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3,100 | Each element is longer than the last, and to maintain accuracy, the later elements are divided into more segments. All measurements in NEC use metres, so the first element is 2 metres wide, running from -1 to 1. The GE line indicates the end of the geometry section. | NEC-2 | 0.835532 |
3,101 | An element x of a field extension L / K is algebraic over K if it is a root of a nonzero polynomial with coefficients in K. For example, 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} is algebraic over the rational numbers, because it is a root of x 2 − 2. {\displaystyle x^{2}-2.} If an element x of L is algebraic over K, the monic pol... | Adjoining (field theory) | 0.835526 |
3,102 | For example, given the four points ( ± 1 , ± 1 ) , {\displaystyle (\pm 1,\pm 1),} the pencil of conics through them can be parameterized as ( 1 + a ) x 2 + ( 1 − a ) y 2 = 2 , {\displaystyle (1+a)x^{2}+(1-a)y^{2}=2,} yielding the following pencil; in all cases the center is at the origin: a > 1: {\displaystyle a>1:} hy... | Degenerate conic | 0.835524 |
3,103 | Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics. In 2022, computational mechanics goes far beyond pure mechanics... | Biofluid mechanics | 0.83552 |
3,104 | Both the correctness and the polynomial running time of the algorithm are proven rigorously. Exercises are included in each chapter, and a section at the end of the book provides answers to some of them. Another appendix lists some unsolved problems from number theory. | Primality Testing for Beginners | 0.835515 |
3,105 | He will not know how to apply what he has learned in a new situation. - Pierre van Hiele, 1959 The best known part of the van Hiele model are the five levels which the van Hieles postulated to describe how children learn to reason in geometry. Students cannot be expected to prove geometric theorems until they have buil... | Van Hiele model | 0.835511 |
3,106 | Electric field is sometimes abbreviated as E-field. Electric field gradientIn atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei. Electric motorIs an ele... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.835511 |
3,107 | As above, one may write the equation of the line in projective coordinates as y = s x + m t . {\displaystyle y=sx+mt.} If curve is defined in projective coordinates by a homogeneous polynomial p ( x , y , t ) {\displaystyle p(x,y,t)} of degree n, the substitution of y provides a homogeneous polynomial of degree n in x ... | Bézout theorem | 0.835509 |
3,108 | Conclusions often include information on analytic confidence, open questions or issues or further research needs, confidence intervals, and recommendations, consisting of high-level abstract interpretation and sensemaking of a work's results or data. In science, conclusion-making or drawing conclusions is the last step... | Conclusion-making | 0.8355 |
3,109 | Many universities have different variants of courses like Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering etc. Apart from covering core subjects such as Industrial Instrumentation, Measurements, Sensors & Transducers, Process Control, Bio-Medical Instrumentation and Robotics, students deal with s... | Applied electronics | 0.835496 |
3,110 | In atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, the electric field gradient (EFG) measures the rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus generated by the electronic charge distribution and the other nuclei. The EFG couples with the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of quadrupolar nuclei (those with spin... | Electric field gradient | 0.835495 |
3,111 | There are three types of ICP geometries: planar (Fig. 3 (a)), cylindrical (Fig. 3 (b)), and half-toroidal (Fig. 3 (c)). In planar geometry, the electrode is a length of flat metal wound like a spiral (or coil). In cylindrical geometry, it is like a helical spring. In half-toroidal geometry, it is a toroidal solenoid cu... | Inductively coupled plasma | 0.835493 |
3,112 | Identity function ideal merge implication implies implicit data structure in-branching inclusion–exclusion principle inclusive or incompressible string incremental algorithm in-degree independent set (graph theory) index file information theoretic bound in-place algorithm in-order traversal in-place sort insertion sort... | List of terms relating to algorithms and data structures | 0.83549 |
3,113 | Using van Hiele levels as the criterion, almost half of geometry students are placed in a course in which their chances of being successful are only 50-50. — Zalman Usiskin, 1982 Researchers found that the van Hiele levels of American students are low. European researchers have found similar results for European studen... | Van Hiele model | 0.835489 |
3,114 | Because this is less than 27 = 128, the graph-theoretic version of Keller's conjecture is true in seven dimensions. However, the translation from cube tilings to graph theory can change the dimension of the problem, so this result does not settle the geometric version of the conjecture in seven dimensions. Finally, a 2... | Keller cube-tiling conjecture | 0.835486 |
3,115 | The only choice a program needs to make is where to place its next stone. However, this decision is made difficult by the wide range of impacts a single stone can have across the entire board, and the complex interactions various stones' groups can have with each other. Various architectures have arisen for handling th... | Computer Go | 0.835483 |
3,116 | Gonium is a genus of colonial algae belonging to the family Volvocaceae. Typical colonies have 4 to 16 cells, all the same size, arranged in a flat plate, with no anterior-posterior differentiation. In a colony of 16 cells, four are in the center, and the other 12 are on the four sides, three each.Since the work of Aug... | Protist locomotion | 0.835483 |
3,117 | In 1990, Hawking acknowledged that he had lost the bet. Hawking's explanation for his position was that if black holes did not actually exist much of his research would be incorrect, but at least he would have the consolation of winning the bet. In 1978, chess International Master David Levy won £1250 (equivalent to £6... | Scientific wager | 0.835482 |
3,118 | This mechanism can be used to estimate the prebiotic CO2 abundance, but it is debated and uncertain. Uncertainty is primarily driven by a lack of knowledge about the area of exposed land, early Earth's interior chemistry and structure, the rate of reverse weathering and seafloor weathering, and the increased impactor f... | Prebiotic atmosphere | 0.83548 |
3,119 | Also, when computing in an algebraic structure, one generally uses explicitly the auxiliary operations. For example, in the case of numbers, the additive inverse is provided by the unary minus operation x ↦ − x . | Carrier set | 0.835478 |
3,120 | In 1997, Alexander Dewdney commented that, as a result, artificial neural networks have a "something-for-nothing quality, one that imparts a peculiar aura of laziness and a distinct lack of curiosity about just how good these computing systems are. No human hand (or mind) intervenes; solutions are found as if by magic;... | Neural network models | 0.835477 |
3,121 | In geometry, a square trisection is a type of dissection problem which consists of cutting a square into pieces that can be rearranged to form three identical squares. | Square trisection | 0.835477 |
3,122 | In computer science and mathematical logic, satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) is the problem of determining whether a mathematical formula is satisfiable. It generalizes the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT) to more complex formulas involving real numbers, integers, and/or various data structures such as lists, a... | SMT solver | 0.835477 |
3,123 | It frequently employs methods from one to address problems arising in the other. Polyhedral geometry also plays a significant role. | Glossary of areas of mathematics | 0.835474 |
3,124 | If H is a normal subgroup of G, then the quotient group G/H becomes a topological group when given the quotient topology. It is Hausdorff if and only if H is closed in G. For example, the quotient group R / Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /\mathbb {Z} } is isomorphic to the circle group S1. In any topological group, the i... | Closed subgroup | 0.835473 |
3,125 | In the final pages the authors approach the question, "What is mathematics?" They say it is a "sad fact that it is easier to be clever than clear." The answer is not as easy as defining biology. | Mathematics and the Imagination | 0.835472 |
3,126 | The 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification contains no less than sixty-three first-level areas. Some of these areas correspond to the older division, as is true regarding number theory (the modern name for higher arithmetic) and geometry. Several other first-level areas have "geometry" in their names or are otherwise ... | Mathematical research | 0.835462 |
3,127 | The electric potential at a point r in a static electric field E is given by the line integral where C is an arbitrary path from some fixed reference point to r. In electrostatics, the Maxwell-Faraday equation reveals that the curl ∇ × E {\textstyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} } is zero, making the electric field conserv... | Electrical potential difference | 0.83546 |
3,128 | A succession of increasingly powerful and fast computers have been used at the Lab over the years. LLNL researchers use supercomputers to answer questions about subjects such as materials science simulations, global warming, and reactions to natural disasters. | Titan laser | 0.83546 |
3,129 | The group homomorphism can be thought of as a means for permitting the group G to "act" on the set X (using the permutations associated with the elements of G). Such a group homomorphism is formally called a group action and the image of the homomorphism is a permutation representation of G. A given group can have many... | Cycle index | 0.835457 |
3,130 | Clustering problems have applications in surface science, biology, medicine, psychology, economics, and many other disciplines. | Fuzzy clustering | 0.835456 |
3,131 | In this situation, programmers or system administrators explicitly change code so that the overall system performs better. Although it can produce better efficiency, it is far more expensive than automated optimizations. Since many parameters influence the program performance, the program optimization space is large. | Software optimization | 0.835455 |
3,132 | In protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography, poor peptide-plane geometry has been described as a common problem; many structures need correction by peptide-plane flips or peptide bond flips. == References == | Peptide plane flipping | 0.835453 |
3,133 | Tiling of the first i/j loop nest can improve cache performance, but only by a limited factor, since that nest has compute balance of about 5/2. To produce a very high degree of locality, for example 500 (to run this code efficiently with an array that will not fit in RAM and is relegated to virtual memory), we must re... | Scalable locality | 0.835448 |
3,134 | The 29 thematic fragments, mentioned above, are broad subject fields (categories) such as the following: Automation and electronics AB 1981 Astronomy AU 1989 Biology BI 1981 Computational Science Engineering MN 1981 Medicine MD 1998 Metallurgy MT 1981 Physics FI 1983 | VINITI Database RAS | 0.835446 |
3,135 | The optimization obtained by the use of these trees is comparable to the optimization obtained by solving a semi group problem on trees. For example, to find the minimum of a group of numbers we can observe that if we have a tree and the elements are all at the bottom of the tree, then we can compare the minimum of two... | Generalized distributive law | 0.835443 |
3,136 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 473. pp. | IDEA (cipher) | 0.835438 |
3,137 | But this substitution would invert the molecule's R / S labeling, because the CIP priority of CH2OH is lower than that for CO2H but the CIP priority of CH2SH is higher than that for CO2H. For this reason, the D/L system remains in common use in certain areas of biochemistry, such as amino acid and carbohydrate chemistr... | Absolute stereochemistry | 0.835437 |
3,138 | The complete genome sequence of phage T4 encodes about 300 gene products. These virulent viruses are among the largest, most complex viruses that are known and one of the best studied model organisms. They have played a key role in the development of virology and molecular biology. | Viral evolution | 0.835437 |
3,139 | Fengqi You teaches courses on computational optimization, machine learning, deep learning, quantum computing and artificial intelligence, and process design. He developed a graduate certificate program on Computational and Data Science. There are news media reports about his research on quantum artificial intelligence,... | Fengqi You | 0.835436 |
3,140 | Spacecraft generally orbit around L2, avoiding partial eclipses of the Sun to maintain a constant temperature. From locations near L2, the Sun, Earth and Moon are relatively close together in the sky; this means that a large sunshade with the telescope on the dark-side can allow the telescope to cool passively to aroun... | L5 point | 0.835432 |
3,141 | This track interfaces with electrical engineering. Cell, Tissue and Biomolecular Engineering: This track is often quite diverse, with focus ranging from artificial tissues, modeling of biological systems, drug delivery, genetic engineering, biochemical engineering and protein production. This track can interface with c... | Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering | 0.835432 |
3,142 | UTFSM mechanical engineer (1963) and later PhD in physics from the University of Virginia (1967). Eugenio Villaseca, first child of a UTFSM graduate, to also graduate from this university. UTFSM Electrical Engineer (1963) and later PhD in electrical engineering from Arizona State University (1980). | Federico Santa María Technical University | 0.83543 |
3,143 | Unsöld's theorem states that the square of the total electron wavefunction for a filled or half-filled sub-shell is spherically symmetric. Thus, like atoms containing a half-filled or filled s orbital (l = 0), atoms of the second period with 3 or 6 p (l = 1) electrons are spherically shaped. Likewise, so are atoms of t... | Albrecht Unsöld | 0.83543 |
3,144 | For representing them, a parametrization is often useful, which consists of expressing the solutions in terms of some of the unknowns or auxiliary variables. This is always possible when all the equations are linear. Such infinite solution sets can naturally be interpreted as geometric shapes such as lines, curves (see... | Root of an equation | 0.835423 |
3,145 | It is possible to derive alternative versions of Poynting's theorem. Instead of the flux vector E × H as above, it is possible to follow the same style of derivation, but instead choose E × B, the Minkowski form D × B, or perhaps D × H. Each choice represents the response of the propagation medium in its own way: the E... | Poynting theorem | 0.835423 |
3,146 | In contrast with other Further Mathematics courses, Further Maths as part of the VCE is the easiest level of mathematics. Any student wishing to undertake tertiary studies in areas such as Science, Engineering, Commerce, Economics and some Information Technology courses must undertake one or both of the other two VCE m... | Further Mathematics | 0.835416 |
3,147 | Another common example is the non-real cubic root of unity −1 + √−3/2, which generates the Eisenstein integers. Quadratic integers occur in the solutions of many Diophantine equations, such as Pell's equations, and other questions related to integral quadratic forms. The study of rings of quadratic integers is basic fo... | Quadratic integers | 0.835414 |
3,148 | In relational algebra, a projection is a unary operation written as Π a 1 , . . . | Projection (relational algebra) | 0.835414 |
3,149 | Mach number machine machine element Maclaurin series magnetic field magnetism manufacturing engineering mass balance mass density mass moment of inertia material properties materials science mathematical optimization mathematical physics matrix Maxwell's equations measures of central tendency mechanical advantage mecha... | Glossary of civil engineering | 0.835412 |
3,150 | Complete Genomics, a research subsidiary of MGI, filed a lawsuit in May 2019, alleging that Illumina's "two-channel" DNA sequencing chemistry violates two patents for the technology that deduces the identification of each nucleotide from two signals. The NovaSeq 6000, the NextSeq 500/550/550x, and 1000/2000 Series, as ... | MGI (company) | 0.835411 |
3,151 | Both depth, breadth and also the impact of group theory subsequently grew. The domain started branching out into areas such as algebraic groups, group extensions, and representation theory. Starting in the 1950s, in a huge collaborative effort, group theorists succeeded to classify all finite simple groups in 1982. Com... | History of group theory | 0.835411 |
3,152 | Therefore, the solution of an algebraic equation of degree n {\displaystyle n} can be represented as a superposition of functions of two variables if n < 7 {\displaystyle n<7} and as a superposition of functions of n − 4 {\displaystyle n-4} variables if n ≥ 7 {\displaystyle n\geq 7} . For n = 7 {\displaystyle n=7} the ... | Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem | 0.835405 |
3,153 | Typically, a workflow for applying machine learning to biological data goes through four steps: Recording, including capture and storage. In this step, different information sources may be merged into a single set. Preprocessing, including cleaning and restructuring into a ready-to-analyze form. | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.835402 |
3,154 | The geometry that most easily facilitates this is a planar surface. In the case of an infinitely extended planar surface, there are two dimensions in which the potential cannot change because of symmetry. Assuming these dimensions are the y and z dimensions, only the x dimension is left. Below is the Poisson–Boltzmann ... | Poisson–Boltzmann equation | 0.835398 |
3,155 | For L a subset of B∗, a finite subset T of L is a test set for L if morphisms f and g on B∗ agree on L if and only if they agree on T. The Ehrenfeucht conjecture is that any subset L has a test set: it has been proved independently by Albert and Lawrence; McNaughton; and Guba. The proofs rely on Hilbert's basis theorem... | Uniform morphism | 0.835392 |
3,156 | The converse of the hinge theorem is also true: If the two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of another triangle, and the third side of the first triangle is greater than the third side of the second triangle, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the second t... | Hinge theorem | 0.835388 |
3,157 | One can apply the fundamental theorem to count (and sometimes determine) the automorphisms of a given finite abelian group G {\displaystyle G} . To do this, one uses the fact that if G {\displaystyle G} splits as a direct sum H ⊕ K {\displaystyle H\oplus K} of subgroups of coprime order, then Aut ( H ⊕ K ) ≅ Aut ( ... | Fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups | 0.835383 |
3,158 | SMT solvers such as Z3 and cvc5 have been used as a building block for a wide range of applications across computer science, including in automated theorem proving, program analysis, program verification, and software testing. Since Boolean satisfiability is already NP-complete, the SMT problem is typically NP-hard, an... | SMT solver | 0.835383 |
3,159 | These groups are finitely generated, but not finitely presented. However, in 2002 Sapir and Olshanskii found finitely presented counterexamples: non-amenable finitely presented groups that have a periodic normal subgroup with quotient the integers.For finitely generated linear groups, however, the von Neumann conjectur... | Amenable group | 0.835382 |
3,160 | In mathematics, the term maximal subgroup is used to mean slightly different things in different areas of algebra. In group theory, a maximal subgroup H of a group G is a proper subgroup, such that no proper subgroup K contains H strictly. In other words, H is a maximal element of the partially ordered set of subgroups... | Maximal subgroup | 0.835381 |
3,161 | Some types allow/require learning to be "supervised" by the operator, while others operate independently. Some types operate purely in hardware, while others are purely software and run on general purpose computers. Some of the main breakthroughs include: convolutional neural networks that have proven particularly succ... | Artificial Neural Network | 0.83538 |
3,162 | A brief treatment of simple algebras is given, including explicit rules for cyclic factor sets. | Basic Number Theory | 0.835376 |
3,163 | Additionally, notation such as AdX−L is not uncommon, the L (or H, less commonly) being used to represent "the lowest result" (or "the highest result"). For instance, 4d6−L means a roll of 4 six-sided dice, dropping the lowest result. This application skews the probability curve towards the higher numbers, as a result ... | Percentile dice | 0.835374 |
3,164 | 3. Aerosol Physics: Scientific knowledge equipment and facilities are used to apply aerosol physics concepts to the development of predictive models for in-depth understanding of bacteria and virus particles. 4. | Edgewood Chemical Biological Center | 0.83537 |
3,165 | The fourth term was also the first term to use N. The higher terms involving N where insignificant and disappeared at N = 0.36, which according to Dr. Pejsa was a lucky coincidence making for an exceedingly accurate linear approximation, especially for N's around 0.36. If a retardation coefficient function is used exac... | Bullet drop | 0.835368 |
3,166 | Acorn's primitives were similar to other BASICs of the era, and supported most of the elementary statements like CLEAR, DIM, END, FOR..TO..STEP..NEXT, GOSUB, GOTO, IF..THEN, INPUT, (optional) LET, LIST, LOAD, PRINT, REM, RETURN, RUN, SAVE, STOP. There are a number of common statements that are missing, notably DATA, RE... | Acorn System BASIC | 0.835368 |
3,167 | Secosteroids (Latin seco, "to cut") are a subclass of steroidal compounds resulting, biosynthetically or conceptually, from scission (cleavage) of parent steroid rings (generally one of the four). Major secosteroid subclasses are defined by the steroid carbon atoms where this scission has taken place. For instance, the... | Steroid | 0.835364 |
3,168 | The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure. | Polymerase chain reaction optimization | 0.835364 |
3,169 | ice point ideal gas ideal gas constant ideal gas law inclinometer indefinite integral inertia infrasound integral integral transform International System of Units interval estimation ion ionic bond ionization impedance inclined plane industrial engineering inorganic chemistry invert level isotope | Glossary of civil engineering | 0.835361 |
3,170 | Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. ElectrodynamicsIn physics, the phenomena a... | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.83536 |
3,171 | MUltiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation (MUSCLE) is computer software for multiple sequence alignment of protein and nucleotide sequences. It is licensed as public domain. The method was published by Robert C. Edgar in two papers in 2004. The first paper, published in Nucleic Acids Research, introduced the sequ... | Multiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation | 0.835355 |
3,172 | For a face-centered cubic unit cell, the number of atoms is four. A line can be drawn from the top corner of a cube diagonally to the bottom corner on the same side of the cube, which is equal to 4r. Using geometry, and the side length, a can be related to r as: a = 2 r 2 . | Packing efficiency | 0.835354 |
3,173 | Mechanochemistry – coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and can be seen as a coupling of chemistry and mechanical engineering. Molecular biology – study of interactions between the various systems of a cell. It overlaps with biochemistry. | Outline of chemistry | 0.835354 |
3,174 | SGI mainly operates in three end markets: research, bioproduction and applied products. The research segment focuses on genomics solutions for academic and commercial research organizations. The commercial products and services include instrumentation, reagents, DNA synthesis services, and bioinformatics services and s... | Viridos (company) | 0.835351 |
3,175 | Example 8. The direct product of a Periodic Sequence (Example 5) with any finite but nontrivial Boolean algebra. (The trivial one-element Boolean algebra is the unique finite atomless Boolean algebra.) | Power set algebra | 0.835348 |
3,176 | PBIBD(2)s have been studied the most since they are the simplest and most useful of the PBIBDs. They fall into six types based on a classification of the then known PBIBD(2)s by Bose & Shimamoto (1952): group divisible; triangular; Latin square type; cyclic; partial geometry type; miscellaneous. | Biplane geometry | 0.835345 |
3,177 | For example, structural biology tools have enabled virologists to understand how the HIV envelope allows the virus to evade human immune responses.Structural biology is also an important component of drug discovery. Scientists can identify targets using genomics, study those targets using structural biology, and develo... | Structural Biology | 0.835343 |
3,178 | The bioinformatics tools and applications are subdivided into three main categories. | BioSLAX | 0.835342 |
3,179 | Mineralogy 542 Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry 543 Analytical chemistry 544 Physical chemistry 546 Inorganic chemistry 547 Organic chemistry 548/549 Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy 55 Earth sciences. Geological sciences 56 Paleontology 57 Biological sciences in... | Universal Decimal Classification | 0.835341 |
3,180 | One can define, as in (Isaacs 2008, p. 165) the focal subgroup of H with respect to G as: FocG(H) = ⟨ x−1 y | x,y in H and x is G-conjugate to y ⟩.This focal subgroup measures the extent to which elements of H fuse in G, while the previous definition measured certain abelian p-group homomorphic images of the group G. T... | Lower p-series | 0.835338 |
3,181 | The algorithm described above was made as simple as possible, to aid in ease of understanding. In practice, there are a number of optimizations which are used. | Link-state protocol | 0.835338 |
3,182 | Conditional Inference Trees. Statistics-based approach that uses non-parametric tests as splitting criteria, corrected for multiple testing to avoid overfitting. This approach results in unbiased predictor selection and does not require pruning.ID3 and CART were invented independently at around the same time (between 1... | Classification and regression tree | 0.835335 |
3,183 | Depending on the complexity of actual model being simulated, the learning rule of the network can be as simple as an XOR gate or mean squared error, or as complex as the result of a system of differential equations. The learning rule is one of the factors which decides how fast or how accurately the artificial network ... | Learning rule | 0.835335 |
3,184 | The benchmark results have uncovered various compiler issues. Sometimes a given compiler failed to process unusual, but otherwise grammatically valid constructs. At other times, runtime performance was shown to be below expectations, which prompted compiler developers to revise their optimization capabilities. Various ... | The Computer Language Benchmarks Game | 0.835332 |
3,185 | Deeplearning4j: Deep learning in Java and Scala on multi-GPU-enabled Spark. Flux: includes interfaces for RNNs, including GRUs and LSTMs, written in Julia. Keras: High-level API, providing a wrapper to many other deep learning libraries. | Recurrent neural network | 0.83533 |
3,186 | Field theory, the study of dynamical fields in physics, was originally a mathematical formulation of Newtonian mechanics. The success of Newtonian physics since the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia in 1687 provided a framework with which to investigate the motion and forces associated with electricity and magnet... | History of the philosophy of field theory | 0.835328 |
3,187 | Another advantage of forward genetics is that it requires no prior knowledge about the gene being studied. Cystic fibrosis however demonstrates how the process of forward genetics can elucidate a human genetic disorder. Genetic-linkage studies were able to map the disease loci in cystic fibrosis to chromosome 7 by usin... | Forward genetics | 0.835325 |
3,188 | The candidates for membership in a set work just like the wires in a digital computer: each candidate is either a member or a nonmember, just as each wire is either high or low. Algebra being a fundamental tool in any area amenable to mathematical treatment, these considerations combine to make the algebra of two value... | Contact algebra | 0.835325 |
3,189 | Operations associated with this data type allow:the addition of a pair to the collection the removal of a pair from the collection the modification of an existing pair the lookup of a value associated with a particular key automata theory The study of abstract machines and automata, as well as the computational problem... | Glossary of computer science | 0.835319 |
3,190 | Kleene algebras: a semiring with idempotent addition and a unary operation, the Kleene star, satisfying additional properties. *-algebra or *-ring: a ring with an additional unary operation (*) known as an involution, satisfying additional properties. Arithmetic: addition and multiplication on an infinite set, with an ... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.835319 |
3,191 | Ptolemy's inequality is often stated for a special case, in which the four points are the vertices of a convex quadrilateral, given in cyclic order. However, the theorem applies more generally to any four points; it is not required that the quadrilateral they form be convex, simple, or even planar. For points in the pl... | Ptolemy's inequality | 0.835317 |
3,192 | One of the goals of xenobiology is to rewrite the genetic code. The most promising approach to change the code is the reassignment of seldom used or even unused codons. In an ideal scenario, the genetic code is expanded by one codon, thus having been liberated from its old function and fully reassigned to a non-canonic... | Xenobiology | 0.835313 |
3,193 | Counterexamples in Topology (1970, 2nd ed. 1978) is a book on mathematics by topologists Lynn Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr. In the process of working on problems like the metrization problem, topologists (including Steen and Seebach) have defined a wide variety of topological properties. It is often useful in the st... | Counterexamples in Topology | 0.835312 |
3,194 | Pea aphids are models for deciphering the origin and consequences of asexual reproduction, an important question in evolutionary biology. Polymorphism and physiology explaining phenotypic variations in aphids - Loci and physiological mechanisms underlying body color, reproductive cycle and the presence of wings in male... | Pea aphid | 0.835311 |
3,195 | Li and Lin have used the Babel function to aid in creating effective dictionaries for Machine Learning applications. | Babel function | 0.835309 |
3,196 | This is a direct result of major pharmaceutical companies needing more qualified analysts of the large data sets required for producing new drugs.Similarly, computational oncology aims to determine the future mutations in cancer through algorithmic approaches. Research in this field has led to the use of high-throughpu... | Computational evolutionary biology | 0.835308 |
3,197 | This method can be used to recombine structural elements or entire protein domains. This method is based on phosphorothioate chemistry which allows the specific cleavage of phosphorothiodiester bonds. The first step in the process begins with amplification of fragments that need to be recombined along with the vector b... | Protein engineering | 0.835303 |
3,198 | Problems of continuum mechanics and related problems of mechanical engineering: Sat. Reports of the Third Conference. Vladivostok, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, September, 2004. | Resonance method of ice destruction | 0.835302 |
3,199 | In 1964, Paul Cohen proved that the axiom of choice is independent from ZF – that is, it cannot be proved from ZF. A weaker version of an axiom of choice is the axiom of dependent choice, DC, and it has been shown that DC is not sufficient for proving the Banach–Tarski paradox, that is, The Banach–Tarski paradox is not... | Banach–Tarski paradox | 0.835299 |
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