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of honors. When she could not create a successful career as a sculptor in Florida, she moved to New York City, where she was able to study at the Cooper Union, which offered free tuition, and eventually even gave her a scholarship for her living expenses. While she was at |
Cooper Union, she applied for a program to study sculpture abroad in France, but was denied solely because of her race. Instead of taking it lightly, she raised a fuss, wrote letters to the media, bringing attention to the racists practices of the program. The program still refused to accept |
her, but her life was changed, and she became quite active in the civil rights fight. And she became better acquainted with the movers and shakes in the movement. She was even commissioned to sculpt busts of famous civil rights leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. And she |
did eventually travel to Paris on the Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, while enabled her study for one year. When she returned to Harlem, she was very active in the art scene, taught classes in the community, and in 1932 established the Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts. A few years later, |
she became the first director of the Harlem Community Arts Center -- which is considered to be the forerunner of similar community arts centers around the country. Her work is lovely and quite evocative. Of all the pieces I've seen, though, this one is my favorite. |
SIECUS' international policy and advocacy efforts have focused on monitoring, reporting, and taking actions on the activities of the opposition; ensuring the evidence-based HIV-prevention strategies are implemented; and equipping advocates wit the tools, skills, and critical information tot secure and protect sexual an... |
health services. The Declarationseeks to foster equity among all people and to combat discrimination, including that based on an individual’s HIV status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The needs of most-at-risk individuals are not forgotten and figure prominently in the goals of the Declaration. Please find be... |
for the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Afrontando la homofobia en las escuelas: Cómo partes interesadas clave pueden garantizar escuelas seguras e inclusivas (PDF) UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education Released The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UN... |
wanted to bring your attention to this two-part document which provides a framework to develop and implement comprehensive sexuality education to ensure that young people have access to evidence-based, medically-accurate, and age-appropriate information to make safe and healthy decisions. Read More... Safe and inclusiv... |
an Experts Consultation convened by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Safe and inclusive school environments in the prevention of HIV/STI, violence and mental health problems in Mexico City, September 3-4, 2009. It was attended by experts in the promotion of sexual health and comprehensive sexuality education... |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, and butterfat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Dairy |
March is National Women’s History Month By SMW Staff March is National Women’s History Month, a time to recognize the important contributions made by women. One region in the U.S. is highlighting Women’s History Month by encouraging people to visit specific sites to learn more. The Journey Through Hallowed Ground Natio... |
of land that stretches from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello in Charlottesville, Virginia, and contains a rich collection of sites that chronicle important contributions women have made throughout history. Here are a few suggestions that will help you decide to Take the Journey™. While most en... |
heroes are actually women. After the epic battle in 1863, women were often the only ones to tend to the wounded and take charge in cleaning up the town. One such woman is Elizabeth Thorn. Elizabeth who was six months pregnant and the mother of three children, dug over one hundred graves in the rocky soil in the extreme... |
heat. Today, a statue of Elizabeth Thorn stands outside the cemetery gatehouse as part of the Gettysburg Civil War Women’s Memorial. Continuing down Route 15, visitors should stop by the National Shrine of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton in Emmitsburg, MD. This site promotes the life and legacy of the Elizabeth Ann Bayley Se... |
States. Seton, who lived, worked, died, and is now buried here, founded the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s. Her enduring legacy now includes hundreds of schools, social service centers, and hospitals throughout the world. She was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1975 in St. Peter’s Square. Near Sharpsburg, Maryland, a ... |
Barton, one of the most honored women in American History. Known as the “Angel of the Battlefield,” Barton brought supplies and nursing aid to the wounded at several Civil War battle sites. She later founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and led it for the next 23 years. First Ladies also left their mark within the re... |
style and grace epitomized Loudoun County’s horse country and its capital, Middleburg. In the early 1960s, the Kennedy’s used Middleburg as an escape from Washington by leasing, and then building, their own country retreat. In the 1990s, Jackie Kennedy Onassis often returned to spend foxhunting weekends in the Middlebu... |
First Lady. Today, visitors can see memorabilia at the Red Fox Inn and other establishments the First Lady patronized, and the town’s public pavilion and garden are dedicated to Jackie. In Spotsylvania County, the Spotsylvania Museum has a special exhibit at the Spotsylvania Towne Center about the Battle of Chancellors... |
Hawkins Girls, who were at home at the time of General Stonewall Jackson’s Flank attack across their property. The exhibit will be on display through May 2. Edna Lewis, born in Freetown, Virginia, inspired a generation of young African American chefs and ensured traditional Southern foods and preparations would live fo... |
a seamstress and copied Christian Dior dresses for Dorcas Avedon. She made a dress for Marilyn Monroe and became well known for her African-inspired dresses. Eventually, Lewis opened up Café Nicholson, a restaurant located in Manhattan’s East Side. She became a local legend and cooked for many celebrities such as Marlo... |
Salvador Dali, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Truman Capote. And finally, visitors should also make a point to stop at Ash Lawn-Highland in Charlottesville, Virginia. This home of President James Monroe, and his wife Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, served as the official residence of the former first family from 1799 to 1823. Here... |
Matter in the corona and solar wind is derived from the outer convective zone (OCZ) of the Sun. Isotopic abundances of the less volatile elements in the solar atmosphere are probably very similar to terrestrial, lunar and meteoritic abundances. From such elements it is possible to infer the amount of isotopic fractiona... |
the solar wind provides the only source of information, which is important for many cosmochemical and astrophysical applications. Knowledge of the isotopic composition of the OCZ will yield information on the early solar nebula and the history of the solar system. The CELIAS solar wind mass spectrometer (MTOF, Mass Tim... |
rare elements and isotopes that were previously not resolvable from more abundant neighboring species, or were not previously observable at all. The MTOF sensor is routinely measuring isotopic abundance variations for several elements (neon, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, calcium, iron, and nickel), some of which h... |
wind isotopes are those of silicon, sulfur, calcium, chromium, iron, and nickel. Other isotopes are being measured with a much finer temporal resolution than previously available (on the order of minutes/hours instead of months/years). Previously, neon and argon solar wind isotopic measurements were available only from... |
Marine science students at Tates Creek High School are raising largemouth bass and growing vegetables without soil in a new three-level aquaponics station, which recycles water in a sustainable food-production |
model. In the simple setup, water from the fish barrel trickles into the grow beds, which routinely drain so the roots get some air and the plants aren’t overly saturated. |
The water then is pumped back into the barrel of bass. “Throughout generations, it’s been done. It’s the whole idea of being sustainable and increasing your output with low input,” |
said teacher Diana Mullins. “In this closed system, the plants are taking less time to grow, so you’ve got a faster turnaround. In six months, the fish will be about |
plate-size.” The project is a collaboration with FoodChain, a local nonprofit run by Becca Self. “The great thing is the fish and the plants have a symbiotic relationship. The fish |
waste is used by the plants as food, and they filter the water so it’s clean to go back to the fish,” Self said. “It uses less than 10 percent |
The Origins of Intel's New Transistor, and Its Future A Q&A with Chenming Hu, coinventor of both the FinFET and its likely competitor Photo: Peg Skorpinski 9 May 2011—Last Wednesday, |
Intel announced a big change to the electronic switches at the heart of its CPUs. Going forward, the firm will be using three-dimensional transistors to take the place of long-used |
planar devices. The new transistors—dubbed "tri-gates"—are a variation on the FinFET, a transistor design that substitutes the flat channel through which electrons flow with a 3-D ridge, or fin. Popping |
the channel out of plane and draping the gate—which switches the transistor on and off—over it will allow Intel to shrink the smallest features in its transistors from 32 nanometers |
to 22 nm while cutting power consumption in half. This feat would be impossible to do with the transistor design the company had been using. How did this 3-D design |
win its way into production? We asked the coinventor of the FinFET, IEEE Fellow Chenming Hu, a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, how the new transistors got |
their start, why we need them now, and where they will go from here. IEEE Spectrum: We’ve been shrinking two-dimensional, or planar, transistors just fine for 50 years. Why are |
we seeing a switch to three-dimensional FinFETs? Chenming Hu: I’ll distill the problem with planar transistors to a single point. It all stems from the fact that it is very |
difficult to turn off a transistor when it’s very small. In other words, you can’t stop the current flowing through the transistor when you don’t want the current to flow. |
I’ll use an analogy to explain this. There is a garden hose lying on a soggy lawn, and you want to stop the water from flowing into this lawn. If |
there’s a long hose, you can call your friends to come in and put 10 pairs of hands down, and you can stop the water. Now imagine you shorten the |
hose so you cannot even put one palm on it to stop it. Now you shorten it even more, so you can only put one finger on it. It’s impossible |
to stop. In the past 10 years, people have dealt with this garden hose problem in various ways, and one way has been to sacrifice power. For 250-nm transistors, the |
power-supply voltage was 2.5 volts; for 180 nm, it was 1.8 V; for 130 nm, it was 1.3 V. The pattern was very regular until 90 nm, but it reached |
a limit. Instead of 0.9 V, you know what the industry used? 1.2 V. Even at 45 nm, the industry still used 0.9 V instead of 0.45 V. IEEE Spectrum: |
So current is leaking even when the transistors are off. To get around that problem, you have to use a higher voltage to make the difference between on and off |
more obvious? Chenming Hu: Exactly. What’s the consequence of that? Power is proportional to the square of the voltage. So if you use twice as high a voltage as the |
historical trend, your cellphone will consume four times the power. The pain is just too big to keep going that way. We thought planar technology would run out of steam |
sometime after 25 nm, and it did. IEEE Spectrum: How do FinFETs help fix the leaky garden hose problem? Chenming Hu: Remember, the hose is on a soggy, soft lawn. |
So what if instead of pressing your finger on this garden hose, you pinch your fingers on the two sides of the garden hose? That’s the analogy. The weak point, |
the soggy lawn, is the silicon substrate. So you really have to do something on both sides so you’re pinching against something firm, and that’s what the FinFET is doing. |
We should pinch the channel [where electrons flow] on two sides and on top. The more pinching sides, the better. Pinching the hose will allow us to use a much, |
much shorter hose. That’s extremely important. Making things small is really the key of making the electronics cheaper, faster, and lower power. IEEE Spectrum: The idea for FinFETs has been |
around for a while. How did it all get started? Chenming Hu: DARPA [the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] sent out a request for proposals in 1996 for ideas to |
develop electronic switches beyond 25 nm. At the time, the industry was using 250-nm transistors, and the general view was that transistors could not be scaled below 100 nm. But |
my students and I had already been thinking about how to get transistors to scale to 25 nm and beyond. There was a quick meeting probably lasting only five minutes |
between myself and two colleagues—Professor Tsu-Jae King Liu and Professor Jeff Bokor. The meeting was short because we already knew what to do. I was on a flight to a |
conference in Japan, and I had about 10 hours, so I just wrote down the technical proposal in longhand. I proposed two structures that we’d been thinking about for a |
while. One was FinFETs, and the other is what we call an ultrathin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTB SOI). We got the contract in 1997, and that gave us the resources to demonstrate |
FinFETs experimentally. A young graduate student named Xuejue "Cathy" Huang made the working device, and the team of three professors and 11 students and visiting researchers published it in 1999. |
IEEE Spectrum: How did the industry react to the FinFET paper? Chenming Hu: It was an instant hit. I remember Cathy and I were invited to Intel Santa Clara just |
a couple of months after the publication, and in that same year, 2000, I was invited to Intel Oregon twice. At the time, people were asking me how long it |
would take for the idea to get into production. I said about 10 years, so I guess I was off by one. IEEE Spectrum: Was the attention that you got |
unusual for a new transistor design? Chenming Hu: Extremely unusual. We contributed two things: We figured out a way to make the transistor manufacturable, and we showed how this thing |
could bring us to 25 nm and to 10 nm. We even figured out how to use the FinFET to solve the two top problems plaguing MOSFETs today—random variations of |
impurity atoms and variations in gate length (roughly the distance from the source to the drain). So we anticipated a lot of emerging problems and showed that FinFETs can solve |
them. That was really the first time that the industry believed there was life [after 25 nm]. IEEE Spectrum: What have been the challenges in getting FinFETs to market? Chenming |
Hu: In production, there are two areas: One is getting the manufacturing variation controlled well. When you add a fin, then you have to make sure the fin’s height and |
width are uniform. Probably a bigger limitation is the interaction between the transistor and the circuit design. Intel has the benefit of being a vertically integrated company where the designers |
and technologists work under the same roof. IEEE Spectrum: What about the other design you proposed to DARPA, the UTB SOI? How does that design work, and how has it |
been progressing? Chenming Hu: SOI has a layer of insulator with a thin layer of silicon on top. Instead of a thick regular round hose, UTB is like a thin, |
flat hose—one of those compact garden hoses that’s easy to roll because it’s almost like tape. You can pinch with one finger from the top, because the hose is very |
thin, so you don’t have to push down much. IBM has been making SOI processors for years, and even today it uses about 40-nm-thick silicon. To get to 20-nm transistor |
size, you have to use very thin, say, 5-nm silicon. When we proposed this, nobody in the world could provide SOI substrates with such thin and uniform silicon film. Five |
nanometers is very thin; it’s only about 15 silicon atoms or so in thickness. But the amazing thing is, two years ago, an SOI substrate company called Soitec announced that |
they can make such a thin film, and they have given samples to many companies, including IBM. IEEE Spectrum: FinFET transistors are the first to market, but could UTB SOI |
transistors ultimately win out? Chenming Hu: Starting in 2002, both FinFET and UTB SOI were listed in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). That’s an industry consensus of what’s |
needed to keep the industry going. They are the only two that are listed as the likely successors of the planar MOSFET. I think there’s room for both, at least |
in the short term. UTBs need less manufacturing and design development work than FinFETs, because UTBs rely on something that the semiconductor manufacturers do not have to make. But the |
UTB wafers cost extra money—several hundred dollars more—so it’s going to add to the cost. There may be savings in device fabrication cost, which is difficult to estimate. I think |
some companies, clearly Intel and some larger companies, will go with FinFETs, and some smaller companies will go with UTBs. Once both are in production, then people will be able |
to compare the benefits side by side very easily—the economics as well as the performance. IEEE Spectrum: Does one offer a clear advantage over the other? Chenming Hu: Staying with |
the hose analogy, when you have a big thick hose, you can carry more current, so it’s good for high speed. So that’s why I think the large companies that |
can make the investment in FinFETs will probably do it, because FinFETs are versatile. For the companies that need to have a quick way to get beyond 22 nm, I |
think UTB is a viable technology, especially for those companies that already have experience with the SOI. The shortcoming, of course, is the flat hose—with such thin silicon, less current |
goes through, which translates to lower speed. IEEE Spectrum: Some industry leaders have been quoted as saying FinFETs won’t be as good for low-power applications as UTBs. Chenming Hu: I |
think FinFETs are good for low power as well, but it does take more investment to bring them to production. I think a healthy competition will ensue. The fact is, |
Ten Lessons from Wal-Mart Going Green - 2011 July-August The company once derided as the “bully of Bentonville” is now serious about green, having concluded that the clean, green, and least wasteful way of doing business is also the most profitable way of doing business. And what works for the |
world’s biggest company can work for anyone. So here are 10 lessons from Wal-Mart’s journey to the green side —five that apply to anyone, five aimed specifically at businesses. - Carbon = energy = money. Carbon comes from using energy. Energy costs money, which means cutting carbon saves the planet |
and saves you money. So do what Wal-Mart does: use energy-efficient lighting. Plant shade trees near your house or business. Insulate your attic and, if you have a flat roof, paint it white. Clean the filters in your refrigerator, heater, and AC. Small businesses that followed Wal-Mart’s advice have had |
their energy bills drop 20 to 60 percent by taking just those steps. - Waste = Money. If Wal-Mart stores in California can cut their waste by 81 percent, anything’s possible. So cut out the disposable water bottles, and use the tap and a glass. Make your own coffee instead |
of using all those disposable latte cups. Consider bulk foods (they’re cheaper) and products with a longer shelf life, such as organic milk, because a shocking third of our food ends up spoiled and in the trash. Compost. Recycle. Donate. Wal-Mart does all of this — and makes a cool |
$100 million a year from stuff it used to pay to have hauled to the landfill. - Make sustainability about health. Let’s be honest: we all say we want to be greener, but when it comes to voting with our time and our wallets, not so much. So when Wal-Mart |
wants to sell green, it emphasizes how sustainable choices are often healthy choices: organic baby food and clothes, for instance, are pesticide-free and therefore healthier for babies. And that does influence consumer behavior. - Start with quick wins. Wal-Mart caught sustainability fever by reducing the packaging on ... |
— and finding it simultaneously saved a forest and $2.5 million. What can a smaller business or household do? Switching out light bulbs will garner visible savings, as will washing in cold water. Or plant a vegetable garden nurtured with your own compost — the single most sustainable thing anyone |
can do. - listen to the kids. Wal-Mart is adopting sustainable business practices for two reasons: The fi rst is because, right now, sustainability boosts profi ts. The second has to do with the customers of tomorrow — our kids. Today’s Wal-Mart shoppers are not particularly motivated to buy green. |
But their kids are. - For Businesses: Sustainability starts at the top. no matter the size of the company, CEOs have to make sustainability their priority — and make their direct reports do the same. No one else can. - Everything is fair game. For a top-down sustainability mandate to |
succeed, it must “infect” thinking throughout a business. it can’t be the job of a separate sustainability team but rather the consideration of every department and line worker, from buyers to truck drivers to warehouse foremen. - Race to the top, not the bottom: Keeping the company at the point |
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