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to develop mesothelioma, lung cancer, or asbestosis. Exposure to all types of asbestos is known to cause lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Generally, the term “cancer” refers to cells that become abnormal. Abnormal cells destroy healthy cells and spread to other parts of the body. Abnormal cells multiply faster than |
healthy cells and form too much tissue, resulting in a tumor. Asbestos-related lung cancer occurs inside the lungs. Malignant mesothelioma is different; this asbestos cancer affects the lining or covering of the affected body part — such as (1) the lung, if it is pleural mesothelioma, or (2) the abdomen, |
if it is peritoneal mesothelioma, or (3) the heart, if it is pericardial mesothelioma. Each of these three different types of mesothelioma will sometimes be called just “meso”, for short. Asbestosis is not a cancer; rather it is pulmonary fibrosis, or scarring of the lungs, that was caused by years |
As shipping traffic increases in the Southern Ocean, the chance of similar accidents also rises - and these may not occur under circumstances as favorable as the Explorer's. Larger and larger ships also present a significant risk, because they carry larger amounts of fuel and passengers. In the Antarctic, it |
is always difficult, sometimes impossible, to mount rescue operations or environmental remediation. The bigger the ship, the more difficult these problems would be. ASOC was pleased by the decision at the XXXII ATCM to limit landings from any ship with over 500 passengers. Limiting the size of ships in this |
way minimizes the risk to humans and the environment, while additionally limiting the environmental footprint of human activity, since large cruise ships discharge considerable amounts of waste. The institution of a ban on heavy fuel oil in polar waters starting in 2011 is a positive development. Heavy fuel oil pollutes |
more in comparison to lighter fuel oils because it is slower to break down in the marine environment. Read our complete briefing here. However, greater protections are needed. ASOC believes it is vital to: - Convince IMO and the Antarctic Treaty Parties to establish the highest levels of safety and |
environmental protection, including appropriate ice-strengthening standards, for all ships using the Southern Ocean through a legally binding Polar Code; - Stop discharges of garbage, grey water and other pollutants through tighter regulations and better enforcement; - Establish a regional vessel traffic control system, beginning with the Peninsula area; - Establish |
ships’ routing measures and areas to be avoided (for safety or environmental protection) in the most frequently used regions - Create an integrated liability regime to enhance Annex VI to the Environmental Protocol, which will ensure that those who cause damage to the environment are legally liable for their actions |
The legally binding Polar Code is currently being negotiated within the International Maritime Organization (IMO). ASOC is very involved in this process to ensure that the strongest possible provisions are included in the code. ASOC considers that a Mandatory Code addressing Antarctic Shipping should: - Apply to the full extent |
of Antarctic polar waters south of the Antarctic Convergence; - Be relevant to all vessels operating south of the Antarctic Convergence, including dedicated provisions for fishing vessels; - Require application to existing vessels where practicable, particularly where vessels are being converted for polar service; - Require that only polar class |
vessels with adequate ice-strengthening operate in polar ice covered waters; and - Comprehensively address vessel safety, remote search and rescue and environmental response, and environmental protection. Read our complete briefing on the essential elements of a Polar Code here. |
Significance and Use Abrasion resistance during transport and storage is essential to prevent marring of type matter, designs, or protective coatings on the exterior of labels and other printed materials. Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasion occurring in the field depends on relative humidity, temperature, tightness of packing, and a host of other variables, this test method provides a rapid means for comparing |
the abrasion resistance of test surfaces under laboratory conditions. It is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer. This test method can also be used to evaluate the relative abrasion resistance of printed inks, varnishes, laminates and substrates, and the abrasiveness of inks. 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the abrasion resistance of printed matter using a GA-CAT |
Comprehensive Abrasion Tester. 1.2 This test method is applicable to packaging labels, book, catalog, and magazine covers, bar codes, corrugated boxes, and other containers having applied graphics on any flat substrate. It is not recommended for powder coatings. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard |
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part |
Significance and Use This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events. This guide should be adapted to site-specific circumstances. 1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil |
spills. This guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response. 1.2 Spill responders have available |
several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as “last resort” after all other methods have failed. 1.3 This is a general guide only. It assumes the oil to be |
dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between |
individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. 1.4 This guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts). 1.5 This guide applies only |
to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters. 1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated |
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as |
part of the standard. F2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit of Dispersant Use creeks; dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwater; inland; oil spill; oil spill dispersants; rivers; Chemical dispersants--oil spill control/response; Creeks; Fresh water--ecological considerations in oil spill response; Marine environments--oil spill control/response; Oil spill control systems--ecological considerations; Rivers; ICS Number |
Rationale: Children have to be able to read whole sentences and have phoneme awareness. The next step is for them to become more independent readers. This is achieved by becoming more fluent readers. Children must learn to read quickly, silently, with expression and smoothly. The only way to achieve this |
is by practicing reading. In this lesson I will show children how to read fast by repeated readings. Materials: ''If You Give a Pig a Pancake'', ''The Cat in the Hat'', ''The Giving Tree'' Minute timers, two per child, class library, pencil and paper. 1. ''Today we are going to |
pig a pancake, she will want something to go with it. ''Which one sounds better?'' The second one right! How do you think you can learn to read faster? Well the only way I know how is to read a lot. Today we are going to read the book of |
your choice over and over again until it sounds like the second example. 2. ''Boys and Girls, what do you do when you come to a word you do not understand? Take your finger and cover up the word except for the first letter, say the sound to yourself. Once |
you can read the first sound then go on to the next few letters, until you can read the whole word. If you still cannot read the word, reread the sentence over again and try to guess the word based on what the sentence says.'' Do not skip a word |
if you cannot read it. Just ask the teacher. 3. I will do three book talks to get the children interested in reading independently. I will do the books ''If You Give a Pig a Pancake'', ''The Cat in the Hat'', and ''The Giving Tree.'' Listen carefully to everything I |
say about the books because it might be the one you want to pick for yourself. If you do not find one of these books interesting then you can pick from the library. You can only choose from the books that have the blue sticker on them. How do you |
think you choose a book? By its cover? No. You choose a book by reading the back of the book or reading the first few sections. This helps you get an idea of what the book is about. If you find that there are more than two words on a |
page that you do not understand, the book might be too hard for you. This is a very good way to get the children interested in reading. They get to choose the book they want to read. 4. Once they have chosen their book I will put them in groups |
of two and have them read the book to each other. Each group will have the same book. One child reads the book once, and then the other child reads the book. They will continue this until each child has read the book three times. This repeated reading will enhance |
their fluency. ''We will now play a game. You have now had time to practice reading your book, your partner will time you. This will help you to know how fast you are reading your book. Remember that you cannot skip over any words. Practice cover up and rereading to |
Palaeontologists provide much of the knowledge we have about dinosaurs and fossils. Come and try some of the things they do and see some of the objects palaeontologists have found. Both dinosaurs and moa have a strong popular appeal for students. This programme capitalises on this to involve students in their own investigations of the Museum’s object handling collection. The Stevenson Learning Lab provides |
a secure space to examine specimens, to question and to discuss these extinct species. This is a dynamic and contentious field of scientific inquiry and we include objects and activities relevant to recent findings in both the field and scholarship.This programme is assisted by LEOTC, funded by the Ministry of Education. |
Solving an unknown is a lot like solving a mystery. Think about the evidence logically and put the pieces together, and you should have little difficulty in determining the identity of your organism. Remember that the way you solve the unknown is as important-if not more important-than whether or not |
you correctly identify your organism. Whatever you do, DO NOT perform all the available tests and then try to collate the data! That is the FASTEST way to get overwhelmed with extreme amounts of extraneous information that will do nothing but confuse you. Go through the process step-by-step, determine what |
tests will give you the most useful information, and perform only those tests. Such an approach will save you lots of time and headache. Also, the unknowns are not a huge chunk of your grade, so be sure to keep up with your lab work while working on them. The |
lab exercises you cover while working on your unknown will be on your lab practical, and your lab practicals count for much more of your lab grade than your unknown. What does the title "morphological" unknown tell you? Remember back to lab exercise 2-2, Cultural Characteristics. What were you studying |
in that lab? That's right! Cultural morphology. In this unknown, the cultural morphology of your organism will be one of your biggest sources of information. After incubation, look at your plate. Did you achieve separation of two distinct colonies? The first step is to streak your unknown broth for isolation |
on a TSA plate and incubate it for 24-48 hours. Be sure to vortex your broth before inoculating from it! After incubation, look at your plate. Are the colonies large? Punctiform? What do the margins look like? The elevation? Is there any pigment? Look at your notes from Exercise 2-2. |
Are there any bacteria you looked at that match the description of your unknown? What should the next step be? Perform a Gram stain on your organism. When Gram staining an unknown, the best method is to make three bacterial smears on the slide. One should be a known Gram |
positive organism like Staphylococcus aureus. The other should be a known gram negative organism like Escherichia coli . In the middle, make a smear of your unknown organism. Then perform the Gram stain as usual. If the known Gram positive and Gram negative organisms look like they're supposed to, then |
you can be sure your unknown organism stained correctly. If the known organisms are not the correct colors, you know there was a problem with your staining technique and that you need to perform the stain again on a new set of smears. From this Gram stain slide, you should |
be able to determine the Gram specificity of your unknown and learn something about the cellular morphology. You may even be able to determine the cell arrangement of your organism. These will all be very helpful pieces of information in determining your unknown. Based on your results so far, if |
it seems like it would be a useful source of information, perform a motility test on your organism using the semisolid motility media with the TTC indicator. The next step will depend on your results so far. For some organisms, a capsule stain can give valuable information. Be sure to |
only perform the capsule stain on a sample of your organism that is 5 or more days old. Capsules don't form on “fresh” cells. Would an acid-fast stain be helpful? An endospore stain? Once you've streaked for isolation, examined the colonial morphology, performed a gram stain, performed a motility test |
(if helpful), and performed any other stains that are helpful to solving your unknown, you should be able to determine the identity of your unknown. Fill out an unknown data sheet and turn it in to your instructor. |
Fuel Pump Pulsator Operation: A small accumulator mounted between the fuel pump outlet and the fuel pressure regulator. Most are mounted in the fuel tank between the fuel pump outlet and the fuel supply line. It reduces the fuel pressure |
variations that occur as the fuel injectors open and close, and to reduce operating noise. Usually built-in grommets seal the unit to the tubing ends. Some are made into a section of flexible fuel line located in the engine compartment. |
Failure of the in-tank units would result in increased noise or loss of fuel pressure or volume, depending on the type of failure, the external units could develop fuel leaks detectable by smell or visual inspection. The pulsator isn't a |
Piacentinu is a cooked, semi-hard cheese. It is round in shape and available in various ages. Traditionally, it is made in the province of Enna, Sicily, using whole sheep’s milk, |
pepper and saffron. Although the name of the cheese may lead you to believe that it is produced in the city of Piacenza, the word “piacentino” derives from piacintinu, which |
means enjoyable in Sicilian dialect, or possibly from piangentinu, or a cheese that crys, referring to the tears (lacrime) of fat that drip off the cheese when opened. Since 1100, |
piacentino has been known for its saffron color. Ruggero the Norman (1095-1154), the king of Sicily, asked local cheese-makers to start producing this cheese because he believed that saffron caused |
an uplifting, anti-depressing, effect. He intended to serve the cheese to his wife. Pepper, a rare and precious spice, was also added to the cheese because it was popular ingredient |
in the Sicilian Court. Still today, it is made using whole, raw milk from sheep that graze primarily on veccia, a leguminous weed found in and around Enna. The plant |
gives the cheese its incomparable flavor. The milk, together with sheep or goat rennet, is heated to 140 degrees F and then whole black peppercorns and saffron are added. Once |
a mass has formed, the cheese is left to cool in its whey. The cheese is ready after a week. A wheel of piacentino is usually 14 to 16 inches |
Giant's Causeway's long history of attracting tourists The Giant's Causeway has been a local curiosity for as long as people have lived on the north Antrim coast. Its hexagonal columns stretching out towards Scotland have attracted many myths and legends that are still passed on to the thousands of people |
who visit every year. But the site was first revealed to the wider world in 1693 when Sir Richard Bulkeley, an Irish politician, gave a presentation to the Royal Society. The great basalt structures caused much debate in scientific circles, with some claiming it was the work of man rather |
than nature.Cutting edge The Rev Dr Sam Foley, writing in 1694, described the rocks: "We found none square, but almost all pentagonal, or hexagonal; only a few had seven sides; and many more pentagons than hexagons; but they are all irregular… They always lie as close as possible for one |
stone to lie on another, so that on the outside of the pillars you can only discern the crack that joins the two stones." In later years, the Causeway became a must-see attraction for wealthy Victorians touring Ireland. By 1836 they could stay at the newly-built Causeway hotel. One way |
to get to the famous stones was the narrow-gauge railway line that runs from Bushmills. Today tourist steam trains still use the line, but in the late 19th century cutting-edge technology operated on this line. It was the first to be powered by hydroelectricity. Recognising the uniqueness of the area, |
the National Trust took over the management of the site in 1961. Since then it has enabled millions of people to visit the stones, with its bus helping those less able to make the journey down the hill or back up. The site is also deemed an important ecological reserve |
and the trust has sought to manage and protect the flora and fauna found on this rugged section of coastline. The Giant's Causeway was declared a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1986. This means the area was deemed to be of such 'Outstanding Universal Value' that it is the |
responsibility of the international community as a whole to protect and conserve it. While the stones have stood the test of time, the visitors centre has not.Controversy In 2000, it burned down and there followed years of controversy over what should replace it. In 2007, Northern Ireland's then environment minister |
Arlene Foster said she was minded to let property developer Seymour Sweeney's company, Seaport Investments Ltd, build the centre. But this decision was reversed months later and it was Ms Foster's successor, Sammy Wilson, who gave the National Trust the go-ahead in 2009. Construction work began in 2011 on the |
centre, described as "an illuminating exhibition showcasing the stories and the science behind the Giant's Causeway". The building, which was designed to fit in to the surrounding landscape, has a grass roof which visitors will be able to walk on. The structure has 186 black columns and basalt is, of |
course, the stone of choice. It is the very latest in energy efficient design - its carbon footprint is perhaps the only thing here which isn't 'giant'. The rock formations may have once been relatively unknown, but they are now instantly recognisable across the globe - symbols of Northern Ireland's |
High-flying geese take low profile over Himalayas 2 November 2012 Bar-headed geese are star fliers of the bird world. As well as being striking looking creatures, they have become famous for making incredible annual migrations over the world's highest mountain peaks, the Himalayas. This spectacular migration seems even more arduous when you consider that oxygen levels at such high altitudes |
plummet to less than half their value at sea-level and temperatures are far below freezing. Humans that scale the world's highest mountains without oxygen can usually only take a few steps at a time before needing to recover, while the bar-headed goose was famed to fly on past, honking as it went. Credit: Nyambayar Batbayar, Mongolian Academy of Sciences "It |
all didn't quite add up though" said Dr Charles Bishop, the principal investigator of research into the birds' migration. "Bird flight uses huge quantities of oxygen and would need even more at the top of the Himalayas than at sea-level, but much less is available at such high altitudes. Why not just follow the valleys that skirt around the highest |
peaks?" Indeed this 'paradox' has troubled biologists for more than 30 years. A study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences has tackled this long-standing problem using state of the art satellite tracking technology. Scientists from Bangor University and an international team of collaborators recorded highly accurate GPS (Global Positioning System) locations from 42 individual geese as |
they migrated. "We know that in general, animals don't expend any more energy than they have to" said Dr Lucy Hawkes, the lead author of the study "so we would predict that geese should choose to fly as low as possible over the Tibetan Plateau and should make use of any tailwinds in the area for a little boost of |
speed". And that's almost exactly what the study authors found. The geese chose to fly relatively close to the undulating terrain but they generally got on with it regardless of what the wind was doing. While this means that extremely high altitude flight in this species may be rarer than previously thought, these large birds regularly fly between 4,500m and |
5,500 metres above sea level, with maximum recorded heights of 6,540m and 7,290m, an incredible feat that still marks it out as one of the wonders of the natural world. This work was carried out with funding support from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. The project is partnered with Birmingham University, |
the Bombay Natural History Society, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, McMaster University, the Qinghai Lake Nature Reserve, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Program, the United States Geological Survey, the University of British Columbia, the University of Tasmania and the University of Exeter, UK. BBSRC invests in world-class bioscience research and training on behalf of |
the UK public. Our aim is to further scientific knowledge, to promote economic growth, wealth and job creation and to improve quality of life in the UK and beyond. Funded by Government, and with an annual budget of around £445M (2011-2012), we support research and training in universities and strategically funded institutes. BBSRC research and the people we fund are |
helping society to meet major challenges, including food security, green energy and healthier, longer lives. Our investments underpin important UK economic sectors, such as farming, food, industrial biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. |
Main Blood Vessels Mammals have a closed blood vascular system. It has this name because blood is transported from the heart to all different parts of the body and back in a set of closed tubes. We have already made a study of the heart as part of the blood vascular system. We are now going to make a stydy of the blood vessels. |
Blood vessels differ in structure and function. Blood leaves the heart through the arteries, which conduct the oxygenated blood (except in the case of the pulmonary artery) to the various tissues and organs. Deoxygenated blood returns from the tissues and organs to the heart via a set of vessels, called veins (except the pulmonary vein). The actual exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, foodstuffs and |
waste matter between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs in microscopically small vessels, called capillaries. We shall now look at the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries as well as some of the main blood vessels. Blood Vessels of the body. Arteries are vessels which transports blood away from the heart. They branch repeatedly to form arterioles (small arteries), the smallest |
and thinnest branches of arteries. Arteries receive blood under high pressure from the ventricles of the heart. They must therefore be able to stretch each time the heart beats, without collapsing under the increased pressure. The walls of arteries consist of three layers, namely an outer layer, a thick middle layer and an inner layer. The outer layer consist of white fibrous connective tissue |
which merges to the outside with the loose connective tissue in which artery is found. This helps to anchor the arteries because the heart pumps the blood through the arteries at a great pressure. The thick middle layer consist of elastic connective tissue and involuntary muscle tissue. This layer is supplied with two sets of nerves, one stimulating the muscles to relax so that |
the artery is allowed to widen, and the other one causing the circular muscles to contract, making the artery become narrower. The inner layer of endothelium consists of flat epithelial cells which are packed closely together and which is continous with the endocardium of the heart. The flat cells make the inside lining of the arteries smooth to limit friction between the blood and |
the lining to a minimum. The arteries carry blood from the heart Veins are vessels which transports blood to the heart. From the capillaries the blood drains into very small veins called venules, which unite into larger veins along which the blood returns to the heart. Since veins conduct blood back to the heart,the pressure exerted by the heartbeat on them is much less |
than in the arteries. The middle muscular wall of a vein is therefore much thinner than that of an artery. Veins differ from arteries also in that they have semi- lunar valves, which prevent the blood from flowing backwards. Veins transport blood to the heart Arteries and veins are connected by blood capillaries, microscopically small tubes which form a network, the capillary bed in |
different tissues. The blood capillaries are so small that red blood corpuscles can only move in a single file through it. The exchange of all substances takes place in these capillaries. When arteries reach the organs they serve and divide into small vessels, called arterioles . These in turn divide again into minute capillaries which average 0.01 mm in diameter. Their walls are only |
one cell thick - only the layer of endothelial cells Capillaries are important for gaseous exchange. The main blood vessels are the following: The aorta is the largest and principal artery in the body. From the aorta branches lead to all the organs of the body, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients. The coronary artery is also a branch of the aorta. It supplies |
the heart tissue with oxygen The pulmonary artery arises from the right-hand upper corner of the roght ventricle. It branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries which lead to the right and left lung respectively, where the blood is oxygenated. This vein returns deoxygenated blood from the head, arms and thorax to the right atrium. This vein returns deoxygenated blood from the abdomen |
and legs to the right atrium. Deoxygenated blood containing carbon dioxide and waste products is returned from the heart muscle to the right atrium through this vessel. The four pulmonary veins, two from each lung, carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the The hepatic portal vein leads from the internal organs, especially the small intestine, to the liver. Its main purpose is to |
carry blood that contains digested food such as glucose, from the liver small intestine to the liver, where some of the food is deposited and stored such as glucose that is stored as glycogen in the liver. |
Tree a member of elm family During my first semester in college, a few years back, I had a class every Saturday at 8 a.m. It was a real ordeal getting there on time, and fortunately, I think, we don't have things scheduled that way now. But it was my botany lab, which I enjoyed very much. Plus, we sometimes |
went on class field trips. On one of these trips we wandered over to the old quad (“The Horseshoe”) here at USC, and studied this tree species. It was pointed out by my lab instructor (her name was Karen Elder) as looking as though someone had taken a machine-gun to the trunk. And of course this is the way the |
bark is supposed to look on a large individual. This is a native Southeastern species, commonly attaining an eventual height of 50 or so feet, thus what they like to call a “medium” sized tree. Its wood is pale and fine-grained, but it is not valued much for timber. It is a member of the elm family, and although not |
an elm exactly, it does have elm-like leaves, with blades that are somewhat lopsided, or unequal, at the base. In the autumn, the leaves turn bright yellow, something like the hue you might see in various hickories, and of course by the end of the winter they all eventually fall off. This species occurs naturally throughout much of the South, |
from southeastern Virginia well into Texas, and up into the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. It’s a tree of lowlands, though, most commonly on damp soils of bottomland floodplains, so you don’t see it at high elevations. Its leaves are bright green in the summer and tear-shaped, sharply pointed, and the margins usually have at least a few jagged teeth. |
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