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costs in the range of 4-7 cents per kilowatt-hour over the life of a project (excluding any tax credits) making them competitive with many new coal or natural gas facilities. Costs for individual projects vary and depend on the strength |
and consistency of the wind, financing terms, and transmission infrastructure. All else being equal, the cost effectiveness of wind farms generally increases with the turbines’ capacity factor, the size of the turbines, and number of turbines installed.7 Tapping our domestic |
wind resources brings a host of economic benefits. Since the strongest wind resources are often located in rural areas, rural counties and landowners can benefit from wind power. Wind farms are capital intensive, infusing money into the local economy during |
construction phases and paying property taxes to the host county and royalties to local landowners during operation. At the 24 MW Klondike Phase I Wind Farm in Sherman County, Oregon, the wind project contributes 10% of the county’s property tax |
base. Wind turbines are also compatible with rural land uses like farming and ranching and can provide extra income to property owners via power sales or royalty payments. On average, landowners make between $2,000 and $7,000 annually for each modern |
wind turbine located on their land. In contrast, a natural gas plant drains an estimated $200,000-$350,000 per MW of capacity out of the regional economy annually for fuel imports. Additionally, wind energy produces 27% more jobs per kilowatt-hour than coal |
plants, and 66% more jobs than natural gas plants.9 Wind energy is clearly a homegrown energy source that strengthens the economy and increases the nation’s energy security. Turbine blades, modeled after airplane wings, rotate due to a pressure differential caused |
by air moving over the surface of the blade. The blades cause a rotor to turn, which drives an electrical generator. Turbines can adjust so that they always face toward the wind. Wind turbines can be designed to operate either |
at variable speeds or at a single, fixed speed. The variable speed designs are more complex but they convert wind power into electricity more efficiently. Most wind turbines are designed to use wind blowing anywhere from 8 to 56 mph. |
Sizes for new U.S. utility-scale turbines for onshore sites range from 850 kW to 2.5 MW and turbines rated 3.5 MW and larger are being used in offshore wind projects. While variable, wind energy can be integrated into a utility |
system using existing load-matching capabilities for a minimal cost of 0-0.5 cents/kWh.10 Weather forecasting can predict wind power output with a fair degree of confidence. Additionally, multiple wind sites in different locations can be combined to create a relatively stable |
power supply curve. Wind turbines generate electricity without producing any pollutant emissions. In contrast, fossil fuel plants emit toxic mercury, nitrous oxides that cause smog, sulfur dioxide that causes acid rain and large quantities of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse |
gas. Although wind is one of the most benign power sources, if not properly sited, it too may have environmental impacts. Wildlife and avian impacts are often the greatest concern. New tower, blade and turbine designs and careful siting help |
minimize environmental impacts. The federal production tax credit offers an important tax credit to new wind production. Each state in the region offers several additional incentives for wind development, from residential projects to utility-scale developments. Oregon, for example, provides personal |
and business tax credits and low-cost financing for renewable energy projects, while Washington provides small wind turbine owners a strong production incentive and grants sales tax exemptions for renewable energy equipment. Idaho offers a residential tax deduction and a sales |
tax exemption for renewable energy sys-tems as well as low-interest loans for small-scale wind installations and state-backed bonds for utility-scale wind projects. Finally, Montana offers corporate income and property tax incentives and a residential tax credit for renewable energy installations. |
Additional incentives are offered as well. See AWEA's map of wind projects in the US: Updated February 19, 2008 Sources and Notes: 1. Wind potential from Renewable Energy Atlas of the West, Land and Water Fund of the Rockies, et |
al. (July 2002). - Installed capacity from RNP's list of Northwest renewable energy projects, ((add link to project list here)). - Capacity factor from Fifth Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Plan, Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NWPCC) (May, 2005). See |
Appendix I. - Levelized costs include transmission and integration costs and the federal Produc-tion Tax Credit. 2. 2005 Northwest consumption from NWPCC, op. cit. note 1. - 2004 total U.S. electricity generation from Annual Energy Outlook 2006, Energy Information Administration |
Taskforce Report, Western Governor’s Association (March 2006). 11. U.S. from “U.S. Installed Capacity”, AWEA. NW from RNP, op. cit. note 1. "Montana … alone has enough potential wind resources to supply one quarter of the electricity needs of the United |
Would it really be so difficult to determine how chapter divisions are marked in all surviving ancient books? The question of chapter divisions and headings in ancient literary and technical texts is a long term interest of mine, as anyone |
who chooses to look may discover by clicking on the tag at the end of this post. We find, in later medieval texts, that these ancient texts are often divided, not merely into books, but also into chapters, with chapter |
headings. It does not seem well known or classified, just how often we find this. Chapter divisions and titles are a cinderella subject, largely ignored or treating in passing. In my last post, I looked at what chapter divisions and |
titles there were in a renaissance manuscript of Pliny the Elder’s Natural History. The NH is an interesting work to investigate, for this subject, since the author states in the preface that book 1 of the work is a list |
of capituli. So we do know that these items existed in the autograph, whereas we generally have no such certainty in other works. Capituli, or “subject headings”, are perhaps just a list of topics covered, in the order in which |
they appear in the text. There is no necessity to suppose that the text was formally divided into “chapters”, in the manner of a modern work –indeed some of the capituli refer to no more than a handful of lines |
of text, before the next capitulum appears in the margin, so we might better say “sections” — and we can see that in the Pliny ms. it is not. So while the English word “chapter” perhaps derives from the Latin |
capitulum — or does it? Do we know this, and if so, how? — the term is perhaps one that is rather different. Perhaps we need a word study of the appearance of the English word, and how it was |
originally used, and how it came to mean what it means today. Is it used to translate capitulum in medieval English texts? There is clearly a research project here. Likewise we ought to locate all uses of the term capituli |
in ancient literature — and likewise the Greek kephalaia — and from this determine its meaning or meanings, and any change that they underwent during the ancient and medieval period. This might begin with an electronic search, and it really |
should not take more than a couple of weeks to do. But finally … we need to look at ancient books themselves, and see just what is in the margins, or gathered at the start of books, or whatever. Do |
we have chapter titles marked? Are they numbered? Are there collections of them at the start of the book, in a multi-book history? Or is it a case that the early mss just have a list of topics at the |
start of each book, and that these are mirrored in the body of the work, gradually, by subsequent readers and copyists? Which works have these elements? It sounds like a large task. But is it? A commenter on my last |
post pointed out that, in some ways, it is a superficial task. All we have to do is look through the manuscript at a high level. And that may not be so hard to do. For the number of actual |
ancient books is not that great. The Codices Latini Antiquiores of E. A. Lowe lists all the fragments of ancient Latin books. The number of codices which are more or else intact is probably not that great. I don’t know |
about Greek mss from antiquity, but surely there is a list somewhere? Nor does it necessarily involve a lot of travel. The IRHT in France has a huge collection of microfilms of manuscripts. Admittedly this is not nearly as good |
as colour images — and whether a link is in red ink or black might well be important here — but a couple of weeks work at a microfilm reader in Orleans might well answer many of these questions, and |
provide a base of data from which some solid conclusions might be drawn. It sounds like a solid piece of work for a PhD thesis, for a student who is prepared to work hard. I feel tempted myself; but of |
course I am not an academic, and I don’t have the time. Sadly, I fear, I don’t have the energy any more either! But the whole question of chapter divisions, titles, etc, is one that simply needs a pioneer to |
go into it. It’s not that hard to do; just that no-one has really attacked it. I’ve always thought of the task of working out the history of the chapter titles for endless different literary and technical works was one |
that would require an army of scholars. Indeed a great manuscript scholar once wrote to me that it would require scholarly collaboration. But why not simply examine what is in all the surviving ancient codices, up to the 8th century, |
King James II of England (who was also James VII of Scotland) inherited the throne in 1685 upon the death of his brother, Charles II. James II was unpopular because |
of his attempts to increase the power of the monarchy and restore the Catholic faith. Deposed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688-89, he fled to France. His daughter and son-in-law |
succeeded him as Queen Mary II and King William III. James II died in 1701. Unless otherwise noted, these books are for sale at Amazon.com. Your purchase through these links |
will help to support the continued operation and improvement of the Royalty.nu site. James II by John Miller. Biography from the Yale English Monarchs series. James II: The Triumph and |
the Tragedy by John Callow. Charts James' life using little-known material from the UK National Archives. Includes James' own description of the Battle of Edgehill, his reasons for his conversion |
to Catholicism, and his correspondence with William of Orange. A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718 by Edward Corp. After James II was deposed, he established his court |
in France. The book describes his court and the close relationships between the British and French royal families. King in Exile: James II: Warrior, King and Saint by John Callow. |
Reassesses James's strategy for dealing with his downfall and exile, presenting a portrait of a man who planned for great political rewards and popular acclaim. James II and the Trial |
of the Seven Bishops by William Gibson. The trial of seven bishops in 1688 was a prelude to the Glorious Revolution, as popular support for the bishops led to widespread |
welcome for William of Orange's invasion. The Making of King James II by John Callow is about the formative years of the fallen king. Out of print, but sometimes available |
from Alibris. The Countess and the King: A Novel of the Countess of Dorchester and King James II by Susan Holloway Scott. Novel about Katherine Sedley, a royal mistress forced |
to make the most perilous of choices: to remain loyal to the king, or to England. The Crown for a Lie by Jane Lane. Novel about how James II lost |
Tip of the Week This winter, millions of Americans will be hitting the roads and facing cold temperatures, along with the snowy and icy conditions winter weather brings. These factors |
are not only a nuisance, but at times, very dangerous, even for the most confident and experienced drivers. Simple driving maneuvers, such as starting, stopping and making turns can become |
very challenging if vehicles are not properly prepared for inclement weather. To prepare vehicles for the winter months ahead, here are some simple tips to help you arrive safely at |
your destination. - Traction is key: The economy has forced many to postpone tire purchases, but with wet weather and unpredictable winter conditions ahead, now is not the time to |
have low tread on your tires. Your tires need good traction to help keep your car on the road. It's important to have the correct tire tread and in particularly |
cold climates, drivers should consider investing in winter tires. - Feel the pressure: As temperatures change, so does tire pressure. Proper tire inflation is essential for increased automotive safety, optimum |
driving performance and even good fuel mileage. Tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer recommendations printed on the vehicle door placard or in the glove box and should be |
checked at least monthly. Over-inflation can lead to premature or irregular tire wear and under-inflation reduces a vehicle's fuel efficiency by an average of 3.3 percent. - Keep it clean: |
Consumers' cars, trucks or SUVs are likely weathering the harsh conditions and corrosive elements associated with winter, including freezing rain, snow, ice, sand and salt. Keeping vehicles clean will help |
protect them from the chemicals and dirt that may attack the car's finish and undercarriage. Be sure to use quality cleaners and waxes specifically designed for handling a car's finish. |
- Keep it flowing: Oil is the lifeblood of the engine, helping to keep it running efficiently and effectively. Not sure what oil to use? Defer to a professional or |
use the grade of motor oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer to achieve optimum engine protection and fuel efficiency. - Be prepared: Keep a survival kit handy. A flashlight with |
fresh batteries, a blanket, water bottles, cellphone charger, jumper cables, flares, a "help" sign, and a first aid kit will prepare you for emergency situations or unexpected breakdowns. According to |
CNN Money, here are 10 James Bond cars you might be able to afford: 2002 Aston Martin Vanquish 1980 Lotus Esprit Turbo 1996 BMW Z3 1977 Lotus Esprit S1 1971 |
Ford Mustang Mach 1 1961 Sunbeam Alpine Series II 1969 Mercury Cougar XR7 1974 AMC Hornet 1981 Alfa Romeo GTV6 1997 BMW 750iL Q: I own a Toyota Venza that |
in my opinion has a rough and harsh ride. The tire size is P245/55R19 Bridgestone Dueler. Will changing the tire size make the ride any better? A: There is no |
question that when the tire size is changed to a larger aspect ratio there is more flexibility between the tire and rim, which equals a smoother ride. There are many |
readers that will not suggest changing the tire profile. Let me tell you that I do this every day to save my customers from buying a replacement vehicle. You can |
The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), known at that time as "County Transit," was on its way towards the goal of building a mass transit system that would serve |
the ever-growing urbanized area, becoming an alternative to the automobile and a driver of economic development. It began with the federal government supporting that vision with a $2-million grant in |
1982 to fund preliminary engineering of the first phase. Construction of the line officially commenced with the light-rail maintenance facility. The Guadalupe Light Rail Division, located in downtown San Jose |
on Younger Street, was completed in 1986 and is used to store, clean and repair light-rail vehicles. The second phase of construction and first segment of in-street track installation began |
in 1985. Although the initial tracks only spanned 1.5 miles, they were essential for testing the light-rail vehicles as they were delivered. Today, Santa Clara VTA's light-rail service spans 42.2 |
miles and 62 stations, connecting with Santa Clara VTA buses, Caltrain, Altamont Corridor Express, Capitol Corridor Intercity Rail Service and one day, Bay Area Rapid Transit. Santa Clara VTA currently |
operates 99 low-floor vehicles. More than 10 million trips were taken in fiscal year 2012 and the system is on track to carry 11 million riders in fiscal year 2013. |
"As light rail hits its stride, I know the best years are ahead for our system," said Santa Clara County Supervisor and VTA Board Chair Ken Yeager. "Like Silicon Valley, |
light rail has evolved and changed through the decades. As our economy continues to grow, and as we look for ways to reduce congestion and air pollution, light rail is |
RWJF Priority: Use pricing strategies—both incentives and disincentives—to promote the purchase of healthier foods Prices can significantly affect family food choices and are emerging as an important strategy in the movement to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic. For example, when |
healthy foods like fruits and vegetables are more affordable, children are less likely to gain excess weight. And leading health authorities, including the Institute of Medicine, recommend new policies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are one of the |
top sources of calories in the American diet. The resources below, from RWJF grantees and partners, explore the possible health and economic impacts of using pricing strategies to promote consumption of healthy foods and beverages and discourage consumption of unhealthy |
Standard DefinitionStandard-definition television (SDTV) is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high-definition television (HDTV 720p and 1080p) or enhanced-definition television (EDTV 480p). The two common SDTV signal types are 576i, with 576 interlaced lines of resolution, d... |
System Committee NTSC system. High DefinitionHD video has higher resolution than SD video, which results in a sharper picture. Typical HD display resolution will be 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080 pixels (1080i/1080p). For our latest tips, offers and competitions join us on |
The transverse carpal ligament is the flexible, slightly elastic cord that lies on top of the carpal tunnel at the wrist. This ligament connects the bones to each other where the wrist and palm meet. The transverse carpal ligament may be cut during surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cutting the ligament helps relieve ... |
runs through the carpal tunnel. (Pressure on the median nerve results in the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome, including tingling, numbness, weakness, or pain in the fingers, hand, or lower arm.) Last Revised: October 21, 2010 Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & David Pichora,... |
Coincidentally, 2012 saw the largest acreage of corn in the U.S. planted since WW II, and subsequently the worst drought since the 1950′s, affecting 80% of agricultural land. This will |
cause price increases in meat and dairy, ethanol, and to a much lesser extent processed foods, since that is what virtually all of the cropland land is used for. Government |
subsidies and crop insurance go primarily to commodity crops, not human food ones, so the U.S. Government will be paying along with us for that drought. In the U.S. 45% |
of all land is pasture or cropland. Cropland = 408 million acres. Of this: Commodity crops – corn and soybeans, 170 million acres; wheat 57 million acres, oats 16 million |
acres, cotton 10 or more million acres, less for rice, oats and sorghum and others. Specialty crops – vegetables, fruits and nuts, flowers, Christmas trees, etc. 14 million acres, most |
of these for food crops . (Until recent farm bills, these food crops were not subsidized, farmers were even penalized for growing them. Now a small percentage of subsidies goes |
The financial aid process can be a daunting one. If you don’t get a primer from a guidance counselor or older sibling who is already on a college campus somewhere, it could be difficult to figure out where to start. The good news is, we’re here to help. With a little research and an introduction to the basics, you’ll b... |
obscure financial aid acronyms with ease. Your starting point should always be the Free Application for Student Aid, or as you’ve probably already heard before, the FAFSA. That step will determine what you do next, as once your application is processed you’ll know exactly how much free money you’re going to get from fe... |
borrow through federal loans, and how much of your package you may need to supplement through private lending agencies. The process is the same for graduate students, although you may not be eligible for all the programs available to undergraduates, including Federal Pell Grants, a free gift from the government with a ... |
weighing your options, and potentially looking for ways to cut your college costs. Scholarships are an excellent source of financial aid, and if you apply early and often enough, you’ll have a better chance of landing a good amount of free money to supplement your financial aid package. Below, you’ll find more informat... |
the latest news from the ever-changing financial aid industry. The best way to supplement your financial aid package is to apply for (and win) college scholarships. While it will take some initiative, research and time on your part, the payoff is worth it if it decreases your total student loan debt. These days you don... |
land scholarships. Many are based on characteristics like need, community service and your intended field of study, or if you dig even deeper, you’ll find a wide array of awards based on more specific characteristics. What makes you unique could be what lands you a generous college scholarship. Chances are you qualify ... |
scholarship search or browse through our site to see awards you may be eligible for and start earning money toward college. If you’re lucky, your parents have been saving up for your transition from high school to college with one of the popular college saving accounts options. From 529 Plans, which vary by state but o... |
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