id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
31,600 | Design optimization applies the methods of mathematical optimization to design problem formulations and it is sometimes used interchangeably with the term engineering optimization. When the objective function f is a vector rather than a scalar, the problem becomes a multi-objective optimization one. If the design optim... | Design Optimization | 0.804359 |
31,601 | Journal of Engineering for Industry Journal of Mechanical Design Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design Design Science Engineering Optimization Journal of Engineering Design Computer-Aided Design Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization Journa... | Design Optimization | 0.804359 |
31,602 | Design optimization is an engineering design methodology using a mathematical formulation of a design problem to support selection of the optimal design among many alternatives. Design optimization involves the following stages: Variables: Describe the design alternatives Objective: Elected functional combination of va... | Design Optimization | 0.804359 |
31,603 | The MG-RAST application offers automated quality control, annotation, comparative analysis and archiving service of metagenomic and amplicon sequences using a combination of several bioinformatics tools. The application was built to analyze metagenomic data, but it also supports amplicon (16S, 18S, and ITS) sequences a... | MG-RAST | 0.804359 |
31,604 | MG-RAST identifies gene sequences by using a machine learning approach: FragGeneScan. Ribosomal RNA sequences are identified through an initial BLAT search against a reduced version of SILVA database. | MG-RAST | 0.804359 |
31,605 | There are numerous examples of aggregation rules satisfying Arrow's conditions except IIA. The Borda rule is one of them. These rules, however, are susceptible to strategic manipulation by individuals.See also Interpretations of the theorem above. | Arrow theorem | 0.804355 |
31,606 | Mihara shows that such a rule violates algorithmic computability. These results can be seen to establish the robustness of Arrow's theorem.On the other hand, the ultrafilters (indeed, constructing them in an infinite model relies on the axiom of choice) are inherent in finite models as well (with no need of the axiom o... | Arrow theorem | 0.804355 |
31,607 | Advocates for the use of probability theory point to: the work of Richard Threlkeld Cox for justification of the probability axioms, the Dutch book paradoxes of Bruno de Finetti as illustrative of the theoretical difficulties that can arise from departures from the probability axioms, and the complete class theorems, w... | Decision strategy | 0.804353 |
31,608 | The phrase "decision theory" itself was used in 1950 by E. L. Lehmann.The revival of subjective probability theory, from the work of Frank Ramsey, Bruno de Finetti, Leonard Savage and others, extended the scope of expected utility theory to situations where subjective probabilities can be used. At the time, von Neumann... | Decision strategy | 0.804353 |
31,609 | An artificial chemistry is defined in general as a triple (S,R,A). In some cases it is sufficient to define it as a tuple (S,I). S is the set of possible molecules S={s1...,sn}, where n is the number of elements in the set, possibly infinite. | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,610 | depending on the space of possible molecules finite infinite depending on the type of reactions catalytic systems reactive systems inhibitive systems depending on the space topology well stirred reactor topologically arranged (1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional) | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,611 | Their 2001 paper 'Artificial Chemistries - A Review' became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler, as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot . Among other models, Peter Dittrich developed the Seceder model which is able to explain group formation in so... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,612 | In Japan the main researchers have been Takashi Ikegami ,Hideaki Suzuki and Yasuhiro Suzuki . In Germany, it was Wolfgang Banzhaf, who, together with his students Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler, developed various artificial chemistry models. | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,613 | The first reference about Artificial Chemistries come from a Technical paper written by John McCaskill .Walter Fontana working with Leo Buss then took up the work developing the AlChemy model . The model was presented at the second International Conference of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concep... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,614 | The field is heavily reliant on mathematics, to include mathematical modeling. It in fact relies more on a mathematics background than a chemistry background. Organizations: An organization is a set of molecules that is closed and self-maintaining. As such, it is a set that does not create anything outside itself, and ... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,615 | In artificial life, bits of information were used to represent bacteria or members of a species, each of which moved, multiplied, or died in computer simulations. In artificial chemistry bits of information are used to represent starting molecules capable of reacting with one another. The field has pertained to artific... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,616 | Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub-field of artificial life, in particular from strong artificial life. The idea behind this field was that if one wanted to build something alive, it had to be done by a combination of non-living entities. For instance, a cell is itself alive, and yet is a combination of non-living... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,617 | Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology. A further motivation to study artificial chemistries is the interest in constructive dynamical systems. Yasuhiro Suzuki has modeled various systems such as membrane systems, signaling pathways ... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,618 | An artificial chemistry is a chemical-like system that usually consists of objects, called molecules, that interact according to rules resembling chemical reaction rules. Artificial chemistries are created and studied in order to understand fundamental properties of chemical systems, including prebiotic evolution, as w... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,619 | In the 1994 science-fiction novel Permutation City by Greg Egan, brain-scanned emulated humans known as Copies inhabit a simulated world which includes the Autoverse, an artificial life simulator based on a cellular automaton complex enough to represent the substratum of an artificial chemistry. Tiny environments are s... | Artificial chemistry | 0.804352 |
31,620 | Learning can be used to improve the performance of a robotic system in a complex environment. However, providing safety guarantees during the learning process is one of the key challenges that prevents these algorithms from being applied to real world applications. This project explores advanced control and planning al... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804352 |
31,621 | Technology transfer in computer science refers to the transfer of technology developed in computer science or applied computing research, from universities and governments to the private sector. These technologies may be abstract, such as algorithms and data structures, or concrete, such as open source software package... | Technology transfer in computer science | 0.804352 |
31,622 | Notable examples of technology transfer in computer science include: == References == | Technology transfer in computer science | 0.804352 |
31,623 | There are tasks that cannot be done by a single robot alone. A group of robots collaborating on a task has the potential of being highly efficient, flexible and robust. If one robot fails, another robot could take its position. We use vision to achieve robot localization and navigation without using external infrastruc... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,624 | The goal is that MBZIRC 2020 will be based on autonomous aerial and ground robots, carrying out navigation and manipulation tasks, in unstructured, outdoor and indoor environments. All the sub-challenges involve cooperation between multiple UAVs and swarm-abilities. These Challenges are (1) grip a swinging ball hanging... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,625 | The glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm is an optimization technique developed for simultaneous capture of multiple optimums of multi-modal functions. The algorithm utilizes agents called glowworms which use a luminescent quantity called Luciferin to (indirectly) communicate the function-profile information at ... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,626 | This includes development of novel methods and tools for perception, mapping and path planning. Over the years research has extended in the fields of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), Aerial Robotics and machine vision. Recently there's been an emphasis on computer vision and Machine learning for improving ... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,627 | GCDSL was started with the primary aim of performing research in the fields of Swarm robotics, Multi-Robot Systems and Cooperative Robotics with applications to tasks such as cooperative transportation, robotic formations, cooperative search/rescue, and odor source localization. in MRL, several robotic platforms have b... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,628 | A quadrotor micro-air-vehicle (MAV) is a rotor-based craft with four rotors, usually placed at the corners of a square frame. The four motor speeds (and hence thrusts) are the control inputs which result in motion of the quadrotor. The dynamics of this vehicle are fast and highly coupled, and hence presents a challengi... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,629 | The Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory (GCDSL) is situated in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India. The Mobile Robotics Laboratory (MRL) is its experimental division. They are headed by Dr. Debasish Ghose, Full Professor.GCDSL was established in 1... | IISc Guidance, Control and Decision Systems Laboratory | 0.804351 |
31,630 | In these models the phase paths can "spiral in" towards zero, "spiral out" towards infinity, or reach neutrally stable situations called centres where the path traced out can be either circular, elliptical, or ovoid, or some variant thereof. This is useful in determining if the dynamics are stable or not.Other examples... | Phase plane | 0.804351 |
31,631 | In applied mathematics, in particular the context of nonlinear system analysis, a phase plane is a visual display of certain characteristics of certain kinds of differential equations; a coordinate plane with axes being the values of the two state variables, say (x, y), or (q, p) etc. (any pair of variables). It is a t... | Phase plane | 0.804351 |
31,632 | A two-dimensional system of linear differential equations can be written in the form: d x d t = A x + B y d y d t = C x + D y {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {dx}{dt}}&=Ax+By\\{\frac {dy}{dt}}&=Cx+Dy\end{aligned}}} which can be organized into a matrix equation: d d t = d v d t = A v . {\displaystyle {\begin{al... | Phase plane | 0.804351 |
31,633 | More commonly they are solved with the coefficients of the right hand side written in matrix form using eigenvalues λ, given by the determinant: det ( − λ I ) = 0 {\displaystyle \det \left({\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\\\end{bmatrix}}-\lambda \mathbf {I} \right)=0} and eigenvectors: x = λ x {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}... | Phase plane | 0.804351 |
31,634 | "The second ever computer worm was devised to be an anti-virus software. Named Reaper, it was created by Ray Tomlinson to replicate itself across the ARPANET and delete the experimental Creeper program (the first computer worm, 1971). On November 2, 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, a Cornell University computer science grad... | Helpful worm | 0.80435 |
31,635 | "Students in each country are selected for their country's team through national computing contests. Students at the IOI compete on an individual basis. There is no official team ranking. The IOI is one of the most prestigious computer science competitions in the world. UNESCO and IFIP are patrons. | International Olympiad in Informatics | 0.80435 |
31,636 | In mathematics, there exist magmas that are commutative but not associative. A simple example of such a magma may be derived from the children's game of rock, paper, scissors. Such magmas give rise to non-associative algebras. A magma which is both commutative and associative is a commutative semigroup. | Commutative magma | 0.80435 |
31,637 | A few years later, Zeleny captured the first time-lapse images of the dynamic liquid meniscus.Between 1964 and 1969 Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor produced the theoretical underpinning of electrospraying. Taylor modeled the shape of the cone formed by the fluid droplet under the effect of an electric field; this characteri... | Electrospray | 0.804348 |
31,638 | Under the effect of surface tension, the liquid meniscus assumes a semi-spherical shape at the tip of the emitter. Application of the positive voltage V {\displaystyle V\,} will induce the electric field: E = 2 V r ln ( 4 d / r ) {\displaystyle E={2V \over r\ln(4d/r)}} where r {\displaystyle r\,} is the liquid radius... | Electrospray | 0.804348 |
31,639 | Electrospray may be used in nanotechnology, for example to deposit single particles on surfaces. This is done by spraying colloids on average containing only one particle per droplet. The solvent evaporates, leaving an aerosol stream of single particles of the desired type. The ionizing property of the process is not c... | Electrospray | 0.804348 |
31,640 | Similarly to the standard electrospray, the application of high voltage to a polymer solution can result in the formation of a cone-jet geometry. If the jet turns into very fine fibers instead of breaking into small droplets, the process is known as electrospinning . | Electrospray | 0.804348 |
31,641 | A large number of organoboron compounds are known and many are useful in organic synthesis. Many are produced from hydroboration, which employs diborane, B2H6, a simple borane chemical. Organoboron(III) compounds are usually tetrahedral or trigonal planar, for example, tetraphenylborate, − vs. triphenylborane, B(C6H5)3... | Boron compounds | 0.804347 |
31,642 | Theoretical approaches to biological organization aim to understand the interdependence between the parts of organisms. They emphasize the circularities that these interdependences lead to. Theoretical biologists developed several concepts to formalize this idea. For example, abstract relational biology (ARB) is concer... | Mathematical and theoretical biology | 0.804342 |
31,643 | Molecular set theory (MST) is a mathematical formulation of the wide-sense chemical kinetics of biomolecular reactions in terms of sets of molecules and their chemical transformations represented by set-theoretical mappings between molecular sets. It was introduced by Anthony Bartholomay, and its applications were deve... | Mathematical and theoretical biology | 0.804342 |
31,644 | It can be useful in both theoretical and practical research. Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter. This requires precise mathematical models. Because of the complexity of the living s... | Mathematical and theoretical biology | 0.804342 |
31,645 | Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of the living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deal... | Mathematical and theoretical biology | 0.804342 |
31,646 | The earlier stages of mathematical biology were dominated by mathematical biophysics, described as the application of mathematics in biophysics, often involving specific physical/mathematical models of biosystems and their components or compartments. The following is a list of mathematical descriptions and their assump... | Mathematical and theoretical biology | 0.804342 |
31,647 | The number e is often defined by the formula Applying the binomial theorem to this expression yields the usual infinite series for e. In particular: The kth term of this sum is As n → ∞, the rational expression on the right approaches 1, and therefore This indicates that e can be written as a series: Indeed, since each... | Binomial formula | 0.804336 |
31,648 | For the complex numbers the binomial theorem can be combined with de Moivre's formula to yield multiple-angle formulas for the sine and cosine. According to De Moivre's formula, Using the binomial theorem, the expression on the right can be expanded, and then the real and imaginary parts can be taken to yield formulas ... | Binomial formula | 0.804336 |
31,649 | The binomial theorem can be generalized to include powers of sums with more than two terms. The general version is where the summation is taken over all sequences of nonnegative integer indices k1 through km such that the sum of all ki is n. (For each term in the expansion, the exponents must add up to n). The coeffici... | Binomial formula | 0.804336 |
31,650 | In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, it is possible to expand the polynomial (x + y)n into a sum involving terms of the form axbyc, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative integers with b + c = n, and... | Binomial formula | 0.804336 |
31,651 | Phenylphosphine is an organophosphorus compound with the chemical formula C6H5PH2. It is the phosphorus analog of aniline. Like other primary phosphines, phenylphosphine has an intense penetrating odor and is highly oxidizable. It is mainly used as a precursor to other organophosphorus compounds. It can function as a l... | Phenylphosphine | 0.804335 |
31,652 | Smart infrastructure would include ThinkAgile Software Defined Infrastructure which is optimized for a variety of workloads and designed to provide more efficient resource allocation to support business growth. An example of vertical use case would include DaystAR for remote monitoring of airline maintenance process, w... | Intelligent transformation | 0.804332 |
31,653 | There are multiple uses cases for smart manufacturing. In the healthcare industry, intelligent transformation can help to develop the next generation of radiology tools and help surgeons create more precise analytics for pathology images. For example, advanced machine learning methods developed can achieve more accurat... | Intelligent transformation | 0.804332 |
31,654 | Intelligent transformation takes place where devices and data center infrastructure work together to create end-to-end solutions. It addresses the needs of a customer and improves the performance of individual vertical industries. This takes place by leveraging big data analytics, machine learning, cloud computing, edg... | Intelligent transformation | 0.804332 |
31,655 | Intelligent transformation is the process of deriving better business and societal outcomes by leveraging smart devices, big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud technologies. | Intelligent transformation | 0.804332 |
31,656 | It so happened that, somewhat earlier, Fisher published his first paper concerned with fiducial distributions and fiducial argument. Quite unexpectedly, while the conceptual framework of fiducial argument is entirely different from that of confidence intervals, the specific solutions of several particular problems coin... | Confidence Interval | 0.804332 |
31,657 | The Helical engine is a proposed spacecraft propulsion drive that, like other reactionless drives, would violate the laws of physics.The concept was proposed by David M. Burns, formerly a NASA engineer at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, in a non-peer-reviewed report published on a NASA server in 2019 descr... | Helical engine | 0.80433 |
31,658 | The journal publishes papers in the general area of pattern recognition, including applications in the areas of image processing, computer vision, handwriting recognition, biometrics and biomedical signal processing. The journal awards the Pattern Recognition Society Medal to the best paper published in the journal eac... | Pattern Recognition (journal) | 0.80433 |
31,659 | A 2' x 4' petri plate filled with 14L (liters) of seaweed derived agar medium created by Harvard scientists that was used to see how E. coli evolved to be resistant to antibiotics. The mega plate also helped study more unique concepts of microbiology such as parallel evolution, mutation selection, colonial interference... | Agar plates | 0.804329 |
31,660 | Controlling the FDR using the linear step-up BH procedure, at level q, has several properties related to the dependency structure between the test statistics of the m null hypotheses that are being corrected for. If the test statistics are: Independent: F D R ≤ m 0 m q {\displaystyle \mathrm {FDR} \leq {\frac {m_{0}}{m... | False Discovery Rate | 0.804328 |
31,661 | Soric used the expected number of false discoveries divided by the number of discoveries ( E / R ) {\displaystyle \left(E/R\right)} as a warning that "a large part of statistical discoveries may be wrong". This led Benjamini and Hochberg to the idea that a similar error rate, rather than being merely a warning, can se... | False Discovery Rate | 0.804328 |
31,662 | The FDR concept was formally described by Yoav Benjamini and Yosef Hochberg in 1995 (BH procedure) as a less conservative and arguably more appropriate approach for identifying the important few from the trivial many effects tested. The FDR has been particularly influential, as it was the first alternative to the FWER ... | False Discovery Rate | 0.804328 |
31,663 | In statistics, the false discovery rate (FDR) is a method of conceptualizing the rate of type I errors in null hypothesis testing when conducting multiple comparisons. FDR-controlling procedures are designed to control the FDR, which is the expected proportion of "discoveries" (rejected null hypotheses) that are false ... | False Discovery Rate | 0.804328 |
31,664 | In the second season, her jacket has a large image of the fractal on the back. In Ian Stewart's 2001 book Flatterland, there is a character called the Mandelblot, who helps explain fractals to the characters and reader. The unfinished Alan Moore 1990 comic book series Big Numbers used Mandelbrot's work on fractal geome... | MLC conjecture | 0.804327 |
31,665 | The mathematical study of the Mandelbrot set really began with work by the mathematicians Adrien Douady and John H. Hubbard (1985), who established many of its fundamental properties and named the set in honor of Mandelbrot for his influential work in fractal geometry. The mathematicians Heinz-Otto Peitgen and Peter Ri... | MLC conjecture | 0.804327 |
31,666 | Ultrafinitism -- Unification (computer science) -- Unifying theories in mathematics -- Uniqueness quantification -- Universal logic -- Universal quantification -- Univocity -- Unspoken rule -- Use–mention distinction -- | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,667 | Dagfinn Føllesdal -- De Interpretatione -- De Morgan's laws -- Decidability (logic) -- Decidophobia -- Decision making -- Decisional balance sheet -- Deductive closure -- Deduction theorem -- Deductive fallacy -- Deductive reasoning -- Default logic -- Defeasible logic -- Defeasible reasoning -- Definable set -- Defini... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,668 | Object of the mind -- Occam's razor -- On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems -- One-sided argument -- Ontological commitment -- Open sentence -- Opinion -- Opposing Viewpoints series -- Ordered logic -- Organon -- Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem -- Osmund Lewry... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,669 | HPO formalism -- Halo effect -- Handbook of Automated Reasoning -- Hanlon's razor -- Hasty generalization -- Herbrandization -- Hetucakra -- Heyting algebra -- Higher-order predicate -- Higher-order thinking -- Historian's fallacy -- Historical fallacy -- History of logic -- History of the function concept -- Hold come... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,670 | Game semantics -- Ganto's Ax -- Geometry of interaction -- Gilles-Gaston Granger -- Gongsun Long -- Grammaticality -- Greedy reductionism -- Grundlagen der Mathematik -- | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,671 | Fa (concept) -- Fact -- Fallacies of definition -- Fallacy -- Fallacy of distribution -- Fallacy of four terms -- Fallacy of quoting out of context -- Fallacy of the four terms -- False attribution -- False dilemma -- False equivalence -- False premise -- Fictionalism -- Finitary relation -- Finite model property -- Fi... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,672 | Canonical form -- Canonical form (Boolean algebra) -- Cartesian circle -- Case-based reasoning -- Categorical logic -- Categories (Aristotle) -- Categories (Peirce) -- Category mistake -- Catuṣkoṭi -- Circular definition -- Circular reasoning -- Circular reference -- Circular reporting -- Circumscription (logic) -- Cir... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,673 | Backward chaining -- Barcan formula -- Begging the question -- Begriffsschrift -- Belief -- Belief bias -- Belief revision -- Benson Mates -- Bertrand Russell Society -- Biconditional elimination -- Biconditional introduction -- Bivalence and related laws -- Blue and Brown Books -- Boole's syllogistic -- Boolean algebr... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,674 | == A == A System of Logic -- A priori and a posteriori -- Abacus logic -- Abduction (logic) -- Abductive validation -- Academia Analitica -- Accuracy and precision -- Ad captandum -- Ad hoc hypothesis -- Ad hominem -- Affine logic -- Affirming the antecedent -- Affirming the consequent -- Algebraic logic -- Ambiguity -... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,675 | T-schema -- Tacit assumption -- Tarski's undefinability theorem -- Tautology (logic) -- Temporal logic -- Temporal parts -- Teorema (journal) -- Term (argumentation) -- Term logic -- Ternary logic -- Testability -- Tetralemma -- Textual case based reasoning -- The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures -- The F... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,676 | SEE-I -- Salva congruitate -- Salva veritate -- Satisfiability -- Scholastic logic -- School of Names -- Science of Logic -- Scientific temper -- Second-order predicate -- Segment addition postulate -- Self-reference -- Self-refuting idea -- Self-verifying theories -- Semantic theory of truth -- Semantics -- Sense and ... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,677 | Package-deal fallacy -- Panlogism -- Paraconsistent logic -- Paraconsistent logics -- Parade of horribles -- Paradox -- Pars destruens/pars construens -- Pathetic fallacy -- Persuasive definition -- Peter Simons (academic) -- Philosophia Mathematica -- Philosophical logic -- Philosophy of logic -- Peirce's law -- Plura... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,678 | Main contention -- Major term -- Markov's principle -- Martin Gardner bibliography -- Masked-man fallacy -- Material conditional -- Mathematical fallacy -- Mathematical logic -- Meaning (linguistics) -- Meaning (non-linguistic) -- Meaning (philosophy of language) -- Meaningless statement -- Megarian school -- Mental mo... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,679 | Language -- Language, Proof and Logic -- Lateral thinking -- Law of excluded middle -- Law of identity -- Law of non-contradiction -- Law of noncontradiction -- Law of thought -- Laws of Form -- Laws of logic -- Leap of faith -- Lemma (logic) -- Lexical definition -- Linear logic -- Linguistic and Philosophical Investi... | Index of logic articles | 0.804325 |
31,680 | In mathematics and mathematical biology, the Mackey–Glass equations, named after Michael Mackey and Leon Glass, refer to a family of delay differential equations whose behaviour manages to mimic both healthy and pathological behaviour in certain biological contexts, controlled by the equation's parameters. Originally, ... | Mackey–Glass equations | 0.804323 |
31,681 | While different definitions of the same term usually have significant overlap, due to the very technical nature of filters (and point–set topology), these differences in definitions nevertheless often have important consequences. When reading mathematical literature, it is recommended that readers check how the termino... | Filter (set theory) | 0.804322 |
31,682 | John Dalton (; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist. He is best known for introducing the atomic theory into chemistry, and for his research into colour blindness, which he had. Colour blindness is known as Daltonism in several languages, being named after him. | Dalton's atomic theory | 0.804322 |
31,683 | The groups of order pn and nilpotency class n − 1 were the beginning of the classification of all p-groups via coclass. The modular maximal-cyclic group of order 2n always has nilpotency class 2. This makes the modular maximal-cyclic group less interesting, since most groups of order pn for large n have nilpotency clas... | Quasi-dihedral group | 0.804322 |
31,684 | The basic expression for the DWF is given by DWF = ⟨ exp ( i q ⋅ u ) ⟩ 2 {\displaystyle {\text{DWF}}=\left\langle \exp \left(i\mathbf {q} \cdot \mathbf {u} \right)\right\rangle ^{2}} where u is the displacement of a scattering center, and ⟨ … ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle \ldots \rangle } denotes either thermal or time av... | Debye–Waller factor | 0.804321 |
31,685 | The Debye–Waller factor (DWF), named after Peter Debye and Ivar Waller, is used in condensed matter physics to describe the attenuation of x-ray scattering or coherent neutron scattering caused by thermal motion. It is also called the B factor, atomic B factor, or temperature factor. Often, "Debye–Waller factor" is use... | Debye–Waller factor | 0.804321 |
31,686 | But, according to the convolution theorem, Fourier transforming a convolution is the same as multiplying the two Fourier transformed functions. Set the displacement between the location in space for which we would like to know the scattering density and the position for the nucleus equal to a new variable v → = x → − x... | Debye–Waller factor | 0.804321 |
31,687 | Background on the quantum mechanics involved may be found in Sakurai and Napolitano's Modern Quantum Mechanics.Scattering experiments often consist of a particle with initial crystal momentum k → {\displaystyle {\vec {k}}} incident on a solid. The particle passes through a potential distributed in space, V ( r → ) {\di... | Debye–Waller factor | 0.804321 |
31,688 | Studierfenster or StudierFenster (SF) is a free, non-commercial open science client/server-based medical imaging processing online framework. It offers capabilities, like viewing medical data (computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc.) in two- and three-dimensional space directly in the standard ... | Studierfenster | 0.804319 |
31,689 | Source: ACS - Division of Biological Chemistry | Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes | 0.804319 |
31,690 | The Repligen Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes was established in 1985 and consists of a silver medal and honorarium. Its purpose is to acknowledge and encourage outstanding contributions to the understanding of the chemistry of biological processes, with particular emphasis on structure, function, and mechani... | Repligen Corporation Award in Chemistry of Biological Processes | 0.804319 |
31,691 | In the field of software engineering, a profile diagram operates at the metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes with the «stereotype» stereotype, and profiles as packages with the «profile» stereotype. The extension relation (solid line with closed, filled arrowhead) indicates what metamodel element a given ster... | Profile diagram | 0.804319 |
31,692 | Other possible solutions to lengthen durability of the membrane include modification of the membrane material repellent to water and oil, air-backwashing and membrane surface geometry modification. These solutions are costly and require further research and development to optimise the durability and efficiency of membr... | Wetting solution | 0.804318 |
31,693 | This three-pronged attack has achieved considerable success, especially during the last ten years, so that now the paradox may be regarded as largely resolved. "For many paradoxes in physics, their resolution often lies in transcending the available theory. In the case of d'Alembert's paradox, the essential mechanism f... | D'Alembert's paradox | 0.804318 |
31,694 | A physical paradox indicates flaws in the theory. Fluid mechanics was thus discredited by engineers from the start, which resulted in an unfortunate split – between the field of hydraulics, observing phenomena which could not be explained, and theoretical fluid mechanics explaining phenomena which could not be observed... | D'Alembert's paradox | 0.804318 |
31,695 | Substituting this back into the volume integral and another application of the divergence theorem again. This yields Substituting this in (3), we find that The fluid cannot penetrate the body and thus n · u = n · v on the body surface. So ∑ i n i v i = ∑ i n i u i {\textstyle \sum _{i}n_{i}\,v_{i}=\sum _{i}n_{i}\,u_{i}... | D'Alembert's paradox | 0.804318 |
31,696 | The kth component of this equation reads Let V be the volume occupied by the fluid. The divergence theorem says that The right-hand side is an integral over an infinite volume, so this needs some justification, which can be provided by appealing to potential theory to show that the velocity u must fall off as r−3 – cor... | D'Alembert's paradox | 0.804318 |
31,697 | Basic spatial sampling schemes include random, clustered and systematic. These basic schemes can be applied at multiple levels in a designated spatial hierarchy (e.g., urban area, city, neighborhood). It is also possible to exploit ancillary data, for example, using property values as a guide in a spatial sampling sche... | Spatial analyses | 0.804317 |
31,698 | Local spatial autocorrelation statistics provide estimates disaggregated to the level of the spatial analysis units, allowing assessment of the dependency relationships across space. G {\displaystyle G} statistics compare neighborhoods to a global average and identify local regions of strong autocorrelation. Local vers... | Spatial analyses | 0.804317 |
31,699 | Spatial autocorrelation that is more positive than expected from random indicate the clustering of similar values across geographic space, while significant negative spatial autocorrelation indicates that neighboring values are more dissimilar than expected by chance, suggesting a spatial pattern similar to a chess boa... | Spatial analyses | 0.804317 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.