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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] found at the superior portion of the interventricular septum; pathway that leads out of the SA node; able to initiate electrical impulses with an intrinsic firing rate of 40-60 beats per minute [Answer]
Bundle of His
[]
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] located at the interventricular septum; divides in the the right and left bundle branches; functions to conduct the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers [Answer]
Bundle branches
[]
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] found within the ventricular endocardium; consists of a network of small conduction fibers that delivers the electrical impulse to the ventricular myocardium; able to initiate electrical impulses and act as a pacemaker at a rate of 20-40 beats per minute [Answer]
Purkinje fibers
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Consist of three bipolar leads and three augmented leads. These leads record electrical potentials in the frontal plane. [Answer]
Limb Leads
[]
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Electrodes are applied to the left arm (LA), the right arm (RA) and the left leg (LL). Electrode and lead are also applied to the right leg which acts as a ground (or reference lead) and has no role in production of the electrocardiogram [Answer]
Bipolar Standard Leads
[]
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Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the left arm is positive and the right arm is negative. (LA - RA) [Answer]
Lead I
[]
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Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the left leg is positive and the right arm is negative.(LL-RA) [Answer]
Lead II
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the left leg is positive and the left arm is negative. (LL-LA) [Answer]
Lead III
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] They are designated as aVR, aVL, and aVF. These leads are unipolar and they require only one electrode from one limb to make a lead. The EKG machine uses a midpoint between the two other limbs as a negative reference point [Answer]
Augmented Unipolar Lead
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the right arm is positive and the other limbs are negative [Answer]
Lead aVR
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the left arm is positive and the other limbs are negative [Answer]
Lead aVL
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the left leg (or foot) is positive and the other limbs are negative [Answer]
Lead aVF
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Six positive electrodes are placed on the chest to create Leads VI through V6 [Answer]
Unipolar Precordial Leads
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Fourth intercostal space, right sternal border [Answer]
V1
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Fourth intercostal space, left sternal border [Answer]
V2
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Equidistant between V2 and V4 [Answer]
V3
[]
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Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line [Answer]
V4
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Fifth intercostal space, anterior axillary line [Answer]
V5
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Fifth intercostal space, midaxillary line [Answer]
V6
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] consists of placing 10 electrodes on the patient producing 12 Leads: I, II, III, aVR, aVF, aVL; VI-V6 [Answer]
routine EKG
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] graph paper with horizontal and vertical lines at 1-mm intervals. A heavy line appears every 5mm. Running speed is 25mm/sec. Machine must be calibrate so 1mV produces a deflection of 10mm. [Answer]
EKG grid
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] represents time: 1mm = 0.04 seconds; 5mm = 0.2 seconds. [Answer]
horizontal axis
[]
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] represents amplitude measured in millivolts but expressed in millimeters: O.lmV = 1mm [Answer]
vertical axis
[]
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] refers to movement away from the isoelectric line either upward (positive) deflection or downward (negative) deflection [Answer]
waveform
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] line between two waveforms [Answer]
segment
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] waveform plus a segment [Answer]
interval
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] several waveforms [Answer]
complex
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] atrial activation, ventricular activation, and ventricular repolarization [Answer]
normal electrocardiogram complexes
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] deflection produced by atrial depolarization; does not exceed 0.1 Is in duration or 2.5mm in height in standard, limb, and precordial leads [Answer]
P wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] atrial activation [Answer]
P wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] ventricular activation [Answer]
QRS complex, Q wave, R wave, and S wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] ventricular repolarization [Answer]
T wave and U wave
[]
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] represents ventricular depolarization (activation). The ventricle is depolarized from the endocardium to the myocardium, to the epicardium. [Answer]
QRS complex
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the initial negative deflection produced by ventricular depolarization [Answer]
Q wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the first positive deflection produced by ventricular depolarization [Answer]
R wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the first negative deflection produced by the ventricular depolarization that follows the first positive deflection, (R) wave [Answer]
S wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the deflection produced by ventricular repolarization [Answer]
T wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the deflection seen following the T wave but preceding the next P wave. A prominent is due to hypokalemia (low potassium blood level) [Answer]
U wave
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] interval between two R waves [Answer]
RR interval
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] P wave plus the PR segment. The normal interval is 0.12 - 0.2 sec [Answer]
PR interval
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] represents ventricular depolarization time. It should be no more than 0.1 sec. in the limb leads and 0.11 sec. in the precordial leads [Answer]
QRS interval (or duration)
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] line from the end of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex [Answer]
PR segment
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] point at which QRS complex ends and ST segment begins [Answer]
J (RST) junction
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] from J point to the onset of the T wave [Answer]
ST segment
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] somatic tremors, wandering baseline, 60-cycle interference, broken recording [Answer]
artifacts
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] patient's tremors or shaking the wires can produce jittery patterns on the EKG tracing. [Answer]
Somatic tremors
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] sweat or lotion on the patient's skin or tension on the electrode wires can interfere with the signal going to the EKG apparatus causing the baseline of the tracing to move up and down on the EKG paper [Answer]
Wandering baseline
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] can produce deflections occurring at a rapid rate that may mimic atrial flutter. This is caused by electrical appliances or apparatus being used nearby while the tracing is taken. [Answer]
60-cycle interference
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] the stylus goes up and down trying to find the signal. This can be caused by loose electrode or cables or by frayed or broken wires [Answer]
Broken recording
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] How are artifacts prevented? [Answer]
patient should be lying on a comfortable bed or table large enough to support the entire body;good contact between the skin and the electrode; EKG machine must be properly standardized; proper grounding; no patient contact with electronic equipment
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] A noninvasive diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of coronary artery diseas [Answer]
stress testing
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] What are some indications for stress testing? [Answer]
• Evaluation of chest pain in patient with normal EKG. • Evaluation of patient who has recently had a myocardial infarction. • Diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] What are some indications for terminating a stress test? [Answer]
• Patient develops chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness. • Blood pressure abnormalities
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] exercise stress test [Answer]
performed until at least 85% of the target heart rate is reached or symptoms or EKG changes develop which requires the test to be terminated. Target heart rate is: 220 minus patient's age.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] pharmocologic stress test [Answer]
appropriate for patients with physical limitations; Medications (adenosine, dipyridamole, or dobutamine)are given IV to increase heart rate to the target level; concluded after 85% of the target heart rate is achieved.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Cardiac arrhythmias are due to what mechanisms? [Answer]
Arrhythmias of sinus origin,Ectopic rhythms, Conduction blocks, Preexcitation syndromes
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Arrhythmias of sinus origin [Answer]
where electrical flow follows the usual conduction pathway but is too fast, too slow, or irregular. Normal is 60-100 bpm; >100 per minute, it is called sinus tachycardia; <60 per minute, it is referred to as sinus bradycardia.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Ectopic rhythms [Answer]
electrical impulses originate from somewhere else other than the sinus node.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Conduction blocks [Answer]
electrical impulses go down the usual pathway but encounter blocks and delays.
[]
Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Preexcitation syndromes [Answer]
the electrical impulses bypass the normal pathway and, instead, go down an accessory shortcut
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Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] What is myocardial ischemia? [Answer]
occurs when there is a decrease in the amount of blood flow to a section of the heart. This is usually experienced as chest pain and discomfort and is called angina
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Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] What is myocardial infarction? [Answer]
refers to the actual death of the myocardial cells
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Answer
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50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] How does an MI present on an EKG? [Answer]
abnormal Q waves (Q waves are >1 mm (0.04 second) wide and the height is greater than 25% of the height of the R wave in that lead) combined with changes in T waves and ST segments
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Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] What is the World Health Organization creiteria for the diagnosis of MI? [Answer]
at least two of the following: Clinical history of ischemic-type of chest discomfort Changes on serial EKG tracings Rise and fall in serum cardiac markers
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Ambulatory EKG monitoring [Answer]
enables the evaluation of the patient's heart rate, rhythm, and QRST morphology during the usual daily activities
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
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08969552_hcards_about_EKG_NHA_Cert_Exam__Answer
[Question] Holter monitor [Answer]
an ambulatory EKG done to rule out intermittent arrhythmias or ischemia that could be missed on a routine EKG
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] What is the typical electrode placement for Holter monitoring? [Answer]
Two exploring electrodes are placed over bone near the VI and V5; Two indifferent electrodes placed over the manubrium; One ground electrode placed over the 9th or 10th rib at the right midaxillary line
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Answer
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[Question] What indicates a positive Holter? [Answer]
one that has recorded abnormalities that may explain the patient's symptoms which could include one or more of the following: • Tachycardias or bradycardias • ST segment elevation or depression • Pauses
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Answer
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[Question] What indicates a negative Holter? [Answer]
A negative Holter will have no significant arrhythmias or ST changes
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Answer
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[Question] What are some artifacts of ambulatory EKG recording? [Answer]
Incomplete tape erasure; Tape drag within the apparatus; Battery depletion; Loose connection; Movement of electrodes
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Answer
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[Question] can result in EKG tracings belonging to two different patients confounding both the scanner and the interpreter [Answer]
Incomplete tape erasure
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Answer
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50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] will result in recording of spuriously rapid cardiac rhythms. A narrowing of all EKG complexes and intervals should give clue to this situation. [Answer]
Tape drag within the apparatus
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Answer
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50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] may result in varying QRS amplitude [Answer]
Battery depletion
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Answer
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50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] can result in the absence of all EKG signals which may mimic bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome [Answer]
Loose connection
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Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] may occur during scratching the chest near the electrodes and can produce tracings that look like malignant ventricular arrhythmias [Answer]
Movement of electrodes
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Flashcards about EKG NHA Cert Exam
Answer
http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-951100
50/1438042991951.97_20150728002311-00018-ip-10-236-191-2_715142744_3.json
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[Question] What is event monitoring (event recorder)? [Answer]
a hand held device carried in the patient's pocket or purse which is switched only when the patient is actually experiencing the symptom.
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Answer
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[Question] What are some common pharmacological cardiovascular agents? [Answer]
oxygen, epinephrine, isoproterenol (Isuprel), dopamine (Intropin), beta blockers (Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol, and Esmolol), licodaine, verapamil, digitalis, morphine sulfate, and nitroglycerin
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[Question] How is oxygen used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
Oxygen should be given to all patients with acute chest pain that may be due to cardiac ischemia, suspected hypoxemia of any cause, and cardiopulmonary arrest. Prompt treatment of the hypoxemia may prevent cardiac arrest
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Answer
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[Question] How is epinephrine used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
Epinephrine is indicated in the management of cardiac arrest. The chance of successful defibrillation is enhanced by administration of epinephrine and proper oxygenation
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Answer
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[Question] How is isoproterenol used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
Isoproterenol produces an overall increase in heart rate and myocardial contractility, but newer agents have replaced it in most clinical settings. It is contraindicated in the routine treatment of cardiac arrest
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Answer
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[Question] How is dopamine used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
indicated for significant hypotension in the absence of hypovolemia; significant hypotension =systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, poor tissue perfusion, oliguria, or changes in mental status.
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Answer
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[Question] How are beta blockers used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
reduce heart rate, blood pressure, myocardial contractility and oxygen consumption; effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; useful in preventing atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia.
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[Question] What are the adverse effect of beta blockers? [Answer]
hypotension, congestive heart failure and broncho-spasm.
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Answer
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[Question] How is lidocaine used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
drug of choice for the suppression of ventricular ectopy, including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular flutter.
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Answer
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[Question] What are the adverse effect of lidocaine? [Answer]
Excessive doses can produce neurological changes, myocardial depression, and circulatory depression. Neurological toxicity is manifested as drowsiness, disorientation, decreased hearing ability, paresthesia, and muscle twitching, and eventual seizures.
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[Question] How is verapamil used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), also useful in slowing ventricular response to atrial flutter and fibrillation
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Answer
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[Question] How is digitalis used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
increases the force of cardiac contraction as well as cardiac output
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Answer
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[Question] What are the signs and symptoms of digitalis toxicity? [Answer]
yellow vision, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness
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Answer
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[Question] How is morphine sulfate used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
traditional drug of choice for the pain and anxiety associated with acute myocardial infarction.
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Answer
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[Question] How is nitroglycerin used as a pharmacological cardiovascular agent? [Answer]
powerful smooth muscle relaxant effective in relieving angina pectoris. It is effective for both exertional and rest angina
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Answer
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[Question] consent given by the patient who is made aware of any procedure to be performed, its risks, expected outcomes, and alternatives [Answer]
Informed consent
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Answer
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[Question] key concept of HIPAA. All patients have a right to privacy and all information should remain privileged [Answer]
Patient confidentiality
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Answer
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[Question] failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would give under similar circumstances and someone suffers injury because of another's failure to live up to a required duty of care. [Answer]
Negligence
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[Question] What are thefour elements of negligence(4 Ds? [Answer]
1. Duty: duty of care 2. Derelict: breach of duty of care 3. Direct cause: legally recognizable injury occurs as a result of the breach of duty of care. 4. Damage: wrongful activity must have caused the injury or harm that occurred.
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[Question] wrongful act that results in injury to one person by another [Answer]
Tort
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[Question] examples of common torts [Answer]
battery, invasion of privacy, and defamation of character
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[Question] the unprivileged touching of one person by another. When a procedure is to be performed on a patient, the patient must give consent in full knowledge of the procedure and the risk it entails (informed consent). [Answer]
battery
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[Question] the release of medical records without the patient's knowledge and permission. [Answer]
invasion of privacy
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[Question] consists of injury to another person's reputation, name, or character through spoken (slander) or written (libel) words [Answer]
defamation of character
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[Question] Good Samaritan Law [Answer]
deals with the rendering of first aid by health care professionals at the scene of an accident or sudden injury. It encourages health care professionals to provide medical care within the scope of their training without fear of being sued for negligence.
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