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11,800 | Visual calculus, invented by Mamikon Mnatsakanian (known as Mamikon), is an approach to solving a variety of integral calculus problems. Many problems that would otherwise seem quite difficult yield to the method with hardly a line of calculation, often reminiscent of what Martin Gardner called "aha! solutions" or Roge... | Visual calculus | 0.817582 |
11,801 | Now if all the (constant-length) tangents used in constructing the ring are translated so that their points of tangency coincide, the result is a circular disk of known radius (and easily computed area). Indeed, since the inner circle's radius is irrelevant, one could just as well have started with a circle of radius z... | Visual calculus | 0.817582 |
11,802 | Mamikon devised his method in 1959 while an undergraduate, first applying it to a well-known geometry problem: find the area of a ring (annulus), given the length of a chord tangent to the inner circumference. Perhaps surprisingly, no additional information is needed; the solution does not depend on the ring's inner an... | Visual calculus | 0.817582 |
11,803 | The use of many machines, such as the many sequencers used during the Human Genome Project, might also fall under this definition.Big laboratories: Because of the increase in cost to do basic science (with the increase of large machines), centralization of scientific research in large laboratories (such as Lawrence Ber... | Big Science | 0.81758 |
11,804 | While science and technology have always been important to and driven by warfare, the increase in military funding of science following the second World War was on a scale wholly unprecedented. James Conant, in a 1941 letter to Chemical Engineering News, said that World War II "is a physicist's war rather than a chemis... | Big Science | 0.81758 |
11,805 | The era of Big Science has provoked criticism that it undermines the basic principles of the scientific method. Increased government funding has often meant increased military funding, which some claim subverts the Enlightenment-era ideal of science as a pure quest for knowledge. For example, historian Paul Forman has ... | Big Science | 0.81758 |
11,806 | Thus, the device will no longer follow Ohm's law and the current-voltage relation of the Coulomb blockade looks like a staircase.Even though the Coulomb blockade can be used to demonstrate the quantization of the electric charge, it remains a classical effect and its main description does not require quantum mechanics.... | Coulomb blockade | 0.817578 |
11,807 | In mesoscopic physics, a Coulomb blockade (CB), named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb's electrical force, is the decrease in electrical conductance at small bias voltages of a small electronic device comprising at least one low-capacitance tunnel junction. Because of the CB, the conductance of a device may not be con... | Coulomb blockade | 0.817578 |
11,808 | The history and the links to past conferences are available at the ENNS web site. This is one of the oldest and best established conferences on the subject, with proceedings published in Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, see index in DBLP bibliography database.As a non-profit organization ENNS promotes scient... | European Neural Network Society | 0.817578 |
11,809 | The European Neural Network Society (ENNS) is an association of scientists, engineers, students, and others seeking to learn about and advance understanding of artificial neural networks. Specific areas of interest in this scientific field include modelling of behavioral and brain processes, development of neural algor... | European Neural Network Society | 0.817578 |
11,810 | In physics, uniform circular motion describes the motion of a body traversing a circular path at a constant speed. Since the body describes circular motion, its distance from the axis of rotation remains constant at all times. Though the body's speed is constant, its velocity is not constant: velocity, a vector quantit... | Radial motion | 0.817576 |
11,811 | Solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a temporary change in color after being subjected to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or X-rays. Clear glass and many plastics will turn amber, green or other colors when subjected to X-radiation, and glass may tur... | Solarization (physics) | 0.817575 |
11,812 | An algebraic theory consists of a collection of n-ary functional terms with additional rules (axioms). For example, the theory of groups is an algebraic theory because it has three functional terms: a binary operation a × b, a nullary operation 1 (neutral element), and a unary operation x ↦ x−1 with the rules of associ... | Algebraic theory | 0.817574 |
11,813 | This theory T is called the theory of commutative rings. In an algebraic theory, any morphism n → m can be described as m morphisms of signature n → 1. These latter morphisms are called n-ary operations of the theory. If E is a category with finite products, the full subcategory Alg(T, E) of the category of functors c... | Algebraic theory | 0.817574 |
11,814 | An algebraic theory T is a category whose objects are natural numbers 0, 1, 2,..., and which, for each n, has an n-tuple of morphisms: proji: n → 1, i = 1, ..., nThis allows interpreting n as a cartesian product of n copies of 1. Example: Let's define an algebraic theory T taking hom(n, m) to be m-tuples of polynomials... | Algebraic theory | 0.817574 |
11,815 | Informally in mathematical logic, an algebraic theory is a theory that uses axioms stated entirely in terms of equations between terms with free variables. Inequalities and quantifiers are specifically disallowed. Sentential logic is the subset of first-order logic involving only algebraic sentences. The notion is very... | Algebraic theory | 0.817574 |
11,816 | These approaches focus on questions about system properties and interactions that create self-organizing or emergent behavior, and the circumstances in which unexpected system responses may occur. Analyzing the state of these systems can provide insight into system resilience, vulnerability, and management.Primarily as... | Biocomplexity | 0.81757 |
11,817 | 'Biocomplexity' is a multidisciplinary field that examines and investigates emergent properties arising from the interaction of multiple biological agents, phenomena, and systems, which may range in spatiotemporal scales, biological relationships,interactions and levels from molecules to ecosystems. Research in this ar... | Biocomplexity | 0.81757 |
11,818 | Much of computer science and artificial intelligence involves designing automatic systems to solve a specified type of problem: to accept input data and calculate a correct or adequate response, reasonably quickly. Algorithms are recipes or instructions that direct such systems, written into computer programs. Steps fo... | Problem analysis | 0.817567 |
11,819 | Furio, Calatayud, Baracenas, and Padilla stated: "... functional fixedness may be found in learning concepts as well as in solving chemistry problems. "As an example, imagine a man wants to kill a bug in his house, but the only thing at hand is a can of air freshener. | Problem analysis | 0.817567 |
11,820 | GeneMapper A commercial software for normalisation and size calling of peaks from a certain brand of capillary electrophoresis machines. BioNumerics A commercial bioinformatics solution to store and analyze a large panel of biological data, including MLVA, and more generally character datasets. Normalisation, size call... | Multiple loci VNTR analysis | 0.817566 |
11,821 | When applied to bacteria, it contributes to forensic microbiology through which the source of a particular strain might eventually be traced back, making it a useful technique for outbreak surveillance. In a typical MLVA, a number of well-selected and characterised (in terms of mutation rate and diversity) loci are amp... | Multiple loci VNTR analysis | 0.817566 |
11,822 | Publications with poor reviews from Mathematically Correct include: Addison-Wesley Secondary Math: An Integrated Approach: Focus on Algebra Core-Plus Mathematics Project Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space Mathland NCTM's 1989 Standards produced by the professional association for teachers of mathematics. The St... | Mathematically Correct | 0.817563 |
11,823 | In mathematics, a minimal surface of revolution or minimum surface of revolution is a surface of revolution defined from two points in a half-plane, whose boundary is the axis of revolution of the surface. It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that ca... | Minimal surfaces of revolution | 0.817556 |
11,824 | If a group has a length function – for example, if there is a choice of generators and one takes the word metric, as in Coxeter groups – then the group ring becomes a filtered algebra. | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,825 | The algebra structure on the vector space is defined using the multiplication in the group: g ⋅ h = g h , {\displaystyle g\cdot h=gh,} where on the left, g and h indicate elements of the group algebra, while the multiplication on the right is the group operation (denoted by juxtaposition). Because the above multiplicat... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,826 | Group algebras occur naturally in the theory of group representations of finite groups. The group algebra K over a field K is essentially the group ring, with the field K taking the place of the ring. As a set and vector space, it is the free vector space on G over the field K. That is, for x in K, x = ∑ g ∈ G a g g . ... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,827 | Categorically, the group ring construction is left adjoint to "group of units"; the following functors are an adjoint pair: R : G r p → R - A l g {\displaystyle R\colon \mathbf {Grp} \to R\mathbf {{\text{-}}Alg} } ( − ) ×: R - A l g → G r p {\displaystyle (-)^{\times }\colon R\mathbf {{\text{-}}Alg} \to \mathbf {Grp} }... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,828 | Categorical algebra Group of units Incidence algebra Quiver algebra | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,829 | The center of the group algebra is the set of elements that commute with all elements of the group algebra: Z ( K ) := { z ∈ K : ∀ r ∈ K , z r = r z } . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Z} (K):=\left\{z\in K:\forall r\in K,zr=rz\right\}.} The center is equal to the set of class functions, that is the set of elements that are ... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,830 | The above adjunction expresses a universal property of group rings. Let R be a (commutative) ring, let G be a group, and let S be an R-algebra. For any group homomorphism f: G → S × {\displaystyle f:G\to S^{\times }} , there exists a unique R-algebra homomorphism f ¯: R → S {\displaystyle {\overline {f}}:R\to S} such ... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,831 | A long-standing conjecture of Kaplansky (~1940) says that if G is a torsion-free group, and K is a field, then the group ring K has no non-trivial zero divisors. This conjecture is equivalent to K having no non-trivial nilpotents under the same hypotheses for K and G. In fact, the condition that K is a field can be rel... | Integral group ring | 0.817548 |
11,832 | Semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to ... | Cell permeability | 0.817545 |
11,833 | The concept was developed by Emil Artin in his book Geometric Algebra writing the group in multiplicative notation as (Γ, ·, ≥):Instead of ∞, we adjoin a formal symbol O to Γ, with the ordering and group law extended by the rules O ≤ α for all α ∈ Γ, O · α = α · O = O for all α ∈ Γ.Then a valuation of K is any map | ⋅ ... | Valuation (algebra) | 0.817543 |
11,834 | In computer science, local search is a heuristic method for solving computationally hard optimization problems. Local search can be used on problems that can be formulated as finding a solution maximizing a criterion among a number of candidate solutions. Local search algorithms move from solution to solution in the sp... | Local search (optimization) | 0.817542 |
11,835 | Several methods exist for performing local search of real-valued search-spaces: Luus–Jaakola searches locally using a uniform distribution and an exponentially decreasing search-range. Random optimization searches locally using a normal distribution. Random search searches locally by sampling a hypersphere surrounding ... | Local search (optimization) | 0.817542 |
11,836 | OpenScientist is an integration of open source products working together to do scientific visualization and data analysis, in particular for high energy physics (HEP). Among other things, it contains a light C++ AIDA implementation that can be used to run the histogramming part of Geant4 examples. | OpenScientist | 0.817542 |
11,837 | Some problems where local search has been applied are: The vertex cover problem, in which a solution is a vertex cover of a graph, and the target is to find a solution with a minimal number of nodes The traveling salesman problem, in which a solution is a cycle containing all nodes of the graph and the target is to min... | Local search (optimization) | 0.817542 |
11,838 | Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point. The process continues with subsequent steps to map out the solution. Single-step met... | Multistep methods | 0.817538 |
11,839 | More formally, the theorem can be stated as follows: The Jacobson Density Theorem. Let U be a simple right R-module, D = End(UR), and X ⊂ U a finite and D-linearly independent set. If A is a D-linear transformation on U then there exists r ∈ R such that A(x) = x · r for all x in X. | Non-commutative algebra | 0.817537 |
11,840 | The Jacobson density theorem is a theorem concerning simple modules over a ring R.The theorem can be applied to show that any primitive ring can be viewed as a "dense" subring of the ring of linear transformations of a vector space. This theorem first appeared in the literature in 1945, in the famous paper "Structure T... | Non-commutative algebra | 0.817537 |
11,841 | Not only is it now known that the limit exists, but also that its value is equal to 1 , {\displaystyle 1,} somewhat less than Legendre's 1.08366. {\displaystyle 1.08366.} Regardless of its exact value, the existence of the limit B {\displaystyle B} implies the prime number theorem. | Legendre's constant | 0.817537 |
11,842 | Pafnuty Chebyshev proved in 1849 that if the limit B exists, it must be equal to 1. An easier proof was given by Pintz in 1980.It is an immediate consequence of the prime number theorem, under the precise form with an explicit estimate of the error term π ( x ) = Li ( x ) + O ( x e − a ln x ) as x → ∞ {\displaystyl... | Legendre's constant | 0.817537 |
11,843 | Self-management is the process by which computer systems manage their own operation without human intervention. Self-management technologies are expected to pervade the next generation of network management systems.The growing complexity of modern networked computer systems is a limiting factor in their expansion. The ... | Self-management (computer science) | 0.817533 |
11,844 | Synthetic proofs of geometric theorems make use of auxiliary constructs (such as helping lines) and concepts such as equality of sides or angles and similarity and congruence of triangles. Examples of such proofs can be found in the articles Butterfly theorem, Angle bisector theorem, Apollonius' theorem, British flag t... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,845 | The reasons are clear: not so long ago synthetic geometry was the only field in which the reasoning proceeded strictly from axioms, whereas this appeal — so fundamental to many mathematically interested people — is now made by many other fields.For example, college studies now include linear algebra, topology, and grap... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,846 | Though Euclidean geometry is both an affine and metric geometry, in general affine spaces may be missing a metric. The extra flexibility thus afforded makes affine geometry appropriate for the study of spacetime, as discussed in the history of affine geometry. In 1955 Herbert Busemann and Paul J. Kelley sounded a nosta... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,847 | Further work was done by Ruth Moufang and her students. The concepts have been one of the motivators of incidence geometry. When parallel lines are taken as primary, synthesis produces affine geometry. | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,848 | The closely related operation of reciprocation expresses analysis of the plane. Karl von Staudt showed that algebraic axioms, such as commutativity and associativity of addition and multiplication, were in fact consequences of incidence of lines in geometric configurations. David Hilbert showed that the Desargues confi... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,849 | This study became widely accessible through the Poincaré disc model where motions are given by Möbius transformations. Similarly, Riemann, a student of Gauss's, constructed Riemannian geometry, of which elliptic geometry is a particular case. Another example concerns inversive geometry as advanced by Ludwig Immanuel Ma... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,850 | But it should always be insisted that a mathematical subject is not to be considered exhausted until it has become intuitively evident, and the progress made by the aid of analysis is only a first, though a very important, step.The close axiomatic study of Euclidean geometry led to the construction of the Lambert quadr... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,851 | We choose therefore in the text as common designation of them both the term projective geometry. Although the synthetic method has more to do with space-perception and thereby imparts a rare charm to its first simple developments, the realm of space-perception is nevertheless not closed to the analytic method, and the ... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,852 | Euclid's original treatment remained unchallenged for over two thousand years, until the simultaneous discoveries of the non-Euclidean geometries by Gauss, Bolyai, Lobachevsky and Riemann in the 19th century led mathematicians to question Euclid's underlying assumptions.One of the early French analysts summarized synth... | Pure geometry | 0.817531 |
11,853 | The result of first-strand syntheses, RNA-DNA hybrids, can be processed through multiple second-strand synthesis methods or processed directly in downstream assays. An early method known as hairpin-primed synthesis relied on hairpin formation on the 3' end of the first-strand cDNA to prime second-strand synthesis. Howe... | Complementary DNA | 0.817528 |
11,854 | In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA (miRNA)) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to express a specific protein in a cell that does not normally express that protein (i.e., heterol... | Complementary DNA | 0.817528 |
11,855 | Additionally, second-strand synthesized cDNA must be ligated with adapters that allow cDNA fragments to be PCR amplified and bind to sequencing flow cells. Gene-specific analysis methods commonly use microarrays and RT-qPCR to quantify cDNA levels via fluorometric and other methods. On 13 June 2013, the United States S... | Complementary DNA | 0.817528 |
11,856 | cDNA is also generated to analyze transcriptomic profiles in bulk tissue, single cells, or single nuclei in assays such as microarrays, qPCR, and RNA-seq. cDNA is also produced naturally by retroviruses (such as HIV-1, HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, etc.) and then integrated into the host's genome, where it crea... | Complementary DNA | 0.817528 |
11,857 | RNA serves as a template for cDNA synthesis. In cellular life, cDNA is generated by viruses and retrotransposons for integration of RNA into target genomic DNA. In molecular biology, RNA is purified from source material after genomic DNA, proteins and other cellular components are removed. cDNA is then synthesized thro... | Complementary DNA | 0.817528 |
11,858 | Vegas et al. make a compelling case to advance the knowledge in the field of software engineering through the use of taxonomies. Similarly, Ore et al. provide a systematic methodology to approach taxonomy building in software engineering related topics. Several taxonomies have been proposed in software testing research... | Scientific classification | 0.817527 |
11,859 | When one word describes a category, but another describe some subset of that category, the larger term is called a hypernym with respect to the smaller, and the smaller is called a "hyponym" with respect to the larger. Such a hyponym, in turn, may have further subcategories for which it is a hypernym. In the simple bio... | Scientific classification | 0.817527 |
11,860 | For example, a basic biology taxonomy would have concepts such as mammal, which is a subset of animal, and dogs and cats, which are subsets of mammal. This kind of taxonomy is called an is-a model because the specific objects are considered as instances of a concept. For example, Fido is-an instance of the concept dog ... | Scientific classification | 0.817527 |
11,861 | Anthropologists have observed that taxonomies are generally embedded in local cultural and social systems, and serve various social functions. Perhaps the most well-known and influential study of folk taxonomies is Émile Durkheim's The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. A more recent treatment of folk taxonomies (incl... | Scientific classification | 0.817527 |
11,862 | Taxonomy in biology encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms. Uses of taxonomy include: Alpha taxonomy, the description and basic classification of new species, subspecies, and other taxa Linnaean taxonomy, the original classification scheme of Carl Linnaeus rank-based ... | Scientific classification | 0.817527 |
11,863 | Reward-based selection can be used within Multi-armed bandit framework for Multi-objective optimization to obtain a better approximation of the Pareto front. The newborn a ′ ( g + 1 ) {\displaystyle a'^{(g+1)}} and its parents receive a reward r ( g ) {\displaystyle r^{(g)}} , if a ′ ( g + 1 ) {\displaystyle a'^{(g+1)}... | Reward-based selection | 0.817527 |
11,864 | The conference is held as a single track consisting of presentations, poster sessions and two keynote talks by people of influence in open-source bioinformatics.Since 2010, an informal two-day "CollaborationFest" (formerly Codefest) has been held directly preceding the conference. | Bioinformatics Open Source Conference | 0.817526 |
11,865 | National Institutes of Health Associate Director for Data Science Philip Bourne and C. Titus Brown gave keynote talks at BOSC 2014.BOSC 2016 was organized in Orlando, Florida from July 8–9 before the main ISMB conference.In 2018 and 2020, BOSC partnered with Galaxy to organize two joint conferences called GCCBOSC and B... | Bioinformatics Open Source Conference | 0.817526 |
11,866 | The Bioinformatics Open Source Conference (BOSC) is an academic conference on open-source programming and other open science practices in bioinformatics, organised by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation. The conference has been held annually since 2000 and is run as a two-day meeting either within Intelligent Systems fo... | Bioinformatics Open Source Conference | 0.817526 |
11,867 | However, just removing the potent induction principle from that axiomatization does not leave a workable algebraic theory. Indeed, even Robinson arithmetic Q {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Q}}} , which removes induction but adds back the predecessor existence postulate, does not prove the monoid axiom ∀ y . ( 0 + y = y ) {\d... | Commutative semiring | 0.817521 |
11,868 | Steric effects are critical to chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology. In organic chemistry, steric effects are nearly universal and affect the rates and activation energies of most chemical reactions to varying degrees. In biochemistry, steric effects are often exploited in naturally occurring molecules such as enz... | Steric bulk | 0.817514 |
11,869 | One defines the ring of integers of a non-archimedean local field F as the set of all elements of F with absolute value ≤ 1; this is a ring because of the strong triangle inequality. If F is the completion of an algebraic number field, its ring of integers is the completion of the latter's ring of integers. The ring of... | Ring of integers | 0.817511 |
11,870 | In a ring of integers, every element has a factorization into irreducible elements, but the ring need not have the property of unique factorization: for example, in the ring of integers Z, the element 6 has two essentially different factorizations into irreducibles: 6 = 2 ⋅ 3 = ( 1 + − 5 ) ( 1 − − 5 ) . {\displaystyle ... | Ring of integers | 0.817511 |
11,871 | Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published the Index Medicus, a monthly guide to articles, in nearly five thousand selected journals. The last issue of Index Medicus was printed in December 2004, but this information is offered in the freely accessible PubMed, among the more than fifteen million MEDLINE... | United States National Library of Medicine | 0.817511 |
11,872 | National Center for Biotechnology Information is an intramural division within National Library of Medicine that creates public databases in molecular biology, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing molecular and genomic data, and disseminates biomedical information, all for t... | United States National Library of Medicine | 0.817511 |
11,873 | Neurochemistry – study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system. Molecular biochemistry and genetic engineering –an area of biochemistry and molecular biology th... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,874 | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to chemistry: Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (matter that is composed of chemical elements), especially its chemical reactions, but also including its properties, structure, composition, behavior, and changes as they relate to the chemical... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,875 | History of nanotechnology – history of the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale History of oenology – history of the science and study of all aspects of wine and winemaking except vine-growing and grape-harvesting, which is a subfield called viticulture. History of spectroscopy – history of the... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,876 | History of chemical oceanography – history of the study of the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. History of chemical physics – history of the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. History of materials science – history of the interdisciplinary fi... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,877 | History of polymer chemistry – history of the multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. History of solid-state chemistry – history of the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials, particularly, but not necess... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,878 | History of supramolecular chemistry – history of the area of chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. History of thermochemistry – history of the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or p... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,879 | History of quantum chemistry – history of the branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. History of sonochemistry – history of the study of the effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems. History of stereoche... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,880 | History of mathematical chemistry – history of the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. History of mechanochemistry – history of the coupling of the mechanical and the chemical phenomena on a mole... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,881 | History of electrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte o... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,882 | History of photochemistry – history of the study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules.. History of physical chemistry – history of the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts. History o... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,883 | History of organic chemistry – history of the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. History of petrochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that studies the transformation of cru... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,884 | History of organic geochemistry – history of the study of the impacts and processes that organisms have had on Earth History of regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry – history of the study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth History of inorganic c... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,885 | History of Flavor chemistry – history of the someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. History of Flow chemistry – history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. History of geochemistry – history of the study of the mechanisms behin... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,886 | History of pharmacology – history of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. History of natural product chemistry – history of the chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism – history of the found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity f... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,887 | History of environmental chemistry – history of the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. History of immunochemistry – history of the branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system. History of medicinal chemistry – hist... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,888 | History of bioinorganic chemistry – history of the examines the role of metals in biology. History of bioorganic chemistry – history of the rapidly growing scientific discipline that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. History of biophysical chemistry – history of the new branch of chemistry that covers a broa... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,889 | Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. History of agrochemistry – history of the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation. | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,890 | History of chemistry Precursors to chemistry Alchemy (outline) History of alchemy History of the branches of chemistry History of analytical chemistry – history of the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. History of astrochemistry – ... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,891 | For more chemists, see: Nobel Prize in Chemistry and List of chemistsAmedeo Avogadro Elias James Corey Marie Curie John Dalton Humphry Davy George Eastman Michael Faraday Rosalind Franklin Eleuthère Irénée du Pont Dmitriy Mendeleyev Alfred Nobel Wilhelm Ostwald Louis Pasteur Linus Pauling Joseph Priestley Robert Burns ... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,892 | There are several chemistry-related scientific journals. A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific method. A physical science – one that studies non-living systems. A biological science – one that studies the role of chemicals and chemical pro... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,893 | Chemistry can be described as all of the following: An academic discipline – one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals. A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically ... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,894 | Chemical elements data referencesList of chemical elements — atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name List of minerals - Minerals Electron configurations of the elements (data page) — electron configuration, electrons per shell Densities of the elements (data page) — density (solid, liquid, gas) Electron affinity (data... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,895 | Scientific literature – Scientific journal – Academic journal – List of important publications in chemistry List of scientific journals in chemistryList of science magazinesScientific American | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,896 | Radiochemistry – chemistry of radioactive materials. Sonochemistry – study of effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems. Synthetic chemistry – study of chemical synthesis. Toxicology – study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organism and the practice of diagnosing and treating ... | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,897 | Pharmacology – branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action along with the chemical effects. Phytochemistry – study of phytochemicals which come from plants. | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,898 | This broad field interacts with chemistry at such scales. Petrochemistry – study of the transformation of petroleum and natural gas into useful products or raw materials. | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
11,899 | Molecular mechanics – applies classical mechanics to model molecular systems. Nanotechnology – study and application of matter that is at an atomic and molecular scale. | Outline of chemistry | 0.817509 |
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