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third and a half of the European population. For medieval Italy it appears that some urban areas, such as Venice, Florence, and Siena, suffered staggeringly high mortality rates of over 50 percent. How did people react to this awful catastrophe? The governmental records of Italian cities present a mixed picture |
of the actions of civic leaders in the face of plague. In some areas, cities rapidly passed laws that attempted to prevent the entrance and spread of disease. They renewed sanitation laws designed to reduce the presence of miasma, or bad air, which medieval people believed caused disease. Thus, laws |
curtailed the activities of butchers, tanners, or others who worked with animal carcasses that could rot and produce miasma. The mobility of people and goods, such as woolen cloths that may trap the miasma, was restricted. Other laws regulated the location of burials and disposal of corpses. In other cities, |
however, it appears that government was reduced to an ineffective shadow as officials died in huge numbers and efforts to replace them could not keep up. Church records have revealed the actions of ecclesiastical organizations. Bishops all over Europe consecrated new ground for burials and arranged intercessory processions. Priests were |
called to celebrate masses, give sermons, and lead their parishioners in processions of prayer to beg for merciful relief from the wrath of God, which was generally believed to have brought on the epidemic. Clerics urged all individuals to confess, be penitent, and carry out acts of pious charity in |
order to pacify God. Thus, evidence can be found that the various communities in medieval Europe made strong attempts to counteract and deal with the crisis. The popular view today of the Black Death, however, is one of social breakdown. This is because many chroniclers and literary authors of the |
time described the actions of townspeople in terms of panic, fear, and flight. Faced with a hideous—bubonic plague produces large, dark, and smelly swellings on its victims—and frightening new disease people fled to protect themselves. Chroniclers reported that doctors, clergy, and civil servants such as notaries refused to come to |
the aid of the ill. The chroniclers' accounts provide the most vivid picture of the social experience of this massive mortality and have become the standard description presented in World and Western Civilization textbooks. These accounts are at their most evocative and poignant when they discuss a principal theme of |
the topos of social chaos, namely, the abandonment of family members, especially children. The family was the heart of medieval European society. For medieval authors, the abandonment of children by their parents meant the specter of a society that had come unraveled at its core. It is important, therefore, to |
try to determine what really happened to children during the Black Death. We must remember that many medieval chroniclers were religious men who wrote with a moralizing message. It is possible that many wrote their accounts of events that happened in the world around them not with the modern notion |
of objectively reporting the facts, but instead to advise their readers to change their ways and lead more pious lives. This module presents a few typical examples of what medieval Italian chroniclers had to say about the experience of children and their families during the Black Death. We do not |
know what parents or children themselves said about their own experience because there remain few letters and no diaries from this time. Despite the paucity of descriptive sources, parents who were dying of plague often wrote wills in which they provided for the future of their families as well as |
their own souls. Students can compare the information —individually and in the aggregate—included in the chroniclers' literature with that contained in parents' wills. The archives of the town of Bologna contain the largest known number of testaments written during the Black Death. The mortality rate in Bologna may not have |
been as high as in Florence and Venice, but it suffered at least a 40% drop in population. The presence and contents of testaments during the epidemic can give us some indication as to whether parents were considering the fate of their children when they lay dying during the Black |
Death. These are formulaic documents that reveal little about the psychology of the testators themselves; they never even mention the fact that a massive epidemic was raging! Artistic sources are generally better at portraying powerful emotions, but there are no such sources that remain from the years of the Black |
Death. Instead, portrayals of themes related to death and morbidity became prevalent within a century of the Black Death as Europeans had become accustomed to the repeated outbreaks of plague. In fact, the Black Death was the first of a long series of plague epidemics that the people of early |
modern Europe suffered until the mid 1700s. It was by far the worst episode and therefore worth investigating how the most vulnerable part of the population--children--were treated during a time of social upheaval. How to Cite This Source Shona Kelly Wray, "Children during the Black Death," in Children and Youth |
Watts Up With That? discusses a paper recently published that addresses what might seem a rather obscure question: how well tree rings work as proxies for temperature. First of all, what's a proxy? Something that stands in for something that is missing. We don't have regular weather reports for the last few thousand years, so when scientists attempt to understand how climate has changed, |
they have to look for evidence that stands in for that data. One such proxy has traditionally been the width of tree rings. The assumption has been that warm or wet weather (which may not be the same thing) shows up as wider rings; dry or cold weather should show up as narrower rings. (I understand that extraordinarily warm or wet weather can sometimes |
produce two rings.) But this is just an assumption. This paper compares two different proxies: tree rings, and O16/O18 ratio in lake sediments--and finds that they don't agree as perfectly as you would hope. Either tree rings aren't so good, or the oxygen isotope rates aren't so good. At a minimum, those who claim that they can tell us temperatures over the last couple |
- Standards site - Support us - What we do - Market Facilitation - Market Growth - Market Promotion - Work streams - Contact us According to Wikipedia, a bond is: … a debt security, under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and, depending on the terms of the bond, is obliged to pay them interest (the “coupon“) |
and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed the maturity. Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals (semiannual, annual, sometimes monthly). Very often the bond is “negotiable“, i.e. it can be sold to another. Thus a bond is a form of loan or IOU: the holder of the bond is the lender (creditor), the issuer of the bond |
is the borrower (debtor), and the coupon is the interest. Certificates of deposit (CDs) or short term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds: the main difference is in the length of the term of the instrument. The Climate Bonds Initiative divides bonds into three broad categories: 1. Organisation-guaranteed bonds. These are also called “general |
obligation bonds” – the organisation is asking you to trust it to pay the bond from it’s various sources of revenue and assets. The credit worthiness of the organisation is the key to the interest rate the bonds will pay. Issuing organisations include: - Government. These are largely national governments (Sovereign or Treasury bonds), but State Governments and municipalities also |
issue bonds in some countries. In the US, thanks to significant tax credits, the muni bond market is valued at $2.9 trillion.International financial institutional (IFI) bonds. Such institution range from the World Bank to the International Monetary Funds. These entities are supported by credit guarantees from various governments. - Corporate bonds. As above, but issued by private or listed companies. |
The bulk of these, like Government bonds, are simple promises by the company to pay interest for the life of the bond at a pre-agreed rate - these are called “vanilla bonds“. A different approach is the convertible bond, which allows investors to convert their bonds to an equity stake in an entity (in other words, become shareholders in a |
company), at agreed points. A recent example is in the banking sector, where regulators have encourage the issuance of bonds that convert to (higher risk) shares if capital adequacy ratios fall below a certain point. - One form of climate bond is a Government, IFI or corporate bonds linked to qualifying assets. In this case investors can see what the |
organisation has used funds for, but the creditworthiness of the bond is tied only to the organisation. 2. Asset-backed securities or secured bonds. These are bonds where the coupon and thus creditworthiness are tied directly to cash flows from specified assets, such as wind energy farms or loans to solar project. Typically these assets are placed in a “special purpose |
entity“, a corporate structure set up just to hold those assets. As there is no guaranteeing established company, the creditworthiness of the bond is essentially tied to the asset’s expected performance. Project bonds are a form of secured bond, where the security is a project yet to be completed. 3. A variation on asset-backed is the hybrid “dual recourse” bond. |
This is where the investor has recourse to both company and the specified assets. If a company goes bankrupt it’s the investor who owns the assets, not the bankruptcy administrator. The most common dual recourse bond is the “covered bond“. This is backed by cash flows from loans, most commonly housing mortgages. The assets usually remain on the issuer’s balance |
sheet, but are separated into a “cover pool” so the investor knows what they’re getting as security. In most countries the covered bonds market is highly regulated. Covered bonds are also called Pfandbriefe in Germany and Scandinavia, Obligations Foncières in France, and Cédulas Hipotecarias in Spain. Different models of calculating interest rates Bond interest (the coupon) can be calculated in |
life, whether 10, 20 or 30 years in the future. These are most suitable when new technology needs to be developed, embryonic technology needs to be scaled up, or existing technology has to be invested in high-risk countries. An “enabling institution” converts high-risk projects into low risk investments for institutions by acting as incubators until companies and technologies become large |
enough or low risk enough to sell off. - Climate Bonds Advisory Panel member Michael Mainelli has proposed a bond where the interest rate payable goes up if the carbon price does not meet stated targets. This allows renewable energy investors to hedge their bets by buying such bonds as insurance — if the carbon price targets they base their |
investment plans on are not met, they can claw some of the loss back by getting a higher rate of return on these bonds. - Islamic bonds – Sharia-compliant bonds - would have no interest payable; payments would be in other modes, such as fixed periodic payments, equivalent to a lease. Green Sukuk is the term for sharia-compliant bonds related |
the climate change investments. - A range of small bonds have been issued that have exotic coupons paid – where all or part of the interest paid is tied to something other than the financial performance of the underlying asset. In the climate change space, for example, the World Bank has issued modestly sized bonds in Japan that have coupons |
linked to carbon or eco-company indices. These have remained niche issues, however, and are generally eschewed by institutional investors. - Recent years have seen the development of social return bonds or various sorts, where investors gain all or part of their reward in a manner tied to social performance of the project being funded. These are still very few in |
followed by Japan (14%). As a proportion of global GDP, the bond market increased to over 140% in 2011 from 119% in 2008 and 80% a decade earlier. The considerable growth means that in March 2012 it was much larger than the global equity market which had a market capitalisation of around $53 trillion. Growth of the market since the |
start of the economic slowdown was largely a result of an increase in issuance by governments. Prior to December 2012 the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) had said the bond market was worth $100 trillion. However, in Dec 2012 they published a paper saying they’d uncovered problems in their methodology that had led to double-counting, and revised the global figure |
Elephant foster parents in Sri Lanka 15 January 2010 | News story In Sri Lanka, three elephants are killed every week as a result of human-elephant conflict, leaving behind defenceless orphans. To address this, IUCN State Member The Department of |
Wildlife Conservation has launched a novel foster parent scheme, where contributions from donors are used to shelter helpless young elephants in a transit home until they have reached an appropriate age to be released into the wild. Elephas maximus maximus |
is a one of the subspecies of Asian elephant confined to Sri Lanka and has been officially identified as an endangered species. Find out more about Asian elephants on the IUCN Red List website. The Department of Wildlife Conservation launched |
their foster parent scheme to build on their successful Elephant Transit Home project established in 1995, which rehabilitates orphaned baby elephants. Human-elephant conflict and various illegal human activities often cause female elephants to orphan their babies, and some of these |
then become wounded. The majority of these orphaned babies require immediate veterinary care if they are to survive. When they are physically strong enough they are then taken to the Elephant Transit Home (ETH). The Elephant Transit Home is a |
veterinary hospital complex and wild animal rehabilitation centre managed by the Department of Wildlife Conservation. It is located in a corner of the Udawalawe National Park in the Sabaragamuwa Province. As the baby elephants are being rehabilitated for introduction into |
the wild, the centre aims to maintain as little human contact as possible. An observation platform has been built to allow the general public to observe the elephants without disturbing them. The baby elephants are provided sufficient water for both |
drinking and playing, which is important factor in reducing stress. The babies are able to graze freely during the day and there is a feeding programme scheduled at 3 hour intervals where they receive specially formulated milk. Maintenance work and |
the cost of milk are major expenses and the centre is grateful to the national and international wildlife enthusiasts who have donated support for the infrastructure and building work. Additional support for maintenance costs is sought through the foster parent |
scheme. Rehabilitation takes place when the elephants are 4-5 years old. They are released back into protected areas to become acclimatised to their new habitats and become self-sufficient. The elephants also wear collars to monitor their movements and behavioural patterns. |
Rehabilitation success depends on integration with wild herds. For more information about how to get involved in the foster parent scheme, please contact Mr. W.A.D.A.Wijesooriya, Director General, Department of Wildlife Conservation, Government of Sri Lanka via the contacts on their |
“Time And health are two precious assets that we don’t recognize and appreciate until they have been depleted.” Denis Waitley Health and happiness are tightly woven together. People who exercise are going to benefit from the post-exercise benefits for as much as 12 hours according to an article in U.S News and World Report. Twelve hours of positive benefits from |
moderate exercise (20 minutes) per day helps increase brain mood, or happiness. How much exercise are you getting on a daily basis? Another important factor is sleep. Regular, routine sleep of 7-8 hours. That makes a big difference. People with adequate sleep experience less stress and are able to handle stress better. The Huffington Post gives 11 reasons why sleep |
is beneficial. Creating new sleep habits, having regular times for sleep will provide long-term benefits. Instead of reading one more email, watching one more movie or doing one more extra thing at the end of the day, stop and go to bed instead. Getting the sleep you need will have long-term and short-term benefits and will improve your happiness as |
well. How much sleep do you get each night? Finally, diet. How many times in an average week do you find yourself at the counter of a fast food restaurant and most food chains qualify as fast food? In the US obesity is an epidemic. Cheap high calorie food for those who sit more at work and at home is |
contributing to increases in lifestyle diseases such as type II diabetes. In one report it is estimated that the current generation of kids is likely to have a shorter lifespan than their parents, reversing a long trend of longer lifespans. Eating cheap, available high calorie foods is not helping our kids, our families or our health. It may be convenient |
to stop and get a quick meal in the rush to cram a little bit more into a day, but eventually there is a high price to pay, and that will be quality of life. Lifestyle diseases are not easy to or cheap to fix. It pays to spend time preparing and eating healthy meals. How much fast food is |
in your diet? Health is a choice, getting 30 minutes of exercise per day, getting enough sleep per night and eating the right foods are all choices people make. Some people make those choices without thinking about the long-term consequences of those choices. Being healthy leads to greater happiness, and it also leads to a higher quality of life. Think |
Today is Sunday, May 19, the 139th day of 2013. There are 226 days left in the year. Today's Highlights in History: On May 19, 1943, in his second wartime address to the U.S. Congress, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill pledged his country's full support in the fight against Japan. That same day, top U.S. and British officials meeting in |
Washington reached agreement on May 1, 1944 as the date for the D-Day invasion of France (the operation ended up being launched more than a month later). On this date: In 1536, Anne Boleyn, the second wife of England's King Henry VIII, was beheaded after being convicted of adultery. In 1780, a mysterious darkness enveloped much of New England and |
part of Canada in the early afternoon. In 1909, the Ballets Russes (Russian Ballets), under the direction of Sergei Diaghilev, debuted in Paris. In 1913, California Gov. Hiram Johnson signed the Webb-Hartley Law prohibiting "aliens ineligible to citizenship" from owning farm land, a measure targeting Asian immigrants, particularly Japanese. In 1921, Congress passed, and President Warren G. Harding signed, the |
Emergency Quota Act, which established national quotas for immigrants. In 1935, T.E. Lawrence, also known as "Lawrence of Arabia," died in Dorset, England, six days after being injured in a motorcycle crash. In 1962, actress Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday to You" to President John F. Kennedy during a Democratic fundraiser at New York's Madison Square Garden. In 1964, the |
State Department disclosed that 40 hidden microphones had been found in the U.S. embassy in Moscow. In 1973, Secretariat won the Preakness Stakes, the second of his Triple Crown victories. In 1981, five British soldiers were killed by an Irish Republican Army landmine in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. In 1993, the Clinton White House set off a political storm by |
abruptly firing the entire staff of its travel office; five of the seven staffers were later reinstated and assigned to other duties. In 1994, former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis died in New York at age 64. Ten years ago: WorldCom Inc. agreed to pay investors $500 million to settle civil fraud charges. The Supreme Court dealt a defeat to |
the drug industry, ruling 6-3 that a state (in this case, Maine) may try to force companies to lower prices on prescription medications for the poor and uninsured. A Palestinian woman blew herself up during a security check outside a mall, killing three Israelis in the fifth suicide bombing in 48 hours. Five years ago: Chinese stood still and sirens |
wailed to mourn the country's nearly 70,000 earthquake victims. Democrat Barack Obama picked up the endorsement of Sen. Robert Byrd of West Virginia, less than a week after Hillary Rodham Clinton overwhelmingly won the state's primary. Jon Lester of the Boston Red Sox shut down Kansas City 7-0 for the first no-hitter of the season. One year ago: President Barack |
Obama and other G-8 leaders held economic talks at Camp David, where they declared that their governments needed to both spark growth and cut debt. Chen Guangcheng (chehn gwahng-chung), a blind Chinese legal activist, was hurriedly taken from a hospital and put on a plane for the United States, closing a nearly monthlong diplomatic tussle that had tested U.S.-China relations. |
I'll Have Another overtook Bodemeister down the stretch to win the Preakness, two weeks after claiming the Kentucky Derby. (However, a tendon injury forced I'll Have Another into retirement on the eve of the Belmont Stakes.) Today's Birthdays: PBS newscaster Jim Lehrer is 79. TV personality David Hartman is 78. Actor James Fox is 74. Actress Nancy Kwan is 74. |
Actor Peter Mayhew is 69. Rock singer-composer Pete Townshend (The Who) is 68. Concert pianist David Helfgott is 66. Rock singer-musician Dusty Hill (ZZ Top) is 64. Singer-actress Grace Jones is 61. Rock musician Phil Rudd (AC-DC) is 59. Actor Steven Ford is 57. Rock musician Iain Harvie (Del Amitri) is 51. Actress Polly Walker is 47. Actor Jason Gray-Stanford |
is 43. Rock singer Jenny Berggren (Ace of Base) is 41. Country/rock singer Shooter Jennings is 34. Actor Drew Fuller is 33. Christian rock musician Tim McTague is 30. Rock musician James Richardson (MGMT) is 30. Actor Eric Lloyd is 27. Thought for Today: "We are torn between nostalgia for the familiar and an urge for the foreign and strange. |
As often as not, we are homesick most for the places we have never known." -- Carson McCullers, American author (1917-1967). (Above Advance for Use Sunday, May 19) Copyright 2013, The Associated Press. All rights reserved. |
New research by Warwick University's Professor Steve Strand has found that British children of Caribbean heritage are discriminated against when entered for SATS tests at Key Stage 3 (Year 9 and aged 14). Government data shows that children from a number of ethnic minority groups, including Pakistani, Bangladeshi and black |
African Britons, were doing far worse in these tests than white Britons. But while social factors such as economic background, attitudes to and attendance at school and mothers' educational attainment appeared to explain this in relation to the other groups, it did not seem to with regard to the Caribbeans. |
Strand emphasises that accounting for this is not straightforward, but suspects teachers' expectations are partly to blame. His clue for this lies in the type of SATS test teachers enter pupils' for at Key Stage 3. These come in different degrees of difficulty, and the data reveal that a Caribbean |
child is a third less likely to be entered for the most demanding version than a white child whose level of attainment in the preceding three years has been the same. As the Guardian’s education editor Polly Curtis explains, this means that, “Significant numbers of black pupils who are academically |
capable of getting the higher marks have them taken out of their reach.” Lower levels of outcome are therefore guaranteed. It is with some caution that Strand uses the term "institutional racism" to describe this, but use it he does. He wonders if part of the expectations problem lies in |
the interaction between some Caribbean pupils and some white teachers, the former believing the latter do not give them a fair chance and the latter finding the former confrontational, resulting in depressed perceptions of their academic potential. A familiar debate has ensued. Although the government points to a narrowing of |
the attainment gap at the subsequent GCSE level over the past four years, black educationalists have called for further action. There are, though, differences of view about where and how this action be should be directed. Gus John believes Strand's work confirms what black parents have known for years and |
advocates a joint approach with teachers to correct the failing. Lee Jasper has been quoted as saying that the answer is schools run by black governors and staffed by black teachers with the specific needs of black youngsters in mind. By sharp contrast, Tony Sewell says it is wrong to |
blame teachers when the biggest problem is an anti-learning culture among black boys (his article does not identify Caribbean boys in particular, nor does it mention girls) which schools cannot be held responsible for. I think there is force is all these arguments and that even the most opposed may |
be more reconcilable than they at first appear. Is there, for example, necessarily a conflict between encouraging Caribbean Britons to self-mobilise in terms of what their children aspire to, and encouraging teachers to do the same with regard to the pattern of discrimination Strand seems to have unearthed in them? |
The optimist in me thinks not. Yet the three generations after the Windrush, the pessimist in me could not blame Caribbean British parents for concluding that, whatever they do themselves, the state schooling system will never serve their children as it should. Also at Liberal Conspiracy. |
Balance of Payments Deficit is an imbalance in a nation's balance of payments in which payments made by the country exceed payments received by the country. This is also termed an unfavorable balance of payments. It is considered unfavorable because more currency is flowing out of the country than is |
flowing in. Such an unequal flow of currency will reduce the supply of money in the nation and subsequently cause an increase in the exchange rate relative to the currencies of other nations. This then has implications for inflation, unemployment, production, and other facets of the domestic economy. A balance |
A Distinctive Style of Liberal Arts Education A Distinctive Style of Liberal-Arts Education Viewed from today's vantage point, our founder, Dr. Benjamin Rush, had an uncanny ability to forecast the needs of our times. Perhaps that is because change, inclusiveness |
and adaptability to the demands of an evolving people were the key components of Rush's concept of a distinctively Dickinson style of liberal-arts education. Rush envisioned a “useful” liberal-arts curriculum that would allow graduates to be fluent in a wider |
world. He argued strongly for the inclusion of modern languages. The choice of French and German—the languages of diplomacy and trade—suggests that from the beginning Dickinson was opened on the world and an important part of its purpose was the |
training of graduates who could be direct players in international affairs. Rush also viewed the sciences as a linchpin of this pioneering American education—knowing that the sciences would create new knowledge necessary to fuel discovery and bring preeminence to America. |
He simultaneously acknowledged the incompleteness of the American democratic experiment at its founding, and called for the study of Native-American languages and cultures and advocated broader opportunities for women and African Americans. From these defining 18th-century assets come the key |
characteristics of today's distinctively Dickinson liberal-arts education for the 21st century. A Dickinson education is: A Community of Inquiry — In keeping with the College's origins in the American Revolution, Dickinson encourages students to value and challenge inherited wisdom and |
belief, to relish constructive debate of diverse ideas, to participate in the creation of new knowledge and new understanding. Connected — Dickinson demands that students cross borders—intellectual, geographical, social, spiritual and cultural—and practice “connectivity.” This means solving problems by making |
connections among insights and experiences from a variety of fields. Where others may see only complexity and chaos, Dickinsonians see patterns, solutions and opportunities to successfully navigate the 21st century. Global — At Dickinson, a global vision permeates the entire |
student experience in and out of the classroom. Dickinson was named one of the six most “internationalized” schools in the country and was cited by the American Council on Education as having one of the most outstanding global curricula in |
America—the only liberal-arts college so honored. Offering 13 foreign languages, Dickinson ranks first nationwide in the proportion of foreign-language majors graduating from college. Two-thirds of all courses incorporate a global perspective. Thirteen study centers, staffed by Dickinson faculty and advisers, |
are an extension of the College on foreign soil. More than half the student body studies abroad. Dickinson offers study-abroad programs specifically designed for science majors, who at other institutions are usually excluded because of their sequential curricular requirements. International |
students, exchange students from the College's study centers, and more than a dozen visiting international professors each year make Dickinson a truly international campus. Enterprising and Active — Dickinson prepares students to be active, engaged citizens of the world who |
use their liberal-arts education as a powerful agent of change to advance the lot of humankind. Our definition of citizenship is drawn from the College's roots in the American Revolutionary era. Characterized by great initiative, ingenuity and energy, a citizen-leader |
acts in the context of a sense of community and home, self-governance, respect for and service to ideals greater than the individual self. Above all, a Dickinson education must imbue in each student a commitment to fulfill Benjamin Rush's foremost |
Pronunciation: (plā), [key] 1. a dramatic composition or piece; drama. 2. a dramatic performance, as on the stage. 3. exercise or activity for amusement or recreation. 4. fun or jest, as opposed to seriousness: I said it merely in play. 5. a pun. 6. the playing, action, or conduct of a game: The pitcher was replaced in the fourth inning |
of play. 7. the manner or style of playing or of doing something: We admired his fine play throughout the game. 8. an act or instance of playing or of doing something: a stupid play that cost us the match. 9. one's turn to play: Whose play is it? 10. a playing for stakes; gambling. 11. an attempt to accomplish |
something, often in a manner showing craft or calculation; maneuver: They tried to buy up the stock in a takeover play. 12. an enterprise or venture; deal: an oil and drilling play. 13. action, conduct, or dealing of a specified kind: fair play; foul play. 14. action, activity, or operation: the play of fancy. 15. brisk, light, or changing movement |
or action: a fountain with a leaping play of water. 16. elusive change or movement, as of light or colors: the play of a searchlight against the night sky. 17. a space in which something, as a part of a mechanism, can move. 18. freedom of movement within a space, as of a part of a mechanism. 19. freedom for |
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