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d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] A __________is made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Protein
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] The sequence of ___________ is what makes one protein different from another one.
Amino Acids
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] a cell’s hereditary units, which determine what a cell will look like and what it’s structure & function will be.
Genes
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] creating new proteins is called
Protein Synthesis
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] the process whereby a gene’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is used to direct synthesis of a specific protein to make sure it synthesizes the correct protein.
Gene Expression
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] step 1 : the information encoded in a specific region of DNA is transcribed (or copied) to produce a specific molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid).
step 2 : RNA attaches to a ribosome, where the information is translated into a corresponding sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule.
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] What is the name of Each set of three nucleotides together is code for and represents one amino acid, the building blocks of proteins.
a base triplet
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] _______is a molecule of RNA that has three specific nucleotides attached to it. This set of three on the tRNA is called an __________________
tRNA Anticodon
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] Step 1: The mRNA, carrying the genetic code binds to the small subunit of a ribosome. i. The first codon, aka the start codon, is in place on the small subunit of the ribosome. d. Step 2: A molecule of tRNA with the first codon’s anti-codon attaches to the P site on the ribosome’s large subunit and holds o...
TRANSLATION
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] Step 1: The enzyme RNA Polymerase catalyzes a reaction breaking the hydrogen bonds between the DNA’s nucleotides, separating the backbones of the double helix from one another at the nucleotides. i. This leaves the nucleotides open to bond with free-floating nucleotides in the nucleus, which will now take ...
TRANSCRIPTION
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] The first codon, aka ___________ is in place on the small subunit of the ribosome.
the start codon
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] In RNA - Adenine binds with _______, not Cytosine. A-U
Uracil A-U C-G
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] A-U C-G In RNA are nucleotides with a backbone consisting of a phosphate and a sugar called a :
Ribose
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] catalyzes a reaction breaking the hydrogen bonds between the DNA’s nucleotides, separating the backbones of the double helix from one another at the nucleotides.
RNA polymerase
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
d00d4060_ynthesis_Flashcards___Cram_com__ome__they_pair_during_meiosis_
[homologues] the process whereby the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence in the building of a protein. It is carried out by ribosomes
Translation
[]
Saladin Unit 4 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards - Cram.com
another word for a homologous chromosome. they pair during meiosis.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/saladin-unit-4-protein-synthesis-513281
42/1438042989018.40_20150728002309-00247-ip-10-236-191-2_384849572_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] phonetics [2]
the study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] phonology [2]
a study of the sounds in any language
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] Received pronunciation [2]
the regionally neutral, prestige accent of British English
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] semantics [2]
the study of linguistic meaning
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] sentence [2]
a set of words which form a grammatically complete statement, usually containing a subject, verb, and object
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] simile [2]
a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, using 'like' or 'as'
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] Standard English [2]
a dialect representing English speech and writing comprehensible to most users
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] structure [2]
the arrangement of parts or ideas in a piece of writing
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] symbol [2]
an object which represents something other than itself
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] synonym [2]
a word that means (almost) the same as another
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] syntax [2]
the arrangement of words to show relationshiops of meaning within a sentence
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] tense [2]
the form taken by a verb to indicate time (as in past-present-future)
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] text [2]
any piece of writing or object being studied
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] tone [2]
an author's or speaker's attitude, as revealed in 'quality of voice' or 'selection of language'
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] verb [2]
a term expressing action or state of being
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] vocabulary [2]
the particular selection of types of words chosen in speech or writing
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
efcb6fbe_Eng_Lang_Flashcards___Cram_com__2
[1] vowel [2]
the open sounds made in speech a, e, i, o and u
[]
Britton Eng Lang Flashcards - Cram.com
2
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/britton-eng-lang-2967361
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00197-ip-10-236-191-2_389984756_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
1. Microorganisms produce toxins that affect the integrity of the cell membrane 2. Microorganism multiplies within the host cell, leading to cell lysis. 3. Infected cells are eradicated by killer lymphocytes as the result of cell-mediated immunity.
What are the three ways lysis of host cells occurs?
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
gas gangrene
In this disease, membrane-damaging toxins produced by one of the anaerobic clostridia lyse red blood cells.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
This disease is characterized by the skin rash produced when endothelial cells of small vessels are killed by the intracellular growth of the infecting rickettsiae.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
apoptosis
Programmed cell death which is a part of the normal mammalian cell cycle.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
HSV and HIV
Give two examples of viruses that may stimulate cells to undergo premature apoptosis.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
Epstein-Barr virus
Give an example of a virus that blocks apoptosis and thereby immortalizes the host cell.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
1. tetanus 2. botulism 3. cholera 4. whooping cough
Give four examples of diseases that produce toxins that alter a key aspect of metabolism in ways that resemble the action of hormones or other pharmacological effectors.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
elephantiasis
This disease is characterized by swelling of limbs or the scrotum due to filariae becoming lodged in lymphatics.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
inflammation and the immune response
The host response to infection is often owing to what two responses?
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
1. The accentuated inflammatory response that places patients with a brain abscess at risk of dying 2. The overwhelming activation of the complement system that kills patients suffering from septicemia 3. An autoimmune response that causes rheumatic fever 4. Cell-mediated immunity responsible for manifestations of chro...
Give four examples of host responses to infection that lead to harmful outcomes for the host:
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
False. Toxins are characteristics unique to pathologic bacteria.
T/F Toxins play an important role in diseases caused by fungi, protozoa and worms.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
exotoxins and type III cytotoxins
These toxins modulate intracellular targets (2)
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
endotoxin, membrane-damaging toxins and superantigens
These toxins act on the cell surface (3)
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
exoenzymes
These toxins modulate targets in the extracellular matrix (1)
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
type I
This type of secretion system is an autotransport system built into the toxin.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
type II
This type of secretion system is based on an apparatus within the bacterial cell membrane which transports toxins out of the bacterial cell.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
1. Does the toxin alone, in purified form, damage the host, using animals or cultured cells as experimental hosts? 2. Is virulence quantitatively correlated with toxin production? 3. Can a specific antibody (antitoxin) prevent or alleviate the manifestations of the disease? 4. If toxin production is impaired in the pat...
What four questions help determine whether the toxin is important in the infectious process?
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
plasmids and temperate bacteriophages. The locations of these genes on mobile DNA molecules ensure that the ability to produce toxin can rapidly spread to nontoxigenic bacteria.
Genes that encode toxins are frequently contained within DNA elements such as:
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
False. Some toxins are produced continuously by growing bacteria; others are synthesized when the bacteria enter the stationary phase.
T/F All toxins are produced continuously throughout the life cycle of the bacteria.
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
0c21ede5_ogy_Ch_9_Flashcards___Cram_com__hanisms_leading_to_cell_death_
Organisms that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus from the genus Clostridium, and the organisms that cause anthrax, of the genus Bacillus.
Give some examples of spore-forming bacteria that make potent exotoxins (4).
[]
Microbiology Ch 9 Flashcards - Cram.com
What are the two mechanisms leading to cell death?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/microbiology-ch-9-1414456
42/1438042988310.3_20150728002308-00152-ip-10-236-191-2_389387165_0.json
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True.
T/F Bacterial toxins work at very low concentrations
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The B domain binds to the cell membrane and delivers the A domain into the host cell.
What is the function of the A and B domains of exotoxins?
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A domain
Which domain possesses enzymatic activity that is specific for each toxin?
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ADP ribosylation
What enzymatic reaction is characterized by diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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AB
Diphtheria toxin
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A:5B
cholera toxin
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2A:B A1 is an adenylate cyclase (termed the edema factor), and A2 is a protease (termed the lethal factor).
anthrax toxin
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Proteolytic cleavage and reduction of a disulfide bond that often holds the A and B domains together.
Exotoxins are synthesized as protoxins. Activation usually involves what two steps?
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
During this process, the A domain is translocated across the cell membrane and into the intracellular compartment of the host cell.
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botulinum and tetanus toxins
Give two examples of zinc proteases (neurotoxins).
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host cell protein synthesis
The diphtheria toxin inhibits cell physiology by blocking what?
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1. receptor binding 2. transport into the endosome 3. translocation function for the A domain into the cytosol
What three functions does the B domain contribute to the delivery of the A domain into the cytosol with the diphtheria toxin?
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elongation factor 2 (EF-2)
This substrate for diphtheria toxin is a factor in eukaryotic protein synthesis that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP required for the movement of ribosomes on messenger RNA.
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ADP ribosylation inactivates EF-2 and kills cells by irreversibly blocking protein synthesis.
What is the MOA for diphtheria toxin with respect to EF-2?
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ADP ribosylation of G proteins that promotes the "active" form and therefore elevates intracellular synthesis of cAMP which provokes the movement of massive quantities of fluid across the intestinal membrane and into the lumen of the gut.
What is the MOA of cholera toxin?
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small intestinal epithelium
What is the target tissue for cholera toxin?
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G protein
What is the target of ADP ribosylation by cholera toxin?
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botulinum toxin
This neurotoxin inhibits the release of stimulatory neurotransmitters, resulting in flaccid paralysis.
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tetanus toxin
This neurotoxin migrates up the axon, across the interneuronal junction, and into the internal neuron, where its A domain inactivates vesicle fusion at the interneuronal junction to inhibit the release of inhibitory neurotransmittters, resulting in spastic paralysis.
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Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, the cholera bacilli, and the plague bacilli.
Type III cytotoxins are released directly into the host cell by a contact-dependent mechanism when the bacterium directly contacts the host cell. Give 5 examples of bacteria that use type III cytotoxins.
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cell killing and modulation of the actin cytoskeleton
List the two main MOA of type III cytotoxins.
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1. fever 2. activation of complement by the alternative pathway 3. activation of macrophages 4. stimulation of B lymphocytes
List 4 alarm reactions elicited by low concentrations of LPS:
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It is not internalized, and it exerts a toxic effect only at high concentrations.
Why is the term endotoxin misleading?
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Early activation of our innate immune system by pattern recognition receptors provide us with a rapid and effective response to infection and is the catalyst for activating our adaptive immune system, which is responsible for long-term resistance to infection. Examples include endotoxin, lipoteichoic acid, lipoglycans ...
What are pattern recognition receptors?
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Lipid A
Of the three parts of LPS, what is the biologically active component?
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1. macrophages 2. neutrophils 3. platelets 4. B lymphocytes
The primary targets for endotoxin possess specific receptors called toll-like receptors. Give 4 examples of the primary target cells for endotoxin.
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interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor
Name the two major cytokines released after encounter with endotoxin.
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alternative
Endotoxin activates complement by which pathway?
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1. increased production of lysosomal enzymes 2. enhanced rate of phagocytosis 3. secretion of hydrolases
What three affects on macrophages does endotoxin have?
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divide
By inducing the release of IL-1, endotoxin induces B lymphocytes (but not T lymphocytes) to do what?
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disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
The deposition of thrombi in small vessels, with consequent damage to the areas deprived of blood supply.
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Adrenal insufficiency due to infarction leading to rapid death, found in some cases of meningococcal infection.
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
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1. activation of factor XII to set off the intrinsic pathway 2. platelets release the contents of their granules, which are involved in clotting 3. neutrophils release proteins known to stabilize fibrin clots
What 3 ways does endotoxin contribute to coagulation?
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lecithinase
Name the lipase toxin produced by the clostridium of gas gangrene.
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a homogeneous pore forming toxin
Alpha toxin of Staphylococcus aureus is an example of what?
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streptolysin O
The prototype heterogeneous pore-forming toxin.
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extracellular matrix
Where is the location of action of exoenzymes?
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toxoids
Chemically inactivated toxins used to vaccinate against several diseases.
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Type III cytotoxins
These type of toxins, which modulate intracellular targets, are secreted by a contact-dependent mechanism.
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Simple Squamous epithelium location
Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity.
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Allows passages of materials by diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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Simple Cuboidal epithelium function
Secretion and absorption
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Simple Cuboidal epithelium location
Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
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Simple columnar epithelium function
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by cilliary action
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Simple columnar epithelium location
nociliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of uterus.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
secretion, particularly of mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
nonciliated type in males sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
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Stratified squamous epithelium location
nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of skin a dry membrane.
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Allows passages of materials by diffusion and filtration Secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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Stratified squamous epithelium function
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
[]
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