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28,200 | Polydiketoenamine (PDK) is a polymer discovered in 2019 that can be recycled over and over without loss of performance. Researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory studied PDK and published the results of the study in Nature Chemistry in April 2019. Submersion in an acidic solution breaks down the polymer to i... | Polydiketoenamine | 0.806189 |
28,201 | In bioinformatics, the closest string problem is an intensively studied facet of the problem of finding signals in DNA. | Closest string | 0.806188 |
28,202 | In theoretical computer science, the closest string is an NP-hard computational problem, which tries to find the geometrical center of a set of input strings. To understand the word "center", it is necessary to define a distance between two strings. Usually, this problem is studied with the Hamming distance in mind. | Closest string | 0.806188 |
28,203 | The special case of a single linear polynomial is Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, one of the most important results of number theory. In fact, this special case is the only known instance of Schinzel's Hypothesis H. We do not know the hypothesis to hold for any given polynomial of degree greater than 1 ... | Schinzel's hypothesis H | 0.806188 |
28,204 | The hypothesis is probably not accessible with current methods in analytic number theory, but is now quite often used to prove conditional results, for example in Diophantine geometry. This connection is due to Jean-Louis Colliot-Thélène and Jean-Jacques Sansuc. For further explanations and references on this connectio... | Schinzel's hypothesis H | 0.806188 |
28,205 | In mathematics, Schinzel's hypothesis H is one of the most famous open problems in the topic of number theory. It is a very broad generalization of widely open conjectures such as the twin prime conjecture. The hypothesis is named after Andrzej Schinzel. | Schinzel's hypothesis H | 0.806188 |
28,206 | In Mexico, which in 2006 was among the first countries in the world to introduce rotavirus vaccine, the diarrheal disease death rates from rotavirus dropped by more than 65% among children age two and under during the 2009 rotavirus season. In Nicaragua, which in 2006 became the first developing country to introduce th... | Rotavirus vaccination | 0.806186 |
28,207 | This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to chemical engineering. | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,208 | Immobilization -- Inorganic chemistry -- Ion exchange -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,209 | Heat transfer -- History of chemical engineering -- Hydrometallurgy -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,210 | Electrochemical engineering -- Electrodialysis -- Electrokinetic phenomena -- Electrodeposition -- Electrolysis -- Electrolytic reduction -- Electroplating -- Electrostatic precipitation -- Electrowinning -- Emulsion -- Energy -- Engineering -- Engineering economics -- Enzymatic reaction -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,211 | Catalysis -- Catalytic cracking -- Catalytic reforming -- Catalytic reaction engineering -- Ceramics -- Certified Chartered Chemical Engineers -- Chartered Chemical Engineers -- Chemical engineering -- Chemical kinetics -- Chemical reaction -- Chemical synthesis -- Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) -- Chemical solution d... | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,212 | Bioaccumulate -- Biochemical engineering -- Biochemistry -- Biochemistry topics list -- Bioinformatics -- Biology -- Bioprocess Engineering -- Biomolecular engineering -- Bioinformatics -- Biomedical engineering -- Bioseparation -- Biotechnology -- Bioreactor -- Biotite -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,213 | Absorption -- Adsorption -- Analytical chemistry -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,214 | Science -- Separation processes -- Solid-state chemistry -- Solvent extraction -- Supercritical fluids -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,215 | Qualitative inorganic analysis -- Quantitative analysis -- Quantum chemistry -- Quartz -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,216 | Periodic table -- Pharmacology -- Physical chemistry -- Plastic -- Polymer -- Process control -- Process design -- Process modeling -- Process safety -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,217 | Nanoengineering -- Nanotechnology -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,218 | Mass balance -- Mass transfer -- Materials science -- Medicinal chemistry -- Microelectronics -- Microfluidics -- Microreaction technology -- Mineral processing -- Mixing -- Momentum transfer -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,219 | Kinetics (physics) -- | Index of chemical engineering articles | 0.806185 |
28,220 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Klein graphs are two different but related regular graphs, each with 84 edges. Each can be embedded in the orientable surface of genus 3, in which they form dual graphs. | Klein graphs | 0.806184 |
28,221 | The Markó–Lam deoxygenation is an organic chemistry reaction where the hydroxy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a hydrogen atom to give an alkyl group. The Markó-Lam reaction is a variant of the Bouveault–Blanc reduction and an alternative to the classical Barton–McCombie deoxygenation. It is name... | Markó–Lam deoxygenation | 0.806183 |
28,222 | In mathematics, the Abhyankar–Moh theorem states that if L {\displaystyle L} is a complex line in the complex affine plane C 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}} , then every embedding of L {\displaystyle L} into C 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{2}} extends to an automorphism of the plane. It is named after Shreeram Shan... | Abhyankar–Moh theorem | 0.806183 |
28,223 | The Delaware Biotechnology Institute (DBI) at the University of Delaware is a partnership among government, academia and industry with an aim to establish Delaware as a notable hub for biotechnology and life sciences.Adjacent to the University of Delaware main campus, DBI's 72,000 sq ft (6,700 m2) research facility is ... | Delaware Biotechnology Institute | 0.806181 |
28,224 | The beginnings of bioelectrochemistry, as well as those of electrochemistry, are closely related to physiology through the works of Luigi Galvani and then Alessandro Volta. The first modern work in this field is considered that of the German physiologist Julius Bernstein (1902) concerning the source of biopotentials du... | Bioelectrochemistry | 0.806181 |
28,225 | Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes. | Bioelectrochemistry | 0.806181 |
28,226 | Some of the sutras even run parallel to the General Leibniz rule and Taylor's theorem (which, per Krishna Tirtha, were to be yet studied by the western world during the time of his writing) but did ultimately boil down to the sub-elementary operations of basic differentiation on polynomials. From a historiographic pers... | Vedic Mathematics | 0.806174 |
28,227 | The book contains metaphorical aphorisms in the form of sixteen sutras and thirteen sub-sutras, which Krishna Tirtha states allude to significant mathematical tools. The range of their asserted applications spans from topic as diverse as statics and pneumatics to astronomy and financial domains. Tirtha stated that no p... | Vedic Mathematics | 0.806174 |
28,228 | Several standards organizations provide standards and guidance on environmental test chamber construction, temperature control standards, and engineering tolerances. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (formerly the American Refrigerant Institute) Ame... | Climatic chamber | 0.806173 |
28,229 | "Ivor was charged with the formation of a mathematical physics group concentrating on general relativity and cosmology." He brought Istvan Ozsváth and Wolfgang Rindler to the Dallas area as permanent members of the newly formed group, alongside a host of distinguished visitors and temporary appointments. This instituti... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,230 | His first academic placements were at University College of Wales, King's College London, University of North Carolina, University of Hamburg, Syracuse University and Cornell University.Alfred Schild was developing a department strong in relativity at Austin, Texas, when a second Texas center for relativity research wa... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,231 | The sixth Symposium, held in New York in 1972, had its proceedings published by the New York Academy of Sciences. The following volumes of the Annals of the Academy are proceedings of the Symposium series: 224, 264, 302, 336, 375, 422, 470, 571, 647, 688, and 759. In 1974 the Symposium was back in Dallas, but then it t... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,232 | It was also at this Symposium that Roy Kerr presented his two page paper on the mathematics of rotating black holes. Of this S. Chandrasekhar (Nobel laureate, 1983) is quoted as saying "In my entire scientific life, extending over forty-five years, the most shattering experience has been the realization that an exact s... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,233 | Robinson, Schücking, and others organized the first Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics for December, 1963, in Dallas. The Proceedings were published by University of Chicago Press as Quasi-stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse. "It is now conventional wisdom that quasars are probably powered by rotating ... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,234 | Astrophysical sciences developed with attention to spectra of celestial sources to ascertain the chemical origin of these sources. The addition of radio astronomy extended the range of these spectra and revealed quasi-stellar sources with peculiar spectra. Maarten Schmidt and Jesse Greenstein found extreme red shifts i... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,235 | 1959: (with Hermann Bondi and Felix Pirani) "Gravitational Waves in General Relativity III. Exact Plane Waves", Proceedings of the Royal Society A 251:519-533 doi:10.1098/rspa.1959.0124. 1960: (with Andrzej Trautman) "Spherical Gravitational Waves", Physical Review Letters 4:431. 1961: "Null Electromagnetic Fields", Jo... | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,236 | Ivor Robinson (October 7, 1923 – May 27, 2016) was a British-American mathematical physicist, born and educated in England, noted for his important contributions to the theory of relativity. He was a principal organizer of the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. | Robinson congruences | 0.806171 |
28,237 | A common thread in many proofs is the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Another popular method is that of Wielandt (1950). He used the Collatz–Wielandt formula described above to extend and clarify Frobenius's work. Another proof is based on the spectral theory from which part of the arguments are borrowed. | Primitive matrix | 0.80617 |
28,238 | In molecular biology, the electroneutral cation-Cl (electroneutral potassium chloride cotransporter) family of proteins are a family of solute carrier proteins. This family includes the products of the Human genes: SLC12A1, SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SLC12A4, SLC12A5, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A8 and SLC12A9. The K-Cl co-... | Electroneutral cation-Cl | 0.806169 |
28,239 | The concept of wavelength is most often applied to sinusoidal, or nearly sinusoidal, waves, because in a linear system the sinusoid is the unique shape that propagates with no shape change – just a phase change and potentially an amplitude change. The wavelength (or alternatively wavenumber or wave vector) is a charact... | Angular wavelength | 0.806168 |
28,240 | A regular of its IRC channel perpetrated a DDoS attack on VISA and MasterCard in 2010. Dallas Makerspace (DMS) was founded by members of the Dallas Personal Robotics Group (DPRG) in 2010. As of summer of 2017, it has a paying membership base of 1500, "making it one of the largest, if not the largest, nonprofit, volunte... | Hackerspace | 0.806164 |
28,241 | Thus, as the maker movement has become formalized, the powerful knowledge and practices of communities of color or of low-income communities have not yet become central to its discourse.Emerging research has begun to address how the maker movement might address equity concerns broadly. There is recent research in this ... | Hackerspace | 0.806164 |
28,242 | The necessary condition of the physical symbol systems hypothesis can likewise be finessed, since we are willing to accept almost any signal as a form of "symbol" and all intelligent biological systems have signal pathways.The same issue applies to the unidentified numbers that appear in the matrixes of a neural networ... | Physical symbol system | 0.806162 |
28,243 | The physical symbol system hypothesis is only interesting if we restrict the "symbols" to things that have a recognizable meaning or denotation and can be composed with other symbols to create more complex symbols, like and . It doesn't apply to the simple abstract 0s and 1s in the memory of a digital computer or the s... | Physical symbol system | 0.806162 |
28,244 | A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions. The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by... | Physical symbol system | 0.806162 |
28,245 | Rodney Brooks of MIT was able to build robots that had superior ability to move and survive without the use of symbolic reasoning at all. Brooks (and others, such as Hans Moravec) discovered that our most basic skills of motion, survival, perception, balance and so on did not seem to require high level symbols at all, ... | Physical symbol system | 0.806162 |
28,246 | Every set of at least n {\displaystyle n} points contains a polygonal path of at least ⌊ n − 1 ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor {\sqrt {n-1}}\rfloor } edges in which all slopes have the same sign. This is a corollary of the Erdős–Szekeres theorem. | Piecewise linear curve | 0.806162 |
28,247 | Polygonal chains can often be used to approximate more complex curves. In this context, the Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm can be used to find a polygonal chain with few segments that serves as an accurate approximation.In graph drawing, polygonal chains are often used to represent the edges of graphs, in drawing styl... | Piecewise linear curve | 0.806162 |
28,248 | In the following endpoint–curve integral theorems, P denotes a 1d open path with signed 0d boundary points q − p = ∂ P {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} -\mathbf {p} =\partial P} and integration along P is from p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } to q {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} }: ψ | ∂ P = ψ ( q ) − ψ ( p ) = ∫ P ∇ ψ ⋅ d ℓ {\disp... | Vector calculus identities | 0.806162 |
28,249 | While Newton and Leibniz provided a systematic approach to integration, their work lacked a degree of rigour. Bishop Berkeley memorably attacked the vanishing increments used by Newton, calling them "ghosts of departed quantities". Calculus acquired a firmer footing with the development of limits. Integration was first... | Definite Integrals | 0.806159 |
28,250 | Kempf, Jackson and Morales demonstrated mathematical relations that allow an integral to be calculated by means of differentiation. Their calculus involves the Dirac delta function and the partial derivative operator ∂ x {\displaystyle \partial _{x}} . This can also be applied to functional integrals, allowing them to ... | Definite Integrals | 0.806159 |
28,251 | Integrals also refer to the concept of an antiderivative, a function whose derivative is the given function; in this case, they are also called indefinite integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus relates definite integrals with differentiation and provides a method to compute the definite integral of a function w... | Definite Integrals | 0.806159 |
28,252 | In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, the other being differentiation. Integration started as a method to solve problems... | Definite Integrals | 0.806159 |
28,253 | A supramolecular approach has been used extensively to create artificial ion channels for the transport of sodium and potassium ions into and out of cells.Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new pharmaceutical therapies by understanding the interactions at a drug binding site. The area of d... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,254 | These forces include hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi–pi interactions and electrostatic effects.Important concepts advanced by supramolecular chemistry include molecular self-assembly, molecular folding, molecular recognition, host–guest chemistry, mechanically-interloc... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,255 | Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, pr... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,256 | Supramolecular chemistry has found many applications, in particular molecular self-assembly processes have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using bottom-up synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bo... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,257 | Supramolecular chemistry has been used to demonstrate computation functions on a molecular scale. In many cases, photonic or chemical signals have been used in these components, but electrical interfacing of these units has also been shown by supramolecular signal transduction devices. Data storage has been accomplishe... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,258 | Design based on supramolecular chemistry has led to numerous applications in the creation of functional biomaterials and therapeutics. Supramolecular biomaterials afford a number of modular and generalizable platforms with tunable mechanical, chemical and biological properties. These include systems based on supramolec... | Supramolecular complex | 0.806154 |
28,259 | The VSEPR theory can be extended to molecules with an odd number of electrons by treating the unpaired electron as a "half electron pair"—for example, Gillespie and Nyholm: 364–365 suggested that the decrease in the bond angle in the series NO+2 (180°), NO2 (134°), NO−2 (115°) indicates that a given set of bonding elec... | VSEPR Theory | 0.806151 |
28,260 | One example of the AX2E2 geometry is molecular lithium oxide, Li2O, a linear rather than bent structure, which is ascribed to its bonds being essentially ionic and the strong lithium-lithium repulsion that results. Another example is O(SiH3)2 with an Si–O–Si angle of 144.1°, which compares to the angles in Cl2O (110.9°... | VSEPR Theory | 0.806151 |
28,261 | In two dimensional standing waves, nodes are curves (often straight lines or circles when displayed on simple geometries.) For example, sand collects along the nodes of a vibrating Chladni plate to indicate regions where the plate is not moving.In chemistry, quantum mechanical waves, or "orbitals", are used to describe... | Node (physics) | 0.806149 |
28,262 | The cis notation was first coined by William Rowan Hamilton in Elements of Quaternions (1866) and subsequently used by Irving Stringham (who also called it "sector of x") in works such as Uniplanar Algebra (1893), James Harkness and Frank Morley in their Introduction to the Theory of Analytic Functions (1898), or by Ge... | Cis (mathematics) | 0.806148 |
28,263 | Post quantum cryptography is a class of cryptographic algorithms designed to be resistant to attack by a quantum cryptography. Several post quantum digital signature algorithms based on hard problems in lattices are being created replace the commonly used RSA and elliptic curve signatures. A subset of these lattice bas... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,264 | Digital signatures are a means to protect digital information from intentional modification and to authenticate the source of digital information. Public key cryptography provides a rich set of different cryptographic algorithms the create digital signatures. However, the primary public key signatures currently in use ... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,265 | Work by Akleylek, Bindel, Buchmann, Kramer and Marson on security proofs for the signature with fewer security assumptions and documented here.Another approach to signatures based on lattices over Rings is a variant of the patented NTRU family of lattice based cryptography. The primary example of this approach is a sig... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,266 | The use of the general Learning with Errors problem in cryptography was introduced by Oded Regev in 2005 and has been the source of several cryptographic designs.The creators of the Ring-based Learning with Errors (RLWE) basis for cryptography believe that an important feature of these algorithms based on Ring-Learning... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,267 | Even though we do not know when a quantum computer to break RSA and other digital signature algorithms will exist, there has been active research over the past decade to create cryptographic algorithms which remain secure even when an attacker has the resources of a quantum computer at their disposal. This new area of ... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,268 | Developments in quantum computing over the past decade and the optimistic prospects for real quantum computers within 20 years have begun to threaten the basic cryptography that secures the internet. A relatively small quantum computer capable of processing only ten thousand of bits of information would easily break al... | Ring learning with errors signature | 0.806147 |
28,269 | Chemical Engineering Research and Design Process Safety and Environmental Protection Food and Bioproducts Processing Education for Chemical Engineers Molecular Systems Design and Engineering (joint with the Royal Society of Chemistry) Sustainable Production and Consumption South African Journal of Chemical Engineering | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,270 | "Promoting and advancing the science of chemical engineering in all its branches, promoting competence and a commitment to sustainable development, advancing the discipline for the benefit of society and supporting the professional development of members." | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,271 | The IChemE is licensed by the Engineering Council UK to assess candidates for inclusion on ECUK's Register of professional Engineers, giving the status of Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer and Engineering Technician. It is licensed by the Science Council to grant the status of Chartered Scientist and Registered... | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,272 | In order to celebrate its centenary, in 2022 the Institution produced a website with short articles about historic matters in the history of chemical engineering and of the IChemE and to host videos and webinars during the year. ChemEng Evolution | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,273 | While suggestions of amalgamation were made and there was friendly but limited contact, the two organisations developed independently.In 1926 an official Seal of the Institution was produced by Edith Mary Hinchley, wife of John Hinchley.The same year the Institution set the first examinations for Associate (i.e. profes... | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,274 | In 1881, George E. Davis proposed the formation of a Society of Chemical Engineers, but instead the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) was formed.The First World War required a huge increase in chemical production to meet the needs of the munitions and its supply industries, including a twenty-fold increase in explosiv... | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,275 | In response to a considerable reduction in applications to study the subject at UK universities in 2000 the IChemE established an educational programme and website whynotchemeng? to help young people find out more about a career in the field of chemical engineering. This was credited with the major rise in applications... | Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.806147 |
28,276 | Stack Overflow won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Community in the category Web.The site's culture has been criticized for being unfriendly, especially in the context of gender differences in participation and beginners learning computer science.A study from the University of Maryland found that Android develo... | Stack Overflow | 0.806146 |
28,277 | The measured statistics are closer to 14 MHz. Another difference between HW1 and HW2 calculators is assembly program size limitations. | TI-89 | 0.806146 |
28,278 | The TI-89 and the TI-89 Titanium are graphing calculators developed by Texas Instruments (TI). They are differentiated from most other TI graphing calculators by their computer algebra system, which allows symbolic manipulation of algebraic expressions—equations can be solved in terms of variables, whereas the TI-83/84... | TI-89 | 0.806146 |
28,279 | NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi), a Java IDE student project under the guidance of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague. In 1997, Roman Staněk formed a company around the project and produced commercial versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by Sun Micros... | NetBeans | 0.806144 |
28,280 | The Joint Genome Institute (JGI) was created in 1997 to unite the expertise and resources in genome mapping, DNA sequencing, technology development, and information sciences pioneered at the DOE genome centers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Los... | Joint Genome Institute | 0.806144 |
28,281 | The Director of JGI since 2017 is Nigel Mouncey. Mouncey also serves as the President of the Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) | Joint Genome Institute | 0.806144 |
28,282 | The Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal covering pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacy practice, clinical and Biomedical sciences. | Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy | 0.806143 |
28,283 | In chemistry, a metallophilic interaction is defined as a type of non-covalent attraction between heavy metal atoms. The atoms are often within Van der Waals distance of each other and are about as strong as hydrogen bonds. The effect can be intramolecular or intermolecular. Intermolecular metallophilic interactions ca... | Metallophilic interaction | 0.806142 |
28,284 | This model is validated by both DFT (density functional theory) and high-level CCSD(T) (coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples) computations.An important and exploitable property of aurophilic interactions relevant to their supramolecular chemistry is that while both inter- and intramolecular int... | Metallophilic interaction | 0.806142 |
28,285 | However, development remains effectively one generation behind mainline efforts such as JET. Other major experiments in the field include the pioneering START and MAST at Culham in the UK. NSTX studies the physics principles of spherically shaped plasmas—hot ionized gases in which nuclear fusion will occur under the ap... | National Spherical Torus Experiment | 0.806139 |
28,286 | The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a magnetic fusion device based on the spherical tokamak concept. It was constructed by the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) in collaboration with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Columbia University, and the University of Washington at Seattle. It entered se... | National Spherical Torus Experiment | 0.806139 |
28,287 | It was designed to explore the web of interactions within life systems in a structure with different areas based on various biological biomes. In addition to the several biomes and living quarters for people, there was an agricultural area and work space to study the interactions between humans, farming, technology and... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806136 |
28,288 | Many insects had been included in original species mixes in the biomes but a globally invasive tramp ant species, Paratrechina longicornis, unintentionally sealed in, had come to dominate other ant species. The planned ecological succession in the rainforest and strategies to protect the area from harsh incident sunlig... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806135 |
28,289 | The scale of Biosphere 2 is unique and Biosphere 2 is already providing unexpected scientific results not possible through other means (notably the documented, unexpected decline in atmospheric oxygen levels.) Biosphere 2 will make important scientific contributions in the fields of biogeochemical cycling, the ecology ... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806135 |
28,290 | In 2017, Ed Bass donated another $30 million to the University of Arizona in support of Biosphere 2, endowing two academic positions and setting up the "Philecology Biospheric Research Endowment Fund".Science camps are also held on the premises. These have included a week-long 'space camp' for university undergraduates... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806135 |
28,291 | One of these gifts in 2009 included 470 photovoltaic solar panels added to the site. In June 2011, the university announced that it would assume full ownership of Biosphere 2, effective July 1.CDO Ranching & Development donated the land, Biosphere buildings and several other support and administrative buildings. In 201... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806135 |
28,292 | On June 26, 2007, the University of Arizona announced it would take over research at the Biosphere 2. The announcement ended fears that the structure would be demolished. University officials said private gifts and grants enabled them to cover research and operating costs for three years with the possibility of extendi... | Biosphere 2 | 0.806135 |
28,293 | The Journal of Mathematical Physics is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the American Institute of Physics devoted to the publication of papers in mathematical physics. The journal was first published bimonthly beginning in January 1960; it became a monthly publication in 1963. The current editor is Jan Phil... | Journal of Mathematical Physics | 0.806133 |
28,294 | Journal of Mathematical Physics referee files 1985-2005, Niels Bohr Library & Archives | Journal of Mathematical Physics | 0.806133 |
28,295 | Hamiltonian complexity or quantum Hamiltonian complexity is a topic which deals with problems in quantum complexity theory and condensed matter physics. It mostly studies constraint satisfaction problems related to ground states of local Hamiltonians; that is, Hermitian matrices that act locally on a system of interest... | Hamiltonian complexity | 0.806131 |
28,296 | The classical PCP theorem states that simulating the ground states of classical systems is hard. The quantum analog of the PCP theorem concerns simulations of quantum systems. Proving the quantum analog of the PCP theorem is an open problem. | Hamiltonian complexity | 0.806131 |
28,297 | However, AlphaZero influenced very few engines to begin using neural networks, and those tended to be new experimental engines such as Leela Chess Zero, which began specifically to replicate the AlphaZero paper. The deep neural networks used in AlphaZero's evaluation function required expensive graphics processing unit... | Chess-playing program | 0.80613 |
28,298 | While neural networks have been used in the evaluation functions of chess engines since the late 1980s, with programs such as NeuroChess, Morph, Blondie25, Giraffe, AlphaZero, and MuZero, neural networks did not become widely adopted by chess engines until the arrival of efficiently updatable neural networks in the sum... | Chess-playing program | 0.80613 |
28,299 | In addition, some engines use deep neural networks in their evaluation function. Neural networks are usually trained using some reinforcement learning algorithm, in conjunction with supervised learning or unsupervised learning. The output of the evaluation function is a single scalar, quantized in centipawns or other u... | Chess-playing program | 0.80613 |
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