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at a greater risk of engaging in self-destructive behavior, regardless of their sexual orientation. Thus, youth with good coping skills will be at less risk of succumbing to substance abuse, |
even though the stress of "coming out" is great. This is supported by research findings mat many sexual minority youth are engaged in healthy, positive activities (e.g., Jordan, Vaughan, & |
Woodworth, 1997). Two additional life-threatening issues associated with drug and alcohol abuse are frequent unprotected sexual encounters and suicide attempts. Both of these behaviors have been noted to increase when |
substance use is present (e.g., Rotheram-Borus et al., 1994). Gibson (1989) reported that as many as 20% to 35% of gay youth have experienced suicidal ideation. Studies have found that |
substance abuse may be linked to higher levels of suicidal ideation and attempts (Roles, 1983) and that gay-related stressors are more common among adolescents who had attempted suicide than those |
who had not (Rotheram-Borus, Hunter, & Rosario, 1994). Use of drugs and alcohol may impair judgment and lead youth to engage in more risky sexual behaviors such as sex with |
multiple partners or unsafe sex practices (Rotheram-Borus et al., 1994). School psychologists are in a unique position to respond to and affect this problem. One growing phenomenon is the presence |
of gay, lesbian, and bisexual groups or clubs in high schools, often supported by faculty and administration. These groups offer age-appropriate opportunities for socialization and for meeting other gay, lesbian, |
bisexual, transgender, questioning, or supportive teens thereby providing social support and furnishing opportunities for developing social skills. In addition, these programs may offer avenues for addressing the prevalent harassment of |
gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and questioning teens in schools, thereby reducing stimuli for substance abuse. In one study of sexual minority youth in the Chicago area, gay, lesbian, and bisexual |
high school students reported that school-based groups or clubs for gay, lesbian and bisexual students and straight supportive allies, with administrative support and assistance, were an important part of making |
the school environment amenable to sexual minority students and alleviating their sense of alienation and differentness (Jordan, Vaughan, & Woodworth, 1997). Reflection Exercise #5 Others who bought this Addictions Course |
Email yourself a link to this page and start a "Professional Reference Folder of Interventions" for your future use. Or email a link to this page to Mental Health Professionals. |
No further emails will be sent to them. * Required Field Thanks ahead of time... for paying us the compliment of sharing our information with others! We strive to provide |
William H. Rehnquist William H. Rehnquist's service on the Supreme Court allowed him to witness - and direct - a dramatic transition in political ideology. From associate justice in 1972 through his role as chief justice in 1986, Rehnquist struggled against liberal colleagues Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun. Later, as ... |
leader of a conservative court, Rehnquist enjoyed the luxury of sitting in the majority. And as chief justice, Rehnquist often attracted the support of the liberal remnant of the Court. A highly practical man, Rehnquist found inspiration in Charles Evans Hughes' practice of compromising to secure the broadest majority.... |
many ways, Rehnquist's desires to maintain high credibility for the Court and the law, the result of a general perception of judicial unity, has contributed greatly to his success in mobilizing the Court's conservative shift. Thus, despite the current return of the Court to a more moderate balance, Rehnquist's conserva... |
vision and influence will no doubt stay strong during his tenure. William Hubbs Rehnquist was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 1, 1924. He enjoyed a relatively undistinguished childhood in his middle-class suburban home. The son of a paper salesman, Rehnquist grew up in a heavily conservative household in which |
popular Republican leaders such as Alf Landon, Wendell Wilkie, and Herbert Hoover were idolized. World War II erupted before Rehnquist had a chance to complete his education and the future chief justice enlisted in the air force branch of the army as a weather observer. He served in North Africa. |
Like many Americans in his generation, Rehnquist attended college after World War II with the support of scholarship money from the GI Bill. At Stanford, he earned both a bachelor and a master of arts degree in political science. A distinguished student, Rehnquist was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in |
1948. He continued his education at Harvard where he received another master of arts degree -- this time in government -- two years later. Rehnquist returned to Stanford Law School in 1950; he graduated at the top of his class. (Sandra Day O'Connor, who would eventually serve with him on |
the Supreme Court, graduated third from that same class.) At law school, Rehnquist started down the path that would eventually take him to the Supreme Court. Having already established a reputation among his instructors and peers as a brilliant legal thinker and an able scholar, Rehnquist impressed one professor suffic... |
to earn a private interview with Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson, who was visiting the law school. Rehnquist's professor, a former clerk for Jackson, arranged the meeting in hopes that his favored student could convince Jackson of his qualifications for a clerkship. Rehnquist walked away from that meeting feeling ... |
had failed to impress Jackson in the slightest. However, his fears proved false as Jackson eventually selected him for clerkship that year. Rehnquist's clerkship under the moderate Jackson did not alter his conservative beliefs in any noticeable manner. Instead, his exposure to the other clerks may have served only to |
confirm his conservativism. Rehnquist married Natalie Cornell, whom he had met during his law school years, after his completing his clerkship. He also moved to Phoenix, Arizona to work for a law firm there. Rehnquist chose Phoenix for its pleasant weather and favorable political leanings. The next few years passed |
uneventfully for Rehnquist. He, together with his wife, raised a son and two daughters. Following advice given to him by Justice Felix Frankfurter, Rehnquist began his participation in the Republican Party. He became a Republican Party official and achieved prominence in the Phoenix area as a strong opponent of liberal |
initiatives such as school integration. Rehnquist campaigned for Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater during the 1964 elections. During that time, he befriended Richard Kleindienst, another attorney from Phoenix. When Richard Nixon rose to the presidency a few years later, he appointed Kleindienst deputy a... |
Rehnquist for the position of deputy attorney general in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel. When Justice John Marshall Harlan retired in 1971, the Nixon administration chose Rehnquist as Harlan's replacement. A Democratic Senate overwhelmingly confirmed his nomination. On January 7, 1972, Rehnquist -- an... |
-- took their oaths of office. In his early days on the Court, Rehnquist was outspoken as the Court's lone dissenter despite the presence of three other Republican appointees. He battled against the expansion of federal powers and advocated a strong vision of state's rights. Rehnquist also differed from the |
majority's view that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to non-racial issues such as the rights of women, children, and immigrants. Although his dissents at the time influenced very little of the Court's conclusions, Rehnquist provided the future Court many valuable ideas which inspired the later conservative shift. Rehn... |
to oppose the majority in several important decisions. In his opinion, the liberal faction of the Court too often tried to shape public policy by expanding the scope of the law beyond its original meaning. By 1986, Rehnquist held significant persuasive power. After Chief Justice Burger retired from the Court, |
President Reagan nominated Rehnquist to replace him. Liberals howled in protest. Many painted Rehnquist as a racist and conservative extremist. Opponents alleged racist behavior (an old charge) when Rehnquist was a Republican official in Phoenix. Others charged that he had mishandled a family trust. In the end, however... |
remained unproved and the Senate confirmed Rehnquist by a solid majority. As chief justice, Rehnquist won the respect of his colleagues through his efficient management of court affairs. Rehnquist has also revealed a moderation in his views by voting with liberals to protect gay rights and free speech. A widower, |
Rehnquist engaged his free time with quiet hobbies. He maintained the tradition of a Christmas carol party, which he hosted every year. In 2004, Rehnquist was diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Though his physical condition declined, he continued in his role as chief justice and died on September 3, 2005, |
Ankle-Brachial Index Test This test is done by measuring blood pressure at the ankle and in the arm while a person is at rest. Measurements are usually repeated at both sites after 5 minutes of walking on a treadmill. The |
ankle-brachial index (ABI) result is used to predict the severity of Reference peripheral arterial disease Opens New Window (PAD). A slight drop in your ABI with exercise means that you probably have PAD. This drop may be important, because PAD |
can be linked to a higher risk of heart attack or stroke. Why It Is Done This test is done to screen for peripheral arterial disease of the legs. It is also used to see how well a treatment is |
working (such as medical treatment, an exercise program, angioplasty, or surgery). The ABI result can help diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD). A lower ABI means you might have PAD. A slight drop in the ABI with exercise, even if you |
have a normal ABI at rest, means that you probably have PAD. A normal resting ankle-brachial index is 1.0 to 1.4. This means that your blood pressure at your ankle is the same or greater than the pressure at your |
arm, and suggests that you do not have significant narrowing or blockage of blood flow.Reference 1 An abnormal resting ankle-brachial index is 0.9 or lower. If the ABI is 0.91 to 0.99, it is considered borderline abnormal.Reference 1 What To |
Think About You may experience leg pain during the treadmill portion of the test if you have peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Undiagnosed arterial disease in the arms can cause inaccurate test results. Blood pressure readings may not be accurate when |
the blood vessel being measured is hardened by calcium (calcified). Arteries may calcify more than usual if you have Reference diabetes Opens New Window or kidney problems (renal insufficiency). A very abnormal ABI test result may require more testing to |
determine the location and severity of PAD that might be present. Rooke TW, et al. (2011). 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): A report of the |
What is craniosynostosis? Craniosynostosis (say "kray-nee-oh-sih-noh-STOH-sus") is a problem with the skull that causes a baby's head to be oddly shaped. In rare cases it causes pressure on the baby's brain, which can cause damage. It is also called craniostenosis. |
A baby's skull is not just one bowl-shaped piece of bone. It is made up of five thin, bony plates that are held together by fibrous material called Reference sutures Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window. The sutures let |
the skull expand as the brain grows. Over time, the sutures harden and close the skull bones together. When a baby has craniosynostosis, one or more of these sutures close too soon. How the problem affects your baby depends in |
part on how many of the sutures close too soon: - If only one suture closes too soon, the baby's brain usually develops normally, but the head has an odd shape. This is what happens in most cases. - If |
more than one suture closes too soon, the baby's brain may not be able to grow as fast as it should. If severe pressure builds up around the brain, it may cause brain damage, seizures, blindness, and Reference developmental delays |
Opens New Window. But this severe pressure is rare. What causes craniosynostosis? Experts aren't sure what causes this problem. In some cases, it runs in families. If you've had a baby with craniosynostosis and are planning another pregnancy, you may |
want to talk to your doctor about genetic counseling. Craniosynostosis is more likely in: - Babies who lie in a Reference breech position Opens New Window while in the uterus. - Babies whose mothers smoke or live at a high |
altitude during pregnancy. - Babies who are twins. What are the symptoms? The most common sign is an oddly shaped head at birth or by the time the child is a few months old. For example, the skull may become |
long and narrow. Or it may be very flat and broad in front or back or on the sides. The baby may have a misshapen nose or jaw. An oddly shaped head may be the only sign of craniosynostosis. In |
rare cases, the disease causes pressure to build up on the baby's brain. This can cause brain damage and can make the baby develop more slowly than other children. If you know that your baby has this condition, call your |
doctor right away if your baby: - Starts vomiting. - Becomes sluggish and sleeps more and plays less. - Becomes crankier than usual. - Has swollen eyes or has problems moving the eyes or following objects. - Has problems hearing. |
- Breathes noisily or doesn't breathe for short periods of time. How is craniosynostosis diagnosed? You or your doctor may notice that your baby has an odd-shaped head at birth, shortly after birth, or later at a well-child checkup. Just |
because your baby has an oddly shaped head doesn't mean that he or she has craniosynostosis. Head shape may be affected by how your baby was positioned in your uterus, the birth process, or your baby's sleep position. Talk to |
your doctor if you are concerned about the shape of your baby's head. Your doctor will: - Look at each side of your baby's face and head. - Measure your baby's head. - Feel the sutures and soft spots (Reference |
fontanelles Opens New Window) on the skull. - Feel the top and sides of the head, where sutures are located, for unusual ridges or bumps. How is it treated? Surgery is the usual treatment to correct craniosynostosis. It's usually done |
in the first year of life. The surgeon removes strips of bone in the skull to create artificial sutures. This surgery prevents or relieves pressure on the brain and allows the skull to expand normally. It also corrects the shape |
of your baby's head. The earlier your child has surgery, the better the results. If there is pressure on the brain, your child needs surgery right away. If your baby doesn't seem to have pressure on the brain, your doctor |
may advise you to wait and see if the head shape returns to normal without surgery. Your child may wear a special helmet or other device to help reshape the skull. But your child may still need surgery later. If |
your child needs surgery, talk with your doctor about what to expect. It may help to see some before-and-after pictures of other children who have had the same type of surgery so that you are prepared for how your child |
will look right after the surgery. There may be a lot of swelling and bruising at first. Being involved in your baby's care while he or she is in the hospital may help you feel more comfortable when you take |
your baby home. You'll need to know how to care for your baby's incision and what problems to watch for. Problems after surgery aren't common. It's normal to feel a wide range of emotions when your child has a problem |
Synonyms: tibia vara Blount's disease is a disorder of the tibial growth plate (usually the medial aspect) leading to changes in the angle at the knee. This results in bowing |
of the leg (usually the lower leg). However, unlike bow legs it is pathological and progressively worsens. Clinically it is difficult to distinguish between simple bowlegs and Blount's disease. However, |
bow legs should resolve between the ages of 2-4 years - if not then one should suspect Blount's disease. Infantile Blount's disease Presents at age 2-4 years Repetitive trauma to |
a knee with an already varus abnormality - Add notes to any clinical page and create a reflective diary - Automatically track and log every page you have viewed - |
Print and export a summary to use in your appraisal - Usually bilateral - Bony prominence over the medial tibial condyle (nontender) - Feet held in pronation - Shortening of |
the involved leg - Medial angulation and internal rotation of the proximal tibia - Gait - painless varus thrust seen Plain radiographs show increased angulation between the metaphysis and the |
longitudinal axis of the tibia. - Physiological bow legs - Ollier's disease - Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia - Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia - Braces - these are long-legged and lock the knee and |
need to be worn whilst weight bearing. - However, if by the age of 4-5 years the condition has not corrected then surgery is usually required. - Surgery usually involves |
osteotomy of the tibia and realignment of the lower leg. - Bracing is usually unsuccessful in girls and in those with obesity. - If treatment is successful there is usually |
no residual disability or cosmetic abnormality. Adolescent Blount's disease Usually the adolescent variety is less severe than infantile Blount's disease. - Bow legs - Afro-Caribbean ethnicity - Walking at an |
early age - Possible family preponderance - Commonly unilateral - Varus deformity - Shortening of the involved leg by up to 3-4 cm - Pain at the medial prominence of |
the proximal tibia - Medial tibial torsion may also be present Plain radiographs, as for infantile Blount's disease. High tibial osteotomy is usually the procedure of choice. This is attractive, |
as limbs are not shortened; however, it requires the wearing of an external fixator for several months. Further reading & references - Blount's disease; e-Radiography. - Infantile Blount's disease; Paediatric |
Genu Varum; Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics - S.R. Boyea and J.R.Bowen; Clinical case presentation on Blount's disease; June 1996. - Blount's disease; Medical Encylopedia; Apr 2006. - Adolescent Blounts Disease, |
not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult |
the Earth” celebration in honor of Earth Day by featuring new and favorite episodes encouraging children to care for and respect the environment. From April 18 – 22, families can view brand new eco-friendly episodes on-air from SID THE SCIENCE |
KID, CURIOUS GEORGE®, MARTHA SPEAKS, WILD KRATTS, and ARTHUR, while learning about recycling, habitats, alternative energy and more. In addition, favorite Earth-focused episodes from SUPER WHY!, WORDGIRL®, and more will also be airing throughout the week. “As a leader in |
educational children’s media, PBS KIDS offers many resources to get kids excited about exploring science and the natural world around them,” said Lesli Rotenberg, senior vice president, Children’s Media, PBS. “This year, we’re celebrating Earth Day with content on-air, online, |
and beyond to help families discover that their next learning adventure could be as close as their own backyard.” The “Share the Earth” celebration continues online for both kids and parents. PBSPARENTS.org will feature a special “Simple Ways to Protect |
the Earth” page with new ideas for activities parents can do with their kids in celebration of Earth Day, such as gardening and craft ideas. An Earth Day channel on both PBSKIDS.org/video and PBSKIDSGO.org/video will feature Earth-themed episodes from favorite |
shows such as THE CAT IN THE HAT KNOWS A LOT ABOUT THAT! and WORDGIRL from April 15 through 22. In addition, a new web exclusive episode of DESIGN SQUAD NATION, “Sustainable South Bronx,” will run on PBSKIDSGO.org, along with |
accompanying eco activity ideas for kids. Following is a listing of the episodes airing the week of April 18 -22 (Check local listings for air dates and times). SID THE SCIENCE KID NEW “Where Did The Water Go?" ("What happens |
to water that goes down the drain?") While brushing his teeth, Sid wonders what happens to all the dirty water when it goes down the drain. At The Science Center, Sid and his friends explore how water travels in and |
out of our homes through pipes. And here's something Sid and his friends never realized: there's lots of water in the world, but you can't drink it all! We can only use fresh water, and there aren't a lot of |
fresh water sources in the world. That's why it's important not to waste water! NEW "Clean Air!" ("Why does Sid's Dad wear a mask when he paints?") Sid the roving reporter is investigating something strange in his backyard--his Dad is |
wearing a mask while painting. Sid discovers that his Dad is protecting his face so he doesn't breathe in the dirty fumes. At school, Sid and his friends discover that people and animals on Earth need to breathe clean air, |
and when we pollute the air around us, it affects the air that everyone breathes. The kids also discover that trees have a really important role in keeping our air clean! NEW “Reused Robot" ("Where does trash go when we |
throw it away?") Sid's toy robot is broken, so he wants to throw it "away." Sid's Mom tells him there is no such thing as "away," and when we put something in the trash, we are actually creating waste. Sid |
and his friends explore the idea that everything we throw away goes somewhere. This leads to an investigation of how to recycle and reuse items so that we make less trash. NEW “Save The Stump" ("Can an old stump be |
a home for tiny creatures?") Sid is super excited because his Dad is clearing out space in the yard for a basketball court! While Sid and Dad are surveying the land, Sid notices a big stump teeming with little creatures! |
During a special field trip to The Science Center, Sid and his friends discover that there are animal habitats all around us, even in old stumps, and if one habitat is destroyed, all of the other habitats and animals are |
brothers are itching to fly with the world’s fastest animal, the Peregrine falcon, which can hit top speeds of 240 mph. But their efforts are side-tracked when the rest of the Wild Kratts team challenges them to find the falcon |
in the city instead of in the wild, and Chris’ Creature Power Suit is accidentally activated with Pigeon Powers! But then they discover that Zach is sending his Zachbots to clean off a building that has a peregrine falcon nests |
with chicks. Martin and Chris must activate their Peregrine falcons powers and harness the force of gravity to pull off a high flying creature rescue! NEW “The Blue and the Gray” Martin and Chris are absorbed in a hilarious competition |
to discover who is the best acorn planter, blue jays or gray squirrels, when a strange Creature Power Suit malfunction transforms Martin into an acorn and grows him into an Oak tree! Chris activates the squirrel powers of his Creature |
the Letter from the Sea” “Follow the Bouncing Ball” - Alberto Molina’s beloved soccer ball, signed by his favorite Ecuadorian soccer star, El Boomerang, is lost! Is it the same soccer ball bouncing all over town, eluding potential captors?! This |
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