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are many career opportunities in psychology, and the one, chosen will depend on the type of psychology they study. Industrial psychologists can be hired as consultants to help improve worker productivity. Psychoanalysts treat patients who are suffering from serious neuroses |
in private therapy sessions. Behavioral and cognitive behavioral psychologists may be found in the mental health wing of a hospital ward helping distressed patience learn and re-learn effective coping mechanisms for normal functioning. Experimental psychologists may be found in private |
and public research laboratories. A child psychology degree will also help one specialize in the area of Earning a top psychology degree can lead to a very rewarding career, and a very lucrative one. The highest 10 percent of clinical, |
counseling and school psychologists earned over $100,000 in 2006 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Industrial/Organizational psychologists made a median income of $86,420. Getting Your Degree Online Psychology is one of the more popular degrees that one can earn |
online. Through online distance learning programs, students can take psychology courses according to their own schedule, earning a B.A. or master's degree in psychology often in less time than it would take to earn the degree at a traditional university. |
Providing that the degree is earned from an accredited online university, the student can take his credential and be eligible for any career that requires a bachelor's or master's degree in psychology. Getting Your Degree Offline Psychology is also a |
very popular major at traditional universities, and most colleges and universities that offer liberal arts or ìsoft scienceî courses of study feature a psychology degree option. The bachelor's degree will take four years to complete, a master's degree two and |
a doctoral degree usually five years or more. Students will have the opportunity to meet one-on-one with professors who can help guide them through their psychological studies, helping them gain focus and learn how to apply their newfound psychological knowledge |
and research skills. Students who graduate from a top traditional university with a psychology degree will be well equipped to find a desirable and successful career path. Online Psychology Degree FAQs What Is Psychology? Psychology is the study of the |
human mind, including thought processes and behavior patterns. Having this type of insight into the way humans think is one of the most important reasons why today's most successful businesspersons earn degrees in psychology. How Does One Become a Psychologist? |
Your degree in psychology is proof that you have what it takes to understand your fellow man. This is powerful knowledge that many employers tend seek out in prospective job candidates. Aside from that, the field of psychology experiences continuous |
growth, providing even more job possibilities for graduates of these programs. In What Industry Sectors Can I Find Employment With My Online Psychology Degree? Nearly every industry sector looks for job prospects with a degree in psychology. Some industries include |
health care, education, business, government, private practice counseling, commerce, banking and many others. How Much Does a Psychologist Earn? Annual incomes can vary in this field, as psychology graduates can find work in a multiple careers. For instance, according to |
the U.S. Bureau of Labor, psychology graduates who work as psychologists in the education sector can earn close to $60,000 a year, while organizational psychologists can make well over $70,000 annually. What Types of Online Degrees Are Available in Psychology? |
There are specific online programs designed to provide the student with an associate's, bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree upon successful completion. In most states, practicing psychologists must have a master's or doctoral degree, along with licensing from the state in |
which they practice. The American Psychological Association awards accreditation. One can choose to become certified through the National Association of School Psychologists if a career as a school psychologist is sought. What Are the Benefits of Earning an Online Degree |
in Psychology? There are a number of benefits for taking an online degree in psychology. Two of the most popular include affordability and flexibility. Since financial aid is available to eligible students, distance learning is a great way for those |
who find difficulty affording a college education. Additionally, online learning enables students to keep full-time jobs while pursuing academic goals. With many online degree programs being offered by accredited colleges and universities, there is no better time to get back |
to school and start working toward your future. What Are The Best Psychology Schools? Picking the best school of psychology can sometimes be as tricky as picking the right psychology degree program. However with a clear indication of what area |
one chooses to specialize in, this could be made simpler. Some of the best online schools that offer school psychology and general psychology degrees include Ashford university, Walden university, the University of Phoenix and Kaplan university. |
President Barack Obama kicked off his reelection campaign last week in Columbus, Ohio. Governor Mitt Romney, the presumptive Republican nominee, will be in Cleveland today. Why the focus on the |
Buckeye State? Not only is it a perennial “swing” state representing eighteen Electoral College votes, it is also uncannily accurate in determining who will be in the White House. Starting |
from 2006, Ohioans gained the right to cast their ballots in advance of Election Day. Expanding opportunities to vote beyond a twelve-hour window in one day makes sense. Andre Washington, |
an Ohio-based voter who works during the day, attends school at night, and also raises five children, sees this as "a little leeway, a little cushion" that will allow his |
voice to be heard. And the numbers show that plenty of voters would agree: in 2004, early voting in Ohio accounted for only 10.6% of votes cast, but in 2008, |
it increased to 29.7%. Nationwide, less than two-thirds of all voters cast a ballot in-person on Election Day in 2008. Who votes early? In Florida, like in Ohio, African-American churches |
rented buses and vans to drive their congregants on the Sunday before Election Day. Commonly referred to as “Souls to the Polls,” 2008 data from Florida shows just how successful |
this campaign was. Even though African-Americans comprised only 13% of total voters and 22% of early voters, they accounted for 31% of early voters on the Sunday before Election Day. |
In Ohio, voters who earned less than $36,000 a year were more likely to vote before Election Day. Despite such success, Florida and Ohio were among the five states in |
2011 that reduced opportunities for voters to cast their ballot before Election Day. Instead of a combined 126 days to vote early or absentee, voters in those states now have |
69. These states represent a 79 of the 270 Electoral College votes needed to win the presidential race. We need not reach too far back in history to know that |
this is significant: the 2000 election was decided by a margin of five Electoral College votes; in 2004, the margin was 54. Every vote counts. And when we vote, we |
are not just electing the leader of our nation. As Reverend Caviness of the Greater Abyssinia Baptist Church in Cleveland reminds us, we are choosing who governs at the federal, |
Sets a CLASSPATH and then runs the java interpreter on the class that the script was invoked as. We set up CLASSPATH here so that you can avoid having a CLASSPATH in your standard environment, which is bad because then browsers such as Netscape will use local copies of classes that you're trying to debug, giving you different security restrictions, |
and making you very confused. To use this just make a symlink pointing at this script, with the name of your Java class. For example, if you want to use it for a program called WebCat, in your bin or scripts directory you'd say: Then you can run your Java program directly as WebCat. ln -s JavaWrapper WebCat The only |
In the late 1980s, consultants John van der Veen and Perry Holst became aware of the special problems associated with control charting for manufacturing applications they referred to as “family processes”. Typical examples of family processes are bottle filling and parts manufacture using multiple cavity molds. Family processes share many |
or all the following characteristics: · The “family” consists of multiple similar or identical member processes originating from a common source or manufacturing stream. For example, a bottling line may have 24 fill heads. · The member processes are completed more or less simultaneously. E.g. all bottles are filled in |
a single step. · Each member process may have its own mechanical component(s) or subsystem. E.g. each bottle filler head has its own supply tube and fill head. · Each member process has its own sources of variation. E.g. Bottle filler head performance may vary. · The family process as |
a whole is subject to its own global causes of variation. E.g. Bottle fill line pressure may fluctuate. Family processes undoubtedly increase the speed and convenience of manufacturing. However, control charts depict only global sources of variation and cannot pinpoint local assignable causes for individual family members. For example, consider |
the results when a single fill channel is blocked in a 12-cavity mold. Control charts, as commonly applied, use a random sampling from all cavities and therefore cannot identify the specific cavity with the obstructed channel. The channel may remain blocked, yet the chart will show the overall process to |
“is in its ability to display sources of variation separately. This allows you to identify the source of any problem and take appropriate action.” Through use of M/I charting, manufacturers can avoid improper interpretation of data and subsequent problems of over-adjustment and unnecessary batch replacement of tools, machine parts or |
equipment. Family processes are affected by two types of factors: those that influence all family members and those that influence only one individual member. As the name implies, Median/Individual charting examines data from both perspectives. The median is the midpoint of a sample’s measurements and therefore tracks the global process. |
Individuals depict single members of the measured family. When the median is shown to be in control, it typically indicates that the overall process is in control. If the median trends out of control, the global process is likely also out of control. If all family members are in control, |
no individual stands out. If an individual member charts out of control, the operator should look for a local assignable cause. In a trial application using Median/Individual charting a major motor oil producer analyzed data from a 36-head bottle filling line. To determine fill, weights were recorded from the filled |
bottle conveyor. Subsequent process changes included adjusting a chronically malfunctioning fill head identified through M/I charting. Soon fill variation was reduced below bottle tare variation. This prompted the producer to recommend M/I charting to its bottle manufacturer, a multiple cavity mold user. The lubricant producer now plans to apply M/I |
charting at all of its facilities. They expect to realize a savings of some 600,000 gallons of motor oil annually from improvements in fill operations alone. Median/Individual measurements control charting offers advantages to any number of family process applications: · Metal, glass or plastic package manufacture · Metal, glass or |
plastic package filling · Cast or molded metal and plastic product manufacture · Machining with multiple grinders or spindles · Printed circuit board manufacture for analyzing board drilling, as well as part placement and attachment In addition to these, Northwest Analytical and the authors believe there are numerous other applications |
yet to be described. Median/Individual Measurements Control Charts For Family Processes A family process consists of a number of statistically independent processes that are affected by common factors. Often, there are too many independent processes (family members) to chart each one separately. This causes manufacturers to examine the entire family |
process by combining the independent processes in a single X-bar control chart using small random samples (n=5, for example). These efforts are futile, because such charts are insensitive to the independent processes. In contrast, Median/Individual measurements control (M/I) charts reveal not only the behavior of the entire family process, but |
also the behavior of the independent processes. M/I charts foster process improvement by concentrating on the outlying independent processes. In single output processes, all process factors are global—the product is acted upon by every factor in the process. A change in any global factor will result in a corresponding change |
in the final product. Therefore, when plotted on an X-bar chart, a small sample of contiguous output from a single output process will inarguably show product variation caused by global factors. However, the output of family processes is also subject to statistically independent individual factors. That is, each member of |
the family has its own set of localized variations. These local variations will affect an X-bar chart only when they are included—by chance—as part of the sample. If an operator samples five units from a 32-cavity mold, the probability of a cavity not being included in the sample is 83.3%. |
With hourly sampling, production may go for a full shift or even a full day without sampling one of the cavities. (Table 1) This insensitivity defeats one of the primary reasons for using control charts: early detection of process changes leading to nonconforming production. When a faulty cavity is part |
of a sample that leads to an out of control point, the usual response is to adjust global process factors. If the offending family member is not included in the next sample, the process will then appear to have been properly adjusted. In fact, the operator will have erroneously changed |
a process that was actually in statistical control, causing the process to now trend out of control. In a multiple head filling line, the global process may chart as centered within the control limits, yet individual heads may simultaneously short fill and over fill. If global factors trend up from |
center, more samples start to show some overfill. Based on this information, the operator would then adjust the process downward. Soon, the samples start showing short fills and the operator adjusts the process upwards. This never-ending cycle of adjustment produces nonconforming products most of the time. The actual solutions would |
be either to adjust the extreme heads towards center to accommodate global variation or to reduce the amount of variation in the offending individual family members. If control limits are calculated from sufficient historical data to include all the effects of locally induced variation, the control limits will then be |
artificially inflated, compounding the problems of small sample X-bar charts. As a consequence, the global factors for which the chart is intended will be poorly and inadequately controlled. One obvious alternative is to use a sample consisting of one unit from each individual of the family. Individual variations of sufficient |
magnitude will be shown as out of control on the range chart. This approach primarily conveys information from the global effects; we still lack sufficient information to easily identify offending individuals. Moreover, an individual can exceed its expected variation and still not show up as an out of control point |
on the full sample X-bar chart. Another alternative is to keep separate small sample X-bar charts for each individual family member. However, the logistics of collecting even as few as five samples from each member is both impractical and inefficient; for a 16-cavity mold, sample collection would involve sorting by |
cavity, measuring, and plotting 80 units for each sample period. Larger family processes typically may have as many as 64 or more members. Data gathering and analysis for hourly samples would be a full-time job and still produce delayed results. Additionally, charting each family member does not readily convey information |
about global factors affecting the process. Finding a solution The dilemma posed by family processes required an innovative solution. In their book Statistical Quality Control, Grant and Leavenworth proposed manually combining the results of median charts with individual measurements charts. Individual measurements track local variations, while median charts monitor global |
variation. Median charts require no calculations by the operator, eliminating still another potential source for errors. Range variations are inherently visible in the plot of each sample. In a median chart, each sample or observation consists of a unit from each member of the family. Sampling frequency is process-dependent; initially, |
sampling should be frequent enough to profile the process. Ongoing sampling frequency depends on the rate of variation. Stable processes need to be sampled less frequently. A median () is a measurement of central tendency similar to mean (). The median of a sample is that point which divides the |
values of the individual () measurements in half. 50% of the values are greater than the median and 50% are less than the median. If the sample size (n) is an odd number, the median is the value of the middle individual measurement in the sample. If n is an |
even number, is the average of the two middle values. Calculating the average median () is similar to calculating a control chart’s grand average. For 15 subgroups, the formula for the average median is: The method for calculating median control limits is similar to X-bar control limits except the factor |
is used instead of the factor. (See Table 2.) NWA Quality Analyst automatically calculates these factors for the user. While an individual measurement control chart is less sensitive to changes in the process average than the median control chart, each of the individual measurements is actually plotted. For a family |
process this means that each of the family members is charted and controlled. Individual measurement () control limits are calculated much the same as median control limits, except that from the control chart factors table (Table 2) is used. (NB: The formulae for median and individual control limits are provided |
for reference only. NWA Quality Analyst automatically calculates all control limits.) The combined M/I chart produces upper and lower individual control limits in addition to median control limits. The median shows any overall process changes; individual limits alert the operator to any individual member’s variation sufficient to exceed normal distribution. |
Median/Individual Charts for family processes are exceptionally easy to use and interpret. Analysis is made much more efficient by differentiation between and identification of global and local causes of variation; nonconforming product is detected much faster and more reliably. Overall process variation can be reduced by centering the individuals. Operator |
error, resulting from either observation or calculation, is minimized or eliminated. Interpreting Median/Individual Measurements Control Charts Interpretation of a Median/Individual chart is relatively simple. The median is represented by a moving line, generally around the chart center line (CL) (See Figure 1). Individuals are represented by points vertically aligned according |
to sample. In NWA Quality Analyst, points outside the individual measurement control limits are automatically identified by part number. Figure 1: Median/Individual Measurements control chart This chart illustrates the strengths inherent in M/I charting and analysis. The median, represented by the moving line, tracks the global process. Median control limits |
that fall outside these limits (outliers) may indicate the presence of local causes of variation. Outliers are identified by their fill head number. In this example, fill head 5 has twice exceeded the upper control limit and fill head 7 has dropped below the lower control limit once. With NWA |
Quality Analyst, the user may select charting characters, including identification of all family members by number. If the median is within its limits and one or more individuals exceed their limits, the problem lies with the offending individuals. If the median exceeds its limits, global process change is indicated. Individuals |
should be ignored, even though they may also exceed their limits. Correction of the global assignable cause will bring the median back within control limits. Individual family member performance is controlled by identifying those that consistently approach 2.5 σ of the population distribution. These outliers are apparent at a glance |
and may be producing nonconforming product. Because they are easily identified on the M/I chart, outliers can be adjusted or altered to reduce process variation, thus improving overall capability. Additionally, their identification makes possible further process improvement using other, off-line statistical techniques. Individual members usually show stratification in M/I charts. |
That is, an individual will maintain its relative position on the chart within its variation. If individuals move excessively (i.e., from either extreme toward the median), individual process variations are excessive and require investigation. There is one exception to the observation of individuals. A chart that shows individuals simultaneously exceeding |
both upper and lower control limits may indicate that overall process variation has changed. This is the equivalent of an out of control Range chart. In fact, in this situation, the recommended first step in analysis is to make a Range or standard deviation chart from the previous stable observations |
to determine if the overall variation has gone astray. However, if these individuals have been hovering at their limits, it may be that the offending individuals have, in fact, simultaneously responded to local causes. |
Long term investment in private companies, where the investor provides capital and becomes a shareholder in the company in return for the money put in. As an asset class, private |
equity has existed since the 1980s and is now an important feature of most established market economies. It is also playing an increasinly important role in many rapidly developing economies. |
How does private equity differ from venture capital? Industry terminology varies, but it is a widely accepted norm that the term ‘private equity’ refers to later-stage investments in already established |
businesses. These later-stage investments are sometimes generalised as ‘buyouts’. ‘Venture capital’ typically refers to earlier-stage investments in companies that require either start-up or expansion capital. Advent International focuses on mid-sized |
company buyouts of €200 million to €1 billion and does not make venture capital investments. How does private equity differ from other forms of financing, such as bank debt, hedge |
funds or becoming publicly listed? Private equity takes a long-term shareholding in a business with the explicit objective of significantly enhancing its value within a 3-5 year time frame. It |
also plays an active role in the management and development of the company during that time. It differs in two main ways from other forms of financing: Private equity firms |
purchase equity or shares in a business, sharing both the risks and rewards over the long term. Because a private equity firm typically invests in a business for 3-5 years, |
they take a longer-term view on value creation. Large scale operational expenditure is precisely the type of cost which private equity investors routinely commit to when backing a company, enabling |
the business to achieve clearly defined growth targets. Debt financing, typically from a bank, is a loan which has to be repaid. A publicly-listed company raises capital from a public |
investor base which has a much shorter-term view on financial returns. Public markets like predictability of earnings and are less sympathetic to large-scale operational expenditure which, although in the longer-term |
interest of the business, might depress short-term earnings. A hedge fund is similar to private equity in that it typically raises funds from sophisticated, professional investors. But this is where |
the similarity ends. Hedge funds are primarily interested in liquidity and therefore have a short-term timeframe on seeking returns from an investment. For this reason, hedge funds generally only invest |
in publicly-traded companies, typically taking a minority stake. They do not play an active role in the management or development of companies. Active ownership: Unlike banks, hedge funds or public |
shareholders, private equity investors play an active role in the management and development of the companies they own. Typical activities include: enabling a growth strategy; professionalising a company; offering on-going |
support to the management on strategic and policy matters; representing a broader perspective on corporate development; providing management expertise and acting as a sounding board for management ideas; facilitating networking |
opportunities/industry connections; financing, targeting and assistance with mergers and acquisitions. Where do private equity houses get their money from to buy companies? Private equity houses deal almost exclusively with sophisticated, |
professional investors such as private and public pension funds, insurers, charities, universities, private, high-net-worth family offices and other informed investors. Investors regard private equity as an asset class from which |
they can generate a return on their capital. Other asset classes in which investors might typically invest are quoted markets, government bonds. As a business owner, why should I consider |
using private equity? For owners or founder shareholders who have an interest in seeing the continued growth of their business as an independent entity private equity presents a good solution. |
Many owners are also attracted by the fact that a private equity investor is an experienced, like-minded shareholder who is committed to taking a business to the next level. Many |
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