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instruction stringlengths 4 924	prompt stringlengths 144 1.4k	input stringlengths 0 1.16k	output stringlengths 1 10.7k
Give me a bullet point list of reasons to wear sunscreen	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a bullet point list of reasons to wear sunscreen ### Response:		- To prevent sunburns - To reduce the risk of skin cancer - To lessen premature aging - To protect your skin
From the passage below, please locate the birthdate of William Harrison.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: From the passage below, please locate the birthdate of William Harrison. ### Input: William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States. ### Response:	William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States. Harrison died just 31 days after his inauguration in 1841, and had the shortest presidency in United States history. He was also the first United States president to die in office, and a brief constitutional crisis resulted as presidential succession was not then fully defined in the United States Constitution. Harrison was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies and was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd president of the United States.	William Henry Harrison was born on February 9, 1773.
What is XML?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is XML? ### Response:		Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable.
Categorize each of the following by the amount of noise they would make, either "a lot of noise", "some noise" or "no noise". A baby crying, a glass vase being dropped, a door being closed, a rabbit hopping across carpeted floors, a running microwave, reading a book	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Categorize each of the following by the amount of noise they would make, either "a lot of noise", "some noise" or "no noise". A baby crying, a glass vase being dropped, a door being closed, a rabbit hopping across carpeted floors, a running microwave, reading a book ### Response:		A baby crying: a lot of noise, a glass vase being dropped: a lot of noise, a door being closed: some noise, a rabbit hopping across carpeted floors: no noise, a running microwave: some noise, reading a book: no noise, slamming a door: a lot of noise
Tell me whether these are electric or gas powered vehicles	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Tell me whether these are electric or gas powered vehicles ### Response:		Volkswagen Jetta, Toyota Corolla, Tesla Model 3, Hyundai Ioniq 5, Kia EV6, Honda Civic
Tell me whether these are items used for caring for a baby or a dog: crate, diaper, leash, swaddle, and chew toy.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Tell me whether these are items used for caring for a baby or a dog: crate, diaper, leash, swaddle, and chew toy. ### Response:		The diaper and swaddle are for a baby, and the crate and leash are for a dog. Both babies and dogs use chew toys.
Queen Elizabeth II closed coffin was adorned with several interesting objects and symbols including what?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Queen Elizabeth II closed coffin was adorned with several interesting objects and symbols including what? ### Response:		Personal flag, the Royal Standard Flag, crown jewels Orb and Sceptre
Why did my portable solar panel not work when I plugged it into the solar receptor on the side of my camper van?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why did my portable solar panel not work when I plugged it into the solar receptor on the side of my camper van? ### Response:		Solar is a lot more complicated than just a panel and a battery. Even if you have a system that is pre-wired for solar panels, there is no guarantee it will work right away. This can lead to much frustration and the need to learn more about electrical systems than one may wish. First, a solar controller is needed for all solar-powered systems. Solar controllers regulate the incoming energy, and limit the amount of watts a system can support. Many solar panels come with a solar controller built in, but if you have a system pre-wired with existing solar panels that you are trying to add to there is likely already a solar controller. Adding an additional controller will prevent the new panel from working. If one does not know about solar controllers it can be very difficult to figure out, and may lead to angry overnight Amazon shipments of multimeters to determine what is breaking. However, multiple solar controllers is not the only potential problem. Different solar panel manufacturers have different cord types and connector types, and even within a type of connector there is the idea of “polarity” - the direction a connector needs to be plugged in. This can also lead to internet research, frustration, and more overnight Amazon orders of polarity switching adaptors. If one is especially unlucky it will rain all day once all parts finally arrive, delaying testing of the system.
Name a famous silent comedy film	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Name a famous silent comedy film ### Response:		Andersson's Kalle (Swedish: Anderssonskans Kalle) is a 1922 Swedish silent comedy film directed by Sigurd Wallén and starring Gösta Alexandersson, Dagmar Ebbesen and Stina Berg. It is based on the 1901 novel of the same title by Emil Norlander, which has been adapted into films on several occasions. It was followed by a sequel New Pranks of Andersson's Kalle in 1923. In 1934 Wallén remade it into a sound film.
What is the Shiba Inu	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the Shiba Inu ### Response:		The Shiba Inu is a breed of hunting dog from Japan. A small-to-medium breed, it is the smallest of the six original and distinct spitz breeds of dog native to Japan. Its name literally translates to "brushwood dog", as it is used to flush game.
7 Reasons San francisco has homelessness	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: 7 Reasons San francisco has homelessness ### Response:		Housing is sky rocketing compared to its neighboring areas -- Noe Valley, the Mission etc. It is a transportation hub thus It is safe Some of the best restaurants including Gialina, Chenery Park thus good scraps left There is an 80 acre park with hiking trails, rock climbing, baseball diamond, tennis courts, basketball courts etc making good area for tenting The community has lots of soup kitchen and free welfare
Which one among the following three words is different to the others: Noisy, Friendly, Adventurous? Why?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which one among the following three words is different to the others: Noisy, Friendly, Adventurous? Why? ### Response:		Noisy is different to Friendly and Adventurous, as it is in negative sentiment, while the others are positive.
How was basketball was invented?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How was basketball was invented? ### Input: Basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year old graduate student when he created the indoor sport to keep athletes indoors during the winters. ### Response:	Basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year old graduate student when he created the indoor sport to keep athletes indoors during the winters.	Basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year old graduate student when he created the indoor sport to keep athletes indoors during the winters.[1] The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then in other parts of the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture.
What are some ways to help someone fall asleep?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some ways to help someone fall asleep? ### Response:		Sleepiness is affected by light, so it is considered good sleep hygiene to dim the lights and stop using screens before bedtime. Additionally making sure that the bedroom is quiet and cool can greatly assist with sleep.
What is the study of flags called?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the study of flags called? ### Response:		The Study of Flags Is Called Vexillology. Vexillology as a word is derived from the Latin vexillum, a term used by the Romans to refer to a kind of standard with a fabric hung from a horizontal crossbar on a pole. It is the nearest equivalent in the classical languages to what we call a flag today.
Extract the habitants for the Paris Region.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Extract the habitants for the Paris Region. ### Input: The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12.271.794 habitants on January 1, 2023, or about 19% of the population of France,[2] making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, the highest in Europe.[8] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.[9] ### Response:	The City of Paris is the centre of the Île-de-France region, or Paris Region, with an official estimated population of 12.271.794 habitants on January 1, 2023, or about 19% of the population of France,[2] making the region France's primate city. The Paris Region had a GDP of €739 billion ($743 billion) in 2019, the highest in Europe.[8] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.[9]	The Paris region has 12,271,794 habitants.
In what month did the Russian October revolution take place	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: In what month did the Russian October revolution take place ### Response:		November
Why is Steph Curry such a good basketball player?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why is Steph Curry such a good basketball player? ### Response:		Stephen Curry, of the Golden State Warriors is considered one of the best basketball players in the NBA because of his ability to make shots from anywhere on the basketball court. He has been considered one of the greatest of all time because of how transformative his play-style is, opting to shoot three-pointers opposed to higher percentage lay-ups. He is a 4-time champion, a 2-time MVP, a Finals MVP, has made the most three-pointers in NBA history, and global brand leader for Under Armour.
Give me a summary of the history of Thackeray Hall at the University of Pittsburgh based on this passage.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a summary of the history of Thackeray Hall at the University of Pittsburgh based on this passage. ### Input: The building is the former National Union Fire Insurance Company building built circa 1923–1925 in the Early Classical style.[4][5] The building was purchased by the university in 1968 for $1.875 million ($14.6 million in 2021 dollars[6]), and was originally purposed for faculty offices.[7] It was known as the Social Sciences Building until 1972 when it was renamed Mervis Hall and designated as the home of the Graduate School of Business.[4] In 1983, when the Graduate School of Business moved into a new building also named Mervis Hall, it was renamed Thackeray Hall. ### Response:	The building is the former National Union Fire Insurance Company building built circa 1923–1925 in the Early Classical style.[4][5] The building was purchased by the university in 1968 for $1.875 million ($14.6 million in 2021 dollars[6]), and was originally purposed for faculty offices.[7] It was known as the Social Sciences Building until 1972 when it was renamed Mervis Hall and designated as the home of the Graduate School of Business.[4] In 1983, when the Graduate School of Business moved into a new building also named Mervis Hall, it was renamed Thackeray Hall.	Thackeray Hall used to be the building for the National Union Fire Insurance Company until it was purchased by the University of Pittsburgh in 1968 for $1.875 million. First, it was used for faculty offices, then later known as the Social Sciences Building until it was renamed Mervis Hall. In 1983, it was renamed Thackeray Hall and has housed the university's Department of Mathematics since then.
What is cloud computing?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is cloud computing? ### Response:		Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access technology services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS).
What smoothie ingredients should I use if I don’t like bananas?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What smoothie ingredients should I use if I don’t like bananas? ### Response:		Mango and non-fat yogurt. If you are allergic to dairy, avocados provide a smoother texture to your smoothie and fresh smell too.
What does “that’s sus” mean?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What does “that’s sus” mean? ### Response:		“Sus” is slang for “suspicious” or “suspect” and the phrase is used by young people to express skepticism, as in “that new kid who started a fight is sus.”
How do I avoid and protect myself of being hacked?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How do I avoid and protect myself of being hacked? ### Response:		There are multiple ways to be vigilant and protect your digital identity and presence in the Internet. First turn on MFA (Multiple Factor Authentication) everywhere for all your accounts work (must be turned on if your employer takes security seriously) and personal accounts. Second NEVER reuse passwords, instead use a Password Manager. There are several for instance Google Chrome browser provides a password manager out of the box. Same if you use Apple products (iOS, Safari web browser, etc.). There are also commercial password managers such as 1Password and LastPass. Third never click or open URL links that look suspicious or from unknown senders. Fourth use a digital key like a Yubikey. The YubiKey is an easy to use extra layer of security for your online accounts. A single YubiKey has multiple functions for securing your login to email, online services, apps, computers, and even physical spaces. These are some basic steps that will protect your digital identity. Finally ALWAYS use a Lockscreen for your desktop computer, laptop, etc. All your devices should always auto lock after 3-5 minutes of inactivity. These basic steps provide a solid foundation so you will never be hacked.
Why are iPhones more popular than Android phones inside the United States, while the opposite is true outside the United States?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why are iPhones more popular than Android phones inside the United States, while the opposite is true outside the United States? ### Response:		The primary reason why iPhones are more popular inside the United States than outside the United States is cost. Because many companies manufacture and sell Android phones, the cost of an Android phone is low. On the other hand, Apple is the only company that sells iPhones, and this lack of competition allows Apple to charge a higher price. The United States has the highest per capita household income of any country in the world, thus people in the United States are more able to afford iPhones than are people outside the United States. A secondary reason for iPhone’s relative popularity in the United States is cultural: an iPhone is seen as a sort of status symbol, and some iPhone features only work with other iPhones, thus some people feel they will be “missing out” socially if they have an Android phone instead of an iPhone.
List the four season	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: List the four season ### Response:		Winter, Spring, Summer Fall
I need you to divide the following into solids, liquids and gasses. Gold, oxygen, helium, water, coffee, wood, blood, sand, neon, steel, rock, carbon dioxide, copper, ice and milk.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: I need you to divide the following into solids, liquids and gasses. Gold, oxygen, helium, water, coffee, wood, blood, sand, neon, steel, rock, carbon dioxide, copper, ice and milk. ### Response:		Gold, wood, sand, steel, rock, copper, ice are solids. Water, coffee, blood and milk are liquids. Oxygen, helium, neon, carbon dioxide are gasses.
What is the role of the coxswain?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the role of the coxswain? ### Input: The coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a cox box and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in bowloaders, usually seen in the coxed four and coxed pair types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow. ### Response:	The coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a cox box and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in bowloaders, usually seen in the coxed four and coxed pair types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow.	A coxswain sits in the stern of a rowing boat. A coxswain steers using rudder strings and coordinates the rowers through speakers located throughout the boat.
What is the name of Portland, Oregon's light rail system?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the name of Portland, Oregon's light rail system? ### Response:		MAX Light Rail
What is SSO?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is SSO? ### Response:		Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication scheme that allows a user to log in with a single ID to any of several related, yet independent, software systems. True single sign-on allows the user to log in once and access services without re-entering authentication factors.
How deep can the roots of Big Bluestem grass go into the ground?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How deep can the roots of Big Bluestem grass go into the ground? ### Response:		In ideal conditions, the roots of Big Bluestem grass can go six to seven feet deep.
What are the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere ### Response:		The most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, listed in decreasing order: Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Ozone Chlorofluorocarbons Hydrofluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons
Give me a list of 6 brands I should consider when buying new skis.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a list of 6 brands I should consider when buying new skis. ### Response:		1. K2 2. Black Crows 3. Rossignol 4. Nordica 5. Blizzard 6. Salomon
I am totally drunk and don’t know where I am. I can’t even find my way to any place. What do I do?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: I am totally drunk and don’t know where I am. I can’t even find my way to any place. What do I do? ### Response:		If you are totally drunk and out, locate someone who looks like a worker or employee. Request them to show you the way out. Once you are at a recognisable place, call an uber or lyft. If the area nearby looks unsafe, make a call to your friends or family and share your location details with them. Till they arrive, don’t move from your place.
Which of the following are actual titles for albums by Led Zeppelin? Houses of the Holy, Stairway to Heaven, Zoso, Led Zeppelin III, In Through the Out Door, Presents	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which of the following are actual titles for albums by Led Zeppelin? Houses of the Holy, Stairway to Heaven, Zoso, Led Zeppelin III, In Through the Out Door, Presents ### Response:		The correct answer is Houses of the Holy, Led Zeppelin III and In Through the Out Door. Stairway to Heaven is a song title but not an album title. Zoso is commonly incorrectly used as the album title of Led Zeppelin IV. And while Presents is incorrect, there is a Led Zeppelin album entitled Presence.
How do I keep great oral health?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How do I keep great oral health? ### Response:		You can have and maintain good oral health by minimizing the proliferation of bacteria in your mouth and tongue surface, flossing your teeth and brushing your teeth at least twice a day in the morning after waking up and in the evening before going to bed.
What is the ranking of poker hands from strongest to weakest that you can make with a regular deck of 52 cards and five cards total?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the ranking of poker hands from strongest to weakest that you can make with a regular deck of 52 cards and five cards total? ### Response:		The ranking of poker hands with 52 regular playing cards is: 1) A Royal Flush - this hand consists of ten, jack, queen, king and ace of a single suit (e.g. ten, jack, queen, king, ace, all of spades) 2) A Straight Flush - this hand consists of five consecutive cards in a single suit. The ace counts as either the highest or lowest, but not both at the same time. (e.g. five, six, seven, eight, nine, all of hearts) 3) Four-of-a-kind - this hand contains four of the same card (e.g. four tens) 4) Full house - Three-of-a-kind of the same card, and a pair of a different card. (e.g. three sevens and two jacks) 5) Flush - Five cards of the same suits (e.g. five spades) 6) Straight - Five consecutive cards, where the ace can count as either the highest or lowest card, but not both at the same time (e.g. ace, two, three, four, five). 7) Three-of-a-kind - this hand contains three of the same card (e.g. three sevens) 8) Two pair - this hand contains two sets of two cards that are the same (e.g. two fives and two queens) 9) One pair - this hand contains one set of two cards that are the same (e.g. two tens) 10) High card - this hand contains none of the other options, and just has a high card. For all poker hands, if they are of the same ranking, then one has to look at the height of the cards themselves to determine the strongest hand. A full house of three aces and two tens is stronger than a full house of three kings and two tens. At the same time, three kings and two tens beats three tens and two aces, because the kings are stronger.
Give me a simple summary of idempotency	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a simple summary of idempotency ### Input: Idempotence (UK: /ˌɪdɛmˈpoʊtəns/,[1] US: /ˈaɪdəm-/)[2] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra (in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators) and functional programming (in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency). The term was introduced by American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in 1870[3] in the context of elements of algebras that remain invariant when raised to a positive integer power, and literally means "(the quality of having) the same power", from idem + potence (same + power). ### Response:	Idempotence (UK: /ˌɪdɛmˈpoʊtəns/,[1] US: /ˈaɪdəm-/)[2] is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science whereby they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra (in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators) and functional programming (in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency). The term was introduced by American mathematician Benjamin Peirce in 1870[3] in the context of elements of algebras that remain invariant when raised to a positive integer power, and literally means "(the quality of having) the same power", from idem + potence (same + power).	Idempotency is a mathematical property where if you apply an operation multiple times, the result remains the same -- just as if you had only applied the operation once. Idempotency can grant you at-most-once semantics.
What is grep used for?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is grep used for? ### Input: grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search for a regular expression and print matching lines), which has the same effect. "grep" was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9. ### Response:	grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command g/re/p (globally search for a regular expression and print matching lines), which has the same effect. "grep" was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9.	grep is a popular Unix command that is used to search plain-text data sets for lines that match a pattern or regular expression. grep (global regular expression print) was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems. An example of using the grep command to search for a keyword in a file: grep keyword file.txt You can pipe the output of other commands into grep. For example, grep can be used to search a directory for a file: ls ~/Desktop \| grep keyword
What is abstract class?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is abstract class? ### Response:		A generic class that is used only as a template for derived classes, and that cannot be instantiated.
Who is the greatest physicist of all time?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the greatest physicist of all time? ### Response:		There have been many great physicists over the years, and while it's not possible to say with certainty who was the 'greatest', Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are very strong contenders for that title. Isaac Newton (1642-1746) was an English physicist and mathematician most famous for inventing calculus, classical mechanics. His three laws of classical mechanics successfully predicted the behavior of solid bodies across all observable scales - from the motion of planets to falling apples. For over 250 years his laws were applied with greater and greater precision, always giving the correct answers. However, in the late 1800s physicists struggled to reconcile measurements of the speed of light with Newton's laws. This one of the observations that led to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born physicist who revolutionized our understanding of space, time and matter with his theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. His theories of special and general relativity changed our understanding of space and time and successfully explained the motion of light and the behavior of gravity. His theories of quantum mechanics likewise revolutionized our understand of the sub-atomic world. In addition to Newton and Einstein there are many other physicists who made groundbreaking discoveries, including Galileo Galilei, James Clerk Maxwell, Marie Curie, Neils Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Stephen Hawking.