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is to use a CHS partition table alignment that is chosen by Windows XP/2000 (not Vista or Windows 7). If starting with a disk with nothing important on it, delete |
all partitions, unplug the disk or reboot, create at least one partition with Windows XP/2000 Disk Management or the XP/2000 installer, and format all FAT partitions (only so that Ranish |
Partition Manager will not show them in red). The alignment can be checked with Ranish Partition Manager: All partitions (including EBR extended partitions—type 05) should start at the beginning of |
a head, and end at the end of a cylinder. If nothing is shown in red (with error messages when you highlight them) you probably have a disk with a |
standard CHS partition table alignment. If you wish to edit the partition table with Linux, first run sfdisk with "--show-geometry" and "--show-pt-geometry". If these return the same geometry, it should |
be safe to use Gparted, so long as it is set to round to cylinders, and you only add partitions to the end of the partition table. If you add |
a partition to the middle of the extended partition table, Gparted will not put them in the order they are on the disk (so that hda7 will follow hda9 instead |
of hda6). The order can be fixed with a Linux fdisk advanced function. Most Linux partitioners that don't use parted, may not end EBR extended partitions (type 05) on the |
same sector as their logical drives. When Gparted or parted edit these "nonstandard" partition tables, they will "fix" all these EBRs, so that the extended partitions end on the same |
sector as their logical drives. Ranish PM then shows these partitions as having no "errors". This can also be checked using (for example) sfdisk -l -x -us /dev/hda . Windows |
and Linux One popular multi-boot configuration is to dual-boot Linux and Windows operating systems, each contained within its own partition. Windows does not facilitate or support multi-boot systems, other than |
allowing for partition-specific installations, and no choice of boot loader is offered. However, most current Linux installers accommodate dual-booting (although some knowledge of partitions is desirable). There are some advantages |
to installing a Linux boot manager/loader (usually GRUB) as the primary bootloader pointed to by the master boot record. All Windows installations will be found by Linux bootloaders, but Windows |
boot managers do not recognize Linux installations (nor does Windows deal natively with Linux file systems). However, in Vista, in order to install services packs (or other Windows updates) it |
may be necessary to restore the Vista boot loader first. SP2 may fail to install if it does not find certain files from the Vista boot loader, in the MBR. |
Similar problems may occur with SP1 or when there are cloned disks or partitions . The MBR boot code can be backed up and restored with dd, available on System |
Rescue CD. It is often recommended that Windows be installed to the first primary partition. The boot loaders of both Windows and Linux identify partitions with a number derived by |
counting the partitions. (Note, both Windows and Linux count the partitions according to the ordering of the partitions in the partition table, which may be different from the order of |
the partitions on the disk.) Adding or deleting a partition at the end of a hard drive will have no effect on any partitions prior to it. However, if a |
partition is added or deleted at the beginning or middle of a hard drive, the numbering of subsequent partitions may change. If the number of the system partition changes, it |
requires boot loader reconfiguration in order for an operating system to boot and function properly. Windows must be installed into a primary partition (and in older systems this must be |
the first partition). Linux can be installed into a partition in any position on the hard drive and can also be installed into logical partitions (within the extended partition). If |
Linux is installed into a logical partition within the extended partition, it is unaffected by changes in the primary partitions. Apple Boot Camp Boot Camp allows owners of Intel-based Apple |
Macintosh computers to install Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 on their Macs. The software comes bundled with Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, 10.6 Snow Leopard and Mac OS X |
10.7 Lion, Apple's latest version of the Operating System included on their computers. Previously the application was available in beta version as a download from Apple's website. Boot Camp allows |
non-destructive disk partitioning and resizing of HFS+ filesystems, boot menu options, and an option to burn a CD with necessary device drivers. Since Windows XP is incompatible with Extensible Firmware |
Interface (the successor to legacy BIOS), the firmware on early Intel Macs need to be updated to support BIOS emulation first. BIOS emulation is achieved with a compatibility support module |
(CSM). Apple does not support non-Windows partition formats or drivers so therefore configuring other operating systems is not directly possible through Boot Camp itself. However, any operating system which can |
utilize the BIOS emulation of Intel Macintosh can be made to work, including non-XP versions of Windows. The Ubuntu Linux distribution is particularly popular for this purpose because they provide |
an option to use proprietary device drivers along with open source drivers. See also - Comparison of boot loaders - GNU GRUB - Multiboot Specification - Windows To Go - |
NeoSmart Technologies' EasyBCD, a free program to configure Multi-booting on Windows - XOSL, a free, graphical, open source boot loader - Dual, Triple, Quad Boot a Macbook with Mac OS |
X, Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista - The definitive dual-booting guide: Windows 7, Linux, Vista, XP: with screenshots. - Installing Windows XP:Dual-Booting Versus Single Booting - Instructions on |
how to make your Playstation 3 dual boot applicable - Tutorial on multi-booting and solutions to issues that arise - Information on Vista specific multi-booting issues - WindowsDualBoot - Community |
theory of elementary particles. He is the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California. He introduced |
the quark constituents of all hadrons, having first identified the SU(3) flavor symmetry of hadrons, now understood to underlie the light quarks, extending isospin to include strangeness, a quantum number which he also discovered. He developed the V−A theory of the weak interaction in collaboration with Richard Feynman. In the 1960s, he introduced current algebra as a method of systematically |
exploiting symmetries to extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of reliable dynamical theory. This method led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment and provided starting points underpinning the development of the standard theory of elementary particles. Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions. Modifying the integer-charged quark model |
of Han and Nambu, Fritzsch and Gell-Mann were the first to write down the modern accepted theory of quantum chromodynamics, although they did not anticipate asymptotic freedom. In 1969 he received the Nobel Prize in physics for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions. Gell-Mann is responsible, together with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky, |
and independently of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanovic, Sheldon Lee Glashow, and Tsutomu Yanagida, for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the large scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino. He is also known to have played a large role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s and early 1980s, supporting that line |
of research at a time when it was unpopular. Early life and education Gell-Mann was born in lower Manhattan into a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His parents were Pauline (Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gell-Mann, who taught English as a second language. Teaching himself calculus at the age of seven years old, Gell-Mann quickly revealed himself as |
a child prodigy. Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature and mathematics, he graduated valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School and subsequently entered Yale at the age of 15 as a member of Jonathan Edwards College. At Yale, he participated in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the team representing Yale University |
(along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Henry O. Pollak) that won the second prize in 1947. Gell-Mann earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1948, and a PhD in physics from MIT in 1951. Gell-Mann's advisor at MIT was Victor Weisskopf. Physics career In 1958, Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, in parallel with the independent team of George Sudarshan |
and Robert Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction in physics. This work followed the experimental discovery of the violation of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested by Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, theoretically. Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. Classifying these particles led |
him to propose that a quantum number called strangeness would be conserved by the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the weak interactions. Another of Gell-Mann's ideas is the Gell-Mann-Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula based on empirical results, but was later explained by his quark model. Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining several puzzling |
aspects of the physics of these particles. In 1961, this led him (and Kazuhiko Nishijima) to introduce a classification scheme for hadrons, elementary particles that participate in the strong interaction. (This scheme was independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman.) This scheme is now explained by the quark model. Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the Eightfold Way, because of the octets |
of particles in the classification. (The term is a reference to the eightfold way of Buddhism.) In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which the hadrons of this scheme are composed. The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce ("Three |
quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4. Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces", but Gell-Mann's name caught on.) Quarks, antiquarks, and gluons were soon established as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1969 for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of |
elementary particles and their interactions. In 1972, he and Harald Fritzsch introduced the conserved quantum number "color charge", and later, together with Heinrich Leutwyler, they coined the term quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the gauge theory of the strong interaction. The quark model is a part of QCD, and it has been robust enough to naturally accommodate the discovery of new |
"flavors" of quarks, which superseded the eightfold way scheme. During the 1990s, Gell-Mann's interest turned to the emerging study of complexity. He played a central role in the founding of the Santa Fe Institute, where he continues to work as a Distinguished Professor. He wrote a popular science book about these matters, The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the |
Simple and the Complex. The title of the book is taken from a line of a poem by Arthur Sze: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night." The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, which is titled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics, which |
Dr. Gell-Mann has criticized as inaccurate. The Nobel prize winning physicist Philip Anderson, in his chapter on Gell-Mann, says that Johnson's biography is excellent. Both Anderson and Johnson say that Gell-Mann is a perfectionist and that his semibiographical, The Quark and the Jaguar is consequently incomplete. Personal life Gell-Mann married Marcia Southwick in 1992, after the death of his first |
wife, J. Margaret Dow (d. 1981), whom he married in 1955. His children are Elizabeth Sarah Gell-Mann (b. 1956) and Nicholas Webster Gell-Mann (b. 1963); and he has a stepson, Nicholas Southwick Levis (b. 1978). Gell-Mann has interests in birdwatching, collecting antiquities, ranching, historical linguistics, archeology, natural history, the psychology of creative thinking, other subjects connected with biological, and cultural |
evolution and with learning. Along with S.A. Starostin, he established the Evolution of Human Languages project at the Santa Fe Institute. He is currently the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at California Institute of Technology as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico |
and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California. He is a member of the editorial board of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1984 Gell-Mann co-founded the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico—to study complex systems and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory. He was |
a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951, and a visiting research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953. He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University and an associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1954-55 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 |
until he retired in 1993. Awards and honors - Nobel Prize in Physics (1969) - Ernest O. Lawrence Award (1966) - Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award (1962) - Albert Einstein Medal (2005) - Yale University — D.Sc (h.c.), 1959 - American Physical Society — Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, 1959 - University of Chicago — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1967 - |
Sc.D.(h.c.), 1980 - United Nations Environment Programme Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (The Global 500), 1988 - World Federation of Scientists — Erice Prize, 1990 - University of Oxford, England — D.Sc.(h.c.), 1992 - Southern Illinois University — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1993 - University of Florida — Sc.D.(h.c.), Doctorate of Natural Resources, 1994 - Southern Methodist University — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1999 - |
American Humanist Association - Humanist of the Year, 2005 See also - "Nobel Prize Winner Appointed Presidential Professor at USC". - M. Gell-Mann (October 1997). "My Father". Web of Stories. Retrieved 2010-10-01. - J. Brockman (2003). "The Making of a Physicist: A talk with Murray Gell-Mann". Edge.org. Retrieved 2010-10-01. - G. Zweig (1980) . "An SU(3) model for strong interaction |
symmetry and its breaking II". In D. Lichtenberg and S. Rosen. Developments in the Quark Theory of Hadrons 1. Hadronic Press. pp. 22–101. - Nobel Prize in Physics, 1969 - Philip Anderson, More and Different, Chapter V, World Scientific, 2011. - SANTA FE, New Mexico (NM) Political Contributions by Individuals - "Sergei Starostin and I established the Evolution of Human |
Languages project", in: P.N. Peregrine, Ancient human migrations: a multidisciplinary approach - The International Academy of Humanism at the website of the Council for Secular Humanism. . Retrieved 18 October 2007. Some of this information is also at the International Humanist and Ethical Union website - Herman Wouk (2010). The Language God Talks: On Science and Religion. Hachette Digital, Inc. |
ISBN 9780316096751. "Feynman, Gell-Man, Weinberg, and their peers accept Newton's incomparable stature and shrug off his piety, on the kindly thought that the old man got into the game too early. ...As for Gell-Mann, he seems to see nothing to discuss in this entire God business, and in the index to The Quark and the Jaguar God goes unmentioned. Life |
he called a "complex adaptive system" which produces interesting phenomena such as the jaguar and Murray Gell-Mann, who discovered the quark. Gell-Mann is a Nobel-class tackler of problems, but for him the existence of God is not one of them." - "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 March 2011. Further reading |
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (March 2013)| - Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy - Encyclopædia Britannica's Biography of Murray Gell-Mann - Fritzsch, Gell-Mann, Leutwyler "Advantages of the color octet gluon picture", Physics Letters B 47, |
1973, p. 365; Fritzsch, Gell-Mann "Current algebra- quarks and what else?", 16. International Conference High energy physics, Cern 1972, vol.2, p. 135 - Murray Gell-Mann Home page at Santa Fe Institute - Murray Gell-Mann tells his life story at Web of Stories - Strange Beauty home page - TedTalks March 2007: Beauty and truth in physics - The Making of |
a Physicist: A Talk With Murray Gell-Mann - The Man Who Knows Everything, David Berreby, New York Times, May 8, 1994 - The Man With Five Brains - The many worlds of Murray Gell-Mann - The Simple and the Complex, Part I: The Quantum and the Quasi-Classical with Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D. - Nobel Prize Biography |Wikimedia Commons has media related |
to: Murray Gell-Mann| |Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Murray Gell-Mann| - Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Department of Energy, Office of Scientific & Technical Information - Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI - TED Talks: Murray Gell-Mann on beauty and truth in physics at TED in 2007 - TED Talks: Murray Gell-Mann on the ancestor of language |
||This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2011)| A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works. Typically, varieties that become standardized |
are the local dialects spoken in the centers of commerce and government, where a need arises for a variety that will serve more than local needs. A standard language can be either pluricentric (e.g. English, German, Serbo-Croatian, French, and Portuguese) or monocentric (e.g. Icelandic). The only requirement for a variety to be standard is that it can frequently be used in public places or |
public discourse. The creation of a prescriptive standard language derives from a desire for national (cultural, political, and social) cohesion with this considered as requiring an agreed-upon, standardized language variety. Standard languages commonly feature: - A recognized dictionary (standardized spelling and vocabulary) - A recognized grammar - A standard pronunciation (educated speech) - A linguistic institution defining usage norms, e.g. Académie française, or Real |
Academia Española - Constitutional (legal) status (frequently as an official language) - Effective public use (court, legislature, schools) - A literary canon - Convenience speaking - Popularity and acceptance in the community List of standard languages and regulators ||This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (January 2011)| Arabic comprises many varieties (many mutually unintelligible), that are considered a single language, because |
the standardized Arabic register, Literary Arabic (misleadingly referred to as, Modern Standard Arabic), is generally intelligible to literate speakers who learned Literary Arabic. It is based upon simplified Classical Arabic, the language of the Quran of the 7th century CE. The Chinese language (漢語) comprises a wide varieties of spoken forms, which are known as fangyan (方言, “regional speech”). The major spoken variants are |
(i) Mandarin, (ii) Wu, (iii) Yue, and (iv) Min. These spoken variants are not mutually intelligible, so referring to them by the English term “dialect” is inaccurate, since this generally denotes mutual intelligibility. Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, and is the official language of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Republic of Singapore. It |
the standard, known as Standard English (SE), is historically based on the language of the medieval English court of Chancery. The late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw the establishment of this standard as the norm of "polite" society, that is to say of the upper classes. The spoken standard has come to be seen as a mark of good education and social prestige. Although |
often associated with the RP accent, SE can be spoken with any accent. The dialects of American English vary throughout the US, but the General American accent is the unofficial standard language for being considered accentless; it is based on Midwestern English, distributed within an isogloss area encompassing the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and to some extent Nebraska. The basic |
structure and words of standard Finnish (yleiskieli) are mostly based upon the dialects of Western Finland, because Mikael Agricola, who codified the written language in the sixteenth century, was from Turku, the regional centre of the time. Finnish was developed to integrate all of the nation’s dialects, and so yield a logical language for proper written communication. One aim was national unification, in accordance |
to the nationalistic principle; the second aim was linguistic regularity and consistency, even if contradicting general colloquial usage, e.g. in Standard Finnish, ruoka becomes ruoan, and the pronunciation is ruuan. Standard German was developed for several centuries, during which time writers tried to write in a way intelligible to the greatest number of readers and speakers, thus, until about 1800, Standard German was mostly |
a written language. In that time, northern Germany spoke Low German dialects much different from Standard German. Later, the Northern pronunciation of written German became considered as the universal standard; in Hanover, because of that adoption, the local dialect disappeared. The Standard form of Modern Greek is based on the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, |
Crete and the Cyclades. However the Northerners call this dialect, and the Standard form, 'Atheneika' which means 'the Athens dialect'. This form is also official in Cyprus, where people speak a South-Eastern dialect (dialects spoken in the Dodecanese and Cyprus), Cypriot Greek. Two standardized registers of the Hindustani language have legal status India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan’s |
official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called “Hindi-Urdu”. Standard Italian derives from the city speech of Florence and the regional speech of Tuscany: the Florentine influence upon early Italian literature (e.g. Divine Comedy) established that dialect as base for the standard language of Italy. Standard Italian used in education, business, and government in Eritrea, Libya, and Somalia is based in dialects of Florence and Tuscany. |
In Norwegian there are two parallel standard languages: (i) Bokmål (partly derived from the local pronunciation of Danish, when Denmark ruled Norway), (ii) Nynorsk (comparatively derived from Norwegian dialects). Portuguese has two official written standards, (i) Brazilian Portuguese (used chiefly in Brazil) and (ii) European Portuguese (used in Portugal and Angola, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Macau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe). The |
written standards slightly differ in spelling and vocabulary, and are legally regulated. Unlike the written language, however, there is no spoken-Portuguese official standard, but the European Portuguese reference pronunciation is the educated speech of Lisbon. In Brazil, actors and journalists usually adopt an unofficial, but de facto, spoken standard Portuguese, originally derived from the middle-class dialect of Rio de Janeiro, but that now comprehends |
case with other pluricentric languages. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole. Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant. Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro in their constitution have all named |
the language differently. In Spain, Standard Spanish is based upon the speech of educated speakers from Castile and León. In Argentina and Uruguay the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This is known as Rioplatense Spanish (“River Plate Spanish”), distinguishable, from other standard Spanish dialects, by the greater use of the voseo. Like Rioplatense Spanish, all Standard |
Spanish dialects in all Latin America, United States, and Canary Islands are related to Andalusian Spanish. See also - Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache - Classical language - Dialect continuum - Koiné language - Language secessionism - Literary language - Mutual intelligibility - National language - Nonstandard dialect - Official language - Pluricentric language - Finegan, Edward (2007). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). |
Boston, MA, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4130-3055-6. - Clyne, Michael G, ed. (1992). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1. - Daneš, František (1988). "Herausbildung und Reform von Standardsprachen" [Development and Reform of Standard Languages]. In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. Sociolinguistics: An International |
Handbook of the Science of Language and Society II. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3.2. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 1507. ISBN 3-11-011645-6. OCLC 639109991. - Vahid, Ranjbar (2008). The standard language of Kurdish. Iran: Naqd-hall. - Smith 1996 - Blake 1996 - Baugh and Cable, 2002 - Smith, 1996 - Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997): Greek: A history of the language and |
its speakers. London: Longman. Ch.17. - Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200. ISBN 3-89913-253-X. OCLC 51961066. - Mateus, Maria Helena & |
d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000) The Phonology of Portuguese ISBN 0-19-823581-X (Excerpt from Google Books) - Kordić, Snježana (2007). "La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine" [Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin]. In Madelain, Anne. Au sud de l'Est. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78. ISBN 978-2-35270-036-4. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012. - Brozović, Dalibor (1992). "Serbo-Croatian |
as a pluricentric language". In Clyne, Michael G. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 347–380. OCLC 24668375. - Kordić, Snježana (2009). "Policentrični standardni jezik" [Polycentric Standard Language]. In Badurina, Lada; Pranjković, Ivo; Silić, Josip. Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. ISBN 978-953-260-054-4. OCLC |
437306433. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. - Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). "Serbokroatisch - Rückblick und Ausblick" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg. Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart : Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. - 27. Mai |
1995. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana ; vol. 4 (in German). Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 214, 219. OCLC 243829127. - Kordić, Snježana (2004). "Pro und kontra: "Serbokroatisch" heute" [Pro and contra: "Serbo-Croatian" nowadays]. In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian. Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002. Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. |
Main: Peter Lang. p. 103. OCLC 699514676. Retrieved 9 August 2012. - Thomas, Paul-Louis (2003). "Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l’étude d’une langue à l’identité des langues" [Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. Revue des études slaves (in French) 74 (2-3): 314. ISSN 0080-2557. - Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik |
und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 344–350. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W. - Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten [German Language |
in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties] (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 575. OCLC 33981055. - Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. 2002. A History of the English Language, fifth ed. (London: Routledge) - Blake, N. F. 1996. A History of the English Language (Basingstoke: Palgrave) - Joseph, John E. 1987. Eloquence and Power: The Rise |
of Language Standards and Standard Languages (London: Frances Pinter; New York: Basil Blackwell) - Kloss, Heinz (1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Els, Gaston. Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung. Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie and Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. pp. 301–322. OCLC 2598722. - Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam |
[Language and Nationalism]. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. p. 430. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. - Smith, Jeremy. 1996. An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change (London: Routledge) - Stewart, William A (1968). "A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism". In Fishman, Joshua A. Readings in |
The term God is used to designate a Supreme Being, however, there are countless definitions of God. For example: - Many religious and philosophic systems consider God to be the creator of the universe. - Some traditions hold that the creator of the universe is also the sustainer of the universe (as in theism), while others argue that God is no longer involved in |
the world after creation (as in deism). - The common definition of God assumes omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence. However, not all systems hold that God is necessarily morally good (see summum bonum). Others maintain that God is beyond the limited human understanding of morality. Negative theology argues that no true statements about attributes of God can be made at all, while agnostic positions argue |
that limited human understanding does not allow for any conclusive opinions on God whatsoever. Some mystical traditions ascribe limits to God's powers, arguing that God's supreme nature leaves no room for spontaneity. - The concept of a singular God is characteristic of monotheism, but there is no universal definition of monotheism. The differences between monotheism and polytheism vary among traditions (see also trinity, dualism, |
and henotheism). - Some concepts of God may include anthropomorphic attributes, gender, particular names, and ethnic exclusivity (see Chosen people), while others are purely transcendent or philosophic concepts. - The concept of God is often connected to principles of absolute morality or truth. - There are variations on defining God either as a person, or not as a person but as an ambiguous impersonal |
force (see Absolute Infinite). Also at stake are questions concerning the possibilities of human/God relations. There are countless variations in traditions of worship and/or appeasement of God. - Some espouse an exclusionist view, holding to one sole definition of God. Others hold an inclusionist view, accepting the possibility of more than one definition of God to be true at the same time. - There |
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