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industrial union, the other union leaders balked. Curran agreed to affiliate with the CIO, but refused to let Bridges or anyone else take over his union. His views were reflected |
among those of the other union leaders, and the CIO's maritime industrial union never got off the ground. During the next 36 years, Joseph Curran worked to make American merchant |
seamen the best-paid maritime workers in the world. NMU established a 40-hour work week, overtime, paid vacations, pension and health benefits, tuition reimbursement, and standards for shipboard food and living |
quarters. Curran even built a union-run school to retrain union members, and won large employer donations through collective bargaining to build the school. Curran was a vociferous advocate of maritime |
workers' rights. When Joseph P. Kennedy advocated legislation to outlaw maritime strikes and make arbitration of labor disputes compulsory, Curran called him a "union wrecker". When Kennedy was under consideration |
as executive director of the United Seamen's Service (an association which assists, feeds and houses American merchant seamen overseas), Curran successfully opposed the multi-millionaire's candidacy. Curran put such pressure on |
Kennedy that on February 18, 1938, Kennedy resigned as chair of the United States Maritime Commission. Curran was also a strong supporter of far-left-wing causes. In August 1940, he urged |
unions in the New York City area to support an "emergency peace mobilization" opposing U.S. entry into the war in Europe. In 1940, Curran was elected a vice president of |
the CIO. When the CIO and AFL merged in 1955, he was appointed a vice president of the merged organization as well. Greater New York Industrial Union Curran was also |
elected president of the Greater New York Industrial Union. The Greater New York Industrial Union (GNYIU) was organized by the CIO in 1940 as a central labor body for New |
York City. CIO-affiliated local unions in New York City and the nearby vicinity were its primary members. At the organization's founding convention on July 24, 1940, Curran was elected president |
of GNYIU. Saul Kills, a member of the American Newspaper Guild, was elected its secretary-treasurer. The organization had 250 local union affiliates, representing more than 500,000 workers. By 1948, however, |
there were serious concerns about communist infiltration of the GNYIU. The United States House of Representatives appointed a special investigative subcommittee to look into the matter. Several CIO unions were |
investigated, including the United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, the Teachers Union of the City of New York, the United Public Workers of America and the Department Store |
Employees Union. CIO president Philip Murray appointed a three-member board in October 1940 to forestall the House investigation. The board members reported to Murray that Curran, Kills and the GNYIU |
executive board had been advocating pro-communist policies. The GNYIU was on the verge of supporting Henry A. Wallace in an independent bid for president as well. The national CIO executive |
board revoked the charter of the GNYIU in November 1940. Curran denied that he was a communist before both the CIO executive board and the Joint Commerce Committee of the |
U.S. Congress. Curran became increasingly anti-communist thereafter. In 1946, he pulled the NMU out of a Committee for Maritime Unity which was led by Harry Bridges. After World War II, |
he purged thousands of members and elected leaders he suspected of harboring communist sympathies. Curran served on a number of other committees, boards and positions with other organizations. For many |
years, he was chair of the AFL-CIO's Maritime Committee. He was also co-chair of the Labor-Management Maritime Committee, a body established by AFL-CIO maritime unions and U.S. shipping companies to |
discuss and resolve labor issues. Curran was also vice chairman of the Seafarer's Section of the International Transportworkers Federation, an international confederation of maritime unions. Curran was also vice president |
of the United Seamen's Service. Retirement and death Curran suffered a heart attack in 1953 which left him somewhat less physically able than before. Over the next few years, he |
gradually cut back his workload, and stopped visiting local unions and attending most union meetings. In the mid-1960s, he turned over most of the union's daily business to secretary-treasurer Shannon |
J. Wall. By the mid-1960s, Curran was being criticized for ignoring his members' needs and concerns. His $85,000-a-year salary was one of the highest in the American labor movement even |
though his union was small and shedding members. He enjoyed an unlimited expense account, and traveled by chartered jet and private limousine. He cajoled the union's executive board into building |
a massive, Art Deco headquarters in Manhattan, and had the edifice named after himself. In 1966, with the surreptitious help of NMU staffers, union member James B. Morrissey challenged the |
results of Curran's 1966 re-election as fraudulent. The Department of Labor agreed, but a re-run election did not change the outcome. In 1973, shortly after Curran won re-election for a |
thirteenth term as union president, Morrissey sued Curran and charged him with misappropriating union funds. In a precedent-setting ruling in Morrissey and Ibrahim v. Curran, 650 F.2d 1267 (1981), the |
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit established a broad right for union members to sue union officers for improper financial practices. Morrissey's barrage of lawsuits against Curran led |
Curran to retire suddenly on March 5, 1973. Long-time secretary-treasurer Shannon J. Wall succeeded him as president. Curran retired to Boca Raton, Florida. He died there of cancer on August |
14, 1981. Curran married Retta Toble, a former cruise ship waitress, in 1939. The couple had a son, Joseph Paul Curran, Jr. Retta Curran died in 1963. In 1965, Curran |
The Jordan River, which cuts through Israel and Jordan, largely reflects the scarcity of water in the region. The above picture shows a rare flooding event in the Jordan River in the winter of 2003 at the Baptist site (well-known in Christianity). Just several months later, during the summer of 2003, the river was dry ... |
Abdalla Bridge. Courtesy of Avner Vengosh. Data collected from more than 6,000 selected sampling points reveal that more than 10 percent of the water resources in the Mediterranean basin have boron levels exceeding 1 milligram per liter, the new E.U. drinking water standard. We found that the highest values of boron ar... |
Chalkidiki, Greece. In addition, we discovered high boron levels in the groundwater basins in the central part of Cyprus and in the southern coastal aquifer that is shared between Israel and the Gaza Strip. In order to delineate the origin of boron and salinity in these groundwater basins, we investigated the chemical ... |
that are distributed unevenly among different geological materials and natural water resources. Because different sources of water pollution have unique isotopic fingerprints, we were able to use the boron isotopes to identify clearly the source of the water contamination. For example, the boron isotopic ratios in seaw... |
sources is preserved, serving as a tracer for delineating their origin. Similarly, the application of other isotopes such as oxygen, hydrogen and strontium provide a clue to the origin of the polluted water. By integrating these chemical tools, we discovered that the boron contamination in the Mediterranean groundwater... |
boron leaching from sediments into local groundwater is associated with seawater intrusion, reflecting a complex history of boron uptake and release by clay minerals. In western Chalkidiki, the mixing of groundwater with underlying thermal water rich in boron caused the boron contamination. In Cyprus, water-rock intera... |
and the Gaza Strip, we discovered that boron pollution is associated with the migration of saline groundwater from Israel into the Gaza Strip. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the groundwater in these studies clearly indicate that the boron problem in the Mediterranean water resources, on the whole, is derived... |
the management of national and transboundary groundwater resources in the Mediterranean basin and for the remediation of boron. Perhaps most importantly, we are challenging the conventional perception that the boron contamination in these countries is a source of human pollution. For years, companies added boron to det... |
to other inorganic ions, boron is not removed during standard sewage treatment processes and even treated wastewater typically has high boron concentrations. Thus, as a precautionary measure, environmental regulators in both Cyprus and Israel have chosen a particular strategy to reduce boron contamination: mandating re... |
sewage may prove to be beneficial for agriculture because there will be less boron contamination in the irrigation water, these regulations will have negligible effects for improving drinking water. For a country that soon will join the European Union, such as Cyprus, it will only be able meet its obligation to abide b... |
calls for technological intervention to remove boron. To date, Israel has yet to adopt an official drinking water standard for boron, despite the new proposals for desalination calling for 0.5 milligrams per liter boron in desalinated water. Thus, Israel already faces a similar challenge to Cyprus. In short, because bo... |
cannot be prevented, the only way to address the boron problem is through treatment of the drinking water. At present in Italy and Israel, water authorities mix the boron-rich water with high-quality water to reduce the level of boron in the water supplied for both drinking and agricultural purposes. However, the longe... |
amount of high-quality water that is available. As a result, our research has focused on the creation of alternative water resources, through the application of technological solutions such as improved desalination and the introduction of new techniques for boron removal from the water. Reverse osmosis desalination has... |
world where water is scarce or the quality is inadequate. Its widespread application, however, is hampered by the fact that reverse osmosis desalination does not remove boron sufficiently (only 60 percent). As a result, desalination of seawater does not reduce the boron level below the new standard for drinking water i... |
adopting a similar drinking water standard for boron). Therefore, additional removal techniques must be introduced in order to bring boron levels down to drinking standards. Different partners in the BOREMED project have developed several independent methodologies for removing boron from water. In Cyprus, BOREMED partn... |
for local users. In Israel, BOREMED partners have succeeded in removing boron by optimization of reverse osmosis processes such as multi-step desalination. Other partners from the Netherlands have established a new method of boron removal through co-precipitation with hydroxides. In addition, a joint Israeli-Turkish te... |
particularly useful in Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, where fly ash is abundant and cheap. Each of the new different methodologies has its own benefits and costs. Ultimately, the E.U. countries that face a boron problem will have to adopt one of these new technologies in order to be in compliance with the new ... |
hydrogeology, numerical modeling and policy analysis, we also have devised a potential management solution to the water crisis in the Gaza Strip. The local aquifer underlying the Gaza Strip is perhaps one of the most stressed resources in the Mediterranean basin in terms of water quantity and quality: Chloride concentr... |
milligrams per liter (eight times the E.U. standard); and boron concentrations reach 3.5 milligrams per liter (more than three times the E.U. standard). Over the past five decades, the amount of water pumped from the Gaza aquifer has far exceeded the natural water replenishment. As the water level has declined, the wat... |
of salinity, boron and nitrate pollution. Nevertheless, more than 1 million people depend entirely upon this aquifer for drinking and irrigation water. The BOREMED project has mapped boron distribution in groundwater from the southern Mediterranean coastal aquifer and the Gaza Strip. The different colors represent boro... |
exceeds the drinking standard of 1 milligram per liter for the European Union. Courtesy of Avner Vengosh. Our chemical and isotopic data show that most of the salinity phenomenon in the Gaza Strip is derived from flow of natural saline groundwater from Israel towards the Gaza Strip. As a result, the southern coastal aq... |
aquifer: Israels upstream pumping of the saline groundwater can potentially reduce the salinization rates of groundwater in the Gaza Strip rather than cause downstream harm. Numerical simulation of different pumping scenarios confirms our hypothesis that increasing pumping along the Gaza Strip border combined with desa... |
the water quality of groundwater there. Moreover, our finding that the salinity problem in the Gaza Strip is partially natural de-politicizes the water issue and offers a practical solution for the water crisis in the Gaza Strip that has win-win benefits for both the Palestinian Territory and Israel. Clearing the way T... |
Union has forced both E.U. member and non-member states to address boron contamination in drinking water even before a strong causal link has been found between boron contamination and health effects. Yet, while new technologies now exist for boron removal, the adoption of this new drinking water standard is complicate... |
problem is a local problem rather than a national one, and as a result, the end-user in conjunction with the regional water authority is responsible for developing its own program for boron removal. In contrast, in the coastal aquifer that is shared between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, the boron and salinity p... |
cooperation. Finally, in Cyprus, the boron problem is a national problem, thus requiring a national solution instead of a local or international solution. In the end, the ability to address the boron problem at the local, national and international levels in the Mediterranean basin will depend entirely on an integratio... |
driest places on the planet. But underneath the desert, ancient water lies in a complex groundwater system composed of the Nubian aquifer. Radiocarbon dating techniques have indicated that most Nubian aquifer water is at least 50,000 years old, but a newly developed technique shows that some of the water is 1 million y... |
the region. Boron is only one of many geologic materials that occur naturally in the environment and can pose health risks to people. Geoscientists are actively involved in studying such substances by monitoring groundwater, surface water and soils, and by mapping their distributions. The findings may help policy-maker... |
"...wall upon wall, battlement upon battlement, black, immeasurably strong, mountain of iron, gate of steel, tower of adamant... Barad-dûr, fortress of Sauron The Fellowship of the Ring II 10 The Breaking of the Fellowship The mighty shadow-shrouded stronghold of Sauron |
in the Second and Third Ages. The First Building of Barad-dûr The first building of Barad-dûr, when Sauron first came to Mordor, took six hundred years to complete. Soon after, Tar-Minastir of Númenor sent a fleet to Middle-earth, and Sauron's |
forces were driven out of the western lands that they had roamed at will to that time. Barad-dûr could not be approached by the Númenóreans, however, and Sauron was able to consolidate his power and extend it into the east. |
In II 3262, Sauron left his Dark Tower to travel to Númenor with the vast forces of Ar-Pharazôn; he returned after the Downfall of Númenor in II 3319. The Last Alliance besieged Barad-dûr in II 3434, and the Tower was |
taken and destroyed by the forces of Elendil and Gil-galad, who both perished in the siege, in II 3441. Though Barad-dûr was destroyed, its foundations were left in place. The Second Building of Barad-dûr For much of the Third Age, |
Sauron's stronghold was not in Mordor, which was ruled in his stead by the Nazgûl. Rather, the Dark Lord dwelt in the south of Mirkwood at Dol Guldur. In III 2941, the White Council sent their forces to drive him |
from Mirkwood, and he withdrew to Mordor once again. There, he began the rebuilding of the Dark Tower. Given that the Tower originally took some six hundred years to raise, it seems surprising that its second building can have taken |
no more than a few decades. This is perhaps partly explained by the fact that its foundations, laid with the power of the Ring, remained in Gorgoroth ready to be built upon. Barad-dûr was constructed as much through the personal |
power of Sauron as through stone and mortar; when the One Ring was destroyed in Orodruin, this power was lost and the Tower destroyed forever. The Appearance of Barad-dûr The most complete description we have of Barad-dûr is that given |
in the quote at the head of this page. We know, then, that it was black, and constructed mainly of metal. 'Adamant' usually refers to diamond, but it is hard to imagine Sauron adding diamond towers to his dark fortress |
- in this context, it probably has the more general meaning of 'hard, unbreakable substance'. From the steel gate of the Tower, a causeway ran out into the plain of Gorgoroth, across a mighty bridge. We also know that lava |
from Mount Doom was channeled back across that plain to Barad-dûr. Tolkien probably leaves details of the Tower's construction vague intentionally, as it was hidden by a cloud of shadow and darkness at all times. Frodo and Sam saw Barad-dûr |
as they journeyed to Mount Doom: '...rising black, blacker and darker than the vast shades amid which it stood, the cruel pinnacles and iron crown of the topmost tower of Barad-dûr...' (The Lord of the Rings 6 III: Mount Doom). |
The 'topmost tower of Barad-dûr' seems to have been the place where Sauron dwelt. At least, the Window of the Eye, from which the Lidless Eye stared out across Middle-earth, was located there. Battle of Dagorlad, Black Pit, Black Pits, |
Chambers of Fire, Dark Lord, Dark Throne, Dark Tower, Downfall of Barad-dûr, Ered Lithui, Eye of Barad-dûr, Eye of Mordor, Eye of Sauron, Fall of Barad-dûr, King of Dale, Land of Shadow, [See the full list...] For acknowledgements and references, |
see the Disclaimer & Bibliography page. Website services kindly sponsored by Axiom Software Ltd. Original content © copyright Mark Fisher 1997-2000, 2008. All rights reserved. For conditions of reuse, see the Site FAQ. |
Map: Do You Live in a Food Desert? USDA's Food Desert Locator Map Yesterday, the United States Department of Agriculture unveiled its latest online tool: an eye-opening map of the nation's "food deserts." These food deserts (marked in pink above) are places where there is "low income" and "low access"—or |
places where at least a fifth of the population lives at or below the poverty line and where there isn't a supermarket within a one-mile radius (or within a 10-mile radius in rural areas). All things told, about 13.5 million people nationwide have little or no access to stores selling |
healthful food. The complete dataset is downloadable, so it should spawn mash-ups. The USDA has also created the Food Environment Atlas, which maps factors ranging from food taxes to farmers' markets (below). What correlations can we make about the absence of food deserts and farmers' markets? The data's impressive and |
certainly opens up opportunities to map other connections: What's the impact of healthy corner stores, walkable school districts, or even McDonald's locations on food deserts? Could we put the "Wal-Mart as food desert solution" theory to the test? Map: USDA (via Alex Howard). |
Counting, recognizing numbers 1 to 5, alphabet and prewriting practice, and more. Visualizing addition, counting to 10, learning the alphabet, indentifying shapes, and more. Building addition and subtraction skills, telling time, recognizing letters, and more. Money math, adding multiple digits, learning contractions, ... |
types, math with fractions and mixed numbers, writing equations, word problems, finding antonyms, and more. Decimal subtraction, improper fractions, cause and effect, commas, and more. Quick, hands-on projects to captivate your little one. Learning activities to try in the kitchen, at snack time, and more. From mummies... |
and other activities to build crucial academic skills - all while having fun. Get ideas for cool new books your little publisher can make. See how everyday chores can be transformed into fun learning activities. Help your child rediscover the majesty of old-fashioned concepts like snail mail, journals, and family trees... |
Con Ed to Get the Lead Out The project will remove about 2,400 tons of underground lead sheathing through 2009 as part its membership in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Partnership for Environmental Priorities Program. The voluntary program aims to reduce or eliminate chemicals that can linger for d... |
as lead and PCBs. Con Edison plans to replace 2,400 sections of underground lead-clad electric feeder cables this year with solid dielectric cables made of copper conductors encased in synthetic rubber. The new cables are easier to splice and better for electricity distribution. In 2009, the company will continue repla... |
of encased lead sheathing that will be recycled nearby. Eventually the company wants to replace all lead-clad cables -- about 20 percent of the company's underground network -- by 2020, which could account for as much as 15,000 tons of reclaimed lead sheathing. Faced with a tide of post-consumer plastic trash, organiza... |
stream. Read more The sixth annual edition of research has been expanded to include data on 1,600 companies worldwide, as well as on the U.S.-based S&P 500. Find out where the world of sustainable business is headed -- and the leading indicators of future progress. Read the stories and download the report. Simran Sethi... |
This is a very complex question, but let’s go at it another way. The races that we experience today didn’t really come from Adam and Eve. You know why? Because |
everybody on the face of the earth got drowned, except for Noah and his three sons, and their wives. So, all the races came from Noah and Mrs. Noah, and |
the three little junior Noahs: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And they were all, you remember, rescued in the flood, and they came back and began to populate the earth. The |
best we can tell, Shem located with his people in the Middle East, and are the Semites: Jews and Arabic people. It’s a huge part of the world--huge population. Ham, |
in most studies (and I’m reflecting back a few years in reading things like Oliver Buswell III, and others who dealt with these issues, and some other books on the |
tables of nations), it seems that Ham became a more servile people and may have moved south and wound up in Africa. The descendants of Ham and Japheth seem to |
have colonized Europe. It’s very difficult to know all of that specifically, but they obviously, through the years, adapted themselves to their areas. They of course began to develop and |
all the races eventually came. But, apart from what might be the scientific and historical explanation, is the statement of Acts 17, where it says, “The God who made the |
world and all things in it, since He is Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made with hands; neither is He served by human hands, as |
though He have need of anything; He made, from one, every nation.” So, that’s the best answer. Acts 17, verse 26, God, from Noah and Mrs. Noah and Shem, Ham, |
and Japheth, created the nations. Now, one major component in that happened at the Tower of Babel of course, where God scattered all the nations all over the face of |
the earth and changed their languages. So, the best answer is right there in Acts 17--God did it. And God sort of tweaked their ears and tweaked their eyes, and |
their nose, and the color of the skin, and all those genetic unique things, in His creative power, through the process of providential genetics, to create all the different races. |
In 2006, high sea temperatures caused severe coral bleaching in the Keppell Islands, in the southern part of the reef — the largest coral reef system in the world. The damaged reefs were then covered by a single species of seaweed which threatened to suffocate the coral and cause further |
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