a Hubble fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., and Eric Agol, a professor of astronomy at the University of Washington in Seattle, used data from NASA's Kepler space telescope, which measures dips... |
for transiting planets. The inner planet, Kepler-36b, orbits its host star every 13.8 days and the outer planet, Kepler-36c, every 16.2 days. On their closest approach, the neighboring duo comes within about 1.2 million miles of each other. This is only five times the Earth-moon distance and about 20 times closer to on... |
solar system. Kepler-36b is a rocky world measuring 1.5 times the radius and 4.5 times the mass of Earth. Kepler-36c is a gaseous giant measuring 3.7 times the radius and eight times the mass of Earth. The planetary odd couple orbits a star slightly hotter and a couple billion years older than our sun, located 1,200 li... |
read more about the discovery, visit: the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and University of Washington press releases. Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., manages Kepler's ground system development, mission operations and science data analysis. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., ... |
supports mission operations with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado in Boulder. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore archives, hosts and distributes Kepler science data. Kepler is NASA's 10th Discovery Mission and is funded by NASA's Science Mission Directorate ... |
During the last 25 years, there has been debate about the value of corporate social responsibility (CSR), particularly as it relates to the rise of “ethical consumers.” These are shoppers who base purchasing decisions on whether a product’s social and ethical positioning — for example, its environmental impact or the |
labor practices used to manufacture it — aligns with their values. Many surveys purport to show that even the average consumer is demanding so-called ethical products, such as fair trade–certified coffee and chocolate, fair labor–certified garments, cosmetics produced without animal testing, and products made through t... |
Yet when companies offer such products, they are invariably met with indifference by all but a selected group of consumers. Is the consumer a cause-driven liberal when surveyed, but an economic conservative at the checkout line? Is the ethical consumer little more than a myth? Although many individuals bring their |
values and beliefs into purchasing decisions, when we examined actual consumer behavior, we found that the percentage of shopping choices made on a truly ethical basis proved far smaller than most observers believe, and far smaller than is suggested by the anecdotal data presented by advocacy groups. The trouble with |
the data on ethical consumerism is that the majority of research relies on people reporting on their own purchasing habits or intentions, whether in surveys or through interviews. But there is little if any validation of what consumers report in these surveys, and individuals tend to dramatically overstate the importan... |
of social and ethical responsibility when it comes to their purchasing habits. As noted by John Drummond, CEO of Corporate Culture, a CSR consultancy, “Most consumer research is highly dubious, because there is a gap between what people say and what they do.” The purchasing statistics on ethical products in |
the marketplace support this assertion. Most of these products have attained only niche market positions. The exceptions tend to be relatively rare circumstances in which a multinational corporation has acquired a company with an ethical product or service, and invested in its growth as a separate business, without alt... |
proactive, cause-oriented product development often find themselves at a disadvantage: Either their target market proves significantly smaller than predicted by their focus groups and surveys or their costs of providing ethical product features are not covered by the prices consumers are willing to pay. (For a differen... |
issues, see “The Power of the Post-Recession Consumer,” by John Gerzema and Michael D’Antonio, s+b, Spring 2011.) To understand the true nature of the ethical consumer, we set up a series of generalized experimental polling studies over nearly 10 years that allowed us to gather the social and ethical preferences |
of large samples of individuals. We then conducted 120 in-depth interviews with consumers from eight countries (Australia, China, Germany, India, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States). We asked them not just to confirm that they might purchase a product, but to consider scenarios under which they might buy an |
athletic shoe from a company with lax labor standards, a soap produced in ways that might harm the environment, and a counterfeit brand-name wallet or suitcase. They were also asked how they thought other people from their country might respond to these products — a well-established “projective technique” that often |
reveals more accurate answers than questions about the respondent’s direct purchases. And they were asked about their own past behavior; for example, all the interviewees admitted purchasing counterfeit goods at some point. The interviews asked participants explicitly about the ramifications of these ethical issues, an... |
History of the Red Mass The “Red Mass” is an historical tradition within the Catholic Church dating back to the Thirteenth Century when it officially opened the term of the court for most European countries. The first recorded Red Mass was celebrated in the Cathedral of Paris in 1245. From there, it spread to most Euro... |
I, the tradition began in England with the Mass offered at Westminster Abbey at the opening of the Michaelmas term. It received its name from the fact that the celebrant was vested in red and the Lord High justices were robed in brilliant scarlet. They were joined by the university professors with doctors among them di... |
also has been traditionally identified with opening of the Sacred Roman Rota, the supreme judicial body of the Catholic Church. In the United States, the first Red Mass occurred in New York City on October 6, 1928. This Mass was celebrated at Old St. Andrew’s Church with Cardinal Patrick Hayes presiding. Today, well ov... |
each year, with not only Catholic but also Protestant and Jewish members of the judiciary and legal profession attending the Mass. One of the better-known Red Masses is the one celebrated each fall at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. It is attended by Justices of the Supreme Court, members o... |
departments and, sometimes, the President of the United States. All officials attend in their capacity as private individuals, rather than as government representatives, in order to prevent any issues over separation of church and state. For the most part the Red Mass is like any other Roman Catholic Mass. A sermon is ... |
theme. The Mass is also an opportunity for the Catholic church to express its goals for the coming year. One significant difference between the Red Mass and a traditional Mass is that the prayers and blessings are focused on the leadership roles of those present and to invoke divine guidance and strength during the com... |
the Holy Spirit as the source of wisdom, understanding, counsel and fortitude, gifts which shine forth preeminently in the dispensing of justice in the courtroom as well as in the individual lawyer’ s office. |
Reading Classic Literatures Classic literature, even though they were written fifty or hundred years ago, still has the power to affect the readers. The gift of literature to educate and inspire people transcends time. Unfortunately, not all people like to read classic literature. Sometimes, to understand classic liter... |
to be mature enough to enjoy and comprehend these writings. Although we read classic literature because we have to do a report in school, we can also read them for enjoyment. You may have heard of famous authors of classical novels on the television and internet, you can check out |
their writings and their books. If you really want to get into the habit of reading classical literature, you can start by reading 30 minutes every day. You should have a dictionary near you when reading classical novels since the words used are always deep or its meaning has changed |
over time. To have a better understanding of the setting and the plot of the story, you can make a little background research on the era or its time period. You can also research on the background of the author. You really have to follow the structure of the story. |
Most classical literature have complex storyline and plots which makes it hard sometimes to follow the story. The character development is also very extensive. Seeing the overall theme of the story is very important as well as following the basic development of the characters and their story. There are literature |
companions that you can buy to help you get started with the classical literature. An example of a literature companion is the "Oxford Companion to Classical Literature." Another key to understanding classic literature is by understanding the use of the footnotes. These classical literature are full of footnotes that r... |
Many of us act as though we all see the same reality, yet the truth is we don't. Human Beings have cognitive biases or blind spots. Blind spots are ways that our mind becomes blocked from seeing reality as it |
is - blinding us from seeing the real truth about ourselves in relation to others. Once we form a conclusion, we become blind to alternatives, even if they are right in front of their eyes. Emily Pronin, a social psychologist, |
along with colleagues Daniel Lin and Lee Ross, at Princeton University's Department of Psychology, created the term "blind spots." The bias blind spot is named after the visual blind spot. Passing the Ball - Watch this Video There is a |
classic experiment that demonstrates one level of blind spots that can be attributed to awareness and focused-attention. When people are instructed to count how many passes the people in white shirts make on the basketball court, they often get the |
number of passes correct, but fail to see the person in the black bear suit walking right in front of their eyes. Hard to believe but true! Blind Spots & Denial However, the story of blind spots gets more interesting |
when we factor in our cognitive biases that come from our social needs to look good in the eyes of others. When people operate with blind spots, coupled with a strong ego, they often refuse to adjust their course even |
in the face of opposition from trusted advisors, or incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. Two well-known examples of blind spots are Henry Ford and A&P: - Next >> - Next >> |
Electrical research institute selects IPP as participant in carbon dioxide study The Intermountain Power Project has been selected as one of five electric utilities in the United States and Canada |
to participate in a study of technology for capturing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fueled electrcity generation facilities. Conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute, the study will examine the impacts |
of retrofitting advanced amine-based post-combustion carbon dioxide capture technology to existing coal-fired power plants, indicated EPRI representatives. As global demand for electricity increases and regulators worldwide look at ways to |
reduce carbon dioxide emissions, post-combustion capture for new and existing power plants could be an important option. However, retrofit of systems to an existing plant presents significant challenges, including limited |
space for new plant equipment, limited heat available for process integration, additional cooling water requirements and potential steam turbine modifications. "EPRI's analyses have shown carbon capture and storage will be |
an essential part of the solution if we are to achieve meaningful carbon dioxide emissions reductions at a cost that can be accommodated by our economy," pointed out Bryan Hannegan, |
vice president of generation and environment at the research institute. "Projects such as this, in which a number of utility companies come forward to offer their facilities and form a |
collaborative to share the costs of research, are critical to establishing real momentum for the technologies that we will need." In addition to IPP, power plants in Ohio, Illinois, North |
Dakota, and Nova Scotia will participate in the project. Individual sites offers a unique combination of unit sizes and ages, existing and planned emissions controls, fuel types, steam conditions, boilers, |
turbines, cooling systems and options for carbon dioxide storage, pointed out EPRI representatives. The study - to be completed during 2009 - will provide the participants with valuable information applicable |
to their own individual power plants. A report for an individual operation will: â¢Assess the most practical carbon dioxide capture efficiency configuration based on site constraints. â¢Determine the space required |
for the carbon dioxide capture technology and the interfaces with existing systems. â¢Estimate performance and costs for the post-combustion capture plant. â¢Assess the features of the facility that materially affect |
the cost and feasibility of the retrofit. "The participants in the Intermountain Power Project are committed to maintaining high environmental standards," said general manager James Hewlet. "This study will help |
us evaluate options for managing the emissions of greenhouse gases in the future. It is a meaningful step in our three-decade track record of continually improving the power plant's environmental |
Breast-Feeding a Sick Baby If your baby becomes ill or develops a minor viral illness, such as a cold, flu, or diarrhea, it is best to continue your Reference breast-feeding Opens New Window routine. Breast milk provides your baby with |
the best possible nutrition. If your baby is too ill to breast-feed, try Reference cup-feeding. With this technique, you feed your baby collected breast milk. Take your baby to visit a health professional if he or she eats very little |
or not at all. Even if your baby does not have much appetite or is in the hospital on Reference intravenous (IV) Opens New Window fluids, use a pump or hand express your milk on your normal schedule. This will |
for a healthy fertilizer), a newspaper 3-6 months (shred and add to your compost pile), while a plastic bag will last a decade, a plastic beverage container or tin can a century, an aluminum can 2-5 centuries. To save space for future generations, recycling is the responsible thing to do. Where can you recycle your dis... |
for linking those who have something to dispose of and those who are looking for something, organized by zip code. All items offered must be free. Read High Tech Trash: digital devices, hidden toxics, and human health by Elizabeth Grossman for an eye-opening explanation of the science, politics, and crimes in the colle... |
lead, mercury, chlorine and flame retardants, from mining and processing through disposal and dumping in India, China and Nigeria, where unprotected workers boil the refuse to retrieve useful fragments. Humanizing the impact of waste is Paolo Bacigalupi’s award winning novel for teens, Ship Breaker. In a futuristic wor... |
a beached clipper ship with a girl in the wreckage, he has to decide if he should strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl. This is action-packed and very well-written. Eminent Harvard biologist E. O. Wilson, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of more than twenty works of nonfiction, has written his first novel, Ant... |
Semmes Cody, a lonely child of contentious parents (gentry v. redneck) in south Alabama, relishes summer freedom in a tract of old-growth longleaf pine forest and savanna on Lake Nokobee. He wanders off to observe salamanders and snakes and becomes enthralled by bugs ("every kid has a bug period" says Wilson. "Mine was... |
becomes a lifelong focus, which guides his direction and purpose in mediating competing interests of environmentalists and business. The novel includes "The Anthill Chronicles", a story within the story, which is a riveting account of three colonies of ants, their wars, destruction, and survival, told from their point ... |
its portrayal of the interrelatedness of all life. Anthill bears comparison to Huck Finn and Homer’s Iliad in the recounting of epic journeys and the clash of civilizations. It is also very funny and full of sly observations about the "gray wool of the Confederacy" and "zircons in the rough". Anthill is destined to bec... |
New Zealand grasshoppers belong to the subfamily Catantopinae. A number of species are present including the common small Phaulacridium of the more coastal areas, the larger species of Sigaus of the tussock lands, and the alpine genera Paprides and Brachaspis, which include some quite large species. These inhabit the a... |
survive the rigorous alpine winter conditions both as nymphs and as adults, and it is possible that they can withstand complete freezing. All species are plant feeders and lay batches of eggs or pods in short holes in the ground which they excavate with their abdomen. After hatching, the young nymphs moult four or five... |
I’m still following the Assembly Primer for Hackers from Vivek Ramachandran of SecurityTube in preparation for Penetration Testing with BackTrack. In this review I’ll cover data types and how to move bytes, numbers, pointers and strings between labels and registers. Variables (data/labels) are defined in the .data segm... |
you’ll commonly use. Data types in assembly; photo credit to Vivek Ramachandran # Demo program to show how to use Data types and MOVx instructions .data HelloWorld: .ascii "Hello World!" ByteLocation: .byte 10 Int32: .int 2 Int16: .short 3 Float: .float 10.23 IntegerArray: .int 10,20,30,40,50 .bss .comm LargeBuffer, 10... |
register. Moving a word into a label movw $50, Int16 This will move the integer 50 into the 16-bit label Int16. Moving a label into a register movl Int32, %eax This will move the contents of the Int32 label into the 32-bit EAX register. Moving a register into a label movb %al, ByteLocation This will move the contents o... |
8-bit AL register into the 8-bit ByteLocation label. Accessing memory locations (using pointers) In C we have the concept of pointers. A pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. Typically that memory location holds some data that is important to us and that’s why we’re keeping a pointer to it s... |
data later. This same concept can be achieved in assembly. Moving a label’s memory address into a register (creating a pointer) movl $Int32, %eax This will move the memory location of the Int32 label into the EAX register. In effect the EAX register is now a pointer to the data held by the Int32 label. Notice that we u... |
because memory locations are 4 bytes. Also notice that to access the memory location of a label you prepend the $ character. Dereferencing a pointer (accessing the contents of a memory address) Moving a word into a dereferenced location movl $9, (%eax) This will move the integer 9 into the memory location held in EAX. ... |
to define eax as an int pointer before we could copy the address of Int32. In assembly we can just copy the address of Int32 directly into the EAX register, circumventing the need for an additional variable. But line 4 of this C example is the equivalent of the assembly example shown above. So to clarify one more time,... |
does not change at all in this example; EAX still points to the same location! However, the data at that location has changed. So if EAX contains the location of the Int32 label, then Int32 now contains 9. So it’s Int32 that has changed, not EAX. Notice that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored i... |
register (dereference the pointer). Moving a dereferenced value into a register movl (%eax), %ebx In effect the EBX register is now a pointer to the data held by EAX. Notice that to access the memory location of the register we’re again enclosing the register name in parentheses. Moving strings in assembly I can imagin... |
thinking, “hey, strings are just bytes of data so why can’t I just move them using the same instructions I just learned?” And the answers to that questions is you can! The problem is that strings are oftentimes much larger. A string might be 1 byte, 5 bytes, or 100 bytes. And none of mov instructions discussed above co... |
larger than 4 bytes. So let’s discuss the string operations that are available to alleviate the pains of copying large strings of data. A key difference between the standard mov operations and the string series of movs, stos and lods operations is the number of operands. With mov, you specify the source and destination... |
movs instructions, the source and destination addresses are placed into the ESI and EDI registers respectively. And with stos and lods, the operations interact directly with the EAX register. This will become more clear with some examples. The DF flag DF stands for direction flag. This is a flag stored in the CPU that ... |
a string’s memory address when string operations are called. When DF is 0 (cleared) the addresses are incremented. When DF is 1 (set) the addresses are decremented. In our examples the DF flag will always be cleared. The usefulness of the DF flag will make more sense in the examples. Clearing the DF flag DF is set to 0... |
are incremented where applicable. Setting the DF flag DF is set to 1. Addresses are decremented where applicable. In the example below, the following variables have been defined: .data HelloWorldString: .asciz "Hello World of Assembly!" .bss .lcomm Destination, 100 movs: Moving a string from one memory location to anot... |
data to be copied resides; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the %esi register is incremented or decremented according to the DF flag destination: %edi; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to; after copying, the address stored in the %edi register is increment... |
DF flag movsb: move a single byte movsw: move 2 bytes movsl: move 4 bytes movl $HelloWorldString, %esi movl $Destination, %edi movsb movsw movsl In this example, we first move the address of HelloWorldString into the ESI register (the source string). Then we move the address of Destination into EDI (the destination buf... |
CPU to move 1 byte from the source to the destination, so the ‘H’ is copied to the first byte in the Destination label. However, that is not the only thing that happens during this operation. You may have noticed that I pointed out how the address stored in the %esi and %edi registers are both incremented or decremente... |
to the DF flag. Since the DF flag is cleared, both %esi and %edi are incremented by 1 byte. But why is this useful? Well, what it means is that the next string operation to be called will start copying from the 2nd byte of the source string instead of the first byte. In other words, rather than copying the |
a memory address where the data to be copied resides; the data at this address is not modified, but the address stored in the %esi register is incremented or decremented according to the DF flag destination: %eax; the contents of this register are discarded because the data is copied directly into the register, NOT to ... |
the register; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the destination is a register and not a memory location lodsb: move a single byte lodsw: move 2 bytes lodsl: move 4 bytes stos: Moving a string from the EAX register to a memory location source: %eax; the contents of this register are copied, NOT the contents... |
in the register; no incrementing or decrementing occurs because the source is a register and not a memory location destination: %edi; should contain a memory address where the data will be copied to; after copying, the address stored in the %edi register is incremented or decremented according to the DF flag stosb: mov... |
stosl: move 4 bytes rep: Repeating an operation so you can move strings more easily This will continue executing the movsb operation and decrementing the ECX register until it equals 0. So if you wanted to copy a string in its entirety, you could follow this pseudo-code: * set ESI to the memory address of the source st... |
It is not uncommon for patients to have increasing viral loads while on treatment. However, patients can have a disconnect: they may have detectable viral load and yet still be deriving benefit from their failing regimen. Their CD4 T-cell counts are not plummeting and are often still increasing. Overall, their general ... |
any clinical consequences. The discordance between T-cells and viral load is often referred to as the Disconnect Syndrome. It is not a new disease, just an observation of the difference between viral and immunologic lab measures (viral load test vs. T-cell count). Usually, patients on antiretroviral treatment demonstra... |
accompanying T-cell rise. The disconnect syndrome of rising viral load along with stable or improving immune markers such as T-cells is more common among patients who have a longer history of being on several antiviral regimens. Viral drug resistance, which is associated with decreased efficacy of treatment, is not unc... |
regimen. Usually, patients with an overtly failing regimen need to undergo changes in their antiviral treatment. This is a basic tenet of care for the chronically HIV-infected individual. This is done to halt progression of HIV disease, to preserve immune system function and to avoid further resistance development. How... |
discordant patient merit a change in antiretroviral therapy? Sometimes a clinician may consider the fact that the viral load (HIV RNA) has not reached levels high enough to merit exposing their patient to further antiretroviral drugs. Many patients in this disconnect situation have already been exposed to multiple anti... |
benefits of modifying the regimen in order to lower the viral load. There exists a dilemma when considering altering a regimen in this unique situation. New antivirals to reduce viral load may forestall the emergence of more resistance mutations. On the other hand, one must consider that changing to yet another new reg... |
where new options for specific and heavily treated patients are not plentiful. Realistically, formulating a regimen for a heavily treated patient is often challenging because of the presence of multiple resistance mutations. Therefore the likelihood or durability of fully suppressing viral load with a new regimen is in... |
is a real quandary. It is believed that continuing the failing regimen further selects for resistance mutations, therefore further limiting future therapeutic options. But when there is stability in the elevated viral load together with increasing CD4 counts going yet higher, patients are obviously still deriving clini... |
who manifest a disconnect do not have undetectable viral loads, so by definition they generally have mutations or resistance. These mutations occur in the virus itself, usually in response to drugs used against it. The mutations in turn allow HIV to develop drug resistance. This means what it says: HIV can resist the d... |
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