text
stringlengths
0
285k
source
stringclasses
1 value
the pioneering work of weinberg @xcite launched the basis for the effective field theory ( eft ) of nuclear forces starting from the expansion of an effective chiral lagrangian . it gives a nucleon - nucleon ( nn ) interaction which is , in leading order , the one - pion - exchange potential ( opep ) plus a dirac - ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the discovery of iron - based superconductors @xcite has triggered great interests in the field of condensed matter physics . a lot of theoretical and experimental works suggest complicated fermi surfaces and unconventional pairing mechanism@xcite . there is a common issue between the iron pnictides and the cuprat...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
recent discoveries have underlined a key role of astrophysics in the study of nature . in this paper we are presenting a potential instrument for measuring high energy photon polarization with a proven detector technique which should allow preparation of a reliable tool for the space - borne observatory . polarizat...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the past decade has seen a renewed interest in low frequency radio astronomy with a strong focus on cosmology with the highly redshifted 21 cm line of neutral hydrogen . numerous facilities and experiments are already online or under construction , including the giant metre - wave radio telescope ( gmrt ; @xcite ) , ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
when cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) photons pass through galaxy clusters , they compton up - scatter on hot electrons , making a small increment ( decrement ) above ( below ) the peak of the cmb primary spectrum . the size of this distortion in the cmb spectrum , the sunyaev - zeldovich ( sz ) effect @xcite , is...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
experimental observations and robust theoretical arguments have established that our universe is essentially non - visible , the luminous matter scarcely accounting for one per cent of the critical density of a flat universe ( @xmath0 ) . the current picture describes an universe consisting of unknown species of dark...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the estimation of quantum states by using measured data is crucial to verify the quality of any quantum device . to fully determine a quantum state , i.e. to perform a quantum state tomography , one needs to accumulate enough data to compute the expectation values of an informationally complete set of observables @xc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the prediction of the yield stress for electrorheological ( er ) fluids is the main concern in theoretical investigations of er fluids . early studies failed to derive the experimental yield stress data @xcite because these studies were almost based on a point - dipole approximation @xcite . the point - dipole appr...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in order for hydrodynamics codes to be able to simulate shocks it is necessary that the width of the shock be spread over a few mesh cells , or represent a few inter - particle spacings , depending on whether a grid or particle based code is being used . in reality , however , the true width of the shock is only a fe...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
weakly interacting massive particles ( wimps ) are believed to be the most plausible candidate for dark matter ( dm ) in the universe . wimps are predicted to exist in many extensions of the standard model of particle physics . most of the well - motivated wimp candidates are majorana ( _ i.e. _ , @xmath0 ) fermion...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
a precise determination of the bottom quark mass , being one of the fundamental parameters in the standard model ( sm ) , is of paramount interest in several areas of present day particle phenomenology . in the past , qcd moment sum rule analyses have been successfully applied for extracting charm and bottom quark ma...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
ngc7538irs1 was first detected in the radio at 5 ghz by @xcite , who found three compact radio sources at the se edge of the large ( @xmath3 4 ) region ngc7538 , which is at a distance 2.65 kpc @xcite . the brightest of the three , source b , has later become known as irs1 @xcite . the far - infrared luminosity of ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
current models of hierarchical galaxy formation predict that galaxies form via the accretion of smaller lumps of gas , stars , and dark matter ( e.g. silk & norman 1981 ; kauffman , white , & guiderdoni 1993 ; cole et al . recent simulations of this process assuming a lambda - dominated cold dark matter ( cdm ) univ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
groups of galaxies are useful tracers of large - scale structure . they provide sites in which to study the environmental dependence of galaxy properties , the galactic content of dark matter haloes , the small - scale clustering of galaxies , and the interaction between galaxies and hot x - ray emitting intragroup g...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
molecular species are useful diagnostics for understanding the physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium ( ism ) , and have been studied in various ways for many years . most molecules are observed in dense molecular clouds via rotational emission lines in the radio band . these emission studies are indispen...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the two - level model of atoms interacting with light fields @xcite has often been used to explore optical cooling mechanisms @xcite . its inherent simplicity the atom has one ground state and one excited state makes the resulting models amenable to analysis , but also suppresses mechanisms @xcite that , in the a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
recent measurements of the positron fraction in cosmic rays ( crs ) up to 100 gev by the pamela experiment @xcite ( and of the sum of the electron plus positron fluxes by atic @xcite and ppb - bets @xcite ) have triggered a lot of interest on the possibility that there may be a dominant contribution to these terms ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the hope to develop a quantum information processing machine has made a strong impact in several distinct branches of science , e.g. , in theoretical and experimental quantum physics , in computer science , and in electrical and chemical engineering . to succeed , it is essential to achieve high - precision quantum t...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
recently , economy has become an active research area for physicists . they have investigated stock markets using statistical tools , such as the correlation function , multifractal , spin - glass models , and complex networks @xcite . as a consequence , it is now found evident that the interaction therein is highly ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the origin of water on earth is still puzzling ( e.g. the reviews by * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * ; * ? ? ? * and references therein ) . at one end of the models , the high temperature in the inner accretion disk hampered hydrous phases to exist so that external sources were needed , the so - called ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the phoenix dwarf galaxy , discovered by schuster & west ( 1976 ) , has a morphological type of dirr / dsph ( mateo 1998 ) , meaning that although this galaxy has a low surface brightness and a mass and morphology like a dwarf spheroidal ( dsph ) galaxy , there is evidence of recent star formation ( canterna & flower 1...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in astrophysical plasmas , such as the solar corona , the three - dimensional ( 3d ) magnetic field topology is often highly complex . in such complex 3d magnetic fields , where traditional two - dimensional ( 2d ) x - point magnetic reconnection models may no longer be applicable , determining the sites at which dynam...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it is known that the most important component of an adaptive optics ( ao ) system is the corrector , which is the deformable mirror ( dm ) . it can be a continuous face sheet or a surface formed by mirror segments @xcite . in the former the mirror boundary is fixed and voltage applied to any one actuator influences...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
we , two non - experts , present several " calculations and some simple measurements related to global warming and the carbon cycle . our purpose is to understand which phenomena are important in determining the temperature of the earth . in this article we will use the following measured data.@xcite the power of t...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
an analysis of spin dynamics involves calculations of spin correlators . spin operators do not satisfy the wick theorem , and various methods have been used to still enable the use of perturbative ( diagrammatic ) methods . one of the approaches is based on the majorana - fermion representation of spin operators . ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it is the object of relativistic heavy - ion collisions to create and study strongly interacting matter excited beyond its hadronic phase @xcite . the existence of such a phase [ the quark gluon plasma ( qgp ) ] has been predicted by lattice qcd calculations @xcite which exhibit a sudden rise in the scaled pressure...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in 1998 , bender and boettcher showed that a wide class of non - hermitian hamiltonians @xmath2 can possess entirely real spectra as long as they respect parity - time ( @xmath0 ) symmetry @xcite . while the implications of @xmath0 symmetry in theoretical physics are still a matter of debate @xcite , classical system...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
we report on the development of the medium resolution spectrophotometer to accompany ( in real time ) spectral observations performed with the high resolution spectrographs @xcite on the 6meter telescope bta of the special astrophysical observatory . the spectrophotometer uses a 0.7meter optics of the bta guide te...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
to securing communications through the use of information theoretic notions was started by shannon in the 1940 s . in his papers he related fundamental notions , such as entropy , to the secrecy of cryptographic systems @xcite . inspired by the work of shannon , wyner published a paper proving that it was theoretical...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the axion @xcite was postulated approximately twenty years ago to explain why the strong interactions conserve the discrete symmetries p and cp in spite of the fact that the standard model of particle interactions as a whole violates those symmetries . it is the quasi - nambu - goldstone boson associated with the spo...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
organic molecules are promising candidates for the next generation of electronic devices and for solar energy conversion.@xcite among these , assemblies of dye molecules in the form of j - aggregates have attracted attention for their special optical properties.@xcite these are understood from delocalization of the exc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in the present year 2000 we are celebrating the 100th birthday of quantum theory and the 75th birthday of quantum mechanics . thus it took only 25 years from the first inception of the new theory until its final consolidation . quantum field theory is almost as old as quantum mechanics . but the formulation of a ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the enhancement of _ photoacoustic tomography _ ( pat ) by taking dissipation into account is currently a very active subfield of pat with various contributions from engineers , mathematicians and physicists . for basic facts on pat in the absence and presence of dissipation , we refer for example to @xcite and @xc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the periodically forced sir model @xmath2 @xmath3 @xmath4 and variants of it , are extensively used to model seasonally recurrent diseases @xcite . here @xmath5 are the fractions of the population which are susceptible , infective , and recovered , @xmath6 denotes the birth and death rate , @xmath7 the recovery rate ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
shear flow can drive dense colloidal dispersions into states far from equilibrium . especially of interest is the possibility to shear melt colloidal solids , in particular metastable colloidal glasses and gels , and to investigate shear - melted ( yielding ) colloidal glasses . does a yield stress and/or yield str...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
according to the theory of relativity or quantum electrodynamics ( qed ) , the rest mass of photon should be exactly zero . however , even if the photon rest mass is not zero , qed and classical electromagnetism remain intact @xcite . this is because a non - zero photon mass would not damage gauge invariance of the...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the known galactic globular clusters ( gc ) - less than 150 ( harris @xcite ) - were discovered mostly through optical searches , that are obviously biased against highly obscured gcs . since the galaxy is estimated to have @xmath9 gcs ( harris @xcite ) , a certain number of them may still be hidden behind the galact...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in quasi - one dimensional organic conductors tmtsf ( tetrametyltetraselenafulvalence ) salts , there are several experimental evidences of superconductivity , @xcite which exhibit the large critical field being much larger than the pauli limit.@xcite for @xmath1 , the triplet superconducting(sc ) state has been mainta...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
over the past twenty years , discoveries of planets , stars and substellar objects have demonstrated the enormous diversity of astrophysical bodies in the universe . thanks to modern techniques and technology , it is now possible to study the atmospheres of these objects and retrieve some knowledge of their compositi...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
very significant resources are being invested in large surveys of the stellar content of our galaxy . we clearly are under an obligation to make every effort to extract as much science from these expensive data as we can . a survey catalogue is always dominated by selection effects : it contains stars that are near...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
this work was supported by air force office of scientific research ( afosr ) ( fa8655 - 09 - 1 - 3020 ) ; engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) ( ep / k034480/1 ( bloqs ) ; ep/ j000051/1 , nqit ) ; european commission ( ec ) ( piefga-2013 - 62737 , ief - ga-2012 - 331859 , ip siqs ( 600645 ) , pi...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
during the past decade study of nonlinear behavior of magnetic crystals has been attracted large attention , specially it accompany with the progress in some other fields such as development of theory of nonlinear differential equation , achieving new laboratory results and also potential applications in other branches...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
interference of waves both in the form of light and massive particles , such as electrons , neutrals , and atoms , has proven to be a very sensitive method of measuring physical quantities ( see e.g. ref . @xcite and references therein ) . this includes precise measurements of electromagnetic fields , gyromagnetic ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
let @xmath15 be an oriented closed @xmath16-manifold , and @xmath17 a homomorphism between the tangent bundle @xmath18 and an oriented vector bundle @xmath19 of rank @xmath16 on @xmath20 . suppose that @xmath21 allows only generic corank one singularities , namely it has only @xmath22-singularities . when @xmath23 ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the discovery of the first transiting exoplanet , hd209458 ( charbonneau et al . 2000 ) was quickly followed by a measurement and characterization of the planet s atmospheric transmission spectrum ( charbonneau et al . 2002 ) . spectroscopic observations of this type provide invaluable probes of planetary physics , f...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the main goal of the lhc physics program is to unravel the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking , with the leading explanation being the standard model higgs boson . in considering the sm higgs hypothesis , or more generally the correct description of electroweak symmetry breaking ( ewsb ) as realized in nature , it...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
collective behaviour of interacting _ intelligent _ agents such as birds , insects or fishes shows highly non - trivial properties and sometimes it seems to be quite counter - intuitive @xcite . as well - known , many - body systems having a lot of _ non - intelligent _ elements , for instance , spins ( tiny magnets in...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
prime numbers have attracted mathematically oriented minds . they are fountains of the interesting problems which are left unresolved to the present . as well as prime numbers , natural numbers themselves sometimes show unexpected behaviors in spite of their simple appeal . in this note , we would like to present a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the simplest model of strongly interacting bosons is the bose - hubbard model ( bhm ) , which has been used to describe superfluid helium@xcite , cooper pairs in thin granular superconducting films@xcite and josephson junction arrays@xcite . much theoretical work has concentrated on the phase diagram of the bhm in ze...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
this work was supported by the french anr project no . anr-13-bs04 - 0013 - 01 . we thank j. debray for sample preparation and f. lvy - bertrand for infrared measurements . m. j. harris , s. t. bramwell , d. f. mcmorrow , t. zeiske and k. w. godfrey , phys . lett . * 79 * , 2554 ( 1997 ) . a. p. ramirez , a. ha...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
[ [ section ] ] in the paper @xcite published in 1987 , a. beilinson formulated his famous conjectures on the properties of hypothetical categories of mixed motivic sheaves over a scheme . in addition to the classical case of motives with rational coefficients , some conjectures about the category of motives wit...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
nuclear cluster structure in the hoyle state , the second @xmath0 state at @xmath9 mev in @xmath2 , has been discussed for a long time by many authors @xcite . cluster model approaches play an important role in understanding the structure and clarified that it has well developed @xmath8 cluster structure with more d...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
two outstanding mysteries in particle theory are the cause of electroweak symmetry breaking and the origin of flavor symmetry breaking by which the quarks and leptons obtain their diverse masses . the standard model of particle physics , based on the gauge group @xmath0 accommodates both symmetry breakings by includi...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
substantial progress achieved during the past decade in studies of active galactic nuclei has brought an increasingly wider recognition of the ubiquity of relativistic outflows ( jets ) in galactic nuclei , turning them into an effective probe of nuclear regions in galaxies @xcite . emission properties , dynamics , a...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
multi - particle and multi - jet final states are of great importance at the tevatron and at the future lhc or @xmath3 linear collider . they serve both as signals and as important backgrounds to many new and already discovered physics channels . as an example the production and decay of top quarks , higgs boson(s ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the meson - cloud model plays an important role in dealing with non - perturbative quantum chromodynamics effects in the nucleon . it has been used by several groups to interpret momentum distributions of sea quarks in the nucleon @xcite , measured in deep inelastic scattering . the standard approach is based upon ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
when lines coalesce into broad unresolved patterns due to physical broadening mechanisms ( stark effect , auto - ionization , etc . ) , they can be handled by global methods @xcite . on the other hand , some transition arrays exhibit a small number of lines that must be taken into account individually . those lines...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the emergence of spatio - temporal ordered structures in nonlinear systems is an ideal laboratory for investigating the trend toward complexification observed in nature at the physical , chemical , and biological level @xcite . it is known that localized , or spatially - bound , order emerges in systems which are out...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
inflation was invented to resolve problems existing in hot big bang cosmology , such as flatness , horizon , primordial monopole problem@xcite ( for some early attempts see refs . @xcite ) . after more than twenty years development , one has obtained a deep sight at this theory . however , it is still puzzled by ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in @xcite it was shown that the combinatorics of the subtraction procedure inherent to perturbative renormalization gives rise to a hopf algebra @xmath0 which provides a conceptual framework to understand the intricacies of the forest formula of zimmermann . in @xcite , it was shown that the delicate computational...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the old nova v842 cen ( nova cen 1986 ) was discovered on 1986 november 22 by mcnaught ( 1986 ) and reached a maximum magnitude of 5.6 from its pre - outburst brightness of about 18.5 . whitelock ( 1987 ) and sekiguchi et al . ( 1989 ) estimated the @xmath2 decay time to be 48 d , thus classifying it as a moderatel...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
future electron - positrons colliders will require a flux of positrons much higher than what can be produced with current methods . one of the scheme that has been proposed to achieve such flux is to use an intense flux of polarized high energy gamma rays @xcite which can be converted into polarized electron - posit...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
controllable single - photon transport is of central importance in quantum information processing . there have been many recent experimental @xcite and theoretical @xcite works probing the photon transport properties of a wavelength - scale cavity that incorporates a two- or multi - level system . these works enc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
recurrent novae ( rne ) are ordinary novae ( binary systems with mass accreting onto a white dwarf until thermonuclear runaway is triggered ) for which the recurrence time scale is between a decade and a century , such that more than one eruption has been observed ( payne - gaposchkin 1964 ; bode & evans 2008 ; evans e...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the study of the role of electronic correlations in transition metal compounds is one of the most actively developing fields of modern condensed matter physics . this class of materials exhibits rich and highly nontrivial physical phenomena such as unconventional transport properties including metal - insulator trans...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the idea of noncommutative analogues of classical mathematical notions like topology , geometry , measure theory , or probability , derives from operator algebras . in the classical ( commutative ) context , one can usually associate to a given space an appropriate set of complex - valued functions defined on that sp...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
optical frequency combs have been very useful scientific and technological tools in a wide range of applications such as optical clocks , precision spectroscopy , low phase noise microwave generation and optical communications . the general approach for producing frequency combs is based on mode - locking in lasers ....
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
let @xmath10 be @xmath2-dimensional complex - valued vectors . we denote their inner product as @xmath11 now suppose we have a directed graph @xmath12 . let us associate a vector @xmath13 with each vertex @xmath4 , and consider the product over all edges @xmath6 of the inner products of the corresponding vectors : ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
this work is funded by ` agence nationale de la recherche ' under grant anr-08-blan-0093 - 01 . + 00 b. i. abelev _ et al . _ [ the star collaboration ] , phys . c * 75 * ( 2007 ) 054906 . s. huang [ phenix collaboration ] , j. phys . g * 35 * ( 2008 ) 104105 . n. borghini and j. y. ollitrault , phy...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
description of nuclear pairing correlation has been a major subject in recent nuclear physics . for instance , in self - consistent meanfield ( scmf ) description of atomic nuclei , there have been various approaches in order to take the nuclear pairing correlation into account @xcite . these approaches based on the sc...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in parametric down - conversion , a pump photon of frequency @xmath0 incident on a medium with a second - order nonlinear susceptibility @xmath1 is split into two photons with lower frequency @xcite . spontaneous parametric down conversion produces photon pairs that can be entangled in many degrees of freedom @xcit...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
low - frequency radio telescopes have relatively large fields - of - view , because the telescope primary beam size scales with wavelength . current high - resolution ( sub - arcminute ) radio interferometers that operate at sub - ghz frequencies , like the giant metrewave radio telescope ( gmrt ) , the low - frequency...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the exceptional luminosity of type ia supernovae ( sn ia ) , and the tight empirical relationships among the decline rate , color , and peak luminosity of their light curves @xcite , make sn ia useful probes of the cosmic expansion history @xcite . sn ia spectra and inferred @xmath5ni masses ( e.g. , @xcite ) sh...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
it is a long - standing problem to reproduce irreversible heat conduction phenomena , which are described by the fourier law , @xmath2 , where @xmath3 denotes the heat conductivity , on the basis of time - reversible microscopic dynamics . recent studies have succeeded in reproducing the fourier law@xcite , and other...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
there is bountiful evidence for efficient particle acceleration at collisionless shocks in the universe . the heliosphere , with its planetary bow shocks and traveling interplanetary shocks , has provided interesting and useful test cases for shock acceleration theories . in the remote regions of the universe , super...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in recent years , compressive sensing ( cs ) has influenced many fields in signal processing . basically , the theory states that if an unknown signal @xmath0 can be sparsely represented , only a few @xmath1 linear and non - adaptive measurements @xmath2 of the signal suffice to accurately reconstruct it . denoting t...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
strongly interacting bosonic systems have attracted a lot of recent interest@xcite . physical realizations include short correlation - length superconductors , granular superconductors , josephson arrays , the dynamics of flux lattices in type ii superconductors , and critical behavior of @xmath0 in porous media . ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
aging experiments in spin glasses @xcite first carried out by lundgren _ et al . _ , have generated a large amount of experimental as well as theoretical work . two types of experiments have been investigated : the zero - field - cooled experiment and the thermoremanent magnetization experiment , both leading to si...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
as the only missing particle in the standard model ( sm ) , the higgs boson is being intensively hunted at the lhc . recently , both the atlas and cms experiments have revealed hints of a higgs particle around @xmath6 @xcite . while such a higgs mass can be well accommodated in the sm and the reported signal rates ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
search for the quark - gluon plasma ( qgp ) at relativistic heavy - ion collision experiments ( rhice ) has reached a very exciting stage with the ongoing experiments at rhic and with the upcoming heavy - ion experiments at the large hadron collider . no one doubts that the qgp phase has already been created at rhic ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
hd50230 is a star of the b3v spectral type and a visual brightness of 8.95 mag . the star had been regarded as constant until its first satellite observations were conducted . * degroote et al . ( 2010 , 2012 ) ) detected more than 500 significant peaks in the _ corot _ data . with their spectroscopic observation...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the torsional oscillation was discovered by howard and labonte 1980 as a travelling wave pattern superposed on the differential rotation . the waves propagate from the poles toward the equator and they consist of prograde and retrograde zones with respect to the mean differential rotation profile , the amplitude of t...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
magnetic multilayered films have been receiving much attention from the research community in the field of spintronics . recently , a device has been proposed @xcite and demonstrated @xcite , in which the magnetic and spin - transport properties are controlled thermo - electrically . at the core of the new design i...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the kondo lattice model ( klm ) is used to describe compounds containing localized magnetic moments , such as heavy fermion systems and kondo insulators . @xcite the klm hamiltonian is given by : @xmath3here , @xmath4 and @xmath5 are itinerant and local ( @xmath6- ) spins on site @xmath7 , respectively . the klm ta...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the physics of exotic nuclei with unusual @xmath5 ratios ( isospin ) has attracted world - wide attention . these nuclei are usually loosely bound and often exhibit resonances with a pronounced single - particle character since the fermi surface approaches the continuum . in some nuclei , the valence nucleons can be ea...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
for the past two decades , extensive studies of high-@xmath0 cuprates have spotlighted many curious phenomena . it has been argued that most phenomena are attributable to the strong correlations among electrons , which play significant roles in these materials . however , since the discovery of sudden changes in th...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
most stars are born in stellar clusters , which in turn form from dense cores in giant molecular clouds ( gmcs ) . at least for massive clusters ( @xmath4 ) , it is known that they are highly dynamical structures and follow well - defined evolutionary tracks , depending on their initial mass and size @xcite . at very y...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
there has been a flourish of recent work concerned with time dependence in string theory ( see , for example @xcite,@xcite , @xcite , @xcite and references therein ) , where we have a @xmath0-brane probing the backgrounds of various supergravity solutions . whilst some of this work has focused on @xmath1-brane backgrou...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
metastable states in finite volume statistical mechanics lattice systems , in which stochastic transition between states are controlled by an energy function , is a well understood phenomenon . different mathematical theories have been developed in the last decades . the pioneering _ pathwise approach _ @xcite , ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
existence of minimal symplectic structures on @xmath1-manifolds is a fundamental question in smooth @xmath1-manifold topology . there has been much interest especially in producing minimal symplectic @xmath1-manifolds in the homeomorphism classes of standard simply - connected @xmath1-manifolds with small second homo...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
t dwarfs are a spectral class of brown dwarfs distinguished by the presence of ch@xmath3 , h@xmath2o , and h@xmath2 collision - induced absorption ( cia ) in the near - infrared @xcite , and heavily pressure - broadened and absorption at optical wavelengths @xcite . these objects have effective temperatures ( t@xmath...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
many physical and biological systems under multi - component control mechanisms exhibit scale - invariant features characterized by long - range power - law correlations in their output . these scaling features are often difficult to quantify due to the presence of erratic fluctuations , heterogeneity , and nonstatio...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the concept of entanglement , as first introduced by schrdinger @xcite and discussed by einstein , podolsky , and rosen @xcite in 1935 , has historically been associated with systems of two or more quanta . its counterintuitive consequences found a mathematical formulation in the work of bell @xcite of 1965 : pairs o...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the development of large - scale structure had to take place at epochs coresponding to redshifts greater than 0.2 ; moreover structure is now known to extend beyond scales of @xmath2 mpc . both factors place the extent and evolution of large - scale structure beyond the reach of current optical and ir surveys and we ...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
astronomical ultraviolet studies were not possible before the advent of rocket - borne instruments and satellites due to atmospheric absorption and rayleigh scattering . the first satellite capable of uv observations , oao-2 , was launched in 1968 , and was followed by a host of other satellites ( cox 2000 ) , includin...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) are one of the most spectacular phenomena in the solar corona . cmes show some kind of association with various forms of solar activities ; 40% of cmes were associated with flares , but more than 70% were associated with eruptive prominence or disappearing filaments ( munro et al . 197...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the recent superkamiokande data suggests the large neutrino flavor mixing between @xmath0 and @xmath1@xcite . according to this experimental result , there have been a lot of theoretical attempts to explain why the large flavor mixing is realized in the lepton sector@xcite . one of the interesting approaches is con...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
game theory provides a useful framework for describing the evolution of systems consisting of selfish individuals @xcite . the prisoner s dilemma game ( pdg ) as a metaphor for investigating the evolution of cooperation has drawn considerable attention @xcite . in the pdg , two players simultaneously choose whether...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
the low - energy interaction between hadrons contains a parity - violating ( pv ) component due to the weak interactions of quarks contained in the hadrons . hadronic parity violation has received renewed interest with a number of ongoing and planned experiments @xcite as well as theoretical developments . traditiona...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization
in fig . [ fig01]a below ( see also fig . 3 of the main text ) , a sheet of paper is wrapped around a cylinder to model the shape adopted by the thin adhesive film during our peeling / tearing experiments . the blue solid line indicates the peeling front whose shape is identified to a curve @xmath21 obtained by the...
https://huggingface.co/datasets/ccdv/arxiv-summarization