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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
The FDICIA requires banks and thrifts to maintain minimum capital requirements relative to their assets.
Balance Sheet regulations: Leverage
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Capital-to-asset ratio Risk-based capital ratios
2 different capital requirements:
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Equals the ratio of the book value of core capital divided by the book value of assets. - A ratio of 5% or more indicates a well capitalized bank - A ratio of 4% or less signals an undercapitalized bank - A bank that is not well capitalized is subject to prompt corrective action (PCA)
Capital-to-asset ratio
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Market Value - The actual market value of assets may be well below the book value Asset Rish - The book values of assets do not express do not express their different credit and interest rate risks Off-balance-sheet activities - The capital-to-asset ratio does not consider the influence of off-balance-sheet activities
The Capital-to-assets ratio is subject to 3 weaknesses
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
compenstae for the different credit risks of assets and off-balance sheet assets whose values are adjusted for approximate credit risk
Risk based capital ratios
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
imposed risk based capital ratios on banks in major industrialized companies
1993 Basel Accord (aka Base I)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Tier I capital and Tier II capital
Risk based capital ratios distinguish between
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
the book value of the common equity + an amoutn of perpetual stock + minority equity interests held in subsidiaries - goodwill
Tier I capital
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
secondary captial resources, such as loan loss reserces upto 1.25% of risk-adjusted assets
Tier II capital
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
are on-balance and off-balance sheet assets whose values are adjusted for approx credit risk
Risk adjusted assets
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
(Tier I capital + Tier II capital / risk adjusted assets) Must not fall below 8%
Total Risk based capital ratio
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
(Tier I capital / risk adjusted assets) Must not fall below 4%
Tier I capital ratio
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
The bank is immediately subject to prompt corrective action by the FDICIA
If total risk based capital ratio falls below 8% or Tier I capital ratio falls below 4%
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
incorportates optional risk into capital requirements, empahsizes regulatory review to enforce minimum capital requirements and provides detailed requirements for the disclosure of capital structure, risk exposure and capital adequacy
New Basel Accord (Base II)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
IN the 80s losses on loans to less developed and Eastern European contries, interest rate volatility, and decreasing interest rate margins encouraged banks to pursue off balance sheet activities to increase fee income and to avoid some regulatory costs and taxes. - The Fed accordingly introduced a plan to track OBS activities in 1983, including reporting requirements
Off balance sheet regulations
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Teh Financial Services Modernization Act has made US banks' product diversification comparable to that allowed in most other major industrialized countries
Foreing versus domestic regulations Product diversification
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
A. US banks into foreing countries - Federal Reserve Regulation K lets US banking offices in foreign countires engage in those countries' permitted practices, even if those activities would not be permitted in the US. B. Foreign banks into the US - the International Banking Act (1978) requires national treatment of foreign banks in the US - Foreing banks must have FDIC insurance to take retail deposits under $100,000 and can not pursue any activity not permitted to a federal bank
Foreing versus domestic regulations Global Expansion
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
extends federal regulatory authority ofer foreign banks in the US - The Federal Reserve has the authority to approve the bank's entry into the US, examine it, and close it if it violates US laws or engages in unsafe banking practices.
The Foreign Bank Supervision Enhancement Act (1991)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
works to allow foreign banks, insurers, adn securities firms to enter emergin market countries
The World Trade Organization
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
lets US and Canandian banks expand into Mexico
NAFTA
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
include savings associaitons, savings banks, and credit unions.
Thrift Institutions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
are mainly residention mortgages
Savings associaitons Assets
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
residential mortgages, but also include commercial loans and investment securities
Savings bank assets are mainly
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
are mainly consumer loans
Credit Union Assets
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
is either a savings association or a savings bank
A savings institution
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
include Savings and Loan associations adn federally chartered savings banks that receive FDIC insurance unther the Savings Association Insurance Fund. - Savings associations were traditionally mutual organizations, in which depositors were the legal owners and not stock was issued - Now most savings associtaions are stock companies, allowing them to raise capital from outside investors
Savings Associations
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- mortgages 62% - mortgage backed securities 14% - Consumer loans 6%
in 2004 the largest asset categories for savings assocations were
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Deposits 60% - borrowed funds 22% - Federal funds and repos 5%
in 2004 the largest laiblity categories for savings assocations were
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
include state chartered savings banks that receive FDIC insurance under the Bank Insurance Fund - concentrate their assets in mortgages and mortgage backed securities - Ther 3rd larges asset catagory is bonds, corp stock and other securities - rely more heavily on deposits for sources of funds than savings associations do adn have fewer borrowed funds.
Savings banks
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Savings associations specialized in long term mortgage loans backed by short term deposits, a practice that worked until the late 70s due to stable interest rates and the Fed's policy of smoothing interest rates. - 70s to 80s the Fed changed its monetary policy targeting bank reserves to lower inflation - Interest rates surged causing Negative net interest margins for savings associations. - Savings associations found they had to offer higher interest rates to their depositors to avoiddisintermediation, but the Fed's Reugation Q Ceilings limited interest rates savings associations could legally pay on traditional savings accounts and retail time deposits.
Reasons for the decline in the number of savings institutions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
interest income - interest expense / earning assets
Net interest margins
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
withdrawls of deposits to be reinvested into more lucrative money market mutual fund accounts
disintermediation
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
limited the interest rates savings associations could legally pay on traditional savings accounts and retail time deposits
Regulation Q Ceiling
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Let savings institutions offer negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) and money market deposit accounts, adjustable rate mortgages and commercial loans to compete more effectively with mutual funds (which offer money market accounts)
Depositiory Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 and the Garn - ST. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
many mortgage defaults and the failure of many savings assocations. - during that period, the FSLIC pursued a policy of regulator forbearance, allowing insolvent FIs to continue to operate
in the mid 1980s the collapse of the Texas and southwest real estate market and the nationwide recession caused....
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
replaced the FSLIC with the Savings Association Insurance Funds (SAIF), replaced the Federal Home loan Bandk Board with the Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) as the main regulators of savings associations and creaed the REsolution Trust Corporation (RTC) to liquidate the most insolvent S&Ls
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (1989)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
introduced risk based deposit insurance premiums and methods for closing banks faster
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) (1991)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- nonprofit, mutual, depository institutions owned by their depositors - exist not to generate profits, but to satisfy their customers' depository and borrowing needs - can be federally or state chartered - do not serve the general public - members share a common bond - are tax-exempt which lets them offer higher reates on deposits and lower rates on loans - less affected by rising interest rates in the 80s because most of their assets were in small consumer loans and were thsu well matched to their liabilities
Organization Structure of Credit Unions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
cooperatively owned by a group of member credit unions
Corporate credit unions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. consumer credit (33%) 2. home mortgages (32%) 3. US government securities (19%)
Largest asset categories (uses of funds) for credit unions (in 2004)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. small time deposits and savings deposits (66%) 2. checkable deposits (11%) 3. Large time deposits (9%)
Largest liability categories (uses of funds) for credit unions (in 2004
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Office of Thrift Supervision 2. FDIC 3. National Credit Union Administration 4. State Regulators
Thrift Insurance Regulators
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Charters and examines all federal savings institutions and supervises the holding companies of savings institutions
Office of Thrift Supervision
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
A. overseas SAIF, which provides insurance for savings associations B. supervises, examines, and provides insurance for savings banks
FDIC
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
regulates federally chartered credit unions
National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
regulate state-chartered thrift institutions
State regulators
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- make loans to individuals and businesses. - Some loans are similar to commercail bank loans (commercial and auto loans) while others are specialized (high-risk loans). - unlike banks, finance companies do not accept deposits - Instead, finance companies rely on long-term and short-term debt for funding
Finance companies
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Sales finance institutions 2. Personal credit instituations 3. Business credit institutions
3 types of finance companies
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
make loans to customers of a specific retailer of manufacturer
Sales finance institutions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
make loans to consumers
Personal credit institutions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
make loans to coprorations, usually through equiment leasing and factoring
Business credit institutions
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
buying accounts receivable at a discount and then collecting them
factoring
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
finances the purchasing of products manufactured by its parent
Captive finance company
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Finance companies like to finance mortgages because the bad debt expense and admin costs of mortgages are lower than for any other finance compay loans. - Finance companies either make direct loans to morgage customers or securitize morgage asets
Finance company assets: Real estate loans
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- major type of consumer loan is motor vehicle loans and leases. - Finance companies that lend to high risk customers are called subprime lenders
Finance company assets: Consumer loans
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Finance companies making business loans have 4 advantages over commercial banks: Finance companies a. are less regulated b. have specialized industry and product expertise c. are willing to accept riskier customers d. have lowe rover head costs
Finance company assets: Business Loans
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Mortgages packaged and used to back secondary market securities - A real estate loan protfolio can contain first mortgages and home equity loans
Securitize mortgage assets
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
are subprime lenders that lend to very high risk customers and charge very high interest rates
Loan Sharks
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. equipment loans 2. retail and wholesale motor vehilcle loans and lease
2 major types of finance compay business loans are
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
a. repossession of leased equipment is less complicated b. the lack of down payment attracts more customers c. the finance company claims equipment depreciation as a tax deduction
Finance companies prefer leasing to lending because
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
they do not accept deposits and thus do not come under the jurisdiction of bank and thrift regulators
Finance companies are lightly regulated becasue
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- holding higher capital-to-assets ratios than banks - providing default protection guarantees and letters of credit
Finance companies signal their safety and solvency to their investors by
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
their financial heallth is closely tied to their parents' financial health
Foreign finance companies are often subsidiaries of foreign commercail banks thus...
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- annuity contracts - persion plan management - health and accident insurance with includes a. medical expense insurance (covers increased expenses) b. disability income insurance (covers decreased revenues)
In addition to life insurance, life insurers provide
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
when only those customers who think they need insurance want to buy it, making losses higher and more difficult to predict. Life insurers protect against adverse selection by grouping insureds according to health and other characteristics adn using those smaller pools to calculate losses
Adverse selection occurs
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- accounts for 59% of the life insurance policies in force in the US. - ordinary policies are usually marketed individually
Ordinary Life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Term 2. Whole 3. Endowment 4. Variable 5. Universal
5 basic Ordinary life contracts
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- is called 'pure' life insurance because it has no savings element. - the beneficiary received the payout if the insured dies while coverage is in effect
Term Life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- pays its face value to the beneficiary upon the insures' death, if the owner has make the periodic premium payments. - as long as the owner pays the premiums, the insurer is certain to make a payment - Whole life is endowment life that matures at age 100
Whole LIfe
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- is term life insurance with a savins element - the beneficiary receives the face value if the insured dies before the endowment date. - the insured receives the face value of the policy if he lives to the endowment date
Endowment life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- invests fixed premium payments in mutual funds - the policy's cash value increases adn decreases with the value of the mutual funds
Variable life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- lets the insured change both the premium amount and the contract maturity - Variable universal life is a univeral life policy that invests premiums in mutual funds
Universal life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- Accounts for 40% of the life insurance policies in force in the US - Covers a large # of people under 1 policy, which produces cost economies: a. mass admin of plans b. lower evaluation costs for each participan c. reduced selling and commision costs
Group life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
accounts for less than 6% of the life insurance policies in force. - protects the lender against the borrowers death prior to debt repayment
Credit life
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- liquidates a fund over a long period of time, producing a series of payouts. - may be sold to individuals or groups, and may be fixed or variable - payments may be immediate or deferred and may cease at death or continue to be paid to a beneficiary - interest earned on annuitis is tax deferred - tax deferred status of annuity contributions is not capped and not affect by the holder's income level
An annuity
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- sometimes bases on guaranteed investment contracts which guarantee the rate of interst over a given period and the annuity rates on beneficiaries contracts. - in the early 2000s insurers manages 30% of all private pension plans
Private Pension fund
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- protects against the risks of ill health - life insurers currently write over 50% of all health insurance premuims - the growht of health maintenance organizations (HMO) has cut into life insurers accidnet and health insurance business
Accient and health insurance
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- life insurers are long-term investors because their liabilities are long term and because they must generate competitive returns on the savings elements of their products
Life Insurance Assets
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. corporate securities 69.6% 2. government securities 11.8% 3. mortgages 6.7% 4. policy loans 2.6%
Life Insureres' 4 largest asset categories in 2004
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
loans made to policyholders using thier policies as collateral
Policy loans
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
Policy Reserves, (48.2%)
The largest life insurer libility
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- reflects expected payments on existing policies. - based on actuarial assumptions reflecting the insurer's expected payouts for death benefits, maturing endowment policies and the surrener values of policies.
Policy Reserves
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
separate account busines (30.5%)
The 2nd largest life insurer liability
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
includes annuity programs in which each policy's payoff is linded to assets in which policy premiums are invested.
Separate account business
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
guaranteed investment contracts (7.5%)
The 3rd largest life insureres liability
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
- confirmed that state regulation of insurers is primary over federal reguation. - unlike bansk, life insurers may only be chartered at the state level. - State insurance commissions supervise and examine life insurers.
Life Insurance Reguations: The McCarran-Ferguson Act (1945)
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
requires annual contribuations from insureres which contributions are then used to compensate insureds in the even of life insurer failures
State Insurance guaranted fund
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. are administered by the insurers themselves 2. are not permanent - insuerers pay into the fund only after an insurer has failed 3. do not standardize required contributions - contribution size varies from state to state depending partially on the # of failed insurers that year 4. do not provide immediate payment to insureds - because it takes time to collect the contributions
Unlike bank deposit insurance, insurance guarantee fund:
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
The top 10 firms (about 1600) have 45% share of the market while the top 200 firms combined have 95% market share.
P&C insurance is dominated by it's top firms
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
is the entire amount of premiums on insurance contracts written
Net Premiums Written (NPW)
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Auto liability and PD 2. HO multiple peril 3. Commercial multiple peril 4. liability other than auto, HO, and commercial peril 5. Fire and allied lines
The 5 larges P-C lines
[]
cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. loss reserves plus loss adjustment expenses 2. unearned premiums
The 2 priniciple liabilities of P-C insurers
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
are reserves that equal the portion of premiums that has been paid before coverage has been provided. - The PH surplus for PC insurers equaled 30.1% of total assets in 2004 and the PH surplus for life insurers equaled 5.8% of total assets in 2004
Unearned premiums
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Loss Risk 2. Expense risk 3. Investemnt yield or return risk
Teh priniciple measuers of profitability for property-casualty inseres are related to 3 areas of P&C UW risk
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
the risk that losses will be hirhger than predicted. - decreases with the predictability of losses
Loss Risk
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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50/1438042985647.51_20150728002305-00022-ip-10-236-191-2_370580553_0.json
10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Property v. Liability - PD are more predictible 2. Severity v. Frequency - low severity, high frequency lines are more predictable than high severity, low frequency 3. Long tail v. Short tail - short tail losses are more predictable than long tail losses. (a long tail loss has a long period between policy issuance and claim payment) 4. Product inflaction v. social inflation - social inflation is more difficult to predict (social inflation reflects juries willingnesses to increase damage awards father than the underlying rate of inflation
4 characteristics that affect predictibility
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
measures actual losses incurred ina policy line. = the ratio of incurred losses to earned premium. - A loss ratio of less than 100 means earned premiums covered incurred losses
Loss Ratio
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
risk that expenses will be higher than predicted.
Expense Risk
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
1. Loss adjustment expenses (LAEs) 2. commissions and other expenses A typical P&C insurer expense ration ranges from 25% - 29%
2 sources of expense risk
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
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10224d08_cpcu_560_Flashcards___Cram_com__nfluence_their_country_s_rates
measures overall underwriting profitability. If ratio exceeds 100 the insurer must rely on investment income for profitability = loss ratio + expense ratio
combined ratio
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cpcu 560 Flashcards - Cram.com
Central banks influence their country's rates
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/cpcu-560-975473
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