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25,600 | One advantage to this approach is the flexibility it gives to users of the geometry. Thus in differential geometry, a line may be interpreted as a geodesic (shortest path between points), while in some projective geometries, a line is a 2-dimensional vector space (all linear combinations of two independent vectors). Th... | Straight line | 0.807535 |
25,601 | In modern mathematics, given the multitude of geometries, the concept of a line is closely tied to the way the geometry is described. For instance, in analytic geometry, a line in the plane is often defined as the set of points whose coordinates satisfy a given linear equation, but in a more abstract setting, such as i... | Straight line | 0.807535 |
25,602 | There have been attempts to make machine learning agents that are able to play more than one game. These "general" gaming agents are trained to understand games based on shared properties between them. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,603 | Go is another turn-based strategy game which is considered an even more difficult AI problem than chess. The state space of is Go is around 10^170 possible board states compared to the 10^120 board states for Chess. Prior to recent deep learning models, AI Go agents were only able to play at the level of a human amateu... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,604 | Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are specialized ANNs that are often used to analyze image data. These types of networks are able to learn translation invariant patterns, which are patterns that are not dependent on location. CNNs are able to learn these patterns in a hierarchy, meaning that earlier convolutional la... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,605 | Computer vision focuses on training computers to gain a high-level understanding of digital images or videos. Many computer vision techniques also incorporate forms of machine learning, and have been applied on various video games. This application of computer vision focuses on interpreting game events using visual dat... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,606 | Chess is a turn-based strategy game that is considered a difficult AI problem due to the computational complexity of its board space. Similar strategy games are often solved with some form of a Minimax Tree Search. These types of AI agents have been known to beat professional human players, such as the historic 1997 De... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,607 | Andrej Karpathy has demonstrated that relatively trivial neural network with just one hidden layer is capable of being trained to play Pong based on screen data alone. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,608 | Alphastar was the first AI agent to beat professional StarCraft 2 players without any in-game advantages. The deep learning network of the agent initially received input from a simplified zoomed out version of the gamestate, but was later updated to play using a camera like other human players. The developers have not ... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,609 | The 2014 research paper on "Variational Recurrent Auto-Encoders" attempted to generate music based on songs from 8 different video games. This project is one of the few conducted purely on video game music. The neural network in the project was able to generate data that was very similar to the data of the games it tra... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,610 | Reinforcement learning is the process of training an agent using rewards and/or punishments. The way an agent is rewarded or punished depends heavily on the problem; such as giving an agent a positive reward for winning a game or a negative one for losing. Reinforcement learning is used heavily in the field of machine ... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,611 | Recurrent neural networks are a type of ANN that are designed to process sequences of data in order, one part at a time rather than all at once. An RNN runs over each part of a sequence, using the current part of the sequence along with memory of previous parts of the current sequence to produce an output. These types ... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,612 | Other uses of vision-based deep learning techniques for playing games have included playing Super Mario Bros. only using image input, using deep Q-learning for training. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,613 | Neuroevolution involves the use of both neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. Instead of using gradient descent like most neural networks, neuroevolution models make use of evolutionary algorithms to update neurons in the network. Researchers claim that this process is less likely to get stuck in a local minimum... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,614 | Music is often seen in video games and can be a crucial element for influencing the mood of different situations and story points. Machine learning has seen use in the experimental field of music generation; it is uniquely suited to processing raw unstructured data and forming high level representations that could be a... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,615 | Common approaches to PCG include techniques that involve grammars, search-based algorithms, and logic programming. These approaches require humans to manually define the range of content possible, meaning that a human developer decides what features make up a valid piece of generated content. Machine learning is theore... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,616 | Machine learning has seen research for use in content recommendation and generation. Procedural content generation is the process of creating data algorithmically rather than manually. This type of content is used to add replayability to games without relying on constant additions by human developers. PCG has been used... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,617 | This example show how difficult it can be to train a deep learning agent to perform in more generalized situations. Machine learning agents have shown great success in a variety of different games. However, agents that are too competent also risk making games too difficult for new or casual players. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,618 | The most publicly known application of machine learning in games is likely the use of deep learning agents that compete with professional human players in complex strategy games. There has been a significant application of machine learning on games such as Atari/ALE, Doom, Minecraft, StarCraft, and car racing. Other ga... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,619 | In video games, various artificial intelligence techniques have been used in a variety of ways, ranging from non-player character (NPC) control to procedural content generation (PCG). Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on using algorithms and statistical models to make machines act wit... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,620 | Google's 2015 AlphaGo was the first AI agent to beat a professional Go player. AlphaGo used a deep learning model to train the weights of a Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS). The deep learning model consisted of 2 ANN, a policy network to predict the probabilities of potential moves by opponents, and a value network to pr... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,621 | Dota 2 is a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game. Like other complex games, traditional AI agents have not been able to compete on the same level as professional human player. The only widely published information on AI agents attempted on Dota 2 is OpenAI's deep learning Five agent. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,622 | Doom (1993) is a first-person shooter (FPS) game. Student researchers from Carnegie Mellon University used computer vision techniques to create an agent that could play the game using only image pixel input from the game. The students used convolutional neural network (CNN) layers to interpret incoming image data and o... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,623 | Deep learning is a subset of machine learning which focuses heavily on the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) that learn to solve complex tasks. Deep learning uses multiple layers of ANN and other techniques to progressively extract information from an input. Due to this complex layered approach, deep learning mod... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,624 | A long short-term memory (LSTM) network is a specific implementation of a RNN that is designed to deal with the vanishing gradient problem seen in simple RNNs, which would lead to them gradually "forgetting" about previous parts of an inputted sequence when calculating the output of a current part. LSTMs solve this pro... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,625 | StarCraft and its sequel StarCraft II are real-time strategy (RTS) video games that have become popular environments for AI research. Blizzard and DeepMind have worked together to release a public StarCraft 2 environment for AI research to be done on. Various deep learning methods have been tested on both games, though... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,626 | Researchers with OpenAI created about 2000 hours of video plays of Minecraft coded with the necessary human inputs, and then trained a machine learning model to comprehend the video feedback from the input. The researchers then used that model with 70,000 hours of Minecraft playthroughs offered on YouTube to see how we... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,627 | Machine learning agents have been used to take the place of a human player rather than function as NPCs, which are deliberately added into video games as part of designed gameplay. Deep learning agents have achieved impressive results when used in competition with both humans and other artificial intelligence agents. | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,628 | Research has shown that challenge that is too far above a player's skill level will ruin lower player enjoyment. These highly trained agents are likely only desirable against very skilled human players who have many of hours of experience in a given game. Given these factors, highly effective deep learning agents are l... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,629 | Machine learning agents are often not covered in many game design courses. Previous use of machine learning agents in games may not have been very practical, as even the 2015 version of AlphaGo took hundreds of CPUs and GPUs to train to a strong level. This potentially limits the creation of highly effective deep learn... | Machine learning in video games | 0.807532 |
25,630 | Note that the standard 'picture' of the torus as a doughnut does not present it with a flat metric, since the points furthest from the center have positive curvature while the points closest to the center have negative curvature. According to Kuiper's formulation of the Nash embedding theorem, there is a C 1 {\displays... | Flat metric | 0.80753 |
25,631 | In mathematics, a Riemannian manifold is said to be flat if its Riemann curvature tensor is everywhere zero. Intuitively, a flat manifold is one that "locally looks like" Euclidean space in terms of distances and angles, e.g. the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180°. The universal cover of a complete flat manif... | Flat metric | 0.80753 |
25,632 | The idea of a tree of life arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of life (such as in the Great Chain of Being). Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the bo... | Phylogenetic tree | 0.807529 |
25,633 | An overview of different methods of tree visualization is available at Page, R. D. M. (2011). "Space, time, form: Viewing the Tree of Life". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. | Phylogenetic tree | 0.807529 |
25,634 | Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. Unrooted trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to be known or infer... | Phylogenetic tree | 0.807529 |
25,635 | the Green Book, contains recommendations for the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP) the Gold Book, defines a large number of technical terms used in chemistry.Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (in association with the IUBMB), analytical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry. ... | Scientific nomenclature | 0.807526 |
25,636 | The IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and for describing the science of chemistry in general. It is maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. the Blue Book and the Red Book: the two publications containing the rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds. | Scientific nomenclature | 0.807526 |
25,637 | Examples in horticulture would be the grouping of plants, and naming of these groups, according to their properties and uses: annuals, biennials and perennials (nature of life cycle); vegetables, fruits, culinary herbs and spices (culinary use); herbs, trees and shrubs (growth habit); wild and cultivated plants (whethe... | Scientific nomenclature | 0.807526 |
25,638 | Metallurgy: the classic English translation of De re metallica includes an appendix (Appendix C) detailing problems of nomenclature in weights and measures. Physics: symbols, units and nomenclature. Archaeology: typology and archaeological record | Scientific nomenclature | 0.807526 |
25,639 | A broad range of research disciplines are used in the SAFE FOODS project, including molecular biology, microbiology, toxicology, probabilistic modeling, and disciplines of the social sciences and the political sciences. SAFE FOODS is divided in 5 sub-projects, namely Comparative safety evaluation of plant breeding appr... | SAFE FOODS | 0.807526 |
25,640 | Zhou dynasty Zhoubi Suanjing c. 1000 BCE-100 CE Astronomical theories, and computation techniques Proof of the Pythagorean theorem (Shang Gao Theorem) Fractional computations Pythagorean theorem for astronomical purposesNine Chapters on the Mathematical Art 1000 BCE? – 50 CE ch.1, computational algorithm, area of plane... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,641 | The embryonic state of trigonometry in China slowly began to change and advance during the Song dynasty (960–1279), where Chinese mathematicians began to express greater emphasis for the need of spherical trigonometry in calendarical science and astronomical calculations. The polymath Chinese scientist, mathematician a... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,642 | In 1840, the First Opium War forced China to open its door and look at the outside world, which also led to an influx of western mathematical studies at a rate unrivaled in the previous centuries. In 1852, the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan and the British missionary Alexander Wylie co-translated the later nine volum... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,643 | His work in fixed point theory, in addition to influencing nonlinear functional analysis, has found wide application in mathematical economics and game theory, potential theory, calculus of variations, and differential equations. Shing-Tung Yau, his contributions have influenced both physics and mathematics, and he has... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,644 | Chinese mathematics experienced a great surge of revival following the establishment of a modern Chinese republic in 1912. Ever since then, modern Chinese mathematicians have made numerous achievements in various mathematical fields. Some famous modern ethnic Chinese mathematicians include: Shiing-Shen Chern was widely... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,645 | Ceyuan haijing (Chinese: 測圓海鏡; pinyin: Cèyuán Hǎijìng), or Sea-Mirror of the Circle Measurements, is a collection of 692 formula and 170 problems related to inscribed circle in a triangle, written by Li Zhi (or Li Ye) (1192–1272 AD). He used Tian yuan shu to convert intricated geometry problems into pure algebra proble... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,646 | (This distinction, of course, is a modern one: until the 20th century, Chinese mathematics was exclusively a computational science.) In the late 16th century, Matteo Ricci decided to published Western scientific works in order to establish a position at the Imperial Court. With the assistance of Xu Guangqi, he was able... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,647 | The Nine Chapters made significant additions to solving quadratic equations in a way similar to Horner's method. It also made advanced contributions to "fangcheng" or what is now known as linear algebra. Chapter seven solves system of linear equations with two unknowns using the false position method, similar to The Bo... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,648 | The commentary of Liu Hui provided geometrical and algebraic proofs to the problems given within the text.The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art was one of the most influential of all Chinese mathematical books and it is composed of 246 problems. It was later incorporated into The Ten Computational Canons, which bec... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,649 | Many historians translate the word to linear algebra today. In this chapter, the process of Gaussian elimination and back-substitution are used to solve systems of equations with many unknowns. Problems were done on a counting board and included the use of negative numbers as well as fractions. The counting board was e... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,650 | Si-yüan yü-jian (四元玉鑒), or Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, was written by Zhu Shijie in 1303 AD and marks the peak in the development of Chinese algebra. The four elements, called heaven, earth, man and matter, represented the four unknown quantities in his algebraic equations. It deals with simultaneous equations an... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,651 | One of the most important contribution of Qin Jiushao was his method of solving high order numerical equations. Referring to Qin's solution of a 4th order equation, Yoshio Mikami put it: "Who can deny the fact of Horner's illustrious process being used in China at least nearly six long centuries earlier than in Europe?... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,652 | Li Zhi on the other hand, investigated on a form of algebraic geometry based on tiān yuán shù. His book; Ceyuan haijing revolutionized the idea of inscribing a circle into triangles, by turning this geometry problem by algebra instead of the traditional method of using Pythagorean theorem. Guo Shoujing of this era also... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,653 | Some exchange of ideas across Asia through known cultural exchanges from at least Roman times is likely. Frequently, elements of the mathematics of early societies correspond to rudimentary results found later in branches of modern mathematics such as geometry or number theory. The Pythagorean theorem for example, has ... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,654 | The texts provide procedures similar to that of Gaussian elimination and Horner's method for linear algebra. The achievement of Chinese algebra reached a zenith in the 13th century during the Yuan dynasty with the development of tiān yuán shù. As a result of obvious linguistic and geographic barriers, as well as conten... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,655 | Mathematics in China emerged independently by the 11th century BCE. The Chinese independently developed a real number system that includes significantly large and negative numbers, more than one numeral system (base 2 and base 10), algebra, geometry, number theory and trigonometry. Since the Han dynasty, as diophantine... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,656 | Liu Hui's commentary on The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is the earliest edition of the original text available. Hui is believed by most to be a mathematician shortly after the Han dynasty. Within his commentary, Hui qualified and proved some of the problems from either an algebraic or geometrical standpoint. | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,657 | However, the mathematicians Liu Xin (d. 23) and Zhang Heng (78–139) gave more accurate approximations for pi than Chinese of previous centuries had used. Mathematics was developed to solve practical problems in the time such as division of land or problems related to division of payment. The Chinese did not focus on th... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,658 | Both texts also made substantial progress in Linear Algebra, namely solving systems of equations with multiple unknowns. The value of pi is taken to be equal to three in both texts. | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,659 | Yitang Zhang, a number theorist who established the first finite bound on gaps between prime numbers. Chen Jingrun, a number theorist who proved that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes) which is now called Chen's the... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,660 | Although the Chinese excelled in other fields of mathematics such as solid geometry, binomial theorem, and complex algebraic formulas, early forms of trigonometry were not as widely appreciated as in the contemporary Indian and Islamic mathematics.Yi Xing, the mathematician and Buddhist monk was credited for calculatin... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,661 | In 15 century, abacus came into its suan pan form. Easy to use and carry, both fast and accurate, it rapidly overtook rod calculus as the preferred form of computation. Zhusuan, the arithmetic calculation through abacus, inspired multiple new works. | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,662 | After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty, China became suspicious of Mongol-favored knowledge. The court turned away from math and physics in favor of botany and pharmacology. Imperial examinations included little mathematics, and what little they included ignored recent developments. Martzloff writes:At the end of the ... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,663 | The Zhoubi Suanjing contains an in-depth proof of the Gougu Theorem (a special case of the Pythagorean Theorem) but focuses more on astronomical calculations. However, the recent archaeological discovery of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, dated c. 305 BC, has revealed some aspects of pre-Qin mathematics, such as the first k... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,664 | The oldest existent work on geometry in China comes from the philosophical Mohist canon of c. 330 BC, compiled by the followers of Mozi (470–390 BC). The Mo Jing described various aspects of many fields associated with physical science, and provided a small wealth of information on mathematics as well. | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,665 | Since the Shang period, the Chinese had already fully developed a decimal system. Since early times, Chinese understood basic arithmetic (which dominated far eastern history), algebra, equations, and negative numbers with counting rods. Although the Chinese were more focused on arithmetic and advanced algebra for astro... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,666 | Many believed that Zhui Shu contains the formulas and methods for linear, matrix algebra, algorithm for calculating the value of π, formula for the volume of the sphere. The text should also associate with his astronomical methods of interpolation, which would contain knowledge, similar to our modern mathematics. A mat... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,667 | He also applied He Chengtian's interpolation for approximating irrational number with fraction in his astronomy and mathematical works, he obtained 355 113 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {355}{113}}} as a good fraction approximate for pi; Yoshio Mikami commented that neither the Greeks, nor the Hindus nor Arabs knew about this... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,668 | In the third century Liu Hui wrote his commentary on the Nine Chapters and also wrote Haidao Suanjing which dealt with using Pythagorean theorem (already known by the 9 chapters), and triple, quadruple triangulation for surveying; his accomplishment in the mathematical surveying exceeded those accomplished in the west ... | Chinese mathematics | 0.807525 |
25,669 | Discrete dynamic programming (see also Transfer-matrix method) 7.8. Branch-and-bound techniques 7.9. Herculean tasks (aka NP-hard problems) 7.10. Near-optimization Chapter 8 – Recursion (chapter 22 of "Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms") | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.807524 |
25,670 | Knuth was awarded the 1974 Turing Award "for his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms , and in particular for his contributions to the 'art of computer programming' through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title." American Scientist has included this work among "100 or so Books that shap... | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.807524 |
25,671 | Expander graphs 7.4.4. Random graphs 7.5. Graphs and optimization 7.5.1. | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.807524 |
25,672 | 44−47, under the heading "Running time estimates") 7.2.3. Generating inequivalent patterns (includes discussion of Pólya enumeration theorem) (see "Techniques for Isomorph Rejection", chapter 4 of "Classification Algorithms for Codes and Designs" by Kaski and Östergård) 7.3. Shortest paths 7.4. | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.807524 |
25,673 | Numbers, Powers, and Logarithms 1.2.3. Sums and Products 1.2.4. Integer Functions and Elementary Number Theory 1.2.5. | The Art of Computer Programming | 0.807524 |
25,674 | In molecular biology, the protein domain eIF4-gamma/eIF5/eIF2-epsilon is a family of evolutionarily related proteins. This domain is found at the C-terminus of several translation Initiation factors. It was first detected at the very C-termini of the yeast protein GCD6, eIF-2B epsilon, and two other eukaryotic translat... | EIF-W2 protein domain | 0.807522 |
25,675 | In molecular biology, the eIF-W2 domain functions as the binding site for Mnk eIF4E kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). For eIF2B-epsilon, the W2 C-terminal domain functions in guanine nucleotide exchange on eIF2. For eIF5, the W2 domain functions in mediating the multifactor ... | EIF-W2 protein domain | 0.807522 |
25,676 | In mathematics, in particular in computational algebra, the Berlekamp–Zassenhaus algorithm is an algorithm for factoring polynomials over the integers, named after Elwyn Berlekamp and Hans Zassenhaus. As a consequence of Gauss's lemma, this amounts to solving the problem also over the rationals. The algorithm starts by... | Berlekamp–Zassenhaus algorithm | 0.807515 |
25,677 | The Racah Lecture is annual memorial lecture given at The Racah Institute of Physics of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem commemorating Prof. Giulio Racah. The lecturers are selected from among the leading physists in the world. | Racah Lectures in Physics | 0.807513 |
25,678 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the pancake graph Pn or n-pancake graph is a graph whose vertices are the permutations of n symbols from 1 to n and its edges are given between permutations transitive by prefix reversals. Pancake sorting is the colloquial term for the mathematical problem of sorting a disorde... | Pancake graph | 0.807512 |
25,679 | Examples of irrationality in this sense include cognitive biases, making arithmetic mistakes, and violating the laws of probability theory when assessing the likelihood of future events. This article focuses mainly on irrationality in the academic sense. The terms "rationality", "reason", and "reasoning" are frequently... | Scientific rationality | 0.807512 |
25,680 | According to A. C. Grayling, rationality "must be independent of emotions, personal feelings or any kind of instincts". Certain findings in cognitive science and neuroscience show that no human has ever satisfied this criterion, except perhaps a person with no affective feelings, for example, an individual with a massi... | Scientific rationality | 0.807512 |
25,681 | As probabilities, they are subject to the laws of probability theory. These laws act as norms of rationality: beliefs are rational if they comply with them and irrational if they violate them. For example, it would be irrational to have a credence of 0.9 that it will rain tomorrow together with another credence of 0.9 ... | Scientific rationality | 0.807512 |
25,682 | However, it has been argued that many standard tests of reasoning, such as those on the conjunction fallacy, on the Wason selection task, or the base rate fallacy suffer from methodological and conceptual problems. This has led to disputes in psychology over whether researchers should (only) use standard rules of logic... | Scientific rationality | 0.807512 |
25,683 | An important insight from using these and similar tests is that the rational ability of the participants is usually significantly better for concrete and realistic cases than for abstract or implausible cases. Various contemporary studies in this field use Bayesian probability theory to study subjective degrees of beli... | Scientific rationality | 0.807512 |
25,684 | In software development, a signal can mean synchronous events (sequences of samples, video frames, etc., with constant sample rate or frame rate) rather than asynchronous events, while the word event and data flow is often used for asynchronous event queues, but this is by no means universal. This language was created ... | Signal programming | 0.807511 |
25,685 | Motion analysis is used in computer vision, image processing, high-speed photography and machine vision that studies methods and applications in which two or more consecutive images from an image sequences, e.g., produced by a video camera or high-speed camera, are processed to produce information based on the apparent... | Motion analysis | 0.807511 |
25,686 | Gamma-ray lines identifying 56Co and 57Co nuclei, whose half-lives limit their age to about a year, proved that their radioactive cobalt parents created them. This nuclear astronomy observation was predicted in 1969 as a way to confirm explosive nucleosynthesis of the elements, and that prediction played an important r... | Nucleosynthesis | 0.807508 |
25,687 | The most abundant and extant isotopes of elements produced in this way are 48Ti, 52Cr, and 56Fe. These decays are accompanied by the emission of gamma-rays (radiation from the nucleus), whose spectroscopic lines can be used to identify the isotope created by the decay. The detection of these emission lines were an impo... | Nucleosynthesis | 0.807508 |
25,688 | The heavier elements produced after the Big Bang range in atomic numbers from Z = 6 (carbon) to Z = 94 (plutonium). Synthesis of these elements occurred through nuclear reactions involving the strong and weak interactions among nuclei, and called nuclear fusion (including both rapid and slow multiple neutron capture), ... | Nucleosynthesis | 0.807508 |
25,689 | Living Reviews in Relativity is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing reviews on relativity in the areas of physics and astrophysics. It was founded by Bernard Schutz and published at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics from 1998 to 2015. After it was sold by Max Planck Society in Jun... | Living Reviews in Relativity | 0.807507 |
25,690 | In some contexts, it is helpful to replace a division with multiplication by the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) and a subtraction by addition of the opposite (additive inverse). For example, in computer algebra, this allows one to handle fewer binary operations, and makes it easier to use commutativity and associa... | Serial exponentiation | 0.807507 |
25,691 | In some of the academic literature, multiplication denoted by juxtaposition (also known as implied multiplication) is interpreted as having higher precedence than division, so that 1 ÷ 2n equals 1 ÷ (2n), not (1 ÷ 2)n. For example, the manuscript submission instructions for the Physical Review journals state that multi... | Serial exponentiation | 0.807507 |
25,692 | SQL refers to Structured Query Language, a kind of language used to access, update and manipulate database. In SQL, ROLLBACK is a command that causes all data changes since the last START TRANSACTION or BEGIN to be discarded by the relational database management systems (RDBMS), so that the state of the data is "rolled... | Cascading rollback | 0.807507 |
25,693 | Despite resistance from linguists including Chomsky and Lakoff, formal semantics was established in the late twentieth century. However, its influence has been mostly limited to computational linguistics, with little impact on general linguistics.The incompatibility with genetics and neuropsychology of Chomsky's innate... | Theory of reference | 0.807502 |
25,694 | The channel capacity of a BEC is 1 − P e {\displaystyle 1-P_{e}} , attained with a uniform distribution for X {\displaystyle X} (i.e. half of the inputs should be 0 and half should be 1). If the sender is notified when a bit is erased, they can repeatedly transmit each bit until it is correctly received, attaining the ... | Binary erasure channel | 0.807501 |
25,695 | Agricultural biotechnology can also provide a solution for plants in extreme temperature conditions. In order to maximize yield and prevent crop death, genes can be engineered that help to regulate cold and heat tolerance. For example, tobacco plants have been genetically modified to be more tolerant to hot and cold co... | Agricultural biotechnology | 0.8075 |
25,696 | Weeds have proven to be an issue for farmers for thousands of years; they compete for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight and prove deadly to crops. Biotechnology has offered a solution in the form of herbicide tolerance. Chemical herbicides are sprayed directly on plants in order to kill weeds and therefore competitio... | Agricultural biotechnology | 0.807499 |
25,697 | Farmers have manipulated plants and animals through selective breeding for decades of thousands of years in order to create desired traits. In the 20th century, a surge in technology resulted in an increase in agricultural biotechnology through the selection of traits like the increased yield, pest resistance, drought ... | Agricultural biotechnology | 0.807499 |
25,698 | Agricultural biotechnology, also known as agritech, is an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms. Crop biotec... | Agricultural biotechnology | 0.807499 |
25,699 | Agricultural biotechnology regulation in the US falls under three main government agencies: The Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The USDA must approve the release of any new GMOs, EPA controls the regulation of insecticide, and the ... | Agricultural biotechnology | 0.807499 |
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