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4,300 | In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only. | Lists of physics equations | 0.828607 |
4,301 | Then the index of z {\displaystyle z} with respect to γ {\displaystyle \gamma } ,is (i) integer-valued, i.e., I n d γ ( z ) ∈ Z {\displaystyle \mathrm {Ind} _{\gamma }(z)\in \mathbb {Z} } for all z ∈ Ω {\displaystyle z\in \Omega } ; (ii) constant over each component (i.e., maximal connected subset) of Ω {\displaystyle ... | Winding number | 0.828588 |
4,302 | This is a special case of the famous Cauchy integral formula. Some of the basic properties of the winding number in the complex plane are given by the following theorem:Theorem. Let γ: → C {\displaystyle \gamma :\to \mathbb {C} } be a closed path and let Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } be the set complement of the image of ... | Winding number | 0.828588 |
4,303 | Winding numbers play a very important role throughout complex analysis (c.f. the statement of the residue theorem). In the context of complex analysis, the winding number of a closed curve γ {\displaystyle \gamma } in the complex plane can be expressed in terms of the complex coordinate z = x + iy. Specifically, if we ... | Winding number | 0.828588 |
4,304 | In polygons, the turning number is referred to as the polygon density. For convex polygons, and more generally simple polygons (not self-intersecting), the density is 1, by the Jordan curve theorem. By contrast, for a regular star polygon {p/q}, the density is q. | Winding number | 0.828588 |
4,305 | In mathematics, the winding number or winding index of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that curve travels counterclockwise around the point, i.e., the curve's number of turns. For certain open plane curves, the number of turns may be non-integer. The... | Winding number | 0.828588 |
4,306 | New MCR's are found by building a chemical library from combinatorial chemistry or by combining existing MCR's. For example, a 7-component MCR results from combining the Ugi reaction with the Asinger reaction. MCR's are an important tool in new drug discovery. MCR's can often be extended into combinatorial, solid phase... | Multi-component reaction | 0.828587 |
4,307 | Notable theorems proved using homology include the following: The Brouwer fixed point theorem: If f is any continuous map from the ball Bn to itself, then there is a fixed point a ∈ B n {\displaystyle a\in B^{n}} with f ( a ) = a . {\displaystyle f(a)=a.} Invariance of domain: If U is an open subset of R n {\displaysty... | Homology theories | 0.828576 |
4,308 | The maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a subshell is given by 2(2l + 1). This gives two electrons in an s subshell, six electrons in a p subshell, ten electrons in a d subshell and fourteen electrons in an f subshell. The numbers of electrons that can occupy each shell and each subshell arise from the eq... | Electron shell configuration | 0.828575 |
4,309 | In atoms where a subshell is unoccupied despite higher subshells being occupied (as is the case in some ions, as well as certain neutral atoms shown to deviate from the Madelung rule), the empty subshell is either denoted with a superscript 0 or left out altogether. For example, neutral palladium may be written as eith... | Electron shell configuration | 0.828575 |
4,310 | This convention is useful as it is the electrons in the outermost shell that most determine the chemistry of the element. For a given configuration, the order of writing the orbitals is not completely fixed since only the orbital occupancies have physical significance. For example, the electron configuration of the tit... | Electron shell configuration | 0.828575 |
4,311 | Bohr was well aware of this shortcoming (and others), and had written to his friend Wolfgang Pauli in 1923 to ask for his help in saving quantum theory (the system now known as "old quantum theory"). Pauli hypothesized successfully that the Zeeman effect can be explained as depending only on the response of the outermo... | Electron shell configuration | 0.828575 |
4,312 | In molecular orbital theory, this leads to molecular orbitals that are singly occupied. In computational chemistry implementations of molecular orbital theory, open-shell molecules have to be handled by either the restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock method or the unrestricted Hartree–Fock method. Conversely a closed-she... | Electron shell configuration | 0.828575 |
4,313 | Many graph-based data structures are used in computer science and related fields: Graph Adjacency list Adjacency matrix Graph-structured stack Scene graph Decision tree Binary decision diagram Zero-suppressed decision diagram And-inverter graph Directed graph Directed acyclic graph Propositional directed acyclic graph ... | List of data structures | 0.828557 |
4,314 | The coordinates are often denoted by the letters X, Y, and Z, or x, y, and z. The axes may then be referred to as the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis, respectively. Then the coordinate hyperplanes can be referred to as the XY-plane, YZ-plane, and XZ-plane. In mathematics, physics, and engineering contexts, the first two axe... | Cartesian coordinate | 0.828544 |
4,315 | The octants are: The coordinates are usually written as three numbers (or algebraic formulas) surrounded by parentheses and separated by commas, as in (3, −2.5, 1) or (t, u + v, π/2). Thus, the origin has coordinates (0, 0, 0), and the unit points on the three axes are (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1). There are no ... | Cartesian coordinate | 0.828544 |
4,316 | Stochastic Bayesian games combine the definitions of Bayesian games and stochastic games, to represent environment states (e.g. physical world states) with stochastic transitions between states as well as uncertainty about the types of different players in each state. The resulting model is solved via a recursive combi... | Bayesian Nash equilibrium | 0.828542 |
4,317 | In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The particle follows the path of a semicircle from 0 {\displaystyle 0} to π {\displaystyle \pi } where it cannot escape, because the potential from π {\displaystyle \pi } to 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } is infinite.... | Semicircle potential well | 0.82854 |
4,318 | Molecular Diversity is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering research on molecular diversity and combinatorial chemistry in basic and applied research and drug discovery. The journal publishes both short and full-length papers, perspectives, news, and reviews... | Molecular Diversity | 0.828538 |
4,319 | One of the principal ideas of geometric mechanics is reduction, which goes back to Jacobi's elimination of the node in the 3-body problem, but in its modern form is due to K. Meyer (1973) and independently J.E. Marsden and A. Weinstein (1974), both inspired by the work of Smale (1970). Symmetry of a Hamiltonian or Lagr... | Geometric Mechanics | 0.828538 |
4,320 | Computer graphics Control theory — see Bloch (2003) Liquid Crystals — see Gay-Balmaz, Ratiu, Tronci (2013) Magnetohydrodynamics Molecular oscillations Nonholonomic constraints — see Bloch (2003) Nonlinear stability Plasmas — see Holm, Marsden, Weinstein (1985) Quantum mechanics Quantum chemistry — see Foskett, Holm, Tr... | Geometric Mechanics | 0.828538 |
4,321 | The term "geometric mechanics" occasionally refers to 17th-century mechanics.As a modern subject, geometric mechanics has its roots in four works written in the 1960s. These were by Vladimir Arnold (1966), Stephen Smale (1970) and Jean-Marie Souriau (1970), and the first edition of Abraham and Marsden's Foundation of M... | Geometric Mechanics | 0.828538 |
4,322 | One of the important developments arising from the geometric approach to mechanics is the incorporation of the geometry into numerical methods. In particular symplectic and variational integrators are proving particularly accurate for long-term integration of Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems. | Geometric Mechanics | 0.828538 |
4,323 | The present confusion would be eliminated if "ribosome" were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S. Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George Emil Palade were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1974, for the discovery of the ribosome. The Nobel P... | 70S ribosome | 0.828532 |
4,324 | If n is composite, there exists a subgroup of the multiplicative group, called the "group of false witnesses", in which the elements, when raised to the power n − 1, are congruent to 1 modulo n. (Because the residue 1 when raised to any power is congruent to 1 modulo n, the set of such elements is nonempty.) One could ... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.82853 |
4,325 | Modulo 1 any two integers are congruent, i.e., there is only one congruence class, , coprime to 1. Therefore, ( Z / 1 Z ) × ≅ C 1 {\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} /1\,\mathbb {Z} )^{\times }\cong \mathrm {C} _{1}} is the trivial group with φ(1) = 1 element. Because of its trivial nature, the case of congruences modulo 1 is ... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.82853 |
4,326 | The set of (congruence classes of) integers modulo n with the operations of addition and multiplication is a ring. It is denoted Z / n Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } or Z / ( n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /(n)} (the notation refers to taking the quotient of integers modulo the ideal n Z {\displaystyle n\... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.82853 |
4,327 | In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set { 0 , 1 , … , n − 1 } {\displaystyle \{0,1,\dots ,n-1\}} of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought o... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.82853 |
4,328 | At the 29th IMC in 2022 participants were awarded Individual Result Prizes, Team Result Prizes, Fair Play Prizes and Most Efficient Team Leader Prizes.University College London has been involved in the organisation of the IMC and Professor John E. Jayne has served as the President from the beginning in 1994. The IMC ru... | International Mathematics Competition | 0.828526 |
4,329 | She participated in the IMC as a student four times, in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. She is now a Professor and the Chair of Number Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. Students from over 200 universities from over 50 countries have participated over the f... | International Mathematics Competition | 0.828526 |
4,330 | One character of biology is evolution, evolutionary theory is also the theoretical foundation of comparative genomics, and at the same time the results of comparative genomics unprecedentedly enriched and developed the theory of evolution. When two or more of the genome sequence are compared, one can deduce the evoluti... | Genome comparison | 0.828523 |
4,331 | Therefore, comparative genomic approaches start with making some form of alignment of genome sequences and looking for orthologous sequences (sequences that share a common ancestry) in the aligned genomes and checking to what extent those sequences are conserved. Based on these, genome and molecular evolution are infer... | Genome comparison | 0.828523 |
4,332 | Of the cleanly formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, and 20 have resolutions that are accepted by consensus of the mathematical community. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whet... | Hilbert problems | 0.828522 |
4,333 | Also, the 4th problem concerns the foundations of geometry, in a manner that is now generally judged to be too vague to enable a definitive answer. The other 21 problems have all received significant attention, and late into the 20th century work on these problems was still considered to be of the greatest importance. ... | Hilbert problems | 0.828521 |
4,334 | Still other problems, such as the 11th and the 16th, concern what are now flourishing mathematical subdisciplines, like the theories of quadratic forms and real algebraic curves. There are two problems that are not only unresolved but may in fact be unresolvable by modern standards. The 6th problem concerns the axiomat... | Hilbert problems | 0.828521 |
4,335 | Since 1900, mathematicians and mathematical organizations have announced problem lists, but, with few exceptions, these have not had nearly as much influence nor generated as much work as Hilbert's problems. One exception consists of three conjectures made by André Weil in the late 1940s (the Weil conjectures). In the ... | Hilbert problems | 0.828521 |
4,336 | Mechanical probe stations are often used in academic research on electronics and materials science. It is often faster and more flexible to test a new electronic device or sample with a probe station than to wire bond and package the device before testing. Probe stations initially were designed to manage micron level s... | Mechanical probe station | 0.82852 |
4,337 | The values Q, P and R are often taken to be over real numbers or complex numbers, but a quadric may be defined over any field. A quadric is an affine algebraic variety, or, if it is reducible, an affine algebraic set. Quadrics may also be defined in projective spaces; see § Normal form of projective quadrics, below. | Quadric | 0.828513 |
4,338 | In mathematics, a quadric or quadric surface (quadric hypersurface in higher dimensions), is a generalization of conic sections (ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas). It is a hypersurface (of dimension D) in a (D + 1)-dimensional space, and it is defined as the zero set of an irreducible polynomial of degree two in D +... | Quadric | 0.828513 |
4,339 | It, therefore, acts as a foundation for cell signaling pathways to congregate, be deciphered, and be transported into mitochondria. Furthermore, the OMM connects to other cellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane. Mitochondria play a wide range of roles i... | Molecular cell biology | 0.828513 |
4,340 | Mitochondria are commonly referred to as the cell's "powerhouses" because of their capacity to effectively produce ATP which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Moreover, researchers have gained a better knowledge of mitochondria's significance in cell biology because of the discovery of cell ... | Molecular cell biology | 0.828513 |
4,341 | A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1)-matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain B = {0, 1}. Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. It is an important tool in combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science. | Logical matrix | 0.828511 |
4,342 | Suppose A is a logical matrix with no columns or rows identically zero. Then the matrix product, using Boolean arithmetic, A T A {\displaystyle A^{\operatorname {T} }A} contains the m × m identity matrix, and the product A A T {\displaystyle AA^{\operatorname {T} }} contains the n × n identity. As a mathematical struct... | Logical matrix | 0.828511 |
4,343 | In fact, U forms a Boolean algebra with the operations and & or between two matrices applied component-wise. The complement of a logical matrix is obtained by swapping all zeros and ones for their opposite. Every logical matrix A = (Aij) has a transpose AT = (Aji). | Logical matrix | 0.828511 |
4,344 | In mathematics, the peak algebra is a (non-unital) subalgebra of the group algebra of the symmetric group Sn, studied by Nyman (2003). It consists of the elements of the group algebra of the symmetric group whose coefficients are the same for permutations with the same peaks. (Here a peak of a permutation σ on {1,2,...... | Peak algebra | 0.828506 |
4,345 | Several types of methods are used to combine all the available data to form a 3-state prediction, including neural networks, hidden Markov models and support vector machines. Modern prediction methods also provide a confidence score for their predictions at every position. Secondary-structure prediction methods were ev... | Secondary structure | 0.828505 |
4,346 | In topology, a branch of mathematics, a discrete two-point space is the simplest example of a totally disconnected discrete space. The points can be denoted by the symbols 0 and 1. | Discrete two-point space | 0.828495 |
4,347 | The techniques used by a mixologist are mostly bound to the new equipment which is provided by the molecular gastronomy. They are, for the most part, adaptations of new techniques for food preparation. Some techniques originally created for food applications can nowadays be commonly found in cocktail bars. | Molecular mixology | 0.828491 |
4,348 | Molecular mixology is the process of creating cocktails using the equipment and techniques of molecular gastronomy. These methods enable the creation of greater intensities and varieties of flavour, flavour combinations and different ways of presenting drinks, for example using gels, powders, foams, atomised sprays etc... | Molecular mixology | 0.828491 |
4,349 | A preorder is reflexive and transitive. A congruence relation is an equivalence relation whose domain X {\displaystyle X} is also the underlying set for an algebraic structure, and which respects the additional structure. In general, congruence relations play the role of kernels of homomorphisms, and the quotient of a ... | Equivalence relations | 0.828489 |
4,350 | A partial order is a relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. Equality is both an equivalence relation and a partial order. Equality is also the only relation on a set that is reflexive, symmetric and antisymmetric. In algebraic expressions, equal variables may be substituted for one another, a facili... | Equivalence relations | 0.828489 |
4,351 | Much of mathematics is grounded in the study of equivalences, and order relations. Lattice theory captures the mathematical structure of order relations. Even though equivalence relations are as ubiquitous in mathematics as order relations, the algebraic structure of equivalences is not as well known as that of orders.... | Equivalence relations | 0.828489 |
4,352 | Let G denote the set of bijective functions over A that preserve the partition structure of A, meaning that for all x ∈ A {\displaystyle x\in A} and g ∈ G , g ( x ) ∈ . {\displaystyle g\in G,g(x)\in .} Then the following three connected theorems hold: ~ partitions A into equivalence classes. | Equivalence relations | 0.828489 |
4,353 | (This is the Fundamental Theorem of Equivalence Relations, mentioned above); Given a partition of A, G is a transformation group under composition, whose orbits are the cells of the partition;Given a transformation group G over A, there exists an equivalence relation ~ over A, whose equivalence classes are the orbits o... | Equivalence relations | 0.828489 |
4,354 | In theoretical physics, the μ problem is a problem of supersymmetric theories, concerned with understanding the parameters of the theory. | Mu problem | 0.828473 |
4,355 | Geometric and Topological Inference is a monograph in computational geometry, computational topology, geometry processing, and topological data analysis, on the problem of inferring properties of an unknown space from a finite point cloud of noisy samples from the space. It was written by Jean-Daniel Boissonnat, Frédér... | Geometric and Topological Inference | 0.828461 |
4,356 | The book is subdivided into four parts and 11 chapters. The first part covers basic tools from topology needed in the study, including simplicial complexes, Čech complexes and Vietoris–Rips complex, homotopy equivalence of topological spaces to their nerves, filtrations of complexes, and the data structures needed to r... | Geometric and Topological Inference | 0.828461 |
4,357 | Supermathematics is the branch of mathematical physics which applies the mathematics of Lie superalgebras to the behaviour of bosons and fermions. The driving force in its formation in the 1960s and 1970s was Felix Berezin. Objects of study include superalgebras (such as super Minkowski space and super-Poincaré algebra... | Supermathematics | 0.828452 |
4,358 | Proteins bound for the membrane of the thylakoid will follow up to four known routes that are illustrated in the corresponding figure shown. They may follow a co-translational insertion route that utilizes stromal ribosomes and the SecY/E transmembrane complex, the SRP-dependent pathway, the spontaneous insertion pathw... | Protein transport | 0.828443 |
4,359 | The displacement L ( θ 2 − θ 1 ) {\displaystyle L(\theta _{2}-\theta _{1})} of the spring from its equilibrium position assumes the small angle approximation. The Lagrangian is then which leads to the following set of coupled differential equations: Adding and subtracting these two equations in turn, and applying the s... | Pendulum equation | 0.828443 |
4,360 | We can now add a damping term and a forcing term to the right hand side to get where we have assumed the damping couple to be proportional to the angular velocity (this is true for low-speed air resistance, see also Drag (physics)). a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are constants defining the amplitude of for... | Pendulum equation | 0.828443 |
4,361 | In the theory of computation, a diversity of mathematical models of computation has been developed. Typical mathematical models of computers are the following: State models including Turing machine, pushdown automaton, finite state automaton, and PRAM Functional models including lambda calculus Logical models including... | Computation | 0.828441 |
4,362 | In machine learning, multi-label classification or multi-output classification is a variant of the classification problem where multiple nonexclusive labels may be assigned to each instance. Multi-label classification is a generalization of multiclass classification, which is the single-label problem of categorizing in... | Multi-label classification | 0.828441 |
4,363 | Based on learning paradigms, the existing multi-label classification techniques can be classified into batch learning and online machine learning. Batch learning algorithms require all the data samples to be available beforehand. It trains the model using the entire training data and then predicts the test sample using... | Multi-label classification | 0.828441 |
4,364 | Some classification algorithms/models have been adapted to the multi-label task, without requiring problem transformations. Examples of these including for multi-label data are k-nearest neighbors: the ML-kNN algorithm extends the k-NN classifier to multi-label data. decision trees: "Clare" is an adapted C4.5 algorithm... | Multi-label classification | 0.828441 |
4,365 | Most statistical tests (particularly inferential statistics) involve assumptions about the data that make the analysis suitable for testing a hypothesis. Violating the assumptions of statistical tests can lead to incorrect inferences about the cause–effect relationship. The robustness of a test indicates how sensitive ... | Statistical conclusion validity | 0.828441 |
4,366 | Mathcad's central interface is an interactive notebook in which equations and expressions are created and manipulated in the same graphical format in which they are presented (WYSIWYG). This approach was adopted by systems such as Mathematica, Maple, Macsyma, MATLAB, and Jupyter. Mathcad today includes some of the capa... | Mathcad | 0.828433 |
4,367 | The Mathcad interface allows users to combine a variety of different elements (mathematics, descriptive text, and supporting imagery) into a worksheet, in which dependent calculations are dynamically recalculated as inputs change. This allows for simple manipulation of input variables, assumptions, and expressions. Mat... | Mathcad | 0.828433 |
4,368 | Mathcad is computer software for the verification, validation, documentation and re-use of mathematical calculations in engineering and science, notably mechanical, chemical, electrical, and civil engineering. Released in 1986 on DOS, it introduced live editing (WYSIWYG) of typeset mathematical notation in an interacti... | Mathcad | 0.828433 |
4,369 | Physics of Plasmas is a peer-reviewed monthly scientific journal on plasma physics published by the American Institute of Physics, with cooperation by the American Physical Society's Division of Plasma Physics, since 1994. Until 1988, the journal topic was covered by Physics of Fluids. From 1989 until 1993, Physics of ... | Physics of Plasmas | 0.828423 |
4,370 | In mathematics, the notion of expansivity formalizes the notion of points moving away from one another under the action of an iterated function. The idea of expansivity is fairly rigid, as the definition of positive expansivity, below, as well as the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem demonstrate. | Expansivity constant | 0.82842 |
4,371 | A biannual scientific user meeting is held in Reutlingen, organized by the Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen. The meetings offer a comprehensive overview of all aspects related to new developments and current applications of Microelectrode Arrays in basic and applied neuroscienc... | Multi-electrode array | 0.828418 |
4,372 | Fundamentals of Radiation Material Science: Metals and Alloys, 2nd Ed, Gary S. Was, SpringerNature, New York 2017 R. S. Averback and T. Diaz de la Rubia (1998). "Displacement damage in irradiated metals and semiconductors". In H. Ehrenfest and F. Spaepen. Solid State Physics 51. | Displacements per atom | 0.828418 |
4,373 | Radiation materials science is a subfield of materials science which studies the interaction of radiation with matter: a broad subject covering many forms of irradiation and of matter. | Displacements per atom | 0.828418 |
4,374 | The earliest written positional records seem to be rod calculus results in China around 400. Zero was first used in India in the 7th century CE by Brahmagupta.The modern positional Arabic numeral system was developed by mathematicians in India, and passed on to Muslim mathematicians, along with astronomical tables brou... | Digit value | 0.828417 |
4,375 | The binary (base 2), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16) systems, extensively used in computer science, all follow the conventions of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The binary system uses only the digits "0" and "1", while the octal system uses the digits from "0" through "7". The hexadecimal system uses all th... | Digit value | 0.828417 |
4,376 | The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study. PCR was invented in 1983 by American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Cor... | Applications of PCR | 0.828415 |
4,377 | PCR allows for rapid and highly specific diagnosis of infectious diseases, including those caused by bacteria or viruses. PCR also permits identification of non-cultivatable or slow-growing microorganisms such as mycobacteria, anaerobic bacteria, or viruses from tissue culture assays and animal models. The basis for PC... | Applications of PCR | 0.828415 |
4,378 | Ball Convex Convex hull Coxeter group Euclidean distance Homothetic center Hyperplane Lattice Ehrhart polynomial Leech lattice Minkowski's theorem Packing Sphere packing Kepler conjecture Kissing number problem Honeycomb Andreini tessellation Uniform tessellation Voronoi tessellation Delaunay triangulation Quasicrystal... | Branches of geometry | 0.828411 |
4,379 | Absolute geometry Affine geometry Algebraic geometry Analytic geometry Archimedes' use of infinitesimals Birational geometry Complex geometry Combinatorial geometry Computational geometry Conformal geometry Constructive solid geometry Contact geometry Convex geometry Descriptive geometry Differential geometry Digital g... | Branches of geometry | 0.828411 |
4,380 | 2D computer graphics 2D geometric model Altitude Brahmagupta's formula Bretschneider's formula Compass and straightedge constructions Squaring the circle Complex geometry Conic section Focus Circle List of circle topics Thales' theorem Circumcircle Concyclic Incircle and excircles of a triangle Orthocentric system Mong... | Branches of geometry | 0.828411 |
4,381 | scRNA-Seq is becoming widely used across biological disciplines including Developmental biology, Neurology, Oncology, Immunology, Cardiovascular research and Infectious disease.Using machine learning methods, data from bulk RNA-Seq has been used to increase the signal/noise ratio in scRNA-Seq. Specifically, scientists ... | Single cell genomics | 0.828373 |
4,382 | MALBAC has also been implemented in a microfluidic device, but the amplification performance was not significantly improved by encapsulation in nanoliter droplets.Comparing MDA and MALBAC, MDA results in better genome coverage, but MALBAC provides more even coverage across the genome. MDA could be more effective for id... | Single cell genomics | 0.828373 |
4,383 | In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. ... | Transactional memory | 0.82837 |
4,384 | One of the earliest implementations of transactional memory was the gated store buffer used in Transmeta's Crusoe and Efficeon processors. However, this was only used to facilitate speculative optimizations for binary translation, rather than any form of speculative multithreading, or exposing it directly to programmer... | Transactional memory | 0.82837 |
4,385 | The 16PF Questionnaire was created from a fairly unusual perspective among personality tests. Most personality tests are developed to measure just the pre-conceived traits that are of interest to a particular theorist or researcher. The main author of the 16PF, Raymond B. Cattell, had a strong background in the physica... | 16PF Questionnaire | 0.828363 |
4,386 | IEEE Spectrum IEEE series of journals Hawkins Electrical Guide Iterative Receiver Design Journal of Electrical Engineering | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,387 | History of electrical engineering Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,388 | Biomedical engineering Engineering physics Mechanical engineering Mechatronics | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,389 | Signal processing Analog signal processing Digital signal processing Quantization Sampling Analog-to-digital converter, Digital-to-analog converter Continuous signal, Discrete signal Down sampling Nyquist frequency Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem Oversampling Sample and hold Sampling frequency Undersampling Upsampling... | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,390 | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to electrical engineering. Electrical engineering – field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth ce... | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,391 | Electrical engineering can be described as all of the following: Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic d... | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,392 | Control engineering Control theory Adaptive control Control theory Digital control Nonlinear control Optimal control Intelligent control Neural networks Fuzzy control Model predictive control System properties: Exponential stability Marginal stability BIBO stability Lyapunov stability (i.e., asymptotic stability) Input... | Electrical terms | 0.828343 |
4,393 | A number of efforts have been directed toward further refinement of the definition of "algorithm", and activity is on-going because of issues surrounding, in particular, foundations of mathematics (especially the Church–Turing thesis) and philosophy of mind (especially arguments about artificial intelligence). For more... | Algorithmic method | 0.828343 |
4,394 | In materials science, a general rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material . It provides a theoretical upper- and lower-bound on properties such as the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. In general there are ... | Rule of mixtures | 0.828335 |
4,395 | CRM produced a series of films associated with Biology Today: The Origin of Life and Evolution, The Cell: A Functioning Structure (in two parts), and Muscle. Like the textbook, the films were visually innovative, featuring extensive animation to depict complex aspects of biology. According to a review in The American B... | Biology Today | 0.828326 |
4,396 | Biology Today is a college-level biology textbook that went through three editions in 1972, 1975, and 1980. The first edition, published by Communications Research Machines, Inc. (CRM) and written by a small editorial team and large set of prominent "contributing consultants", is notable for its lavish illustrations an... | Biology Today | 0.828326 |
4,397 | The essay explains Szent-Györgyi's outlook on the fundamental problems of biology, the relationship between biological and physical sciences, and reasons for pursuing biology. Szent-Györgyi concludes that "To express the marvels of nature in the language of science is one of man's noblest endeavors. I no reason to expe... | Biology Today | 0.828326 |
4,398 | (If you have a copy, hold on to it. )"In the preface, John H. Painter, Jr.—leader of the editorial team and credited as the book's publisher—explains that "science is a peculiarly human endeavor that seeks to newer and better solutions to the problems plaguing us all"; that modern biological sciences are rooted in work... | Biology Today | 0.828326 |
4,399 | The 1972 first edition of Biology Today had no principal author but was written by fifty-four contributing consultants, many of whom were leading figures in biology (and seven of whom were Nobel laureates). Visually, it features numerous artistic interpretations of biological topics as well as striking diagrams and pho... | Biology Today | 0.828326 |
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