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additive models @xcite provide an important family of models for semiparametric regression or classification . some reasons for the success of additive models are their increased flexibility when compared to linear or generalized linear models and their increased interpretability when compared to fully nonparametric mo...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the leptonic decays of a charged pseudoscalar meson @xmath7 are processes of the type @xmath8 , where @xmath9 , @xmath10 , or @xmath11 . because no strong interactions are present in the leptonic final state @xmath12 , such decays provide a clean way to probe the complex , strong interactions that bind the quark and an...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the transport properties of nonlinear non - equilibrium dynamical systems are far from well - understood@xcite . consider in particular so - called ratchet systems which are asymmetric periodic potentials where an ensemble of particles experience directed transport@xcite . the origins of the interest in this lie in...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
studies of laser beams propagating through turbulent atmospheres are important for many applications such as remote sensing , tracking , and long - distance optical communications . howerver , fully coherent laser beams are very sensitive to fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index . the initially coherent ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the so - called `` nucleon spin crisis '' raised by the european muon collaboration ( emc ) measurement in 1988 is one of the most outstanding findings in the field of hadron physics @xcite,@xcite . the renaissance of the physics of high energy deep inelastic scatterings is greatly indebted to this epoch - making fin...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
let @xmath1 . let @xmath2\longrightarrow [ 0,\pi_{p , q}/2]$ ] be the integral @xmath3 where @xmath4 . the @xmath0-_sine functions _ , @xmath5 , $ ] are defined to be the inverses of @xmath6 , @xmath7\ ] ] extended to @xmath8 by the rules @xmath9 which make them periodic , continuous , odd with respect to 0 and eve...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the simulations we discuss here allowed us to obtain spectra of the shg response . we employed comsol multiphysics software ( www.comsol.com ) in order to perform simulations of the linear optical response as described in ref . @xcite . a unit cell containing a single sic pillar attached to the sic substrate was ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
with significant research efforts being directed to the development of neurocomputers based on the functionalities of the brain , a seismic shift is expected in the domain of computing based on the traditional von - neumann model . the @xmath0 @xcite , @xmath1 @xcite and the ibm @xmath2 @xcite are instances of recent...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the segmentation process as a whole can be thought of as consisting of two tasks : recognition and delineation . recognition is to determine roughly `` where '' the object is and to distinguish it from other object - like entities . although delineation is the final step for defining the spatial extent of the objec...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
one surprising result that has come out of the more than 200 extrasolar planet discoveries to date is the wide range of eccentricities observed . unlike our own solar system , many of the extrasolar planets which are not tidally locked to their host stars have moderate eccentricities ( @xmath1 ) , and 15 planets have...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
biological aggregations such as fish schools , bird flocks , bacterial colonies , and insect swarms @xcite have characteristic morphologies governed by the group members interactions with each other and with their environment . the _ endogenous _ interactions , _ i.e. _ , those between individuals , often involve o...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
studies of charm decays are pursued for several different reasons . first of all , there is the possibility of directly observing new physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) , since the effects of cp violation due to sm processes is highly suppressed allowing new physics contributions to be more easily seen than in ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
quantum - mechanical fluctuations during an early epoch of inflation provide a plausible mechanism to generate the energy - density perturbations responsible for observed cosmological structure . while it has been known for quite some time that inflation is consistent with open spatial hypersurfaces ( gott 1982 ; guth ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
formation and bose - einstein condensation ( bec ) of molecules @xcite have recently been achieved based on ultracold atoms with magnetically - tuned feshbach resonances @xcite . in these experiments , feshbach coupling is induced by tuning a foreign molecular state near the scattering continuum , which allows for an...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the study of supernovae ( sne ) has greatly advanced in the last few years . intensive and highly automated monitoring of nearby galaxies ( e.g. , li et al . 1996 ; treffers et al . 1997 ; filippenko et al . 2001 ; dimai 2001 ; qiu & hu 2001 ) , wide - field , moderately deep surveys ( e.g. , reiss et al . 1998...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the time varying stern - gerlach , sg , interaction of a relativistic fermion with an e.m . wave has been proposed to separate beams of particles with opposite spin states corresponding to different energies@xcite . we will show how spin polarized particle will exchange energy with the electromagnetic field of an r...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
excitons in semiconductors have been the subject of many experimental and theoretical investigations of bose condensation . low - energy exciton - exciton interactions are characterized by the exciton - exciton scattering length , @xmath5 , which determines the thermodynamics of a low density gas and is crucial for m...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
inflation generically predicts a primordial spectrum of density perturbations which is almost precisely gaussian @xcite . in recent years the small non - gaussian component @xcite has emerged as an important observable @xcite , and will be measured with good precision by the _ planck surveyor _ satellite @xcite . i...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
for fixed integers @xmath0 and @xmath1 , we consider the admissible sequences of @xmath2 lattice paths in a colored @xmath3 square given in @xcite . each admissible sequence of paths can be associated with a partition @xmath10 of @xmath4 . in section [ paths ] , we show that the number of self - conjugate admissible ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the lep experiments at the resonance of @xmath1-boson have tested the standard model ( sm ) at quantum level , measuring the @xmath1-decay into fermion pairs with an accuracy of one part in ten thousands . the good agreement of the lep data with the sm predictions have severely constrained the behavior of new physics...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it is well known that the classical magnetoresistance ( mr ) in metals or semiconductors with a closed free electron fermi surface increases quadratically with increasing magnetic field @xmath2 for @xmath3 and saturates when @xmath4 . here @xmath5 is the zero - magnetic - field mobility . hence , the extraordinaril...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
a magnitude limited complete census of variable stars in nearby dwarf galaxies allows important contributions to the star formation history of these systems . measurements of some variable stars can supply improved distance determinations for the host galaxies , others will provide important constraints for the populat...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in 1957 g.a . askaryan pointed out that ionisation and cavitation along a track of an ionising particle through a liquid leads to hydrodynamic radiation @xcite . in the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , theoretical and experimental studies have been performed on the hydrodynamic radiation of beams and particles traversing d...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the epoch of reionization signified the appearance of the first stars and galaxies within the first billion years after the big bang , and the transformation of the intergalactic medium ( igm ) from opaque to transparent . despite recent progress , however , it is not yet fully understood . it is now well established...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
invariants are a popular concept in object recognition and image retrieval @xcite . they aim to provide descriptions that remain constant under certain geometric or radiometric transformations of the scene , thereby reducing the search space . they can be classified into global invariants , typically based either ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it is believed that solar magnetic fields are created in the tachocline , the interface between the convection zone and the radiative interior . due to buoyancy instabilities , they move upward and emerge into the solar atmosphere in the form of @xmath0-shaped flux tubes @xcite . the largest emerging active regions...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the current observations , such as sneia ( supernovae type ia ) , cmb ( cosmic microwave background ) and large scale structure , converge on the fact that a spatially homogeneous and gravitationally repulsive energy component , referred as dark energy , accounts for about @xmath1 % of the energy density of universe . ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
developments are currently underway to promote the sensitivity of ligo and to improve its prospect for detecting gravitational waves emitted by compact object binaries @xcite . of particular interest are the detection of gravitational waves released during the inspiral and merger of binary black hole ( bbh ) systems ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in quantum information processing , information is stored and processed with a quantum system . a quantum system is always in contact with its surrounding environment , which leads to decoherence in the quantum system . decoherence must be suppressed for quantum information stored in qubits to be intact . there a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it has become a generally agreed concept that the euv dimming observed during the onset of a _ coronal mass ejection ( cme ) _ manifests the coronal mass loss of the cme , and thus we basically expect a one - to - one correlation between the detections of cmes and euv dimmings , unless there exist special circumstances...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
one of the fundamental problems in the classification of complex surfaces is to find a new family of complex surfaces of general type with @xmath0 . in this paper we construct new simply connected _ numerical campedelli surfaces _ with an involution , i.e. simply connected minimal complex surfaces of general type wit...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
supersymmetry ( susy ) is one of the most attractive extensions of the standard model . this symmetry solves the naturalness problem and predicts gauge coupling unification at the gut scale @xmath1 . it also predicts the existence of superpartner of the standard model ( sm ) particles . from the naturalness argumen...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the origin - destination ( od ) matrix is important in transportation analysis . the matrix contains information on the number of travellers that commute or the amount of freight shipped between different zones of a region . the od matrix is difficult and often costly to obtain by direct measurements / interviews o...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
high q cavities such as whispering gallery mode ( wgm ) cavities have recently demonstrated quality factors ( @xmath0 ) as high as @xmath3 and have shown the potential to reach even higher q values @xcite . however , there are difficulties in measurement of the linewidth and q of such high q cavities . while in theor...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
to enhance chemical reactivity of cu surfaces with nitrogen oxides ( no@xmath0 ) is an important issue for development of new catalytic materials effective in the no@xmath0 reduction process @xcite . the dissociative adsorption of no@xmath0 , for example , was found to be less expected on cu , compared with highly re...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
there are reasons to believe that cosmic rays ( crs ) around the ankle at @xmath0 gev are dominated by extragalactic protons @xcite . scattering processes in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) limit the propagation of ultra high energy ( uhe ) charged particles in our universe . a continuation of a power - li...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
a multistable system is one that possesses a large number of coexisting attractors for a fixed set of parameters . there is ample evidence for such phenomena in the natural sciences , with examples coming from neurosciences and neural dynamics @xcite - @xcite , optics @xcite @xcite , chemistry @xcite @xcite @xcite , ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in solid - core photonic crystal fibers ( pcf ) the air - silica microstructured cladding ( see fig . [ fig1 ] ) gives rise to a variety of novel phenomena @xcite including large - mode area ( lma ) endlessly - single mode operation @xcite . though pcfs typically have optical properties very different from that of ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
among the great variety of the works devoted to random motions at finite speed in the euclidean spaces @xmath8 ( see @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite for the markovian case and @xcite , @xcite for different non - markovian cases ) , the markov random flight in the three - dimensional euclidean space @xmath1 is , undou...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
multiscale dynamics is present in many phenomena , e.g. , turbulence @xcite , finance @xcite , geosciences @xcite , etc , to quote a few . it has been found in many multiscale dynamics systems that the self - similarity is broken , in which the concept of multiscaling or multifractal is relevant @xcite . this is ch...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
a fair number of astronomers and astronomy students have a physical challenge . it is our responsibility to learn the basics of accessibility to be able to help our library patrons to gain access to things that they need for their studies and work . astronomy is often seen as a very visual science . after all , i...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
polluted white dwarfs ( typed with a suffix `` z '' ) provide an opportunity to investigate the ultimate fate of planetary systems . although planets have not yet been detected around white dwarfs , the evidence for the presence of planetary debris around these objects lies in their polluted atmospheres . approxima...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the transformation , upon charge doping , of an antiferromagnetic ( af ) mott insulator into a superconducting ( sc ) metal and the role of af correlations in the appearance of superconductivity have challenged researchers since the discovery of high-@xmath12 superconductivity in cuprates . is the af order an indispe...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
massimo capone is thanked for useful discussions . the sezione infn di pavia is acknowledged for granting the computing time necessary to perform dft calculations . this work was supported by miur - prin2012 project no . 2012x3yfz2 . 99 n. f. mott , proc . phys london , sect . a * 62 * , 416 ( 1949 ) . ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the statistical mechanics of pure systems most prominently the topic of phase transitions and their associated surface phenomena has been a subject of fairly intensive research in recent years . several physical principles for pure systems ( the gibbs phase rule , wulff construction , etc . ) have been put on a ma...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
compact symmetric objects ( csos ) are a family of extragalactic radio sources comprising roughly 3% of flux - limited samples selected at high frequencies ( taylor , readhead , & pearson 1996 ; peck & taylor 2001 ) . their defining characteristic is the presence of high luminosity radio components on both sides of a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in @xcite the problem of how to give an explicit combinatorial definition of weak higher categories was solved , and the development of a conceptual framework for their further analysis was begun . in the aftermath of this , the expository work of other authors , most notably street @xcite and leinster @xcite , contrib...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
cp violation , initially observed @xcite only in the @xmath7@xmath8 system , is one feature of the standard model ( sm ) that still defies clear theoretical understanding . the ckm picture , which describes _ all _ the _ observed _ cp violation in terms of a single phase in the quark - mixing matrix , has been vindica...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the variability of ex lup was discovered by miss e. janssen in 1944 while examining spectral plates at the harvard observatory ( mclaughlin 1946 ) . herbig ( 1950 ) first pointed out the similarity of ex lupi s spectral characteristics and t tauri stars with strong emission lines of h , caii , feii , and hei . in one...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the liquid - gas ( lg ) phase transition in nuclear matter remains illusive and a hot research topic despite of the great efforts devoted to understanding its nature and experimental manifestations by the nuclear physics community over many years@xcite . for a recent review , see , e.g. , refs.@xcite . most of the ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the study of the phase transition of frustrated spin systems on two - dimensional ( 2d ) lattices is a central problem in modern condensed mater physics . a competition of exchange interaction can lead to frustration , where spatial arrangement of magnetic ions in a crystal for which a simultaneous antiparallel order...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the entanglement entropy , as a tool to detect and classify quantum phase transitions , has been playing an important role in the last fifteen years ( see @xcite and references therein ) . in one dimension , where most of the critical quantum chains are conformal invariant , the entanglement entropy provides a powerful...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it has been known for a long time that owing to planar property and mutual focussing , colliding plane waves ( cpw ) result in spacelike singularities [ 1 ] . these singularities are somewhat weakened when the waves are endowed with a relative cross polarization prior to the collision . a solution given by chandrasek...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in adaptive control and recursive parameter estimation one often needs to adjust recursively an estimate @xmath0 of a vector @xmath1 , which comprises @xmath2 constant but unknown parameters , using measurements of a quantity @xmath3 here @xmath4 is a vector of known data , often called the regressor , and @xmath5 is a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the construction of background field formalism for n=2 super - yang - mills theory ( sym ) in projective hyperspace ( @xmath0 ) @xcite is an open problem . such a formalism is desirable for any ( non-)supersymmetric theory as it simplifies ( loop ) calculations and even intermediate steps respect gauge covariance . a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the experimental data used in this paper were collected by the forward looking radar of the us army research laboratory @xcite . that radar was built for detection and possible identification of shallow explosive - like targets . since targets are three dimensional objects , one needs to measure a three dimensional ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the @xmath3-transformation has been extensively studied since the seminal paper of rnyi in 1957 . there is a huge amount of literature on the map itself and on the associated symbolic dynamics . over the past decade , people became interested in the @xmath2-transformation , changing the slope of the map from positi...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
although the sunspot number varies periodically with time with an average period of 11 year , the individual cycle period ( length ) and also the strength ( amplitude ) vary in a random way . it is observed that the stronger cycles have shorter periods and vice versa . this leads to an important feature of solar cy...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
reticulation processes refer to the transfer of genetic material between living organisms in a non - reproduction manner . horizontal gene transfer is believed to be a highly significant reticulation process occurring between single - cell organisms ( doolittle and bapteste 2007 ; treangen and rocha 2011 ) . other ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in @xcite a database containing a solution of the 3d incompressible navier - stokes ( ns ) equations is presented . the equations were solved numerically with a standard pseudo - spectral simulation in a periodic domain , using a real space grid of @xmath0 grid points . a large - scale body force drives a turbulent...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in recent years electron transfer ( et ) between molecular adsorbates and semiconductor nanomaterials and surfaces has been subject of much research @xcite . the injection of an electron into the conduction band is a prototype reaction for a lot of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical interfacial processes such a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
compact x - ray sources exhibit a wide range of temporal variabilities ( from milliseconds to years ) . perhaps none of these is as exotic and diverse as the x - ray temporal variability observed from the black hole microquasar grs 1915 + 105 ( castro - tirado , brandt , & lund 1992 ; greiner , morgan , & remillard ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
galaxy clusters , the largest gravitationally - bound structures in the universe , are ideal cosmological tools . accurate measurements of their masses provide a crucial observational constraint on cosmological models . several dynamical methods have been available to estimate cluster masses , such as ( 1 ) optical...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
we study the problem to find solutions of _ non - homogeneous _ double - confluent heun equations that are monodromy eigenfunctions . our study is motivated by applications to nonlinear equations modeling the josephson effect in superconductivity . the main results , their existence and uniqueness ( theorems [ no...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
nuclear fragmentation resulting from heavy ion collsions is a complex phenomenon . the role of equilibration and dynamics has not yet been determined as a plethora of approaches have been investigated . examples of approaches are evaporative pictures@xcite , percolation models@xcite , lattice gas models , and dynam...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in the standard model ( sm ) , the only source of cp violation is the kobayashi - maskawa phase @xcite , localized in the unitarity triangle ( ut ) of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) matrix @xcite . thanks to the precise measurements at the current @xmath3-factories , cp violation could be established in @x...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the natural shape of an isolated self - gravitating fluid is axially symmetric . for this reason , exact axial symmetric solutions of einstein field equations are good candidates to model astrophysical bodies in general relativity . in the last decades , several exact solutions were studied as possible galactic mod...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the open connectome project ( located at http://openconnecto.me ) aims to annotate all the features in a 3d volume of neural em data , connect these features , and compute a high resolution wiring diagram of the brain , known as a connectome . it is hoped that such work will help elucidate the structure and function ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the cdf collaboration has reported an excess in the production of two jets in association with a @xmath1 boson production @xcite from data collected at the tevatron with a center - of - mass energy of 1.96 tev and an integrated luminosity of 4.3 fb@xmath6 . the @xmath1 boson is identified through a charged lepton ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
x - ray studies of fairly normal " galaxies , with high - energy emission not obviously dominated by a luminous active galactic nucleus ( agn ) , have recently been extended to cosmologically interesting distances in the deep field ( cdf ) surveys , which have now reached 1 ms of exposure ( cdf - n : hornschemeier e...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
topological phase of condensed matter systems is a quantum many - body state with nontrivial momentum or real space topology in the hilbert spaces @xcite . recent newly discovered topological superconductor ( tsc ) has spawned considerable interests since this kind of topological phase supports the emergence of major...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the discovery of topological insulators in 2d and 3d has recently attracted a great deal of attention @xcite ( reference therein ) . the appearance of the gapless edge states within the bulk gap is generally believed to be a signature of the topological insulator . generally speaking , a topological insulator has gap...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in the past decade , observations of type ia supernovae ( sne ia ; riess et al . 1998 ; schmidt et al . 1998 ; perlmutter et al . 1999 ) , cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) fluctuations ( bennett et al . 2003 ; spergel et al . 2003 , 2007 ) , and large - scale structures ( lss ; tegmark et al . 2004 , 2006 ) have b...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
quantum systems can be correlated in ways that supersede classical descriptions . however , there are degrees of non - classicality for quantum correlations . for simplicity , we consider only bipartite correlations , with the two , spatially separated , parties being named alice and bob as usual . at the weaker e...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
almost forty years ago exotic , apparently hybrid and unexpected events , dubbed centauros , were observed in cosmic ray ( cr ) experiments in emulsion chambers in chacaltaya by lattes and collaborators @xcite . those events were very different from what is commonly observed in crs , exhibiting a large number of hadr...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
several decades ago , @xcite postulated that the absorption lines observed in the spectra of distant qsos are due to the extended gaseous halos of intervening galaxies . since that time , astronomers have identified the galaxies associated with the observed absorption ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ) ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
superconducting josephson junction qubit is one of the most promising candidates for implementing quantum computation @xcite . single qubit coherent oscillations in superconducting qubits have been demonstrated experimentally @xcite and furthermore two qubit coupling and entanglement have been performed in charge @xc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in 1985 , hoare s paper _ a couple of novelties in the propositional calculus _ @xcite was published . in this paper the ternary connective @xmath0 is introduced as the _ conditional_. with @xmath1 and @xmath2 denoting programs and @xmath3 a boolean expression . ] a more common expression for a conditional stateme...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the presence of a surfactant film at a fluid - fluid interface alters the dynamics of the interface . this is manifested in behavior of the interfacial waves , induced either externally or by thermal fluctuations @xcite . the interfacial dynamics can be probed by measuring the light scattered on such surface waves ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
one of the most interesting topic of quantum physics in recent days is the characterization of universal properties of bosonic many - body system in the unitary regime @xcite . by using the feshbach resonance the two - body scattering length @xmath1 is tuned to very large values . the unitary regime is characteriz...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the visionary who first thought of using the spin polarization of a single electron to encode a binary bit of information has never been identified conclusively . folklore has it that feynman mentioned this notion in casual conversations ( circa 1985 ) , but to this author s knowledge there did not exist concrete sch...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
circumstellar material holds clues about the mass - loss history of massive stars . indeed , as the winds interact with the interstellar medium ( wind - blown bubbles , bow shocks ) , they leave a characteristic signature that depends on the wind properties . moreover , the material ejected during short eruptive phas...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
this paper presents data for the last two patches ( c and d ) of the sky observed by the public eso imaging survey ( eis ) , being carried out in preparation for the first year of regular operation of vlt . the i - band data reported here covers a total area of 12 square degrees , down to @xmath6 , corresponding to t...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
over the past 70 years , there have been multiple attempts to dynamically model the movement of polymer chains with brownian dynamics @xcite , which have more recently been used as a model for dna filament dynamics @xcite . one of the first and simplest descriptions was given as the rouse model @xcite , which is a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
a geodesic flow in a given direction on a translation surface induces on a transverse segment an interval exchange map . dynamic of such transformations has been extensively studied during these last thirty years providing applications to billiards in rational polygons , to measured foliations on surfaces , to teichm...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
cataclysmic variables ( cvs ) are short - period binaries containing a white dwarf ( wd ) primary ( with mass @xmath2 ) and a low mass main sequence secondary ( with mass @xmath3 ) . the secondary fills its roche lobe and transfers mass to the wd through the inner lagrangian ( @xmath4 ) point . the main features of...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
we first classify the multiplicity - free permutation characters given by the actions of symmetric groups on their conjugacy classes . for this we shall need the following lemma , ultimately due to frobenius , which implies that multiplicity - free permutation characters only come from permutation actions with relati...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
having been discovered more than a century ago @xcite , whistler waves become one of the most important waves in plasmas . such waves ( also known as helicons in solid state plasmas ) are low - frequency ( lf ) ( in comparison with the electron - cyclotron frequency , @xmath0 ) right - hand circularly polarized ( rcp ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
since its discovery , in 1980 , the quantum hall ( qh ) effect @xcite has been a very rich source of interesting problems related to topological and correlation effects in condensed matter systems . the qh effect is observed in two - dimensional electron gases@xcite ( 2deg ) exposed to a strong magnetic field perpend...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the increasing ability of the direct @xmath0-body method to provide reliable models of the dynamical evolution of star clusters has closely mirrored increases in computing power ( heggie 2011 ) . the community has progressed from small-@xmath0 models performed on workstations ( e.g. von hoerner 1963 ; mcmillan , hut ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
cross sections of high - energy nuclear reactions are expressed in terms of nuclear parton distribution functions ( npdfs ) , so that precise npdfs are essential for finding any new phenomena in the high - energy reactions . recently , this topic is becoming important in heavy - ion collisions for investigating prope...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
let @xmath0 be an oriented surface of finite type , i.e. @xmath0 is a closed surface of genus @xmath1 from which @xmath2 points , so - called _ punctures _ , have been deleted . we assume that @xmath3 , i.e. that @xmath0 is not a sphere with at most @xmath7 punctures or a torus with at most @xmath8 puncture . we th...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
general relativity in spacetime dimension @xmath3 larger than four supports black brane solutions that , unlike in lower dimensions , are not uniquely characterized by their asymptotic charges ( mass , spin , gauge charges ) . an example of this situation is the kaluza - klein black hole , a solution of the einstein ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the mauritius radio telescope ( mrt ) @xcite is a fourier synthesis , t - shaped non - coplanar array operating at 151.5 mhz . the telescope was built to fill the gap in the availability of deep sky surveys at low radio frequencies in the southern hemisphere . the aim of the survey with mrt is to contribute to th...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the properties of the relativistic fermi gas ( rfg ) model of the nucleus @xcite have inspired the idea of superscaling . in the rfg model , the responses of the system to an external perturbation are related to a universal function of a properly defined scaling variable which depends upon the energy and the momentum...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
one of the oldest problems of algebra is the equation solvability problem over a given algebraic structure . nowadays , many such classical problems arise in a new perspective , namely to consider their computational complexity . in this paper we investigate the complexity of the equation solvability problem over f...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
gliese 229b is not only the first brown dwarf recognized as genuine @xcite , but it is also the brightest and best - studied t dwarf known . with an effective temperature of @xmath5k , it lies squarely between the latest l dwarfs ( @xmath6k , @xcite ) and the giant planets of the solar system ( @xmath7k ) . indeed , ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
densely - grafted chains on nonadsorbing substrate surfaces form the so - called `` polymer brush''@xcite . these systems find various important applications @xcite , e.g. as lubricants @xcite , for colloid stabilization @xcite , for tuning of adhesion and wetting properties @xcite , for improving the biocompatibilit...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
systems of interacting open- and closed - strings play important roles in several aspects of string theory . it has been found out that theories even formulated as pure closed - strings have open - string sectors when they are accompanied by d - branes @xcite . one of the most important features of such open - clos...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in the last years wireless communication systems coped with the problem of delivering reliable information while granting high throughput . this problem has often been faced resorting to channel codes able to correct errors even at low signal to noise ratios . as pointed out in table i in @xcite , several standards f...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization