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f8ff14ef_king_ch5_Flashcards___Cram_com___meaning_to_their_environment_
what is the definition of frequent used shortcut in judging other contrast effect?
Evaluation of person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
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perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/perception-and-individual-decision-making-ch5-1894211
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00101-ip-10-236-191-2_389552147_0.json
f8ff14ef_king_ch5_Flashcards___Cram_com___meaning_to_their_environment_
stereotyping
judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.
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perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/perception-and-individual-decision-making-ch5-1894211
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00101-ip-10-236-191-2_389552147_0.json
f8ff14ef_king_ch5_Flashcards___Cram_com___meaning_to_their_environment_
profiling
A form of sterotypingin which a group of individuals is singled out typically on the basis of race or ethnicity for intensive inquiry scrutiny or investigation.
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perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/perception-and-individual-decision-making-ch5-1894211
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00101-ip-10-236-191-2_389552147_0.json
f8ff14ef_king_ch5_Flashcards___Cram_com___meaning_to_their_environment_
what is the definition of self-fulfilling prophecy?
a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.
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perception and individual decision making ch5 Flashcards - Cram.com
a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/perception-and-individual-decision-making-ch5-1894211
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00101-ip-10-236-191-2_389552147_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
mixture of positive, negative, cognitive and mood symptoms
schizophrenia is characterized by
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
usually during adolescence or early adulthood; age of onset is earlier in males
Onset of schizophrenia is
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Dopamine 2 antagonist (antipsychotics) are the only effective therapeutic agents, which are currently available
The only effective schizophrenia treatment is
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
diminished drive and emotion during childhood , followed by a break in self-monitoring abilities which results in perceptions and/or ideations that deviate substantially from the individual's cultural norm, which is usually expressed as false beliefs, auditory verbal hallucinations and abnormalities of thought / langua...
Schizophrenia § It is often marked by
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
a. Positive symptom vs. negative symptom
19. Schizophrenia presents with
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
hallucinations, delusions, disorganized behavior and speech
i. Positive symptoms
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
avolition, anhedonia, flat affect iii. Drugs only help positive symptoms
ii. Negative symptoms
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
age 17 and 30 in males and age 20 and 40 in females, with the course and outcome that varies considerably between individuals.
Schizophrenia, psychosis usually emerges between
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
continue to manifest some symptoms, and remain vulnerable to periodic exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.
Most Schizophrenia patients, however, do improve from the initial episode
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
diminish drive and emotion may worsen over a longer period.
In general, while the severity of psychosis plateaus within 5 to 10 years of the first episode, but
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
decreased intensity of symptoms and some improvement of function, this does not compensate for years of lost experience and opportunity.
Schizophrenia late in life there is a tendency toward
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
i. goes from premorbid → prodromal → onset deterioration → chronic/residual ii. As you age, you get better (less episodes)
b. Phases of schizophrenia
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
-Decline in role functioning, self-care -Minimum 6 months of symptoms
besides positive and negative symptoms what else is needed to diagnose SZ?
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
first-episode schizophrenia
Brain volume changes in
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Derived from methylene blue dye is the only one that seems to improve patients conditions
The Development of Chlorpromazine
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
to dosing issues
Recent large-scale studies like CATIE suggest 1st v. 2nd generation of antupsychotics distinctions probably less true due
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
switching treatment refractory patients to the newer drug, thus “releasing” them from an old drug that given at a high dose and may have interfered with cognition
Cognitive enhancement” of new drugs may just be due to
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Correlation of cognitive dysfunction to poor outcome § Lack of current effective treatments for poor cognition • No antipsychotic helps cognitive function improve • “cognitive enhancing” (dementia drugs) do not help • Important for providing information about underlying neuropathology of schizophrenia
Although cognitive dysfunction is SZ is not a diagnostic feat it is important for treatment development because
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
-genetic components -cellular programming -cell development -neural systems -behavioral functions
Pathogenesis of SZ may include
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Multiple susceptibility alleles each of small effect
Genes components contributing to sz
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Abnormal connectivity in local and associational circuits
Neural systems related to sz
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
Disturbances in perception, information, processing, mood regulation, cognition
Behavioral functions related to SZ
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
1. 50% concordance with monozygotic twins 2. 1st degree relatives without dx of SZ show many of the same traits
SZ Genetic component in twins are highly correlated
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
1. people in high expressed emotion households are at risk, and high marijuana users 2. prenatal events like mother having flu, rubella, pre-eclampsia, STD at time of conception..
Enviromental components related to SZ
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
a continuum termed the Unitary Psychosis Model.
The absence of a clear phenotypic distinction across diverse psychotic states such as schizophrenia, psychotic affective disorder and schizophrenia has led to one view that these disorders might represent
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
filter mechanisms leading to schizophrenia related psychopathology
Alterations in attention and information processing in schizophrenia have been thought to result from a failure of
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
problems with the central monitoring of responses.
Frith and Done (1988) originally proposed that symptoms of alien control (i.e. first rank symptoms) in schizophrenia might result from
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
a disintegration of language processes that is uniquely human and emerges in the context of speciation.
Crow (2000) has proposed that nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
one's experience as a result of dopaminergic dysregulation.
Kapur (2003) proposed that psychosis may result from an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
the broad body of the “facts of schizophrenia”.
none of the Models of Phenotypic Expression explains
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
contralateral motor and sensory activaition as if in fact someone was controlling their movemebts
Schzisophrenic people have a delusion of control they feel someone of is controlling their movements, they show
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
dysfunction of inhibitory circuits
Observations of alterations in synchronous oscillations in the gamma range (30–80 Hz) have led to the theory that psychopathology in schizophrenia may result from
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
i. Corollary is sending copy of instructions to other sensory regions of the body to cancel stimulation: hallucination is when these systems go awry ii. Efference copy is an internal copy created with a motor command of its predicted movement and its resulting sensations. One role of efference copies is to enable the b...
e. Corollary discharge – an explanation of hallucination
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
psychosis phenotype
It should be noted that a white matter disease such as metachromatic leukodystrophy can mimic schizophrenia with its
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
as the prefrontal–limbic dopamine (DA) imbalance model and the phasic–tonic DA imbalance model
The widely held neurochemical hypothesis, the classic hyperdopaminergic model has in recent years given way to more complex and integrative views such
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
blocking dopaminergic receptors, and also by clinical observations of psychotic symptoms in individuals following repeated amphetamine use.
Dopaminergic models are strongly supported by the fact that all currently available antipsychotics work by
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
the positive symptom dimension of schizophrenia.
DA blockade may be a necessary and sufficient explanation for antipsychotic effects (Kapur and Mamo, 2003), and by inference, to
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
cognitive and negative symptoms with psychotic episodes, though not other aspects of the illness such as structural alterations and functional decline.
DA imbalance models provide an integrative view of
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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symptoms, but not other domains such as negative symptoms
Amphetamine-induced sensitized state has been used as an animal model for some domains such as
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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have little effect of cognitive and negative symptoms.
DA related genes do not appear to explain the substantive heritability of schizophrenia, and dopaminergic treatments
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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remain elusive.
t is quite likely that DA alterations are involved downstream in the final common pathways that lead to psychosis (Seeman, 2010), though the primary causal events
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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pathophysiological model.
Alteration in the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate system, especially involving N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function has emerged as a promising
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
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early observations that phencyclidine (PCP) causes symptoms closely resembling schizophrenia. Early age pcp doesn't causes psychotic effect only in later life..similar to the onset of the disease
NMDA receptor model stemmed from
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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ntegrates the early and late developmental deviations § The role of dopamine § The post-illness onset deteriorative processes that occur in schizophrenia.
Glutamatergic constructs such as the NMDA receptor hypofunction model have considerable explanatory power:
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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glutamatergic system. However, this model does not clarify why, despite the ubiquity of glutamatergic neurons in the brain, schizophrenia is not associated with more generalized neurological impairment
Many genes implicated in schizophrenia appear to converge on the
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Medications that modulate the glycine site of the NMDA receptors have been reported to
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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GABA neurons and/or key enzymes related to this pathway.
Several lines of evidence indicate that gamma amino acid butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission, the main inhibitory neurochemical system, is dysfunctional in schizophrenia. § Post-mortem studies have consistently reported reductions in
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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altered GABA neurotransmission.
It has been suggested that observations of altered neural synchrony and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may be related to
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
membrane alterations in peripheral cells as well as the brain
The membrane hypothesis posits the role of
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BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
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several aspects of neuronal function such as receptors, channels and signal transduction.
The membrane hypothesis is appealing since membranes are critical for
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
an increased serum concentration of several pro-inflammatory cytokines that may reflect response by microglia to various pathological processes in the brain
The inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on observations that schizophrenia may be associated with
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
observations of decreased antioxidant and increased pro-oxidant processes
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia has also been thought be related to increased oxidative stress (accumulation of reactive oxygen species that may damage neuronal function) in this illness, supported by
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
impaired neural infrastructure and abnormal brain maturation predisposing to premorbid dysfunction as well as psychopathology emerging later in adolescence or early adulthood.
The “early” developmental models suggest that disruptions in intrauterine or early postnatal life, i.e. neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation and elimination, or neurogenesis processes, may lead to
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
deviations in later emerging processes such as synaptic/axonal pruning or neuronal apoptosis and/or myelination processes contribute to its evolution.
The “late” developmental models, which account for the typical onset of schizophrenia during adolescence, propose
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
schizophrenia may be polygenic/multifactorial.
It has been known for long that schizophrenia is highly heritable. § The most promising etiological models therefore include the view that
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
a very small fraction of the heritability.
Though recent linkage and genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of candidate genes and specific risk alleles for schizophrenia, replicated findings explain only
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These alleles present relatively modest odds ratios (the odds of a risk variant being present in cases vs. controls) and suggest causal roles of gene regulatory mechanisms in Schizophrenia.
The view that schizophrenia may be caused by multiple common genes each conferring a small effect has been supported by
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
possibly severe risks seen in a significant proportion of patients, though no single locus explains more than approximately 1% of cases.
In recent years, observations have emerged of rare and unique mutations and copy number variations (CNV) conferring
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
profound gene–gene and gene–protein interactions, leading to incredibly complex “interactomes”.
he relationships between genes (e.g. DISC1, neuregulin) and their neuropathological consequences (such as dendritic morphology) are not straightforward, and are likely to be influenced by
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
larger effects than either genes or environment.
Gene–environmental models suggest that interactive effects of genes and environment on biological pathways may have
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
by gene–environment interaction.
A large fraction of the heritability of schizophrenia may be accounted for
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
prime the person to react to a second hit in the form of an environmental factor later during development leading to the illness.
An integrative approach is the “two-hit hypothesis” which proposes that genetic risk and early developmental alterations (first hit) may
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
b10a0858_BB_10_Flashcards___Cram_com__izophrenia_the_brain_undergoes
DNA methylation and chromatin structure which, in turn, may play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia.
n epigenetic model, which is increasingly gaining recognition, posits that environmental factors impact on gene expression via changes in
[]
BB 10 Flashcards - Cram.com
In schizophrenia the brain undergoes
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/bb-10-2157025
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00246-ip-10-236-191-2_388719290_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
the opinion contains three parts: 1. the statements are prepared by management and is their responsibility, the auditor prepares an independent review 2. generally accepted auditing standards were used, providing reasonable assurance of no material errors 3. GAAP was used in financial statement preparation and are reas...
What composes an auditors opinion?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
the auditor is satisfied the statements are free from material omissions and errors
An unqualified opinion audit report states what?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
the auditor beleives the statements make exceptions to accounting principles,
A qualified opinion audit report states what?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
the auditor believes the statements are not presented fairly, or are noncorming with accounting practices
An adverse opinion audit report states what?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
the auditor must provide an opinion, providing the opinion either separately or as the fourth element in the standard auditors opinion
Under GAAP, what is the auditors responsibility regarding internal controls?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. Statement of Responsibility: management is responsible for implentation and maintenance of internal controls 2. Description: of evaluation of internal controls 3. Assessment: effectiveness of the most recent year 4. Statement of Assessment: the report has been assessed by auditors 5. Statement of Certification: the ...
Regarding audit reports and internal controls, under the Sarbanese Oxley Act what are the elements management must follow when providing the report?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
disclosures off information providing further details, improves assessments of amounts, timing, and uncertainty of estimates reported
What information is contained in the footnotes of financial statements?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. accounting standards, assumptins, estimations 2. are audited 3. business acquisitions or disposals, legal actions, employee benefit plans, contingencies, significant customers, sales to related parties, segments of the firm
What are the elements of financial statement footnotes?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. Operating income or sales by region or business segment 2. Reserves for an oil and gas company 3. Information about hedging activities and financial instruments 4. Not audited
What are additional disclosures provided by the supplemental schedules?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
provides an assessment of a company's financial performance and condition from the perspective of management
What is the purpose of the Management Discussion and Analysis?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. results from operation, trends in sales and expenses 2. Capital resources, liquidity, trends in cash flows 3. general business overview based on known trends
What is the MD&A required to report?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. accounting requiring judgements by management 2. significant effects of trends, events, and uncertainties 3. liquidity and capital resource issues 4. discontinued operations 5. extensive disclosures in interim financial statements 6.disclosures of a segments need for cash flow, contributions to revenue or profit
The MD&A can also include what topics?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
issued to shareholders on matters that require a vote
What is the purpose of proxy statements?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
provides information about the election, qualification, and compensation of board members, including management, and the issuance of stock options
What information is provided in the proxy statement?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
1. State the objective and context 2. Gather data 3. Process data 4. Analyze and interpret the data 5. Report the conclusions or recommendations 6. Update the analysis
What are the six steps of the financial statement analysis framework?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
determine the questions, seek answers, presentation, resources and time
What is the objective of the FSA framework step one: state the objective and context?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
acquire company's financial statements, find relevant data on economy and industry, question management, suppliers, and customers, visit company sites
What is the objective of the FSA framework step two: gather data?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
adjust financial statements, calculate ratios, prepare exhibits, graphs, and common size balance sheets
What is the objective of the FSA framework step three: process the data?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
use the data to answer questions from the first step, decide the conclusions supported by the information
What is the objective of the FSA framework step four: Analyze and interpret the data
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
prepare and commmunicate report, make sure report complies with code and standards
What is the objective of the FSA framework step five: Report the conclusions or recommendations?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
repeat steps periodically, change conclusions when necessary
What is the objective of the FSA framework step six: update the analysis
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
e8997f31_t_29_SS7_Flashcards___Cram_com__he_nature_of_the_audit_report_
Revenue - Expense = Net Income
What is the basic equation underlying the income statement?
[]
CFA 2009: FSA Chapt 29 SS7 Flashcards - Cram.com
What is the nature of the audit report?
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cfa-2009-fsa-chapt-29-ss7-827183
29/1438042990123.20_20150728002310-00306-ip-10-236-191-2_393693192_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Seventeenth Amendment
which gave the voters the power to elect their senators directly
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Initiative
gives voters the power to initiate
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Referendum
is a companion to the initiative
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Recall
enable voters to remove an elected official from office by calling for a special election
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] M.Jone and Tom Johnson
were self made men who earned their fortunes early in life
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Robert M. La Follette
began his political career as a loyal republican
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Wisconsin Idea
that became a model for other states
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Theodore Roosevelt
as his running mate
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Arbitration
Arbitration is the process by which two opposing sides allow a third party to settle a dispute
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Square Deal
became Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json
b0175cc8_apter_19_Flashcards___Cram_com__ater_run_in_a_general_election
[Direct Primary] Elkins Act
forbade shipping companies from accepting rebates, or money given back in return for business
[]
Chapter 19 Flashcards - Cram.com
is a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/chapter-19-1967001
29/1438042987628.47_20150728002307-00278-ip-10-236-191-2_370453537_0.json