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33,000 | Newtonian physics assumes that absolute time and space exist outside of any observer; this gives rise to Galilean invariance. It also results in a prediction that the speed of light can vary from one reference frame to another. This is contrary to observation. In the special theory of relativity, Einstein keeps the pos... | Linear Momentum | 0.803639 |
33,001 | It graphically depicts the ratios of the three variables as positions in an equilateral triangle. It is used in petrology, mineralogy, metallurgy, and other physical sciences to show the compositions of systems composed of three species. In population genetics, it is often called a de Finetti diagram. | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,002 | They evolved from Arthur Bowley's work in the early 1900s, and are useful tools in exploratory data analysis. Unlike histograms, stemplots retain the original data to at least two significant digits, and put the data in order, thereby easing the move to order-based inference and non-parametric statistics. Star plot: A ... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,003 | This method of statistics was first used to track routing through factories. Visualizing flow in this manner can reduce inefficiency within the flow of a system. Stemplot: A stemplot (or stem-and-leaf plot), in statistics, is a device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram, to as... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,004 | The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. Shmoo plot: In electrical engineering, a shmoo plot is a graphical display of the response of a compon... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,005 | An example of the kind of differences that can be tested for is non-normality of the population distribution. Recurrence plot: In descriptive statistics and chaos theory, a recurrence plot (RP) is a plot showing, for a given moment in time, the times at which a phase space. In other words, it is a graph of x → ( i ) ≈ ... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,006 | The data are plotted against a theoretical distribution in such a way that the points should form approximately a straight line. Departures from this straight line indicate departures from the specified distribution. Q–Q plot: In statistics, a Q–Q plot (Q stands for quantile) is a graphical method for diagnosing differ... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,007 | Partial regression plots are also referred to as added variable plots, adjusted variable plots, and individual coefficient plots. Partial residual plot: In applied statistics, a partial residual plot is a graphical technique that attempts to show the relationship between a given independent variable and the response va... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,008 | It is represented by a graph in polar coordinates in which the gain and phase of a frequency response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as the angle and the magnitude as the distance from the origin. Partial regression plot: In applied statistics, a partial regression plot attempts to sho... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,009 | In the last twenty years, similar meta-analytical techniques have been applied in observational studies (e.g. environmental epidemiology) and forest plots are often used in presenting the results of such studies also. Galbraith plot: In statistics, a Galbraith plot (also known as Galbraith's radial plot or just radial ... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,010 | It is used primarily as a visual aid to detecting bias or systematic heterogeneity. Dot plot (statistics): A dot chart or dot plot is a statistical chart consisting of group of data points plotted on a simple scale. Dot plots are used for continuous, quantitative, univariate data. | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,011 | Arrhenius plot: This plot compares the logarithm of a reaction rate ( ln ( k ) {\displaystyle \ln(k)} , ordinate axis) plotted against inverse temperature ( 1 / T {\displaystyle 1/T} , abscissa). Arrhenius plots are often used to analyze the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. Dot plot (bioinfor... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,012 | Dalitz plot: This a scatterplot often used in particle physics to represent the relative frequency of various (kinematically distinct) manners in which the products of certain (otherwise similar) three-body decays may move apart Funnel plot: This is a useful graph designed to check the existence of publication bias in ... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,013 | Box plot: In descriptive statistics, a boxplot, also known as a box-and-whisker diagram or plot, is a convenient way of graphically depicting groups of numerical data through their five-number summaries (the smallest observation, lower quartile (Q1), median (Q2), upper quartile (Q3), and largest observation). A boxplot... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,014 | It is identical to a Tukey mean-difference plot, which is what it is still known as in other fields, but was popularised in medical statistics by Bland and Altman. Bode plots are used in control theory. | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,015 | A generalised biplot displays information on both continuous and categorical variables. Bland–Altman plot: In analytical chemistry and biostatistics this plot is a method of data plotting used in analysing the agreement between two different assays. | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,016 | Biplot: These are a type of graph used in statistics. A biplot allows information on both samples and variables of a data matrix to be displayed graphically. Samples are displayed as points while variables are displayed either as vectors, linear axes or nonlinear trajectories. In the case of categorical variables, cate... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,017 | Plots play an important role in statistics and data analysis. The procedures here can broadly be split into two parts: quantitative and graphical. Quantitative techniques are a set of statistical procedures that yield numeric or tabular output. Examples of quantitative techniques include: hypothesis testing analysis of... | Data plot | 0.803638 |
33,018 | In mathematics, Pappus's centroid theorem (also known as the Guldinus theorem, Pappus–Guldinus theorem or Pappus's theorem) is either of two related theorems dealing with the surface areas and volumes of surfaces and solids of revolution. The theorems are attributed to Pappus of Alexandria and Paul Guldin. Pappus's sta... | Pappus's centroid theorem | 0.803638 |
33,019 | Macroglossa enters beta stage in September 2011 and at the same time open to the public the opportunity to use the developed interfaces ( Api for web and mobile applications ) in order to expand the use of the engine in the B2B and B2C fields. Macroglossa becomes a SaaS. API are distributed on three levels: free, basic... | Macroglossa Visual Search | 0.803638 |
33,020 | In general, one can generate an n {\displaystyle n} dimensional solid by rotating an n − p {\displaystyle n-p} dimensional solid F {\displaystyle F} around a p {\displaystyle p} dimensional sphere. This is called an n {\displaystyle n} -solid of revolution of species p {\displaystyle p} . Let the p {\displaystyle p} -t... | Pappus's centroid theorem | 0.803638 |
33,021 | In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, an elastic pendulum (also called spring pendulum or swinging spring) is a physical system where a piece of mass is connected to a spring so that the resulting motion contains elements of both a simple pendulum and a one-dimensional spring-mass system. The sy... | Spring pendulum | 0.803638 |
33,022 | Power Plant Engineering or Power Plant Engineering (English: Power Plant Engineering) abbreviated as TPTL is a branch of the field of Energy engineering , and is defined as the engineering and technology required for the production of an electric power station. Technique is focused on power generation for industry and ... | Power plant engineering | 0.803635 |
33,023 | The most well-known may be the geodesic domes, hemispherical architectural structures designed by Buckminster Fuller, which geodesic polyhedra are named after. Geodesic grids used in geodesy also have the geometry of geodesic polyhedra. The capsids of some viruses have the shape of geodesic polyhedra, and some pollen g... | Geodesic polyhedra | 0.803634 |
33,024 | (The theories that have been proved consistent by these methods are quite strong, and include most "ordinary" mathematics.) Although there is no algorithm for deciding the truth of statements in Peano arithmetic, there are many interesting and non-trivial theories for which such algorithms have been found. For example,... | Hilbert's Program | 0.803634 |
33,025 | An example of a non-trivial theory for which completeness has been proved is the theory of algebraically closed fields of given characteristic. The question of whether there are finitary consistency proofs of strong theories is difficult to answer, mainly because there is no generally accepted definition of a "finitary... | Hilbert's Program | 0.803634 |
33,026 | The results implied that natural selection would work on Mendelian genes, helping to bring about the unification of Darwinian evolution and genetics.Similar work in America by Edward East on maize in 1910 showed the same thing for biologists without access to Nilsson-Ehle's work. On the same theme, the mathematician Ro... | Mutation pressure | 0.803632 |
33,027 | The energy systems language, also referred to as energese, or energy circuit language, or generic systems symbols, is a modelling language used for composing energy flow diagrams in the field of systems ecology. It was developed by Howard T. Odum and colleagues in the 1950s during studies of the tropical forests funded... | Energy Systems Language | 0.803622 |
33,028 | However Odum was interested not only in the electronic circuits themselves, but also in how they might be used as formal analogies for modeling other systems which also had energy flowing through them. As a result, Odum did not restrict his inquiry to the analysis and synthesis of any one system in isolation. The disci... | Energy Systems Language | 0.803622 |
33,029 | The design intent of the energy systems language was to facilitate the generic depiction of energy flows through any scale system while encompassing the laws of physics, and in particular, the laws of thermodynamics (see energy transformation for an example). In particular H.T. Odum aimed to produce a language which co... | Energy Systems Language | 0.803622 |
33,030 | The minimum description length (MDL) principle has been developed from ideas in information theory and the theory of Kolmogorov complexity. The (MDL) principle selects statistical models that maximally compress the data; inference proceeds without assuming counterfactual or non-falsifiable "data-generating mechanisms" ... | Inferential statistics | 0.803621 |
33,031 | Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inference is sometimes used instead to mean "make a pre... | Inferential statistics | 0.803621 |
33,032 | The density of water is about 1000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3, because the size of the gram was originally based on the mass of a cubic centimetre of water. In chemistry, g/cm3 is more commonly used. | Kilogram per cubic metre | 0.80362 |
33,033 | Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials. It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with ... | Solid-state chemistry | 0.80362 |
33,034 | Because of its direct relevance to products of commerce, solid state inorganic chemistry has been strongly driven by technology. Progress in the field has often been fueled by the demands of industry, sometimes in collaboration with academia. Applications discovered in the 20th century include zeolite and platinum-base... | Solid-state chemistry | 0.80362 |
33,035 | In common mathematical parlance, a mathematical result is called folklore if it is an unpublished result with no clear originator, but which is well-circulated and believed to be true among the specialists. More specifically, folk mathematics, or mathematical folklore, is the body of theorems, definitions, proofs, fact... | Mathematical folklore | 0.803618 |
33,036 | Pál Turán's suggestion that weak coffee was only suitable for lemma. The "turtles all the way down" story told by Stephen Hawking. Fermat's lost simple proof. The unwieldy proof and associated controversies of the Four Color Theorem. | Mathematical folklore | 0.803618 |
33,037 | Richard Feynman cracking safes in the Manhattan Project. Alfréd Rényi's definition of a mathematician: "a device for turning coffee into theorems". | Mathematical folklore | 0.803618 |
33,038 | In theoretical physics, the Madelung equations, or the equations of quantum hydrodynamics, are Erwin Madelung's equivalent alternative formulation of the Schrödinger equation, written in terms of hydrodynamical variables, similar to the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. The derivation of the Madelung equations... | Madelung equations | 0.803617 |
33,039 | Therefore, the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation are free energies, which differ from the internal energies of the system. The particle internal energy is calculated as and is related to the local Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker correction. In the case of a quantum harmonic oscillator, for instance, one can easily ... | Madelung equations | 0.803617 |
33,040 | The Madelung equations are derived by writing the wavefunction in polar form: and substituting this form into the Schrödinger equation The flow velocity is defined by from which we also find that where j {\displaystyle \mathbf {j} } is the probability current of standard quantum mechanics. The quantum force, which is t... | Madelung equations | 0.803617 |
33,041 | If there are 100 employees, then each employee would have a record (e.g. called Employee Personal Details record) and the collection of 100 such records would constitute a file (in this case, called Employee Personal Details file). Files are integrated into a database. This is done using a Database Management System. I... | Data hierarchy | 0.803615 |
33,042 | The Hinterberger–Konig geometry consists of a 42.43° electric sector, a long intermediate drift length and a 130° magnetic sector of the same curvature direction. | Magnetic sector | 0.803615 |
33,043 | Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural networks that more closely mimic natural neural networks. In addition to neuronal and synaptic state, SNNs incorporate the concept of time into their operating model. The idea is that neurons in the SNN do not transmit information at each propagation cycle (as it hap... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,044 | The second challenge concerns the implementation of the optimization algorithm itself. Standard BP can be expensive in terms of computation, memory, and communication and may be poorly suited to the constraints dictated by the hardware that implements it (e.g., a computer, brain, or neuromorphic device). Regarding the ... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,045 | The first challenge concerns the nondifferentiability of the spiking nonlinearity. The expressions for both the forward- and backward-learning methods contain the derivative of the neural activation function which is non-differentiable because neuron's output is either 1 when it spikes, and 0 otherwise. This all-or-not... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,046 | SNNs have much larger computational costs for simulating realistic neural models than traditional ANNs.Pulse-coupled neural networks (PCNN) are often confused with SNNs. A PCNN can be seen as a kind of SNN. Currently there are a few challenges when using SNNs that researchers are actively working on. | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,047 | SNNs consider space by connecting neurons only to nearby neurons so that they process input blocks separately (similar to CNN using filters). They consider time by encoding information as pulse trains so as not to lose information in a binary encoding. This avoids the additional complexity of a recurrent neural network... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,048 | Encoding schemes have been constructed to interpret these pulse sequences as a number, taking into account both pulse frequency and pulse interval. A neural network model based on pulse generation time can be established. Using the exact time of pulse occurrence, a neural network can employ more information and offer b... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,049 | When a neuron is activated, it produces a signal that is passed to connected neurons, raising or lowering their membrane potential. In a spiking neural network, a neuron's current state is defined as its membrane potential (possibly modeled as a differential equation). An input pulse causes the membrane potential to ri... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,050 | Information in the brain is represented as action potentials (neuron spikes), which may be grouped into spike trains or even coordinated waves of brain activity. A fundamental question of neuroscience is to determine whether neurons communicate by a rate or temporal code. Temporal coding suggests that a single spiking ... | Spiking neural network | 0.803611 |
33,051 | Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections between the elements or act... | Network Science | 0.803611 |
33,052 | Multilayer networks are networks with multiple kinds of relations. Attempts to model real-world systems as multidimensional networks have been used in various fields such as social network analysis, economics, history, urban and international transport, ecology, psychology, medicine, biology, commerce, climatology, phy... | Network Science | 0.803611 |
33,053 | Rete II gives about a 100 to 1 order of magnitude performance improvement in more complex problems as shown by KnowledgeBased Systems Corporation benchmarks. Rete II can be characterized by two areas of improvement; specific optimizations relating to the general performance of the Rete network (including the use of has... | Rete algorithm | 0.803606 |
33,054 | A possible variation is to introduce additional memories for each intermediate node in the discrimination network. This increases the overhead of the Rete, but may have advantages in situations where rules are dynamically added to or removed from the Rete, making it easier to vary the topology of the discrimination net... | Rete algorithm | 0.803606 |
33,055 | It is also exploited as a reasonably efficient mechanism for performing highly combinatorial evaluations of facts where large numbers of joins must be performed between fact tuples. Other approaches to performing rule evaluation, such as the use of decision trees, or the implementation of sequential engines, may be mor... | Rete algorithm | 0.803606 |
33,056 | Several optimizations for Rete have been identified and described in academic literature. Several of these, however, apply only in very specific scenarios, and therefore often have little or no application in a general-purpose rules engine. In addition, alternative algorithms such as TREAT, developed by Daniel P. Miran... | Rete algorithm | 0.803606 |
33,057 | The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a biological database that collects DNA sequences. It is located at the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) in the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan. It is also a member of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration or INSDC. It exchanges its data with European Molecul... | DNA Data Bank of Japan | 0.803606 |
33,058 | Natural Product Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on natural products chemistry. It was established in 1992 by Atta-ur-Rahman. | Natural Product Research | 0.803603 |
33,059 | For example, photons engage in so many collisions on the way from the core of the Sun that radiant energy can take about a million years to reach the surface; however, once in open space, a photon takes only 8.3 minutes to reach Earth.Photons can also be absorbed by nuclei, atoms or molecules, provoking transitions bet... | Incident photon | 0.803603 |
33,060 | These two spin components correspond to the classical concepts of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light. However, the transient virtual photons of quantum electrodynamics may also adopt unphysical polarization states.In the prevailing Standard Model of physics, the photon is one of four gauge bosons i... | Incident photon | 0.803603 |
33,061 | The nonlinear process of spontaneous parametric down conversion is often used to produce single-photon states. Finally, photons are essential in some aspects of optical communication, especially for quantum cryptography.Two-photon physics studies interactions between photons, which are rare. In 2018, MIT researchers an... | Incident photon | 0.803603 |
33,062 | Progression of Animals (or On the Gait of Animals; Greek: Περὶ πορείας ζῴων; Latin: De incessu animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology. It gives details of gait and movement in various kinds of animals, as well as speculating over the structural homologies among living things.Aristotle sets out to "disc... | Progression of Animals | 0.803602 |
33,063 | Racemic crystallography is a technique used in structural biology where crystals of a protein molecule are developed from an equimolar mixture of an L-protein molecule of natural chirality and its D-protein mirror image. L-protein molecules consist of 'left-handed' L-amino acids and the achiral amino acid glycine, wher... | Racemic crystallography | 0.803599 |
33,064 | The shape dynamics formulation of gravity possesses a physical Hamiltonian that generates evolution of spatial conformal geometry. This disentangles the problem of time in quantum gravity: The gauge problem (the choice of foliation in the spacetime description) is replaced by the problem of finding spatial conformal ge... | Shape dynamics | 0.803598 |
33,065 | Barbour implemented these principles in collaboration with Niall Ó Murchadha, Edward Anderson, Brendan Foster and Bryan Kelleher to derive the ADM formalism in constant mean curvature gauge. This did not implement Mach's principle, because the predictions of general relativity in constant mean curvature gauge depend on... | Shape dynamics | 0.803598 |
33,066 | In theoretical physics, shape dynamics is a theory of gravity that implements Mach's principle, developed with the specific goal to obviate the problem of time and thereby open a new path toward the resolution of incompatibilities between general relativity and quantum mechanics. Shape dynamics is dynamically equivalen... | Shape dynamics | 0.803598 |
33,067 | It has been utilized to identify 180,000 alternate ORFs within previously annotated coding regions found in humans. Newly discovered ORFs such as these are verified using a variety of reverse genetics techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) disruption. Attempts at proof-by-synthesis are also... | Gene overlap | 0.803596 |
33,068 | Standardized methods such as genome annotation may be inappropriate for the detection of overlapping genes as they are reliant on already curated genes while overlapping genes are generally overlooked contain atypical sequence composition. Genome annotation standards are also often biased against feature overlaps, such... | Gene overlap | 0.803596 |
33,069 | This is in contrast to other possible representations of locally varying variability, where the variability might be modelled as being driven by a separate time-varying process, as in a doubly stochastic model. In recent work on model-free analyses, wavelet transform based methods (for example locally stationary wavele... | Time series | 0.803596 |
33,070 | Department of Developmental Genetics (Bernhard Herrmann) Department of Genome Regulation (Alexander Meissner) Genome Regulation Group (Alexander Meissner) Stem Cell Chromatin Group (Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu) Lab for Human Brain & Neural Stem Cell Studies (Yechiel Elkabetz) Precision Gene Control group (Denes Hnisz) Cellu... | Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics | 0.803593 |
33,071 | The Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics is a research institute for molecular genetics based in Berlin, Germany. It is part of the Max Planck Institute network of the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science. | Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics | 0.803593 |
33,072 | To actively promote good practices, it has become involved in the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). IARCS is involved in all aspects of training and selection of the young talent to represent the country at this prestigious Olympiad. It also recognizes a role for itself in correcting the biases in the curren... | Indian Association for Research in Computing Science | 0.803592 |
33,073 | IARCS aims at promoting excellence in Computing. It does so by facilitating interaction amongst its members, acting as a bridge between Academia and Industry and finally by elevating the quality of Computer Science education within the country. IARCS runs the hugely successful and the longest running conference in comp... | Indian Association for Research in Computing Science | 0.803592 |
33,074 | The Indian Association for Research in Computing Science (IARCS) provides leadership in computing within India. Its members are leading researchers in Computer Science drawn from major institutions from all over the country. Madhavan Mukund is the President of the association as of 2016. | Indian Association for Research in Computing Science | 0.803592 |
33,075 | This fails to account for anomalous features and produces only approximate results. Furthermore, it cannot help model the influence of environmental factors which affect pore geometry. A number of more complex models have been proposed, including fractals, bubble theory, cracking theory, Boolean grain process, packed s... | Soil morphology | 0.803591 |
33,076 | As demonstrated by the examples that follows, under certain circumstance, it may be possible to characterize a more general final topology in terms of coherence with subspaces. Let F := { f i: i ∈ I } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}:=\left\{f_{i}:i\in I\right\}} be a family of X {\displaystyle X} -valued maps with each m... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,077 | In contrast, if S {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} } is the set of all singleton subsets of ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} (each set being endowed with its unique topology) then ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} is coherent with S {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} } if and only if τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the discrete topo... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,078 | {\displaystyle \left(S,\tau \vert _{S}\right).} For example, if O {\displaystyle \mathbb {O} } is a cover of a topological space ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} by open subspaces (i.e. open subsets of ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} endowed with the subspace topology) then τ {\displaystyle \tau } is coherent wi... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,079 | Let ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} be a topological space and let S {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} } be a family of subspaces of ( X , τ ) {\displaystyle (X,\tau )} where importantly, the word "subspace" is used to indicate that each subset S ∈ S {\displaystyle S\in \mathbb {S} } is endowed with the subspace topology ... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,080 | The final topology is also the topology that every direct limit in the category of topological spaces is endowed with, and it is in the context of direct limits that the final topology often appears. A topology is coherent with some collection of subspaces if and only if it is the final topology induced by the natural ... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,081 | In general topology and related areas of mathematics, the final topology (or coinduced, strong, colimit, or inductive topology) on a set X , {\displaystyle X,} with respect to a family of functions from topological spaces into X , {\displaystyle X,} is the finest topology on X {\displaystyle X} that makes all those fun... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,082 | Suppose that τ {\displaystyle \tau } is a topology on X {\displaystyle X} and for every index i ∈ I , {\displaystyle i\in I,} the image Im f i := f i ( Y i ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} f_{i}:=f_{i}(Y_{i})} is endowed with the subspace topology τ | Im f i {\displaystyle \tau \vert _{\operatorname {Im} f_{i}}}... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,083 | {\displaystyle UY.} The final topology construction can then be described as a functor from ( U Y ↓ Δ ′ ) {\displaystyle \left(UY\,\downarrow \,\Delta ^{\prime }\right)} to ( Y ↓ Δ ) . {\displaystyle (Y\,\downarrow \,\Delta ).} This functor is left adjoint to the corresponding forgetful functor. | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,084 | In the language of category theory, the final topology construction can be described as follows. Let Y {\displaystyle Y} be a functor from a discrete category J {\displaystyle J} to the category of topological spaces Top that selects the spaces Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} for i ∈ J . {\displaystyle i\in J.} Let Δ {\displ... | Final topology | 0.80359 |
33,085 | In 2019, Materials Data, also known as MDI, merged with ICDD. Materials Data creates JADE software used to collect, analyze, and simulate XRD data and solve issues in an array of materials science projects. In 2020, the ICDD and the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) announced a data partnership. The CCDC cu... | Powder Diffraction File | 0.80359 |
33,086 | In subsequent work, Witten showed that the (2,0)-theory could be used to understand a concept in mathematics called Khovanov homology. Developed by Mikhail Khovanov around 2000, Khovanov homology provides a tool in knot theory, the branch of mathematics that studies and classifies the different shapes of knots. Another... | M theory | 0.803589 |
33,087 | For example, Luis Alday, Davide Gaiotto, and Yuji Tachikawa showed that by compactifying this theory on a surface, one obtains a four-dimensional quantum field theory, and there is a duality known as the AGT correspondence which relates the physics of this theory to certain physical concepts associated with the surface... | M theory | 0.803589 |
33,088 | Because of the difficulties with G2 manifolds, most attempts to construct realistic theories of physics based on M-theory have taken a more indirect approach to compactifying eleven-dimensional spacetime. One approach, pioneered by Witten, Hořava, Burt Ovrut, and others, is known as heterotic M-theory. In this approach... | M theory | 0.803589 |
33,089 | Interest in eleven-dimensional supergravity soon waned as various flaws in this scheme were discovered. One of the problems was that the laws of physics appear to distinguish between clockwise and counterclockwise, a phenomenon known as chirality. Edward Witten and others observed this chirality property cannot be read... | M theory | 0.803589 |
33,090 | In the 1980s several new physics theories attempting to combine gravitation and quantum mechanics suggested that matter and anti-matter would be affected slightly differently by gravity. Combined with Dicke's claims there appeared to be a possibility that such a difference could be measured, this led to a new series of... | Eötvös torsion balance | 0.803588 |
33,091 | The Eötvös experiment was a famous physics experiment that measured the correlation between inertial mass and gravitational mass, demonstrating that the two were one and the same, something that had long been suspected but never demonstrated with the same accuracy. The earliest experiments were done by Isaac Newton (16... | Eötvös torsion balance | 0.803588 |
33,092 | Such increasingly quantitative work gave rise to numerous biological neuron models and models of neural computation. As a result of the increasing interest about the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists during the 20th century. For examp... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,093 | The first freestanding neuroscience department (then called Psychobiology) was founded in 1964 at the University of California, Irvine by James L. McGaugh. This was followed by the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School, which was founded in 1966 by Stephen Kuffler. In the process of treating epilepsy, Wi... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,094 | Eric Kandel and collaborators have cited David Rioch, Francis O. Schmitt, and Stephen Kuffler as having played critical roles in establishing the field. Rioch originated the integration of basic anatomical and physiological research with clinical psychiatry at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, starting in the... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,095 | The localization of function hypothesis was supported by observations of epileptic patients conducted by John Hughlings Jackson, who correctly inferred the organization of the motor cortex by watching the progression of seizures through the body. Carl Wernicke further developed the theory of the specialization of speci... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,096 | This view was generally accepted until the Roman physician Galen, a follower of Hippocrates and physician to Roman gladiators, observed that his patients lost their mental faculties when they had sustained damage to their brains.Abulcasis, Averroes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, and Maimonides, active in the Medieval Muslim worl... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,097 | In the United States, large organizations such as the Society for Neuroscience have promoted neuroscience education by developing a primer called Brain Facts, collaborating with public school teachers to develop Neuroscience Core Concepts for K-12 teachers and students, and cosponsoring a campaign with the Dana Foundat... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,098 | In addition to conducting traditional research in laboratory settings, neuroscientists have also been involved in the promotion of awareness and knowledge about the nervous system among the general public and government officials. Such promotions have been done by both individual neuroscientists and large organizations... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
33,099 | Recently, the boundaries between various specialties have blurred, as they are all influenced by basic research in neuroscience. For example, brain imaging enables objective biological insight into mental illnesses, which can lead to faster diagnosis, more accurate prognosis, and improved monitoring of patient progress... | Neuroscience | 0.803588 |
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