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22,300 | Science stream focuses on natural sciences and mathematics. The main subjects of this stream are English, Physics and Chemistry while students have to choose either Biology or Mathematics or both. Schools offer vocational subjects such as Computer science, Information technology, artificial intelligence, food nutrition... | Board examination | 0.809553 |
22,301 | Examinations are offered for various fields. Class 10th students give exam in five core subjects which are English, Hindi/other languages of India (regional), Mathematics, Science and Social Studies. (If it is state board then Compulsory State language is taken )There is an option of choosing a sixth subject of your ch... | Board examination | 0.809553 |
22,302 | Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself. There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important. fl. | Timeline of medicine and medical technology | 0.809547 |
22,303 | 1800 – Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. 1803 – 1841 – Morphine was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. 1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical gynecology. 181... | Timeline of medicine and medical technology | 0.809547 |
22,304 | In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a rng (or non-unital ring or pseudo-ring) is an algebraic structure satisfying the same properties as a ring, but without assuming the existence of a multiplicative identity. The term rng (IPA: ) is meant to suggest that it is a ring without i, that is, without... | Rng (algebra) | 0.80954 |
22,305 | The EUPHEM program a unique program. The objective of the public health microbiology path (EUPHEM) is to provide state-of-the-art training in public health microbiology enabling its fellows to apply microbiological and epidemiological methods to a wide range of public health problems in Europe. In 2016, EPIET and EUPHE... | Field epidemiology | 0.809532 |
22,306 | Current EPIET alumni are providing expertise in response activities and strengthening capacity for communicable disease surveillance and control inside and beyond the EU. In 2006 EPIET was integrated into the core activities of ECDC. The European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme (EUPHEM) was initiated by E... | Field epidemiology | 0.809532 |
22,307 | FETP trainees, or “residents,” spend approximately 25 percent of their time in the classroom, learning the principles of epidemiology, disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and biostatistics. The other 75 percent of their time is spent in field placements, where residents "learn by doing," by participating in o... | Field epidemiology | 0.809532 |
22,308 | Embedded software can be tightly tuned to an exact CPU and memory size. Also, system cost or reliability may be more important than the code's speed. For example, compilers for embedded software usually offer options that reduce code size at the expense of speed, because memory is the main cost of an embedded computer.... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,309 | This is used mainly in specialized applications.Intended use of the generated code Debugging While writing an application, a programmer will recompile and test often, and so compilation must be fast. This is one reason most optimizations are deliberately avoided during the test/debugging phase. Also, program code is us... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,310 | The machine itself Many of the choices about which optimizations can and should be done depend on the characteristics of the target machine. It is sometimes possible to parameterize some of these machine dependent factors, so that a single piece of compiler code can be used to optimize different machines just by alteri... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,311 | For a long time, the open source GCC was criticized for a lack of powerful interprocedural analysis and optimizations, though this is now improving. Another open source compiler with full analysis and optimization infrastructure is Open64. Due to the extra time and space required by interprocedural analysis, most compi... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,312 | As usual, the compiler needs to perform interprocedural analysis before its actual optimizations. Interprocedural analyses include alias analysis, array access analysis, and the construction of a call graph. Interprocedural optimization is common in modern commercial compilers from SGI, Intel, Microsoft, and Sun Micros... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,313 | Interprocedural optimization works on the entire program, across procedure and file boundaries. It works tightly with intraprocedural counterparts, carried out with the cooperation of a local part and global part. Typical interprocedural optimizations are: procedure inlining, interprocedural dead-code elimination, inte... | Optimizing compiler | 0.809531 |
22,314 | Spin chemistry is a sub-field of chemistry positioned at the intersection of chemical kinetics, photochemistry, magnetic resonance and free radical chemistry, that deals with magnetic and spin effects in chemical reactions. Spin chemistry concerns phenomena such as chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP... | Spin chemistry | 0.80953 |
22,315 | When the combinatorial optimization strategy is used to transform the multiple sequence alignment into pair sequence alignment, the main problem is changed from "How to improve the efficiency of multiple sequence alignment" to "How to improve the efficiency of pairwise sequence alignment." The Keyword Tree Theory and t... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,316 | In computational phylogenetics, tree alignment is a computational problem concerned with producing multiple sequence alignments, or alignments of three or more sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein. Sequences are arranged into a phylogenetic tree, modeling the evolutionary relationships between species or taxa. The edit di... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,317 | Distance method measures the minimum operation number of character insertions, deletions, and substitutions that are required to transform one sequence u to the other sequence v when being operated on a pair of strings. The calculation of edit distance can be based on dynamic programming, and the equation is in O(|u|×|... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,318 | Roughly, tree alignment graph aims to align trees into a graph and finally synthesize them to develop statistics. In biology, tree alignment graphs (TAGs) are used to remove the evolutionary conflicts or overlapping taxa from sets of trees and can then be queried to explore uncertainty and conflict. By integrating meth... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,319 | The multiple sequence alignment problem is generally based on pairwise sequence alignment and currently, for a pairwise sequence alignment problem, biologists can use a dynamic programming approach to obtain its optimal solution. However, the multiple sequence alignment problem is still one of the more challenging prob... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,320 | Therefore, the efficiency of sequence alignment will directly affect the efficacy of solving these problems. In order to design a rational and efficient sequence alignment, the algorithm derivation becomes an important branch of research in the field of bioinformatics. Generally, sequence alignment means constructing a... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,321 | In bioinformatics, the basic method of information processing is to contrast the sequence data. Biologists use it to discover the function, structure, and evolutionary information in biological sequences. The following analyses are based on the sequence assembly: the phylogenetic analysis, the haplotype comparison, and... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,322 | Generally, heuristic algorithms rely on the iterative strategy, which is to say that based on a comparison method, optimizing the results of multiple sequence alignment by the iterative process. Davie M. proposed using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the multiple sequence alignment problem; Ikeda Tak... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,323 | Combinatorial optimization is a good strategy to solve MSA problems. The idea of combinatorial optimization strategy is to transform the multiple sequence alignment into pair sequence alignment to solve this problem. Depending on its transformation strategy, the combinatorial optimization strategy can be divided into t... | Tree alignment | 0.809525 |
22,324 | The UK's Vaccine Taskforce contributed to every phase of development from research to manufacturing.In the United States, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a federal agency funding disease-fighting technology, announced investments to support American COVID‑19 vaccine development, and ... | COVID vaccine | 0.809514 |
22,325 | Since everyday life involves making decisions based on data, making inferences is an important skill to have. However, a number of studies on assessments of students’ understanding statistical inference suggest that students have difficulties in reasoning about inference.Given the importance of reasoning about statisti... | Informal inferential reasoning | 0.809507 |
22,326 | In statistics education, informal inferential reasoning (also called informal inference) refers to the process of making a generalization based on data (samples) about a wider universe (population/process) while taking into account uncertainty without using the formal statistical procedure or methods (e.g. P-values, t-... | Informal inferential reasoning | 0.809507 |
22,327 | Controlling for bias. The use of random sampling to be sure not to introduce bias in the sampling process and thus increase the chance that the sample we get is representative of the population Tendency. Distinguish between claims that are always true and that are often or sometimes true.Bakker and Derry (2011) argue f... | Informal inferential reasoning | 0.809507 |
22,328 | In topology, limits are used to define limit points of a subset of a topological space, which in turn give a useful characterization of closed sets. In a topological space X {\displaystyle X} , consider a subset S {\displaystyle S} . A point a {\displaystyle a} is called a limit point if there is a sequence { a n } {\d... | Mathematical limit | 0.809497 |
22,329 | In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the input (or index) approaches some value. Limits are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals. The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the conce... | Mathematical limit | 0.809497 |
22,330 | In some sense the most abstract space in which limits can be defined are topological spaces. If X {\displaystyle X} is a topological space with topology τ {\displaystyle \tau } , and { a n } n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \{a_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}} is a sequence in X {\displaystyle X} , then the limit (when it exists) of the sequence ... | Mathematical limit | 0.809497 |
22,331 | An example of a limit where f {\displaystyle f} is not defined at c {\displaystyle c} is given below. Consider the function then f(1) is not defined (see Indeterminate form), yet as x moves arbitrarily close to 1, f(x) correspondingly approaches 2: Thus, f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to the limit of 2—just by maki... | Mathematical limit | 0.809496 |
22,332 | Shadow map A texture buffer holding depth values rendered in a separate render pass from the perspective of a lightsource, used in Shadow mapping; it is typically rendered onto other geometry in the main rendering pass. Shadow volume One of the techniques of adding shadows to 3D scenes. Signed triangle area Found using... | Fixed function units | 0.809495 |
22,333 | Scene graph Data structure commonly used to represent a 3D scene to be rendered as a directed acyclic graph. Screen space The coordinate space of the resulting 2D image during 3D rendering. The result of 3D projection on geometry in camera space. Screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) Technique of approximating ambient ... | Fixed function units | 0.809495 |
22,334 | In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond the... | Resonance structures | 0.809494 |
22,335 | Rather, it means that the set of contributing structures represents an intermediate structure (a weighted average of the contributors), with a single, well-defined geometry and distribution of electrons. It is incorrect to regard resonance hybrids as rapidly interconverting isomers, even though the term "resonance" mig... | Resonance structures | 0.809494 |
22,336 | Context-sensitive languages are closed under complement. This 1988 result is known as the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem. Moreover, they are closed under union, intersection, concatenation, substitution, inverse homomorphism, and Kleene plus.Every recursively enumerable language L can be written as h(L) for some context... | Context-sensitive grammar | 0.809493 |
22,337 | A formal language can be described by a context-sensitive grammar if and only if it is accepted by some linear bounded automaton (LBA). In some textbooks this result is attributed solely to Landweber and Kuroda. Others call it the Myhill–Landweber–Kuroda theorem. (Myhill introduced the concept of deterministic LBA in 1... | Context-sensitive grammar | 0.809493 |
22,338 | Jim Keller and Pete Bannon, among other architects, have led the project since February 2016. FSD Chip features twelve ARM Cortex-A72 CPUs operating at 2.6 GHz, two Neural Network Arrays operating at 2 GHz and a Mali GPU operating at 1 GHz. Tesla claimed that FSD Chip processes images at 2,300 frames per second (fps), ... | Tesla Autopilot | 0.809493 |
22,339 | According to Tesla's director of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Andrej Karpathy, Tesla had, as of Q3 2018, trained large neural networks but they could not be deployed to Tesla vehicles built up to that time due to insufficient computational resources. HW3 was designed to run these neural networks. Overall, Tesla claims ... | Tesla Autopilot | 0.809493 |
22,340 | The firm described FSD Chip as a "neural network accelerator" custom-designed for Tesla AI processing. Each of the two neural network arrays on a single FSD Chip are capable of 36 trillion operations per second, and there are two FSD Chips for redundancy.Each of the eight cameras supplied with HW3 use the same AR0136A ... | Tesla Autopilot | 0.809492 |
22,341 | In a May 2021 study by Guidehouse Insights, Tesla was ranked last for both strategy and execution in the autonomous driving sector. Some news reports in 2019 state "practically everyone views as an essential ingredient for self-driving cars" and "experts and proponents say it adds depth and vision where camera and rad... | Tesla Autopilot | 0.809492 |
22,342 | In software engineering, domain analysis, or product line analysis, is the process of analyzing related software systems in a domain to find their common and variable parts. It is a model of wider business context for the system. The term was coined in the early 1980s by James Neighbors. Domain analysis is the first ph... | Domain analysis | 0.809492 |
22,343 | In 2006, the nine editorial board members of Oxford University's Elsevier-published mathematics journal Topology resigned because they agreed among themselves that Elsevier's publishing policies had "a significant and damaging effect on Topology's reputation in the mathematical research community." An Elsevier spokespe... | Cost of Knowledge | 0.809491 |
22,344 | On 8 February 2012, 34 prominent mathematicians who had signed The Cost of Knowledge released a joint statement of purpose explaining their reasons for supporting the protest. In addition to Timothy Gowers, Ingrid Daubechies, Juan J. Manfredi,Terence Tao, Wendelin Werner,Scott Aaronson, László Lovász, and John Baez are... | Cost of Knowledge | 0.809491 |
22,345 | After battles, the player is awarded with experience points, raising ship and character statistics. Multiplayer spaceship battles are also available for two-players to play competitively over local Wi-Fi, selected from an option on the bridge of Yuri's ship and isolated from the main campaign. After completing the game... | Infinite Space | 0.809487 |
22,346 | The color outline of ships and ground parties indicates what types of move they can activate.A key part of building up Yuri's fleet is gathering ship blueprints, buying parts from space ports, and customizing ships. Ship customization is handled by arranging building blocks within a limited grid, which alters a ship's ... | Infinite Space | 0.809487 |
22,347 | In mathematics, a non-autonomous system of ordinary differential equations is defined to be a dynamic equation on a smooth fiber bundle Q → R {\displaystyle Q\to \mathbb {R} } over R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } . For instance, this is the case of non-relativistic non-autonomous mechanics, but not relativistic mechanic... | Relativistic system (mathematics) | 0.809481 |
22,348 | Another complaint, by Bernhard Korte, is that the book's title is misleading: "independence spaces" often refers more generally to abstract simplicial complexes, while the book concentrates much more specifically on matroids. Korte also echoes the other reviewers' complaints about the lack of coverage of applications i... | Independence Theory in Combinatorics | 0.809481 |
22,349 | The level of the text is appropriate for courses for advanced undergraduates or master's students, with only basic linear algebra as a prerequisite, and covers its material at a more accessible and general level than other texts on matroid theory. Although disagreeing with the book's choice to omit the related topic of... | Independence Theory in Combinatorics | 0.809481 |
22,350 | A major theme of Independence Theory in Combinatorics is the unifying nature of abstraction, and in particular the way that matroid theory can unify the concept of independence coming from different areas of mathematics. It has five chapters, the first of which provides basic definitions in graph theory, combinatorics,... | Independence Theory in Combinatorics | 0.809481 |
22,351 | Cancelling the common term − ( M X ) 2 ⋅ ( M Y ) 2 {\displaystyle {-(MX)^{2}\cdot (MY)^{2}}} from both sides of the resulting equation yields ( M X ) 2 ⋅ ( P M ) 2 = ( M Y ) 2 ⋅ ( P M ) 2 , {\displaystyle {(MX)^{2}\cdot (PM)^{2}}={(MY)^{2}\cdot (PM)^{2}},} hence MX = MY, since MX, MY, and PM are all positive, real numb... | Butterfly theorem | 0.809478 |
22,352 | From the preceding equations and the intersecting chords theorem, it can be seen that ( M X M Y ) 2 = X X ′ Y Y ′ X X ″ Y Y ″ , {\displaystyle \left({MX \over MY}\right)^{2}={XX' \over YY'}{XX'' \over YY''},} = A X ⋅ D X C Y ⋅ B Y , {\displaystyle {}={AX\cdot DX \over CY\cdot BY},} = P X ⋅ Q X P Y ⋅ Q Y , {\displaystyl... | Butterfly theorem | 0.809478 |
22,353 | A formal proof of the theorem is as follows: Let the perpendiculars XX′ and XX″ be dropped from the point X on the straight lines AM and DM respectively. Similarly, let YY′ and YY″ be dropped from the point Y perpendicular to the straight lines BM and CM respectively. Since △ M X X ′ ∼ △ M Y Y ′ , {\displaystyle \trian... | Butterfly theorem | 0.809478 |
22,354 | The butterfly theorem is a classical result in Euclidean geometry, which can be stated as follows:: p. 78 Let M be the midpoint of a chord PQ of a circle, through which two other chords AB and CD are drawn; AD and BC intersect chord PQ at X and Y correspondingly. Then M is the midpoint of XY. | Butterfly theorem | 0.809478 |
22,355 | Proving the butterfly theorem was posed as a problem by William Wallace in The Gentlemen's Mathematical Companion (1803). Three solutions were published in 1804, and in 1805 Sir William Herschel posed the question again in a letter to Wallace. Rev. Thomas Scurr asked the same question again in 1814 in the Gentlemen's D... | Butterfly theorem | 0.809478 |
22,356 | Important to applications in mathematics and physics is the notion of a flow on a manifold. In particular, if M {\displaystyle M} is a smooth manifold and X {\displaystyle X} is a smooth vector field, one is interested in finding integral curves to X {\displaystyle X} . More precisely, given p ∈ M {\displaystyle p\in M... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,357 | The Lie algebra of a Lie group G {\displaystyle G} may be identified with either the left- or right-invariant vector fields on G {\displaystyle G} . It is a well-known result that such vector fields are isomorphic to T e G {\displaystyle T_{e}G} , the tangent space at identity. In fact, if we let G {\displaystyle G} ac... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,358 | For X ∈ g {\displaystyle X\in {\mathfrak {g}}} , the fundamental vector field X # {\displaystyle X^{\#}} corresponding to X {\displaystyle X} is any of the following equivalent definitions: X p # = d e A p ( X ) {\displaystyle X_{p}^{\#}=d_{e}A_{p}(X)} X p # = d ( e , p ) A ( X , 0 T p M ) {\displaystyle X_{p}^{\#}=d_{... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,359 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a Lie group with corresponding Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} . Furthermore, let M {\displaystyle M} be a smooth manifold endowed with a smooth action A: G × M → M {\displaystyle A:G\times M\to M} . Denote the map A p: G → M {\displaystyle A_{p}:G\to M} such that A p ( g ) = A ... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,360 | In the study of mathematics and especially differential geometry, fundamental vector fields are an instrument that describes the infinitesimal behaviour of a smooth Lie group action on a smooth manifold. Such vector fields find important applications in the study of Lie theory, symplectic geometry, and the study of Ham... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,361 | In the motivation, it was shown that there is a bijective correspondence between smooth R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } actions and complete vector fields. Similarly, there is a bijective correspondence between symplectic actions (the induced diffeomorphisms are all symplectomorphisms) and complete symplectic vector fie... | Fundamental vector field | 0.809473 |
22,362 | Since there are not many explicitly parametrized distribution families (all the classical distribution families, such as the normal distribution, the Gumbel distribution, etc, are far too simplistic to model the true distribution), we consider implicitly parametrized probability distributions: First, define a simple di... | Variational free energy | 0.809472 |
22,363 | One possible way to solve this is by considering small variation from p θ {\displaystyle p_{\theta }} to p θ + δ θ {\displaystyle p_{\theta +\delta \theta }} , and solve for L ( p θ , p ∗ ) − L ( p θ + δ θ , p ∗ ) = 0 {\displaystyle L(p_{\theta },p^{*})-L(p_{\theta +\delta \theta },p^{*})=0} . This is a problem in the ... | Variational free energy | 0.809472 |
22,364 | The relational model (RM) is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by English computer scientist Edgar F. Codd, where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relati... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,365 | Some years after publication of his 1970 model, Codd proposed a three-valued logic (True, False, Missing/NULL) version of it to deal with missing information, and in his The Relational Model for Database Management Version 2 (1990) he went a step further with a four-valued logic (True, False, Missing but Applicable, Mi... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,366 | Conceptually, this is done by taking all possible combinations of rows (the Cartesian product), and then filtering out everything except the answer. In practice, relational database management systems rewrite ("optimize") queries to perform faster, using a variety of techniques. There are a number of relational operati... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,367 | The fundamental assumption behind a relational model is that all data is represented as mathematical n-ary relations, an n-ary relation being a subset of the Cartesian product of n domains. In the mathematical model, reasoning about such data is done in two-valued predicate logic, meaning there are two possible evaluat... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,368 | Completion The completion of a finite set of attributes X {\displaystyle X} under a finite set of FDs S {\displaystyle S} , written as X + {\displaystyle X^{+}} , is the smallest superset of X {\displaystyle X} such that: Y → Z ∈ S ∧ Y ⊆ X + ⇒ Z ⊆ X + {\displaystyle Y\rightarrow Z\in S\land Y\subseteq X^{+}~\Rightarrow... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,369 | Trivial functional dependency A functional dependency is trivial under a header H {\displaystyle H} if it holds in all relation universes over H {\displaystyle H} . Theorem: An FD X → Y {\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y} is trivial under a header H {\displaystyle H} if and only if Y ⊆ X ⊆ H {\displaystyle Y\subseteq X\subs... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,370 | Theorem: A superkey K {\displaystyle K} holds in a relation universe U {\displaystyle U} over H {\displaystyle H} if and only if K ⊆ H {\displaystyle K\subseteq H} and K → H {\displaystyle K\rightarrow H} holds in U {\displaystyle U} . Candidate keyA candidate key is a superkey that cannot be further subdivided to form... | Relational Model | 0.80947 |
22,371 | Materials are only antiferromagnetic below their corresponding Néel temperature or magnetic ordering temperature, TN. This is similar to the Curie temperature as above the Néel Temperature the material undergoes a phase transition and becomes paramagnetic. That is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the... | Ferrorelectric transition | 0.809469 |
22,372 | In mathematics and physics CCR algebras (after canonical commutation relations) and CAR algebras (after canonical anticommutation relations) arise from the quantum mechanical study of bosons and fermions respectively. They play a prominent role in quantum statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. | Canonical commutation relation algebra | 0.809468 |
22,373 | In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R2 or r2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s). It is a statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either the prediction of futu... | Coefficient of determination | 0.809468 |
22,374 | The discoverer of the inner sphere mechanism was Henry Taube, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1983 for his pioneering studies. A particularly historic finding is summarized in the abstract of the seminal publication. "When Co(NH3)5Cl++ is reduced by Cr++ in M HClO4, 1 Cl− appears attached to Cr for eac... | Inner sphere electron transfer | 0.809465 |
22,375 | The historian of mathematics Roger L. Cooke observes that "It is hard to imagine anyone being interested in such conditions without knowing the Pythagorean theorem." Against this, Cooke notes that no Egyptian text before 300 BC actually mentions the use of the theorem to find the length of a triangle's sides, and that ... | 3-4-5 triangle | 0.809465 |
22,376 | There are several Pythagorean triples which are well-known, including those with sides in the ratios: The 3: 4: 5 triangles are the only right triangles with edges in arithmetic progression. Triangles based on Pythagorean triples are Heronian, meaning they have integer area as well as integer sides. The possible use of... | 3-4-5 triangle | 0.809465 |
22,377 | Right triangles whose sides are of integer lengths, with the sides collectively known as Pythagorean triples, possess angles that cannot all be rational numbers of degrees. (This follows from Niven's theorem.) They are most useful in that they may be easily remembered and any multiple of the sides produces the same rel... | 3-4-5 triangle | 0.809465 |
22,378 | The practitioner need not select exactly one traditional, optimality-criterion, but can specify a custom criterion. In particular, the practitioner can specify a convex criterion using the maxima of convex optimality-criteria and nonnegative combinations of optimality criteria (since these operations preserve convex fu... | D-optimal design | 0.809461 |
22,379 | Linear Algebra and Linear Models (Second ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98871-9. (Chapter 5 "Block designs and optimality", pages 99–111)Optimal block designs are discussed in the advanced monograph by Shah and Sinha and in the survey-articles by Cheng and by Majumdar. | D-optimal design | 0.809461 |
22,380 | Optimal block designs are discussed by Bailey and by Bapat. The first chapter of Bapat's book reviews the linear algebra used by Bailey (or the advanced books below). Bailey's exercises and discussion of randomization both emphasize statistical concepts (rather than algebraic computations). Bailey, R. A. | D-optimal design | 0.809461 |
22,381 | Q0 is Peter Andrews' formulation of the simply-typed lambda calculus, and provides a foundation for mathematics comparable to first-order logic plus set theory. It is a form of higher-order logic and closely related to the logics of the HOL theorem prover family. The theorem proving systems TPS and ETPS are based on Q0... | Q0 Logic | 0.80946 |
22,382 | Q0 has a single rule of inference. Rule R. From C and Aα = Bα to infer the result of replacing one occurrence of Aα in C by an occurrence of Bα, provided that the occurrence of Aα in C is not (an occurrence of a variable) immediately preceded by λ. Derived rule of inference R′ enables reasoning from a set of hypotheses... | Q0 Logic | 0.80946 |
22,383 | Special case examples include the following: All squares are rectangles (but not all rectangles are squares); therefore the square is a special case of the rectangle. Fermat's Last Theorem, that an + bn = cn has no solutions in positive integers with n > 2, is a special case of Beal's conjecture, that ax + by = cz has ... | Special case | 0.809458 |
22,384 | Text-based games trace as far back as teleprinters in the 1960s, when they were installed on early mainframe computers as an input-and-output form. At that time, video terminals were expensive and being experimented as "glass teletypes", and the user would submit commands via the teleprinter interfaced with the mainfra... | Text-based game | 0.809458 |
22,385 | A cost estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are different types of cost estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other professionals such as quantity surveyors and cost engineers may also prepare cost esti... | Cost estimation | 0.809454 |
22,386 | In the context of a module M over a ring R, the top of M is the largest semisimple quotient module of M if it exists. For finite-dimensional k-algebras (k a field) R, if rad(M) denotes the intersection of all proper maximal submodules of M (the radical of the module), then the top of M is M/rad(M). In the case of local... | Top (algebra) | 0.809451 |
22,387 | Algebraic modelling languages find their roots in matrix-generator and report-writer programs (MGRW), developed in the late seventies. Some of these are MAGEN, MGRW (IBM), GAMMA.3, DATAFORM and MGG/RWG. These systems simplified the communication of problem instances to the solution algorithms and the generation of a re... | Algebraic modeling language | 0.809449 |
22,388 | Algebraic modeling languages (AML) are high-level computer programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems for large scale mathematical computation (i.e. large scale optimization type problems). One particular advantage of some algebraic modeling languages like AIMMS, AMPL, GAMS,Gekko, MathPro... | Algebraic modeling language | 0.809449 |
22,389 | Most modeling languages exploit the similarities between structured models and relational databases by providing a database access layer, which enables the modelling system to directly access data from external data sources (e.g. these table handlers for AMPL). With the refinement of analytic technologies applied to bu... | Algebraic modeling language | 0.809449 |
22,390 | This is probably the single most notable feature common to all modern AMLs and enabled, in time, a separation between the model structure and its data, and a correspondence between the entities in an MP model and data in relational databases. So, a model could be finally instantiated and solved over different datasets,... | Algebraic modeling language | 0.809449 |
22,391 | In mathematics, in the field of homological algebra, given an abelian category C {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}} having enough injectives and an additive (covariant) functor F: C → D {\displaystyle F:{\mathcal {C}}\to {\mathcal {D}}} ,an acyclic object with respect to F {\displaystyle F} , or simply an F {\displaystyle ... | Acyclic object | 0.809447 |
22,392 | Partial impact theory is an astronomical theory describing the partial collision of two stars and the temporary creation of a bright third star as a consequence. The theory was explained in Alexander William Bickerton's book The Romance of the Heavens published in 1901. It is not part of contemporary astrophysics. In T... | Partial impact theory | 0.809444 |
22,393 | The Phi-Sat-1 represents one of Europe's first artificial intelligence in space. The main task of the AI chip is to comb through huge sets of images (which will be used for the monitoring of vegetation changes and water quality) and filter out the ones of low quality due to cloud coverage. The AI chip will process larg... | Phi-Sat-1 | 0.809443 |
22,394 | Phi-Sat-1 (also known as ɸ-Sat-1) is a CubeSat mission from the European Space Agency (ESA) that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Earth observation. The mission will collect a large number images from space in the visible, near-infrared and thermal-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and then filter ou... | Phi-Sat-1 | 0.809443 |
22,395 | In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3. In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. | Methyl anion | 0.809443 |
22,396 | In mathematical physics, the Peres metric is defined by the proper time d τ 2 = d t 2 − 2 f ( t + z , x , y ) ( d t + d z ) 2 − d x 2 − d y 2 − d z 2 {\displaystyle {d\tau }^{2}=dt^{2}-2f(t+z,x,y)(dt+dz)^{2}-dx^{2}-dy^{2}-dz^{2}} for any arbitrary function f. If f is a harmonic function with respect to x and y, then th... | Peres metric | 0.809439 |
22,397 | Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts, kilns, some types of stone structures, and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics. Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines,... | Earth's magnetic field | 0.809438 |
22,398 | The "factor" is sometimes called a factor of safety, although this is technically incorrect because the factor includes allowance for matters such as local stresses and manufacturing imperfections that are not specifically calculated; exceeding the allowable values is not considered to be good practice (i.e. is not "sa... | Permissible stress design | 0.809437 |
22,399 | In USA structural engineering construction, allowable stress design (ASD) has not yet been completely superseded by limit state design except in the case of Suspension bridges, which changed from allowable stress design to limit state design in the 1960s. Wood, steel, and other materials are still frequently designed u... | Permissible stress design | 0.809437 |
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