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19,600 | Molecular ecology engendered a new research paradigm for investigating ecological questions considered otherwise intractable. Molecular investigations revealed previously obscured details in the tiny intricacies of nature and improved resolution into probing questions about behavioural and biogeographical ecology. For ... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,601 | The important relationship between ecology and genetic inheritance predates modern techniques for molecular analysis. Molecular ecological research became more feasible with the development of rapid and accessible genetic technologies, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The rise of molecular technologies and ... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,602 | Ecology is an employed science of restoration, repairing disturbed sites through human intervention, in natural resource management, and in environmental impact assessments. Edward O. Wilson predicted in 1992 that the 21st century "will be the era of restoration in ecology". Ecological science has boomed in the industr... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,603 | In recognition of these functions and the incapability of traditional economic valuation methods to see the value in ecosystems, there has been a surge of interest in social-natural capital, which provides the means to put a value on the stock and use of information and materials stemming from ecosystem goods and servi... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,604 | ": 3 The term was formally introduced in 1921, but many sociologists, geographers, psychologists, and other disciplines were interested in human relations to natural systems centuries prior, especially in the late 19th century.The ecological complexities human beings are facing through the technological transformation ... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,605 | Understanding the relations and cycles mediated between these elements and their ecological pathways has significant bearing toward understanding global biogeochemistry.The ecology of global carbon budgets gives one example of the linkage between biodiversity and biogeochemistry. It is estimated that the Earth's oceans... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,606 | Ecologists study and measure nutrient budgets to understand how these materials are regulated, flow, and recycled through the environment. This research has led to an understanding that there is global feedback between ecosystems and the physical parameters of this planet, including minerals, soil, pH, ions, water, and... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,607 | Definitions of the niche date back to 1917, but G. Evelyn Hutchinson made conceptual advances in 1957 by introducing a widely adopted definition: "the set of biotic and abiotic conditions in which a species is able to persist and maintain stable population sizes. ": 519 The ecological niche is a central concept in the ... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,608 | Biogeography (an amalgamation of biology and geography) is the comparative study of the geographic distribution of organisms and the corresponding evolution of their traits in space and time. The Journal of Biogeography was established in 1974. Biogeography and ecology share many of their disciplinary roots. For exampl... | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,609 | The biology of life operates within a certain range of temperatures. Heat is a form of energy that regulates temperature. Heat affects growth rates, activity, behaviour, and primary production. Temperature is largely dependent on the incidence of solar radiation. | Ecological science | 0.811411 |
19,610 | This model was first presented independently by Alfred J. Lotka for autocatalytic chemical reactions and then again for biological species in competition by Vito Volterra from a mathematical biology perspective. Originally, this model was only considered for two species: the two chemical species in the reaction, or a p... | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,611 | The mathematical image described above – a series of states with a functional mechanism for switching between them – also describes a phenomenon known as winnerless competition (WLC). Winnerless competition describes the switching phenomenon between two competitive states and was identified by Busse & Heikes in 1980 wh... | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,612 | Control theory, in robotics, deals with the use of dynamical systems to control robotic systems. The goal of robotic control is to perform precise, coordinated actions using physical actuators in response to sensor input. Dynamical systems can be used to drive the robot to a desired state (or set of states) using senso... | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,613 | An equilibrium point in a dynamical system is a solution to the system of differential equations describing a trajectory that does not change with time. Equilibrium points can be described by their stability, which are often determined by the eigenvalues of the system’s Jacobian matrix. In general, the eigenvalues of a... | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,614 | Dynamical systems describe the state over time with mathematical equations, often ordinary differential equations. The current state at a particular time can be plotted as a point in phase space. The set of points over time can be plotted as a trajectory. | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,615 | May and Leonard expanded the Lotka-Volterra equations by investigating the system in which three species interact with each other (i.e., N = 3 {\displaystyle N=3} ). They found that for a system in which each equilibrium point is a saddle with an N − 1 {\displaystyle N-1} dimensional stable manifold, and the unstable m... | Heteroclinic channels | 0.81141 |
19,616 | The mollusc shell is a biogenic composite material that has been the subject of much interest in materials science because of its unusual properties and its model character for biomineralization. Molluscan shells consist of 95–99% calcium carbonate by weight, while an organic component makes up the remaining 1–5%. The ... | Biomineralization | 0.811409 |
19,617 | Fundamentally whether an organism produces silica or not involves evolutionary trade-offs and competition between silicifiers themselves, and non-silicifying organisms (both those which use other biominerals, and non-mineralizing groups). Mathematical models and controlled experiments of resource competition in phytopl... | Biomineralization | 0.811409 |
19,618 | There is also evidence that silicification is used as a detoxification response in snails and plants, biosilica has even been suggested to play a role as a pH buffer for the enzymatic activity of carbonic anhydrase, aiding the acquisition of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis. There are questions which have yet to be ... | Biomineralization | 0.811409 |
19,619 | For medications with a high NNT, even a small incidence of adverse effects may outweigh the benefits. Even though NNT is an important measure in a clinical trial, it is infrequently included in medical journal articles reporting the results of clinical trials. There are several important problems with the NNT, involvin... | Number needed to treat | 0.811409 |
19,620 | Aeronautical engineering education and research at Purdue dates back to early 1920s when the Aeronautical Engineering courses were offered as part of Senior Aeronautical Option in the mechanical engineering program. By 1930s the course offerings in aeronautical engineering expanded to eight with many courses taught at ... | Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | 0.811409 |
19,621 | AIAA is the leading professional society for the field of aerospace engineering. The Purdue chapter works to support the institute's main objectives which is to advance the arts, sciences, and technologies pertaining to the aerospace field. | Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | 0.811409 |
19,622 | It also provides distance graduate education, including an online M.S. in Engineering with concentration in Aeronautics and Astronautics, and a distance Ph.D. Its main office and some of its labs are located in the Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering. As of 2010, the School has awarded an estimated 6% of BS degrees and ... | Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | 0.811409 |
19,623 | The Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics is Purdue University's school of aerospace engineering contained within the Purdue University College of Engineering. The school offers B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. | Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | 0.811409 |
19,624 | The purpose of Women in Aerospace is to provide undergraduate women in the aerospace engineering program educational, social, and professional opportunities. WIA seeks to raise awareness of the gender disparity in aerospace engineering and encourage to learn more about how to create inclusive environments. | Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics | 0.811409 |
19,625 | All Students Take Calculus is a mnemonic for the sign of each trigonometric functions in each quadrant of the plane. The letters ASTC signify which of the trigonometric functions are positive, starting in the top right 1st quadrant and moving counterclockwise through quadrants 2 to 4. Quadrant I (angles from 0 to 90 de... | All Students Take Calculus | 0.811407 |
19,626 | In trigonometry, it is common to use mnemonics to help remember trigonometric identities and the relationships between the various trigonometric functions. | All Students Take Calculus | 0.811407 |
19,627 | Feasibility: the payoff must be a convex combination of possible payoff profiles of the stage game. This is because the payoff in a repeated game is just a weighted average of payoffs in the basic games.Folk theorems are partially converse claims: they say that, under certain conditions (which are different in each fol... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,628 | Conditions on x (the target payoff vector of the repeated game) – whether the theorem works for any individually rational and feasible payoff vector, or only on a subset of these vectors. Equilibrium type – if all conditions are met, what kind of equilibrium is guaranteed by the theorem – Nash or Subgame-perfect? Punis... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,629 | The following table compares various folk theorems in several aspects: Horizon – whether the stage game is repeated finitely or infinitely many times. Utilities – how the utility of a player in the repeated game is determined from the player's utilities in the stage game iterations. Conditions on G (the stage game) – w... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,630 | In game theory, folk theorems are a class of theorems describing an abundance of Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games (Friedman 1971). The original Folk Theorem concerned the payoffs of all the Nash equilibria of an infinitely repeated game. This result was called the Folk Theorem because it was widely kn... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,631 | This possibility often depends on the discount factor of the relevant countries. If a country is very impatient (pays little attention to future outcomes), then it may be difficult to punish it (or punish it in a credible way).On the other hand, MIT economist Franklin Fisher has noted that the folk theorem is not a pos... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,632 | Folk theorems can be applied to a diverse number of fields. For example: Anthropology: in a community where all behavior is well known, and where members of the community know that they will continue to have to deal with each other, then any pattern of behavior (traditions, taboos, etc.) may be sustained by social norm... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,633 | If no players deviated from phase 2, all player j ≠ i gets rewarded ε above j's min-max forever after, while player i continues receiving his min-max. (Full-dimensionality and the interior assumption is needed here.)4. If player j deviated from phase 2, all players restart phase 2 with j as target.5. Ignore multilatera... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,634 | Assume that the payoff of player i in a game that is repeated T times is given by a simple arithmetic mean: U i = 1 T ∑ t = 0 T u i ( x t ) {\displaystyle U_{i}={\frac {1}{T}}\sum _{t=0}^{T}u_{i}(x_{t})} A folk theorem for this case has the following additional requirement: In the basic game, for every player i, there ... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,635 | If δ is close to 1, this outweighs any finite one-stage gain, making the strategy a Nash equilibrium. An alternative statement of this folk theorem allows the equilibrium payoff profile u to be any individually rational feasible payoff profile; it only requires there exist an individually rational feasible payoff profi... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,636 | Assume that the payoff of a player in an infinitely repeated game is given by the average discounted criterion with discount factor 0 < δ < 1: U i = ( 1 − δ ) ∑ t ≥ 0 δ t u i ( x t ) , {\displaystyle U_{i}=(1-\delta )\sum _{t\geq 0}\delta ^{t}u_{i}(x_{t}),} The discount factor indicates how patient the players are. The... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811406 |
19,637 | This is because, if an agent deviates, he gains in the short run, and this gain can be wiped out only if the punishment gives the deviator strictly less utility than the agreement path. The following folk theorems are known for the overtaking criterion: Strict stationary equilibria: A Nash equilibrium is called strict ... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811405 |
19,638 | According to the limit-of-means criterion, they provide the same utility to player i, but according to the overtaking criterion, y {\displaystyle y} is better than x {\displaystyle x} for player i. See overtaking criterion for more information. The folk theorems with the overtaking criterion are slightly weaker than wi... | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811405 |
19,639 | The folk theorem in this case is very simple and contains no pre-conditions: every individually rational and feasible payoff profile in the basic game is a Nash equilibrium payoff profile in the repeated game. The proof employs what is called a grim or grim trigger strategy. | Folk theorem (game theory) | 0.811405 |
19,640 | . For instance ranking and object ranking, the mapping is a function f: X → R {\displaystyle f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {R} \,\!} . Finding the utility function is a regression learning problem which is well developed in machine learning. | Preference learning | 0.811403 |
19,641 | Preference learning is a subfield in machine learning, which is a classification method based on observed preference information. In the view of supervised learning, preference learning trains on a set of items which have preferences toward labels or other items and predicts the preferences for all items. While the con... | Preference learning | 0.811403 |
19,642 | In computer science, a record (also called a structure, struct, or compound data) is a basic data structure. Records in a database or spreadsheet are usually called "rows".A record is a collection of fields, possibly of different data types, typically in a fixed number and sequence. The fields of a record may also be c... | Record (computer science) | 0.811403 |
19,643 | The latter were provided eventually (by the typedef declaration), but the two concepts are still distinct in the language. Most languages designed after Pascal (such as Ada, Modula, and Java), also supported records. Although records are not often used in their original context anymore (i.e. being used solely for the p... | Record (computer science) | 0.811403 |
19,644 | The concept of a record can be traced to various types of tables and ledgers used in accounting since remote times. The modern notion of records in computer science, with fields of well-defined type and size, was already implicit in 19th century mechanical calculators, such as Babbage's Analytical Engine. The original ... | Record (computer science) | 0.811403 |
19,645 | This leads to a change in Volta potential of the sample, which is detectable by SKP. SKP is particularly useful for these analyses because it can detect this change in Volta potential even after heating, or coating by, for example, oils. SKP has been used to analyze the corrosion mechanisms of schreibersite-containing ... | Scanning Kelvin probe | 0.811401 |
19,646 | A distance function is enough to define notions of closeness and convergence that were first developed in real analysis. Properties that depend on the structure of a metric space are referred to as metric properties. Every metric space is also a topological space, and some metric properties can also be rephrased withou... | Semimetric space | 0.8114 |
19,647 | The centre was set up following the January 2016 government report Digital Skills for the UK Economy which highlighted the digital skills gap in the UK economy, produced by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), which looked at research carried out by the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCE... | National Centre for Computing Education | 0.811394 |
19,648 | The National Centre for Computing Education provides professional development in computing education for primary and secondary schools and colleges, including face-to-face courses around England, and remote and online courses. It provides a repository of teaching resources for computing through its website, teachcomput... | National Centre for Computing Education | 0.811394 |
19,649 | Simon Peyton Jones FRS, of Microsoft Research, was appointed as the organisation's chairman in March 2019. It has been created by STEM Learning at the University of York, the BCS (British Computer Society) and the Raspberry Pi Foundation. It is funded by the Department for Education. The Department of Computer Science ... | National Centre for Computing Education | 0.811394 |
19,650 | The first CAD system for mammography was developed in a research project at the University of Chicago. Today it is commercially offered by iCAD and Hologic. However, while achieving high sensitivities, CAD systems tend to have very low specificity and the benefits of using CAD remain uncertain. A 2008 systematic review... | Automated medical diagnosis | 0.811393 |
19,651 | In the late 1950s, with the dawn of modern computers researchers in various fields started exploring the possibility of building computer-aided medical diagnostic (CAD) systems. These first CAD systems used flow-charts, statistical pattern-matching, probability theory or knowledge bases to drive their decision-making p... | Automated medical diagnosis | 0.811393 |
19,652 | Many functions given by algebraic formulas possess a formula for their inverse. This is because the inverse f − 1 {\displaystyle f^{-1}} of an invertible function f: R → R {\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} } has an explicit description as f − 1 ( y ) = ( the unique element x ∈ R such that f ( x ) = y )... | Compositional inverse | 0.811391 |
19,653 | Leakage can occur in many steps in the machine learning process. The leakage causes can be sub-classified into two possible sources of leakage for a model: features and training examples. | Leakage (machine learning) | 0.811391 |
19,654 | In statistics and machine learning, leakage (also known as data leakage or target leakage) is the use of information in the model training process which would not be expected to be available at prediction time, causing the predictive scores (metrics) to overestimate the model's utility when run in a production environm... | Leakage (machine learning) | 0.811391 |
19,655 | Let V: R n → R {\displaystyle V:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} } be a differentiable function and X {\displaystyle X} be a random vector taking values in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , f X {\displaystyle f_{X}} be the probability density function of X {\displaystyle X} and δ ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \delta (\cdot ... | Probability density | 0.81139 |
19,656 | In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF), density function, or density of an absolutely continuous random variable, is a function whose value at any given sample (or point) in the sample space (the set of possible values taken by the random variable) can be interpreted as providing a relative likelih... | Probability density | 0.81139 |
19,657 | In software engineering, syntactic methods are techniques for developing correct software programs. The techniques attempt to detect, and thus prevent, certain kinds of defects (bugs) by examining the structure of the code being produced at its syntactic rather than semantic level. | Syntactic methods | 0.811388 |
19,658 | Harman, M., Danicic, S. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution 10 (6), pp. 415–441 "Reverse engineering of embedded software using syntactic pattern recognition" Fournigault, M., Liardet, P.-Y., Teglia, Y. Trémeau, A. Robert-Inacio, F.Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artifi... | Syntactic methods | 0.811388 |
19,659 | "Syntactic theory of software architecture." Dean, Thomas R., Cordy, James R. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 21 (4), pp. 302–313 (1995) "Syntactic type abstraction" Grossman, D., Morrisett, G., Zdancewic, S. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 22 (6), pp. 1037–1080 "A new algorithm for slic... | Syntactic methods | 0.811388 |
19,660 | Some publishers reported that AMP pages generate less advertising revenue per page than non-AMP pages. The Wall Street Journal's Jack Marshall said: AMP pages rely heavily on standardized banner ad units, and don't allow publishers to sell highly-customized ad units, sponsorships or pop-up ads as they might on their ow... | Accelerated Mobile Pages | 0.811388 |
19,661 | An extended version of their paper includes experimental results from an implementation of the algorithm, which show that the total running time of this method on several natural geometric optimization problems is similar to that of the best synchronized parametric search implementation (the quicksort-based method of v... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,662 | The bisection method (binary search) can also be used to transform decision into optimization. In this method, one maintains an interval of numbers, known to contain the optimal solution value, and repeatedly shrinks the interval by calling the decision algorithm on its median value and keeping only the half-interval a... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,663 | Parametric search can be used as the basis for an O ( n log n ) {\displaystyle O(n\log n)} time algorithm for the Theil–Sen estimator, a method in robust statistics for fitting a line to a set of points that is much less sensitive to outliers than simple linear regression (Cole et al. 1989). In computer graphics, the... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,664 | Parametric search has been applied in the development of efficient algorithms for optimization problems, particularly in computational geometry (Agarwal, Sharir & Toledo 1994). They include the following: A centerpoint of a point set in a Euclidean space is a point such that any half-space containing the centerpoint al... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,665 | In the design and analysis of algorithms for combinatorial optimization, parametric search is a technique invented by Nimrod Megiddo (1983) for transforming a decision algorithm (does this optimization problem have a solution with quality better than some given threshold?) into an optimization algorithm (find the best ... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,666 | Putting these time bounds together gives O ( n log 2 n ) {\displaystyle O(n\log ^{2}n)} total time for the parametric search. This is not the optimal time for this problem – the same problem can be solved more quickly by observing that the crossing time of the median equals the median of the crossing times of the par... | Parametric search | 0.811384 |
19,667 | A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus. They are used to study the fundamental properties of biological membranes in a simplified and well-controlled environment, and increasingly in bottom... | Model lipid bilayer | 0.811382 |
19,668 | To combat this problem, researchers use giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). GUVs are large enough (1 - 200 µm) to be studied using traditional fluorescence microscopy and are within the same size range as most biological cells. Thus, they are used as mimicries of cell membranes for in vitro studies in molecular and cell... | Model lipid bilayer | 0.811382 |
19,669 | Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic. The completeness theorem applies to any first-order theory: If T is such a theory, and φ is a sentence (in the same language) and every mod... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,670 | We first fix a deductive system of first-order predicate calculus, choosing any of the well-known equivalent systems. Gödel's original proof assumed the Hilbert-Ackermann proof system. | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,671 | If this counterexample existed within the standard natural numbers, its existence would disprove S T {\displaystyle S_{T}} within T {\displaystyle T} ; but the incompleteness theorem showed this to be impossible, so the counterexample must not be a standard number, and thus any model of T {\displaystyle T} in which S T... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,672 | Since S T {\displaystyle S_{T}} cannot be proven in T {\displaystyle T} , the completeness theorem implies the existence of a model of T {\displaystyle T} in which S T {\displaystyle S_{T}} is false. In fact, S T {\displaystyle S_{T}} is a Π1 sentence, i.e. it states that some finitistic property is true of all natural... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,673 | Gödel's incompleteness theorems show that there are inherent limitations to what can be proven within any given first-order theory in mathematics. The "incompleteness" in their name refers to another meaning of complete (see model theory – Using the compactness and completeness theorems): A theory T {\displaystyle T} i... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,674 | This kind of failure of consistency between a standard and non-standard model is also called Omega Inconsistency.It makes a close link between model theory that deals with what is true in different models, and proof theory that studies what can be formally proven in particular formal systems. It was first proved by Kur... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,675 | An important consequence of the completeness theorem is that it is possible to recursively enumerate the semantic consequences of any effective first-order theory, by enumerating all the possible formal deductions from the axioms of the theory, and use this to produce an enumeration of their conclusions. This comes in ... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,676 | It is possible to produce sound deductive systems for higher-order logics, but no such system can be complete. Lindström's theorem states that first-order logic is the strongest (subject to certain constraints) logic satisfying both compactness and completeness. A completeness theorem can be proved for modal logic or i... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,677 | The completeness theorem is a central property of first-order logic that does not hold for all logics. Second-order logic, for example, does not have a completeness theorem for its standard semantics (but does have the completeness property for Henkin semantics), and the set of logically-valid formulas in second-order ... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,678 | The completeness theorem can also be understood in terms of consistency, as a consequence of Henkin's model existence theorem. We say that a theory T is syntactically consistent if there is no sentence s such that both s and its negation ¬s are provable from T in our deductive system. The model existence theorem says t... | Completeness theorem | 0.811379 |
19,679 | In particular, a Ck-atlas that is C0-compatible with a C0-atlas that defines a topological manifold is said to determine a Ck differential structure on the topological manifold. The Ck equivalence classes of such atlases are the distinct Ck differential structures of the manifold. Each distinct differential structure i... | Differential structure | 0.811378 |
19,680 | In mathematics, an n-dimensional differential structure (or differentiable structure) on a set M makes M into an n-dimensional differential manifold, which is a topological manifold with some additional structure that allows for differential calculus on the manifold. If M is already a topological manifold, it is requir... | Differential structure | 0.811378 |
19,681 | In software engineering, test design is the activity of deriving and specifying test cases from test conditions to test software. | Test Design | 0.811377 |
19,682 | The long exact sequence of homotopy groups of a fibration. Hurewicz theorem, which has several versions. Blakers–Massey theorem, also known as excision for homotopy groups. Freudenthal suspension theorem, a corollary of excision for homotopy groups. | Homotopy groups | 0.811377 |
19,683 | The set of homotopy classes of maps from a sphere to a path connected space is not the homotopy group, but is essentially the set of orbits of the fundamental group on the homotopy group, and in general has no natural group structure. A way out of these difficulties has been found by defining higher homotopy groupoids ... | Homotopy groups | 0.811377 |
19,684 | Measurement of the abundance of clumped isotopes (doubly substituted isotopologues) of gases has been used in the field of stable isotope geochemistry to trace equilibrium and kinetic processes in the environment inaccessible by analysis of singly substituted isotopologues alone. Currently measured doubly substituted i... | Isotopic substitution | 0.811377 |
19,685 | In chemistry, isotopologues are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition. They have the same chemical formula and bonding arrangement of atoms, but at least one atom has a different number of neutrons than the parent. An example is water, whose hydrogen-related isotopologues are: "light water" (HOH or H... | Isotopic substitution | 0.811376 |
19,686 | The abundances of multiply substituted isotopologues can also be affected by kinetic processes. As for singly substituted isotopologues, departures from thermodynamic equilibrium in a doubly-substituted species can implicate the presence of a particular reaction taking place. Photochemistry occurring in the atmosphere ... | Isotopic substitution | 0.811376 |
19,687 | Multiple substituted isotopologues may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry experiments, where isotopologues are used to elucidate metabolic pathways in a qualitative (detect new pathways) or quantitative (detect quantitative share of a pathway) approach. A popular example in biochemistry is the ... | Isotopic substitution | 0.811376 |
19,688 | Ohm's law is one of the basic equations used in the analysis of electrical circuits. It applies to both metal conductors and circuit components (resistors) specifically made for this behaviour. Both are ubiquitous in electrical engineering. Materials and components that obey Ohm's law are described as "ohmic" which mea... | Ohms Law | 0.811374 |
19,689 | (1963). "Resistance to Ohm's Law". American Journal of Physics. | Ohms Law | 0.811374 |
19,690 | As in the rational sieve, the SNFS can be broken into two steps: First, find a large number of multiplicative relations among a factor base of elements of Z/nZ, such that the number of multiplicative relations is larger than the number of elements in the factor base. Second, multiply together subsets of these relations... | Special number field sieve | 0.811372 |
19,691 | In number theory, a branch of mathematics, the special number field sieve (SNFS) is a special-purpose integer factorization algorithm. The general number field sieve (GNFS) was derived from it. The special number field sieve is efficient for integers of the form re ± s, where r and s are small (for instance Mersenne nu... | Special number field sieve | 0.811372 |
19,692 | The geneticist Dan Koboldt observes that while science and technology play major roles in fiction, from fantasy and science fiction to thrillers, the representation of science in both literature and film is often unrealistic. In Koboldt's view, genetics in fiction is frequently oversimplified, and some myths are common... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,693 | Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs. In the long-running British television series Doctor Who, the Fourth Doctor and his companion Leela ... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,694 | Cloning, too, is a familiar plot device. Aldous Huxley's 1931 dystopian novel Brave New World imagines the in vitro cloning of fertilised human eggs. Huxley was influenced by J. B. S. Haldane's 1924 non-fiction book Daedalus; or, Science and the Future, which used the Greek myth of Daedalus to symbolise the coming revo... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,695 | Since then, many science fiction novels and films have used aspects of genetics as plot devices, often taking one of two routes: a genetic accident with disastrous consequences; or, the feasibility and desirability of a planned genetic alteration. The treatment of science in these stories has been uneven and often unre... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,696 | Aspects of genetics including mutation, hybridisation, cloning, genetic engineering, and eugenics have appeared in fiction since the 19th century. Genetics is a young science, having started in 1900 with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's study on the inheritance of traits in pea plants. During the 20th century it deve... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,697 | Mutation and hybridisation are widely used in fiction, starting in the 19th century with science fiction works such as Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein and H. G. Wells's 1896 The Island of Dr. Moreau.In her 1977 Biological Themes in Modern Science Fiction, Helen Parker identified two major types of story: "geneti... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,698 | Modern genetics began with the work of the monk Gregor Mendel in the 19th century, on the inheritance of traits in pea plants. Mendel found that visible traits, such as whether peas were round or wrinkled, were inherited discretely, rather than by blending the attributes of the two parents. In 1900, Hugo de Vries and o... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
19,699 | Another of Herbert's creations, the Dune series of novels, starting with Dune in 1965, emphasises genetics. It combines selective breeding by a powerful sisterhood, the Bene Gesserit, to produce a supernormal male being, the Kwisatz Haderach, with the genetic engineering of the powerful but despised Tleilaxu.Genetic en... | Genetics in fiction | 0.811367 |
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