Datasets:

MiliLab
/

AnesBench

language:
  - en
  - zh
license: c-uda
size_categories:
  - 1K<n<10K
task_categories:
  - question-answering
tags:
  - biology
  - medical
  - anesthesiology
viewer: true
configs:
  - config_name: en
    data_files:
      - split: test
        path:
          - anesbench_en.json
  - config_name: zh
    data_files:
      - split: test
        path:
          - anesbench_zh.json

AnesBench

Paper | GitHub

Dataset Description

AnesBench is designed to assess anesthesiology-related reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). It provides bilingual (English and Chinese) anesthesiology questions across two separate files. Each question is labeled with a three-level categorization of cognitive demands based on dual-process theory (System 1, System 1.x, and System 2), enabling evaluation of LLMs' knowledge, application, and clinical reasoning abilities across diverse linguistic contexts.

Subset	File	Total	System 1	System 1.x	System 2
English	`anesbench_en.json`	4,343	2,960	1,028	355
Chinese	`anesbench_zh.json`	3,529	2,784	534	211

JSON Sample

English (anesbench_en.json):

{
    "id": "91b5e145-57f2-5307-99e4-eafd75643de4",
    "question": "The concentration of a specific gas in solution depends on which of the following?",
    "A": "Temperature of the solution",
    "B": "Volume of the system",
    "C": "Solubility of the specific gas in that solution",
    "D": "Molecular weight of the gas",
    "choice_num": 4,
    "target": "C",
    "category": 1
}

Chinese (anesbench_zh.json):

{
    "A": "替代治疗",
    "B": "手术治疗",
    "C": "对症治疗",
    "D": "静脉输注糖皮质激素",
    "E": "补充盐皮质激素",
    "id": "78587bd9-f3f6-4118-b6eb-95ed7c91a0ec",
    "question": "Addison病抢救的主要措施是",
    "choice_num": 5,
    "target": "D",
    "category": 1
}

Field Explanations

Field	Type	Description
`id`	string	A randomly generated ID using UUID
`question`	string	The question stem
`A`–`I`	string	Answer options (from `A` up to the total number of options)
`choice_num`	int	The number of options in this question
`target`	string	The correct answer to this question
`category`	int	The cognitive demand category of the question (`1` = System 1, `2` = System 1.x, `3` = System 2)

Cognitive Demand Categories

Category	Label	Description
1	System 1	Fast, intuitive recall of factual knowledge
2	System 1.x	Pattern recognition and application of learned rules
3	System 2	Deliberate, analytical clinical reasoning

Recommended Usage

Question Answering: QA in a zero-shot or few-shot setting, where the question is fed into a QA system. Accuracy should be used as the evaluation metric.

Usage

To evaluate a model on AnesBench, you can use the evaluation code provided in the official repository.

Citation

If you find AnesBench helpful, please consider citing the following paper:

@inproceedings{
  feng2026anessuite,
  title={AnesSuite: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Dataset Suite for Anesthesiology Reasoning in {LLM}s},
  author={Xiang Feng and Wentao Jiang and Zengmao Wang and Yong Luo and Pingbo Xu and Baosheng Yu and Hua Jin and Jing Zhang},
  booktitle={The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year={2026},
  url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=iKRQMeC7yO}
}