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presenting the mission profiles, identifying radiation shielding requirements, and describing the characteristics of the Moon and the planets. Specific mission details such as atmospheric aerobraking and capture, orbital transfer, and interplanetary mission trajectories are presented, along with propulsion requirements... |
ECOSYS (Economy, Ecology and Systems) Technology Developing products that are kind to the environment – while still being highly economical to run – was the fundamental thinking behind the development of ECOSYS. Kyocera introduced the cartridge-free ECOSYS printer concept in 1992 as a means of reducing Total Cost of Ow... |
an imaging cartridge that integrates a photoreceptor drum, developer and toner into a single, disposable unit. When the toner is depleted, the entire cartridge is disposed of and replaced with a new unit. In contrast, ECOSYS printers feature a durable imaging system based on Kyocera’s patented amorphous silicon print d... |
is second only to diamond in hardness, Kyocera’s durable print drum is guaranteed up to 500,000 pages on some series models. That’s because tiny ceramic particles embedded in Kyocera’s toner continually polish and recondition the drum during normal printing, virtually eliminating the need for replacement of the drum an... |
over the life of a conventional printer). The result is printers and copiers which create less waste and have a lower comparable cost per print and less downtime, making them up to 50% less expensive to operate than comparative models and much more reliable. Conventional Toner Kit Kyocera ECOSYS Toner Kit |
To help spread awareness for lesser known and potentially life-threatening diseases, hundreds of patient organizations across more than 60 countries will join together on Feb. 28, to observe the 6th annual international Rare Disease Day. On this day, patient groups will host events around the world to celebrate those l... |
diagnose, is a cancer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract called gastrointestinal stromal tumors, or GIST. These tumors often do not cause any specific symptoms, making GIST difficult to diagnose. The exact number of people diagnosed with GIST each year is not known. In the U.S. alone, the incidence of GIST is estimated... |
GIST are discovered in urgent situations when patients are brought to an emergency room. This may results in significant complications since in these cases the disease is often at an advanced stage,” says Dr. Jonathan Trent, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami. “Through increased awareness,... |
with disease management regimens earlier in their illness.” Thanks to dedicated research and awareness initiatives by patient advocacy organizations and the medical community, there have been significant advances for patients living with GIST in recent years. Increasing awareness for rare diseases is paramount in helpi... |
more about their disease every day. “I have actively participated in GIST awareness following my own diagnosis in 1997, when the medical community had limited understanding of this disease, and there was no disease information available for patients, says Marina Symcox, GIST Support International. “At the time, I was a... |
to make disease education for other patients my personal mission.” Because they are passionate information seekers, many patients living with rare diseases and their loved ones act as their own advocates in learning more about their disease and in helping to form their own multidisciplinary care team. With GIST specifi... |
work alongside the devoted caregiver or loved one. Each member of this multidisciplinary team has a unique and vital role in helping the patient cope with his or her disease. To learn more information about GIST and other rare diseases, please speak with a healthcare professional or local advocacy organization, and vis... |
What: Argan (Argania Spinosa) oil is deemed by many a super-ingredient for skin care due to its high levels of antioxidants, essential fatty acids and natural vitamin E, (Wiki). Because |
this natural oil is said to contain three times more anti-aging Vitamin E than any other natural oil, it is often used in skin care products for its restorative and |
anti-aging benefits. Origin: Argan oil is an oil produced from the green fruit of the Argan tree (Argania Spinosa), endemic to southwestern Morocco, that is valued for its nutritive, cosmetic |
and numerous medicinal properties (Wiki). Morocan women have used Argan oil for centuries for its healing and age-defying effects. It is the women of the Berber culture (from this region) |
who traditionally, and exclusively, produce the Argan oil which is then exported to other countries. Though the Berbers use Argan for far more than skin care (food, charcoal, building material), |
the oil remains its primary use. Argan oil is very high in Vitamin E. Argan oil is rich in the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid. This acid is converted in |
the body in other fatty acids which Lead to the production of prostaglandins, used in the body's functions including immune, inflammatory process as well as blood clotting. The oil also |
contains phytosterols (naturally-occurring plant alcohols) which brighten and boost radiance in skin. Products Found In: Argan oil is a rich and highly emollient oil, which is quickly absorbed by the |
skin and leaves behind no residual greasiness. It is known to reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, stretch marks and scarring. The oil is effective in fighting signs of |
aging and sun damage as well as improving the skin’s elasticity. It may also be used to soften cuticles and as a hot oil treatment for hair. Argan oil is |
often used in facial moisturizers, treatments, anti-aging skincare, facial cleansers, make up items, eye creams, body care, and hair care (EWG). Toxicity: Argan oil is generally classified as not toxic |
Four supermarket chains sell seafood in a particular state. Three of the companies secretly agree to sync up their prices. The companies then engage in predatory pricing by undercutting the seafood prices offered by the fourth supermarket chain. A year |
later, the fourth supermarket chain closes its seafood department because it can no longer compete. The three companies then modify their horizontal scheme: they push seafood prices far above the national average and take turns offering discounts in an effort |
Definition from Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary A sudden statement (also known as an "excited utterance") made by someone who has seen a surprising, startling, or shocking event (such as an |
accident or a death), or has suffered an injury. For example, "Oh my God, that blue car hit the little girl!" Spontaneous exclamations are often introduced at trial as evidence |
of the speaker's state of mind or the truth of the matter being spoken about, and will be admitted if the judge decides that the circumstances surrounding the statement make |
it likely that the speaker was telling the truth. Without this determination, the statement is simply hearsay; that is, a statement made out of court and offered for the truth |
Expand each section to read more. 1600s Western Igbo kingdoms dominate trade in the lower Niger region. 1815 Following the end of the Napoleonic wars between France and Great Britain, |
Britain begins to trade with the interior, calling the region "Nigeria" based on the path the Niger River takes through the area. 1914 Igbo, Yoruba, and Hausa areas are officially |
united under Britain as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. 1930 Chinua Achebe is born in the Igbo village of Ogidi. 1958 Things Fall Apart is published in England. 1960 |
Nigeria gains independence, as a parliamentary democracy. This story of the Igbos around 1900 was written by one of their grandchildren; Chinua Achebe was born in 1930 in southeastern Nigeria, |
in the Igbo village of Ogidi. He grew up speaking English and reading English literature, but Achebe kept a deep attachment to his Igbo roots; eventually he came to question |
the English literary portrayal of Africa and Africans as violent, ignorant, and primitive. Achebe wanted to give Africans their own voice, to take control of how they were seen, and |
to repair their own self-image. The result was Things Fall Apart. The hero of the story is Okonkwo, a self-made man who has been unstoppable in his determination to rise |
in his society, the village of Umuofia. His greatest fear is being weak, like his father, whom he detested. Okonkwo will go to any lengths to prove to the world |
and to himself that he is strong and fearless—even to the point of destroying himself. Umuofia is not a paradise or a hell. Its people are not evil and ignorant, |
nor are they innocent, noble savages. These European points of view are discarded. Umuofia is filled with real people who have complex personalities. When the British missionaries arrive in Umuofia, |
it is shocking to realize that most of them would destroy Igbo culture without a second thought. But Achebe's refusal to paint the conflict in black and white is what |
makes Things Fall Apart so powerful. Just as Umuofia was not perfect, the British are not all evil. The missionaries offer acceptance, love, and respect to those Igbos who have |
been outcast by their village for religious reasons. If only the two groups could have met in a spirit of compromise, they might have been able to live peacefully together. |
But the British insistence on domination, and the Igbo fear and rejection of their people who convert to Christianity, spell doom for Umuofia. Each side fears the other, and, like |
Okonkwo, each side is so fearful of appearing weak that it will resort to violence to keep the upper hand. Achebe shows that the coming of Europeans to Africa was |
not light coming to darkness, or pure evil destroying a people; it was two imperfect societies set on a collision course from which neither could emerge whole again. Achebe wrote |
Things Fall Apart in English. The decision was controversial amongst African writers at the time, some of whom wanted to promote native African languages, while others accepted English. If Achebe |
wrote in English, he was using the language of the colonizer, a non-African voice, to tell an African story, once again. But if he wrote in Igbo, he was limiting |
the potential audience for the novel to a single group of people in Nigeria. In an essay called "The African Writer and the English Language," Achebe describes the problem: For |
an African writing in English is not without its serious setbacks. He often finds himself describing situations or modes of thought which have no direct equivalent in the English way |
of life. Caught in that situation he can do one of two things. He can try and contain what he wants to say within the limits of conventional English or |
he can try to push back those limits to accommodate his ideas... I submit that those who can do the work of extending the frontiers of English so as to |
accommodate African thought-patterns must do it through their mastery of English and not out of innocence. In other words, African writers can use English to change it, and turn it |
into a language of African experience and not just English experience. Achebe changed English by infusing it with Igbo syntax, usage, and vocabulary so that while Things Fall Apart is |
clearly written in English, it is a new kind of English that serves an Igbo purpose. - Mr. Brown - The first white missionary to arrive in Umuofia, Mr. Brown |
is respectful and patient, never attacking clan customs or religion directly. His early success is endangered by his ill health. - The District Commissioner - The highest English official in |
the region arrives with the missionaries and oversees the fall of the villages from a distance. - Okonkwo's second wife, who left her first husband for Okonkwo. She has borne |
ten children and lost all but one, her daughter Ezinma. Her love for Ezinma leads her to stand up to Okonkwo on occasion. - She is Okonkwo's favorite child, beautiful |
and connected to her father in a deep way. Only she can understand him and his moods. Her only flaw, in his eyes, is being a girl. - A boy |
from a neighboring clan who is seized by Umuofia warriors. He lives with Okonkwo's family as a peace offering, and is a more satisfying son to Okonkwo than Nwoye. - |
This self-made man has worked his way up from poverty and, as he sees it, freed himself from the disgrace of having a lazy, "feminine" father. While Okonkwo possesses real |
virtues of hard work, far-sightedness, devotion to his clan, and love, these co-exist uneasily with impulses of fear, pride, and impatience. - Okonkwo's eldest son shows every sign―so far as |
Okonkwo is concerned―of being a lazy, weak man like Unoka. Beaten and belittled by his father, Nwoye will become a prime target for conversion by the English missionaries. - Nwoye's |
mother - Okonkwo's first wife, whose name is not told to the reader. She, unlike her husband, understands the value of pity, gentleness, and forgiveness. Her stories instruct and delight |
the children. - A thoughtful member of the clan who is Okonkwo's best friend. He tries to help Okonkwo navigate the troubles that come to him, and is left cleaning |
up after Okonkwo's catastrophic end. - Ogbuefi Ezeudu - The highest-ranking man in the village, and holder of three titles―a great rarity. - Mr. Smith - The far more zealous |
Smith replaces Brown and leads his new converts on a full-scale war of ideas against the village. - Okonkwo's father, a gentle musician who left his family poor and in |
From the 'Lectric Law Library's Stacks Search The Library Since the early part of this century, the federal courts have attempted to limit the uncertainty surrounding novel scientific evidence by establishing an evidentiary standard of reliability for scientific proof. Frye v. U.S., 293 F. 1013 (D.C.Cir.'23), provided ... |
have also embraced procedures, including various forms of discovery providing for mandatory disclosure of witnesses "who may be used at trial to present evidence under Rules 702, 703, or 705," and requiring submission of written reports by expert witnesses, which give the parties and the courts greater opportunities to... |
the applicable procedures in federal courts in the years proceeding the landmark 1993 Daubert case had undergone significant change. As Judge Learned Hand in "Historical and Practical Considerations Regarding Expert Testimony", 15 Harv.L.Rev. 40 (1901-02) observed at the beginning of this century, expert evidence must ... |
trier of fact. Absent reliability, the evidence would not be relevant to the inquiry. In Frye, the Court of Appeals considered an appeal from a trial court's refusal to admit the resultsof a test based on systolic blood pressure, offered to prove the truthfulness of a defendant in a murder prosecution. In an oft-quoted... |
evidence was sufficiently reliable to warrant consideration by a trier of fact: Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential forces of the principle must be recognized, and while cou... |
of discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. Frye contemplated two stages for acceptance of new science. First, the scientific community develops a theory and determines its reliability using scie... |
for scrutiny and approval by the scientific community. Second, once the new science became "demonstrable," based on acceptance in the scientific community, the court could permit its use as evidence in the courtroom. Without explanation, the court of appeals chose "general acceptance" in the relevant scientific communi... |
scientific evidence must show general acceptance by offering scientific publications, judicial decisions, evidence of practical use, or testimony by scientists on their peers' position regarding the evidence in question. Many courts, faced with determining the admissibility of a wide array of scientific evidence, favor... |
graphology, hypnotic and drug induced testimony, voice stress analysis, voice spectrograms, ion microprobe mass spectroscopy, infrared sensing of aircraft, retesting of breath samples for alcohol content, psychological profiles of battered women, and child abusers, post traumatic stress disorder as indicating rape, ast... |
the Frye standard as a means of excluding evidence. The justifications included: that the standard guaranteed a minimum number of knowledgeable experts; that it promoted uniformity of decisions; that it eliminated the need for time consuming hearings on admissibility; and, most importantly, that it assured a method by ... |
The general acceptance test of Frye became the "dominant standard for determining the admissibility of novel scientific evidence at trial." Indeed, Professor Clark's testimony in Briggs that the doll tests were "generally accepted as indications of the child's sensitivity to race as a problem" was calculated to satisfy... |
debated by commentators. Professor McCormick was one of the primary critics of Frye prior to the adoption of the Federal Rules of Evidence. In 1972, he wrote: "General scientific acceptance" is a proper condition for taking judicial notice of scientific facts, but not a criterion for the admissibility of scientific evi... |
received unless there are other reasons for exclusion. Particularly, probative value may be overborne by the familiar dangers of prejudicing or misleading the jury . . . . If the courts used this approach, instead of repeating a supposed requirement of "general acceptance" not elsewhere imposed, they would arrive at a ... |
Sec. 203, at 491 (2d ed.'72) The Fed.R.Evid., effective July 1, 1975, provided the first modern and uniform set of evidence rules for the trial of civil and criminal cases in the federal courts. Rule 702, which governs the admission of expert testimony, does so in terms that do not expressly address reliability: If sci... |
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise. The Advisory Committee on Evidence, appointed by the Supreme Court, formulated the language which Cong... |
echo McCormick's criticism of Frye. Reliability should depend on relevance rather than the general acceptance of scientific evidence. Fed.R.Evid. 401 defines "relevant evidence" as "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or ... |
be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Rule 702 incorporates a relevancy requirement by permitting the introdu... |
determine a fact in issue." Surprisingly, the Advisory Committee Note made no mention of Frye. Instead, the Committee quoted Professor Mason Ladd: There is no more certain test for determining when experts may be used than the common sense inquiry whether the untrained layman would be qualified to determine intelligent... |
specialized understanding of the subject involved in the dispute. Mason Ladd, Expert Testimony, 5 Vand.L.Rev.414 ('52) Thus, Rule 702 contemplated the admission of expert testimony that was relevant in the sense that such testimony would facilitate an understanding of scientific, technical, or other specialized facts t... |
utilize Frye. The courts were understandably reluctant to accept the sub silentio overruling of a precedent of Frye's stature, and often incorporated the general acceptance standard into the relevance determination under Rule 702. A number of courts have gradually begun to abandon the general acceptance standard. In 19... |
court found Professor McCormick's critique of Frye persuasive: Unless an exaggerated popular opinion of the accuracy of a particular technique makes its use prejudicial or likely to mislead the jury, it is better to admit relevant scientific evidence in the same manner as other expert testimony and allow its weight to ... |
Cir.) This decision required only that scientific evidence be supported by a "demonstrable, objective procedure" rather than general acceptance. Three years later, the 2nd Circuit approved the admission of similar evidence in a prosecution on narcotics charges in U.S. v. Williams, 583 F.2d 1194 (2d Cir.'78). The consid... |
the court of appeals directed the district court to consider whether the evidence had "any tendency to mislead, prejudice, or confuse the jury." In 1985, the 3rd Circuit decided U.S. v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224 (3d Cir.'85), the most significant precursor to Daubert. In Downing, the court considered the admissibility of ... |
language and spirit of the Fed.R. Evid., in addition to the experience of the courts in attempting to apply Frye, suggested that an approach more flexible than the general acceptance test for the admissibility of novel scientific evidence was appropriate. Downing instructed the district courts to undertake a preliminar... |
was based. This inquiry was to include consideration of the risk that the jury would be overwhelmed, confused or misled and assessment of the materiality of the evidence to the issue in dispute. The Third Circuit envisioned a multi-factored analysis of the reliability of the evidence. The court permitted, but did not r... |
the degree of acceptance within that community. In language reminiscent of Frye, the court suggested that in many cases, the general acceptance factor was likely to be decisive. Additional factors that district courts could consider included the novelty of the technique and its relationship to established modes of scie... |
basis of the new technique has been exposed to critical scientific scrutiny, the qualifications and professional stature of the expert witness, and the potential and actual non-judicial uses of the scientific technique. According to Downing, district courts should also focus on the risk of error, both the frequency wit... |
technique. Finally, the district courts should consider whether the expert testimony had been offered in earlier cases to support or dispute the merits of a particular procedure. The Downing opinion noted that "other factors could be added to the list." The Third Circuit's articulation of a clear alternative to Frye se... |
the circuits over the appropriate standard of reliability for scientific evidence under Rule 702. The cases decided after the adoption of Rule 702, but prior to Daubert, reflected the different approaches of the courts described in the preceding section. Occasionally, courts would restate and apply the Frye general acc... |
determination of relevance under Fed.R.Evid. 702. Still other courts jettisoned Frye and attempted to assess for themselves the reliability of scientific evidence. Dang Vang v. Vang Xiong X. Toyed, 944 F.2d 476 (9th Cir.'91), illustrates the first approach. Female Hmong refugees from Laos brought an action pursuant to ... |
them when they contacted him about obtaining employment. The district court allowed extensive anthropological testimony, including a general explanation of Hmong culture, the longterm reliance of the Hmong on governmental agencies for support, and the role of women in that culture. The court found such testimony to be ... |
might otherwise be confusing, such as the plaintiffs' continued contact with the defendant after a rape. The court excluded opinion testimony regarding the specifics of the case, such as whether there was a rape and why these particular plaintiffs did not report the rape. On appeal, the defendant maintained that all of... |
the requirements of Frye. The 9th Circuit did not question appellant's citation to Frye. Instead, the court rejected the argument as inapposite because the testimony below derived from anthropological study of the Hmong, rather than a novel scientific theory, and therefore should not be scrutinized under Frye. U.S. v. ... |
the hybrid approach, where the court incorporates the Frye standard into the relevance determination under Rule 702. Kozminski was an appeal from a criminal conviction for violation of civil rights. Appellants, a dairy farmer and his wife, were convicted of willfully holding two retarded farm workers in involuntary ser... |
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