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18,600 | The notion of concept convexity allows the interpretation of the focal points of regions as category prototypes. In the more general formulations of the theory, concepts are defined in terms conceptual similarity to their prototypes. Conceptual spaces have found applications in both cognitive modelling and artificial i... | Conceptual space | 0.812073 |
18,601 | Align Technology was founded by Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth in 1997 and began working on the development of a clear aligner. Align received FDA clearance to market the Invisalign system in 1998, and it was first marketed in 2000. Align Technology went public on January 26, 2001, on the Nasdaq Stock Market.In March 201... | Align Technology | 0.812072 |
18,602 | Invisalign G3 and G4 were designed for more complex treatments. An Invisalign Express 5 version, which uses 5 aligners, was introduced in 2012. In February 2014, Align Technology released a G5 product designed to treat deep bites.Support, software engineering, pre-production and administrative functions are done from A... | Align Technology | 0.812072 |
18,603 | In solid state physics, a superstructure is some additional structure that is superimposed on a higher symmetry crystalline structure. A typical and important example is ferromagnetic ordering. In a wider sense, the term "superstructure" is applied to polymers and proteins to describe ordering on a length scale larger ... | Superstructure (condensed matter) | 0.81207 |
18,604 | The chemical inertness of the s electrons in the lower oxidation state is not always married to steric inertness (where steric inertness means that the presence of the s-electron lone pair has little or no influence on the geometry of the molecule or crystal). A simple example of steric activity is that of SnCl2, which... | Inert-pair effect | 0.812069 |
18,605 | The difference is that in probability theory, the prior history of observations just refers to the capital history, whereas here the history refers to the exact sequence of 0s and 1s in the string.) A supermartingale on Cantor space is a function d as above which satisfies a modified fairness condition: d ( σ ) ≥ 1 2 (... | Effective dimension | 0.812069 |
18,606 | A martingale on Cantor space 2ω is a function d: 2ω → R≥ 0 from Cantor space to nonnegative reals which satisfies the fairness condition: d ( σ ) = 1 2 ( d ( σ 0 ) + d ( σ 1 ) ) {\displaystyle d(\sigma )={\frac {1}{2}}(d(\sigma 0)+d(\sigma 1))} A martingale is thought of as a betting strategy, and the function d ( σ ) ... | Effective dimension | 0.812069 |
18,607 | A learning automaton is one type of machine learning algorithm studied since 1970s. Learning automata select their current action based on past experiences from the environment. It will fall into the range of reinforcement learning if the environment is stochastic and a Markov decision process (MDP) is used. | Learning Automata | 0.812069 |
18,608 | In physics, mirror matter, also called shadow matter or Alice matter, is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter. | Mirror matter | 0.812069 |
18,609 | The numerical range is the range of the Rayleigh quotient. (Hausdorff–Toeplitz theorem) The numerical range is convex and compact. W ( α A + β I ) = α W ( A ) + { β } {\displaystyle W(\alpha A+\beta I)=\alpha W(A)+\{\beta \}} for all square matrix A {\displaystyle A} and complex numbers α {\displaystyle \alpha } and β ... | Numerical radius | 0.812068 |
18,610 | In the mathematical field of linear algebra and convex analysis, the numerical range or field of values of a complex n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix A is the set W ( A ) = { x ∗ A x x ∗ x ∣ x ∈ C n , x ≠ 0 } {\displaystyle W(A)=\left\{{\frac {\mathbf {x} ^{*}A\mathbf {x} }{\mathbf {x} ^{*}\mathbf {x} }}\mid \mat... | Numerical radius | 0.812068 |
18,611 | The Nim compiler emits fast, optimized C code by default. It defers compiling-to-object code to an external C compiler to leverage existing compiler optimization and portability. Many C compilers are supported, including Clang, Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC), MinGW, and GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). The Nim compiler can ... | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,612 | Testament is an advanced automatic unit tests runner for Nim tests. Used in developing Nim, it offers process isolation tests, generates statistics about test cases, supports multiple targets and simulated Dry-Runs, has logging, can generate HTML reports, can skip tests from a file, and more. | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,613 | Operator overloading is also supported. Nim includes multiple tunable memory management strategies, including tracing garbage collection, reference counting, and fully manual systems, with the default being deterministic reference counting with optimizations via move semantics and cycle collection via trial deletion. .... | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,614 | --gc:arc – Automatic reference counting (ARC) with move semantics optimizations, offers a shared heap. It offers fully deterministic performance for hard realtime systems. Reference cycles may cause memory leaks: these may be dealt with by manually annotating {.acyclic.} | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,615 | Nim is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, statically typed, compiled high-level systems programming language, designed and developed by a team around Andreas Rumpf. Nim is designed to be "efficient, expressive, and elegant", supporting metaprogramming, functional, message passing, procedural, and object-oriented progra... | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,616 | Nim has support for product types via the object type, and for sum types via object variants: raw representations of tagged unions, with an enumerated type tag that must be safely matched upon before fields of variants can be accessed. These types can be composed algebraically. Structural pattern matching is available,... | Nim (programming language) | 0.812062 |
18,617 | Specific weight can be used in civil engineering and mechanical engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. | Unit weight | 0.812061 |
18,618 | In molecular biology, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) proteins are a family of small proteins that are covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells to modify their function. This process is called SUMOylation (sometimes written sumoylation). SUMOylation is a post-translational modification invo... | Small ubiquitin-like modifier | 0.812056 |
18,619 | Lipidomics is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems The word "lipidome" is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue, organism, or ecosystem and is a subset of the "metabolome" which also includes other major classes of biological molecules (such... | Lipidomics | 0.812052 |
18,620 | Lipid profiling is a targeted metabolomics platform that provides a comprehensive analysis of lipid species within a cell or tissue. Profiling based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is capable of providing quantitative data and is adaptable to high throughput analyses. The powerful approa... | Lipidomics | 0.812052 |
18,621 | The finite potential well (also known as the finite square well) is a concept from quantum mechanics. It is an extension of the infinite potential well, in which a particle is confined to a "box", but one which has finite potential "walls". Unlike the infinite potential well, there is a probability associated with the ... | Finite potential well | 0.812051 |
18,622 | Solutions to the Schrödinger equation must be continuous, and continuously differentiable. These requirements are boundary conditions on the differential equations previously derived, that is, the matching conditions between the solutions inside and outside the well. In this case, the finite potential well is symmetric... | Finite potential well | 0.812051 |
18,623 | Science and Hypothesis (French: La Science et l'Hypothèse) is a book by French mathematician Henri Poincaré, first published in 1902. Aimed at a non-specialist readership, it deals with mathematics, space, physics and nature. It puts forward the theses that absolute truth in science is unattainable, and that many commo... | Science and Hypothesis | 0.812051 |
18,624 | An artificial neural network (ANN) combines biological principles with advanced statistics to solve problems in domains such as pattern recognition and game-play. ANNs adopt the basic model of neuron analogues connected to each other in a variety of ways. | Mathematics of artificial neural networks | 0.81205 |
18,625 | The first view is the functional view: the input x {\displaystyle \textstyle x} is transformed into a 3-dimensional vector h {\displaystyle \textstyle h} , which is then transformed into a 2-dimensional vector g {\displaystyle \textstyle g} , which is finally transformed into f {\displaystyle \textstyle f} . This view ... | Mathematics of artificial neural networks | 0.81205 |
18,626 | Neural network models can be viewed as defining a function that takes an input (observation) and produces an output (decision) f: X → Y {\displaystyle \textstyle f:X\rightarrow Y} or a distribution over X {\displaystyle \textstyle X} or both X {\displaystyle \textstyle X} and Y {\displaystyle \textstyle Y} . Sometimes ... | Mathematics of artificial neural networks | 0.81205 |
18,627 | ICCF numeric notation is the official chess notation system of the International Correspondence Chess Federation. The system was devised for use in international correspondence chess to avoid the potential confusion of using algebraic notation, as the chess pieces have different abbreviations depending on language. In ... | ICCF numeric notation | 0.812048 |
18,628 | For example, the move that would be written 1.e4 in algebraic notation would be written 1. 5254 in numeric notation: the pawn starts from square 52 (file 5, rank 2) and moves to square 54 (file 5, rank 4). Numeric notation does not specifically mark the type of moving piece, captures, or checks; every move is written a... | ICCF numeric notation | 0.812048 |
18,629 | In the decomposition of a finite group into a direct sum of indecomposable subgroups the embedding of the subgroups is not unique. For example, in the Klein group V 4 ≅ C 2 × C 2 {\displaystyle V_{4}\cong C_{2}\times C_{2}} we have that V 4 = ⟨ ( 0 , 1 ) ⟩ + ⟨ ( 1 , 0 ) ⟩ , {\displaystyle V_{4}=\langle (0,1)\rangle +\l... | Direct sum of groups | 0.812045 |
18,630 | In mathematics, a group G is called the direct sum of two normal subgroups with trivial intersection if it is generated by the subgroups. In abstract algebra, this method of construction of groups can be generalized to direct sums of vector spaces, modules, and other structures; see the article direct sum of modules fo... | Direct sum of groups | 0.812045 |
18,631 | The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual photons, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of virtual gravitons. This description reproduces general relativity in the classical limit. However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the Planck length, where a ... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,632 | Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with quantum mechanics. This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of d... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,633 | It even showed that general relativity was incompatible with a static universe, and Einstein later conceded that he had been wrong to design his field equations to account for a Universe that was not expanding.Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chie... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,634 | There is no formal definition for what constitutes such solutions, but most scientists agree that they should be expressable using elementary functions or linear differential equations. Some of the most notable solutions of the equations include: The Schwarzschild solution, which describes spacetime surrounding a spher... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,635 | The Einstein field equations are a system of 10 partial differential equations which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system is often expressed in the form where Gμν is the Einstein tensor, gμν is the metric tensor, Tμν is the stress–energy tensor, Λ is the cosmological constant, G {\displays... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,636 | In modern physics, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find solutions to the Einstein field equations that form the basis of general relativity, while some scientists have speculated that general relativity may not be applicable at all in certain sce... | Gravitational physics | 0.812045 |
18,637 | The Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) was a research center hosted at the Institute for Bioinformatics (IBI) at Neuherberg, Germany with a focus on genome oriented bioinformatics, in particular on the systematic analysis of genome information including the development and application of bioinformat... | Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences | 0.812043 |
18,638 | Studies have noted the following benefits of widescale implementation of passive daytime radiative cooling: Advancing toward a carbon neutral future and achieving net-zero emissions. Alleviating electrical grids and renewable energy sources from devoting electric energy to cooling. Balancing the Earth's energy budget. ... | Passive radiative cooling | 0.81204 |
18,639 | The larger the bandwidth – range of frequencies Δf a wave contains – the faster the wave decorrelates (and hence the smaller τc is):: 358-359, 560 τ c Δ f ≳ 1 {\displaystyle \tau _{c}\Delta f\gtrsim 1} .Formally, this follows from the convolution theorem in mathematics, which relates the Fourier transform of the power ... | Mutual coherence (physics) | 0.812039 |
18,640 | In physics, coherence expresses the potential for two waves to interfere. Two monochromatic beams from a single source always interfere. : 256 Physical sources are not strictly monochromatic: they may be partly coherent. Beams from different sources are mutually incoherent. | Mutual coherence (physics) | 0.812039 |
18,641 | For simplicity, Newton's laws can be illustrated for one particle without much loss of generality (for a system of N particles, all of these equations apply to each particle in the system). The equation of motion for a particle of mass m is Newton's second law of 1687, in modern vector notation where a is its accelerat... | Lagrangian Mechanics | 0.812039 |
18,642 | The action principle, and the Lagrangian formalism, are tied closely to Noether's theorem, which connects physical conserved quantities to continuous symmetries of a physical system. If the Lagrangian is invariant under a symmetry, then the resulting equations of motion are also invariant under that symmetry. This char... | Lagrangian Mechanics | 0.812039 |
18,643 | It also follows that the kinetic energy is a homogenous function of degree 2 in the generalized velocities. If in addition the potential V is only a function of coordinates and independent of velocities, it follows by direct calculation, or use of Euler's theorem for homogenous functions, that ∑ i = 1 n q ˙ i ∂ L ∂ q ˙... | Lagrangian Mechanics | 0.812039 |
18,644 | News & World Report ranked Japan as the most culturally influential country in Asia and 5th in the world. Japan is also considered to be a technological power, being the leader in the automotive, electronics and robotics industries.Japan was ranked as the world's fourth most-powerful military in 2015. The military capa... | Potential superpowers | 0.812029 |
18,645 | Key features of GBKR, the graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model developed by Chein and Mugnier and the Montpellier group (Chein & Mugnier 2009), can be summarized as follows: All kinds of knowledge (ontology, rules, constraints and facts) are labeled graphs, which provide an intuitive and easily unde... | Conceptual Graph | 0.812028 |
18,646 | Another research branch continues the work on existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce, which were one of the origins of conceptual graphs as proposed by Sowa. In this approach, developed in particular by Dau (Dau 2003), conceptual graphs are conceptual diagrams rather than graphs in the sense of graph theory, and ... | Conceptual Graph | 0.812028 |
18,647 | A conceptual graph (CG) is a formalism for knowledge representation. In the first published paper on CGs, John F. Sowa (Sowa 1976) used them to represent the conceptual schemas used in database systems. The first book on CGs (Sowa 1984) applied them to a wide range of topics in artificial intelligence, computer science... | Conceptual Graph | 0.812028 |
18,648 | Since 1984, the model has been developed along three main directions: a graphical interface for first-order logic, a diagrammatic calculus of logics, and a graph-based knowledge representation and reasoning model. | Conceptual Graph | 0.812028 |
18,649 | In this approach, a formula in first-order logic (predicate calculus) is represented by a labeled graph. A linear notation, called the Conceptual Graph Interchange Format (CGIF), has been standardized in the ISO standard for common logic. The diagram above is an example of the display form for a conceptual graph. Each ... | Conceptual Graph | 0.812028 |
18,650 | In recent decades, the SKI combinator calculus, with only two primitive combinators, K and S, has become the canonical approach to combinatory logic. B, C, and W can be expressed in terms of S and K as follows: B = S (K S) K C = S (S (K (S (K S) K)) S) (K K) K = K W = S S (S K)Another way is, having defined B as above,... | B, C, K, W system | 0.812026 |
18,651 | In general: write the first equation in its equivalent form substitute it into the next simplify, use the modular multiplicative inverse if necessary continue until the last equation back substitute, then simplify rewrite back in the congruence formIf the moduli are coprime, the Chinese remainder theorem gives a straig... | Method of successive substitution | 0.812025 |
18,652 | However, as the software engineering community has started performing tertiary reviews new concerns unique to tertiary reviews have surfaced. These include the challenge of quality assessment of systematic reviews, search validation and the additional risk of double counting. == References == | Tertiary review | 0.812025 |
18,653 | In software engineering, a tertiary review is a systematic review of systematic reviews. It is also referred to as a tertiary study in the software engineering literature. However, Umbrella review is the term more commonly used in medicine. Kitchenham et al. suggest that methodologically there is no difference between ... | Tertiary review | 0.812025 |
18,654 | To check that our answer is correct, we deduce whether each respective residue is conceived when we compute 323 by the modulo of each congruence: 323 ≡ 1 (mod 2) 323 = 161 * 2 + 1323 ≡ 2 (mod 3) 323 = 107 * 3 + 2323 ≡ 3 (mod 5) 323 = 64 * 5 + 3323 ≡ 4 (mod 11) 323 = 29 * 11 + 4An alternative method would be to deduce w... | Method of successive substitution | 0.812025 |
18,655 | In modular arithmetic, the method of successive substitution is a method of solving problems of simultaneous congruences by using the definition of the congruence equation. It is commonly applied in cases where the conditions of the Chinese remainder theorem are not satisfied. There is also an unrelated numerical-analy... | Method of successive substitution | 0.812025 |
18,656 | Whether the least significant bit (of the word) or the most significant bit indicates the smallest-index number is largely irrelevant, but the former tends to be preferred (on little-endian machines). A finite binary relation may be represented by a bit array called a logical matrix. In the calculus of relations, these... | Bit vectors | 0.812023 |
18,657 | While the existence of undecidable statements had been known since Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931, previous examples of undecidable statements (such as the continuum hypothesis) had all been in pure set theory. The Whitehead problem was the first purely algebraic problem to be proved undecidable. Shelah later s... | Whitehead's problem | 0.812022 |
18,658 | J. H. C. Whitehead, motivated by the second Cousin problem, first posed the problem in the 1950s. Stein answered the question in the affirmative for countable groups. Progress for larger groups was slow, and the problem was considered an important one in algebra for some years. Shelah's result was completely unexpected... | Whitehead's problem | 0.812022 |
18,659 | The rest of the toroidal harmonics can be obtained, for instance, in terms of the complete elliptic integrals, by using recurrence relations for associated Legendre functions. The classic applications of toroidal coordinates are in solving partial differential equations, e.g., Laplace's equation for which toroidal coor... | Toroidal coordinates | 0.812021 |
18,660 | Particulate inheritance is a pattern of inheritance discovered by Mendelian genetics theorists, such as William Bateson, Ronald Fisher or Gregor Mendel himself, showing that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through "discrete particles" known as genes, which can keep their ability to be expr... | Particulate inheritance | 0.812018 |
18,661 | The conductivity factor (CF) of dissolved salts in a given solution is a measurement of conductivity. Using the electrical conductivity between two electrodes in a water solution, the level of dissolved solids in that solution can be measured. Measurements can then be used to dose the solution with the necessary nutrie... | Conductivity factor | 0.812018 |
18,662 | In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Using the enzyme helicase, RNAP locally opens the double-stranded DNA so that one strand of th... | RNA polymerases | 0.812017 |
18,663 | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms are properties that homology theories of topological spaces have in common. The quintessential example of a homology theory satisfying the axioms is singular homology, developed by Samuel Eilenberg and Norman Steenrod. One can define a ho... | Dimension axiom | 0.812015 |
18,664 | The first three examples possess simple parametric representations, which is not true for the fourth and fifth examples. The fifth example shows the possibly complicated geometric structure of an implicit curve. The implicit function theorem describes conditions under which an equation F ( x , y ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(... | Implicit curve | 0.81201 |
18,665 | If F ( x , y ) {\displaystyle F(x,y)} is a polynomial in two variables, the corresponding curve is called an algebraic curve, and specific methods are available for studying it. Plane curves can be represented in Cartesian coordinates (x, y coordinates) by any of three methods, one of which is the implicit equation giv... | Implicit curve | 0.81201 |
18,666 | Within mathematics implicit curves play a prominent role as algebraic curves. In addition, implicit curves are used for designing curves of desired geometrical shapes. Here are two examples. | Implicit curve | 0.812009 |
18,667 | The implicit function theorem guarantees within a neighborhood of a point ( x 0 , y 0 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},y_{0})} the existence of a function f {\displaystyle f} such that F ( x , f ( x ) ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(x,f(x))=0} . By the chain rule, the derivatives of function f {\displaystyle f} are f ′ ( x ) = − F x ( x... | Implicit curve | 0.812009 |
18,668 | In general, implicit curves fail the vertical line test (meaning that some values of x are associated with more than one value of y) and so are not necessarily graphs of functions. However, the implicit function theorem gives conditions under which an implicit curve locally is given by the graph of a function (so in pa... | Implicit curve | 0.812009 |
18,669 | This theorem is the key for the computation of essential geometric features of the curve: tangents, normals, and curvature. In practice implicit curves have an essential drawback: their visualization is difficult. But there are computer programs enabling one to display an implicit curve. Special properties of implicit ... | Implicit curve | 0.812009 |
18,670 | The third essential description of a curve is the parametric one, where the x- and y-coordinates of curve points are represented by two functions x(t), y(t) both of whose functional forms are explicitly stated, and which are dependent on a common parameter t . {\displaystyle t.} Examples of implicit curves include: a l... | Implicit curve | 0.812009 |
18,671 | If the coframes on M and N (obtained by a thorough application of the first three steps of the algorithm) agree and satisfy the Cartan test, then the two G-structures are equivalent. (Actually, to the best of the author's knowledge, the coframes must be real analytic in order for this to hold, because the Cartan-Kähler... | Theory of equivalence | 0.812006 |
18,672 | The equivalence problem is said to be involutive (or in involution) if it passes Cartan's test. This is essentially a rank condition on the connection obtained in the first three steps of the procedure. The Cartan test generalizes the Frobenius theorem on the solubility of first-order linear systems of partial differen... | Theory of equivalence | 0.812006 |
18,673 | In mathematics, Cartan's equivalence method is a technique in differential geometry for determining whether two geometrical structures are the same up to a diffeomorphism. For example, if M and N are two Riemannian manifolds with metrics g and h, respectively, when is there a diffeomorphism ϕ: M → N {\displaystyle \phi... | Theory of equivalence | 0.812006 |
18,674 | Complete reduction. Here the structure group has been reduced completely to the trivial group. The problem can now be handled by methods such as the Frobenius theorem. | Theory of equivalence | 0.812006 |
18,675 | QNu Labs (or QuNu Labs Private Limited) is a cybersecurity company headquartered in Bengaluru, India. It is credited to be the first firm in India to successfully develop commercial cybersecurity products using quantum physics. It has a subsidiary called QNu Labs Inc, which was set up in Massachusetts, US in 2019.The c... | QNu Labs | 0.812005 |
18,676 | Constraint modeling theories concern families of directed graphs related by a partial order. In these applications, graphs are ordered by specificity, meaning that more constrained graphs—which are more specific and thus contain a greater amount of information—are subsumed by those that are more general. Operations bet... | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,677 | Phase Transitions in Combinatorial Optimization Problems, Section 3: Introduction to Graphs (2006) by Hartmann and Weigt Digraphs: Theory Algorithms and Applications 2007 by Jorgen Bang-Jensen and Gregory Gutin Graph Theory, by Reinhard Diestel | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,678 | For example, graph-based methods are often used to 'cluster' cells together into cell-types in single-cell transcriptome analysis. Another use is to model genes or proteins in a pathway and study the relationships between them, such as metabolic pathways and gene regulatory networks. Evolutionary trees, ecological netw... | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,679 | Likewise, graph theory is useful in biology and conservation efforts where a vertex can represent regions where certain species exist (or inhabit) and the edges represent migration paths or movement between the regions. This information is important when looking at breeding patterns or tracking the spread of disease, p... | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,680 | Depending on the problem domain some layouts may be better suited and easier to understand than others. The pioneering work of W. T. Tutte was very influential on the subject of graph drawing. Among other achievements, he introduced the use of linear algebraic methods to obtain graph drawings. | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,681 | Graph theory is also widely used in sociology as a way, for example, to measure actors' prestige or to explore rumor spreading, notably through the use of social network analysis software. Under the umbrella of social networks are many different types of graphs. Acquaintanceship and friendship graphs describe whether p... | Graph Theory | 0.812001 |
18,682 | Partial fractions are used in real-variable integral calculus to find real-valued antiderivatives of rational functions. Partial fraction decomposition of real rational functions is also used to find their Inverse Laplace transforms. For applications of partial fraction decomposition over the reals, see Application to ... | Partial fractions | 0.812 |
18,683 | This example illustrates almost all the "tricks" we might need to use, short of consulting a computer algebra system. After long division and factoring the denominator, we have The partial fraction decomposition takes the form Multiplying through by the denominator on the left-hand side we have the polynomial identity ... | Partial fractions | 0.812 |
18,684 | Since the electron mass determines a number of observed effects in atomic physics, there are potentially many ways to determine its mass from an experiment, if the values of other physical constants are already considered known. Historically, the mass of the electron was determined directly from combining two measureme... | Electron rest mass | 0.811995 |
18,685 | A basic motivation of the theory is that projective modules (at least over certain commutative rings) are analogues of vector bundles. This can be made precise for the ring of continuous real-valued functions on a compact Hausdorff space, as well as for the ring of smooth functions on a smooth manifold (see Serre–Swan ... | Projective dimension | 0.811994 |
18,686 | The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has published four sets of rules to standardize chemical nomenclature. There are two main areas: IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry (Red Book) IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry (Blue Book) | IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry | 0.811993 |
18,687 | "Well being" of standardizing science by the nomenclature of scientific terms, measurements, and symbols was one of the primary reasons as to the founding of the organization. Before the creation of IUPAC, many other nomenclatures were proposed. The Geneva Nomenclature of 1892 was created as a result of many other meet... | IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry | 0.811993 |
18,688 | Interstellar Probe (spacecraft) (ISP) (2018–)A NASA funded study, led by the Applied Physics Laboratory, on possible options for an interstellar probe. The nominal concept would launch on a SLS in the 2030s. It would perform either a fast Jupiter flyby, a powered Jupiter flyby, or a very close perihelion and propulsive... | Interstellar probe | 0.81199 |
18,689 | In physics, complex harmonic motion is a complicated realm based on the simple harmonic motion. The word "complex" refers to different situations. Unlike simple harmonic motion, which is regardless of air resistance, friction, etc., complex harmonic motion often has additional forces to dissipate the initial energy and... | Complex harmonic motion | 0.811988 |
18,690 | Entirely new approaches for computing exploit the laws of quantum mechanics for novel quantum computers, which enable the use of fast quantum algorithms. The Quantum computer has quantum bit memory space termed "Qubit" for several computations at the same time. In nanoelectronic devices, the qubit is encoded by the qua... | Bio-nano generator | 0.811988 |
18,691 | Nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Some of these candidates include: h... | Bio-nano generator | 0.811988 |
18,692 | Nano-Micro Letters is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering nanotechnology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The editor-in-chief is Yafei Zhang (Shanghai Jiao Tong University). The journal was established in 2009. | Nano-Micro Letters | 0.811986 |
18,693 | to conduct post-secondary, graduateship, diploma and certificate courses in the chemical sciences to promote education in and application of chemistry at levels to initiate research activities in collaboration with universities, industry and foreign institutions to establish library facilities, including database acces... | College of Chemical Sciences | 0.811983 |
18,694 | The College of Chemical Sciences is an institute in Sri Lanka. It was established 25 January 2001 during the Diamond Jubilee celebration of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon. As per by law 15 of the Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, the College of Chemical Sciences was established to conduct all the educational and traini... | College of Chemical Sciences | 0.811983 |
18,695 | The Journal of Supercomputing is an academic computer science journal concerned with theoretical and practical aspects of supercomputing. Tutorial and survey papers are also included. | The Journal of Supercomputing | 0.811981 |
18,696 | Directors of Project MACRobert Fano, 1963–1968 J. C. R. Licklider, 1968–1971 Edward Fredkin, 1971–1974 Michael Dertouzos, 1974–1975Directors of the Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryMarvin Minsky, 1970–1972 Patrick Winston, 1972–1997 Rodney Brooks, 1997–2003Directors of the Laboratory for Computer ScienceMichael Dertou... | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | 0.811981 |
18,697 | Computing Research at MIT began with Vannevar Bush's research into a differential analyzer and Claude Shannon's electronic Boolean algebra in the 1930s, the wartime MIT Radiation Laboratory, the post-war Project Whirlwind and Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), and MIT Lincoln Laboratory's SAGE in the early 1950s... | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | 0.811981 |
18,698 | Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab). Housed within the Ray and Maria Stata Center, CSAIL is th... | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | 0.811981 |
18,699 | CSAIL's research activities are organized around a number of semi-autonomous research groups, each of which is headed by one or more professors or research scientists. These groups are divided up into seven general areas of research: Artificial intelligence Computational biology Graphics and vision Language and learnin... | MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory | 0.811981 |
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