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6,200 | The physical properties of solids have been common subjects of scientific inquiry for centuries, but a separate field going by the name of solid-state physics did not emerge until the 1940s, in particular with the establishment of the Division of Solid State Physics (DSSP) within the American Physical Society. The DSSP... | Solid State Physics | 0.824706 |
6,201 | In physics, dielectric dispersion is the dependence of the permittivity of a dielectric material on the frequency of an applied electric field. Because there is a lag between changes in polarisation and changes in the electric field, the permittivity of the dielectric is a complex function of the frequency of the elect... | Dipolar polarization | 0.824701 |
6,202 | In 1854, British mathematician George Boole published a landmark paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra. His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry.In 1937, Claude Shannon produced his master's thesis at MIT that impleme... | Binary system (numeral) | 0.8247 |
6,203 | In the late 13th century Ramon Llull had the ambition to account for all wisdom in every branch of human knowledge of the time. For that purpose he developed a general method or 'Ars generalis' based on binary combinations of a number of simple basic principles or categories, for which he has been considered a predeces... | Binary system (numeral) | 0.8247 |
6,204 | Protein Local Optimization Program (PLOP) is computer software, a molecular dynamics simulation package written in the programming language Fortran. It was developed originally by Matthew P. Jacobson and Richard A. Friesner of the Friesner lab at Columbia University, and then moved to the Jacobson lab at University of ... | Protein Local Optimization Program | 0.824696 |
6,205 | 1903: The American Chemical Society created the Committee on the Purity of Reagents, the forerunner of the Committee on Analytical Reagents, acknowledging the increasing needs for purity and standard in chemical research and manufacturing.1917: The American Chemical Society established the ACS Committee on Analytical R... | Reagent Chemicals | 0.824695 |
6,206 | They are all widely used in electric and electronic applications, as well as in various alloys. The first two members of the group share similar properties as they are solid metals under standard conditions. Mercury is the only metal that is known to be a liquid at room temperature – as copernicium's boiling point has ... | Group 12 elements | 0.824665 |
6,207 | Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group 12. The chemistry of copernicium is not well established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with zinc, cadmium and mercury. | Group 12 elements | 0.824665 |
6,208 | A complete explanation of this fact requires a deep excursion into quantum physics, but it can be summarized as follows: mercury has a unique electronic configuration where electrons fill up all the available 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d and 6s subshells. As such configuration strongly resists rem... | Group 12 elements | 0.824665 |
6,209 | Subsonic (or low-speed) aerodynamics describes fluid motion in flows which are much lower than the speed of sound everywhere in the flow. There are several branches of subsonic flow but one special case arises when the flow is inviscid, incompressible and irrotational. This case is called potential flow and allows the ... | Aerodynamics | 0.824661 |
6,210 | Vector space model or term vector model is an algebraic model for representing text documents (and any objects, in general) as vectors of identifiers (such as index terms). It is used in information filtering, information retrieval, indexing and relevancy rankings. Its first use was in the SMART Information Retrieval S... | Vector Space Model | 0.824658 |
6,211 | Models based on and extending the vector space model include: Generalized vector space model Latent semantic analysis Term Rocchio Classification Random indexing Search Engine Optimization | Vector Space Model | 0.824658 |
6,212 | The vector space model has the following advantages over the Standard Boolean model: Simple model based on linear algebra Term weights not binary Allows computing a continuous degree of similarity between queries and documents Allows ranking documents according to their possible relevance Allows partial matchingMost of... | Vector Space Model | 0.824658 |
6,213 | In quantum mechanics, for systems where the total number of particles may not be preserved, the number operator is the observable that counts the number of particles. The following is in bra–ket notation: The number operator acts on Fock space. Let be a Fock state, composed of single-particle states | ϕ i ⟩ {\displayst... | Particle number operator | 0.824654 |
6,214 | Einstein's concept of spacetime has a Minkowski structure based on a non-Euclidean geometry with three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension, rather than the four symmetric spatial dimensions of Schläfli's Euclidean 4D space. Single locations in Euclidean 4D space can be given as vectors or n-tuples, i.e., as o... | Four-dimensional Euclidean space | 0.824648 |
6,215 | Higher-dimensional spaces (greater than three) have since become one of the foundations for formally expressing modern mathematics and physics. Large parts of these topics could not exist in their current forms without using such spaces. Einstein's theory of relativity is formulated in 4D space, although not in a Eucli... | Four-dimensional Euclidean space | 0.824648 |
6,216 | Four-dimensional space (4D) is the mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional space (3D). Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one needs only three numbers, called dimensions, to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world. For example... | Four-dimensional Euclidean space | 0.824648 |
6,217 | Researchers also hypothesized that human acquisition of 4D perception could result in the activation of brain visual areas and entorhinal cortex. If so they suggest that it could be used as a strong indicator of 4D space perception acquisition. Authors also suggested using a variety of different neural network architec... | Four-dimensional Euclidean space | 0.824648 |
6,218 | In mathematics and, in particular, differential geometry a circular surface is the image of a map ƒ: I × S1 → R3, where I ⊂ R is an open interval and S1 is the unit circle, defined by f ( t , θ ) := γ ( t ) + r ( t ) u ( t ) cos θ + r ( t ) v ( t ) sin θ , {\displaystyle f(t,\theta ):=\gamma (t)+r(t){\mathbf {u} }(... | Circular surface | 0.824624 |
6,219 | A simplified proof, which avoids a standard form, was discovered by John H. Conway circa 1992, which he called the "Zero Irrelevancy Proof" or "ZIP proof" and is presented in (Francis & Weeks 1999). A geometric proof, which yields a stronger geometric result, is the uniformization theorem. This was originally proven on... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,220 | This provides a starting point for one of the approaches to Teichmüller theory, which provides a finer classification of Riemann surfaces than the topological one by Euler characteristic alone. A complex surface is a complex two-manifold and thus a real four-manifold; it is not a surface in the sense of this article. N... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,221 | For example, there are uncountably many non-isomorphic compact Riemann surfaces of genus 1 (the elliptic curves). Complex structures on a closed oriented surface correspond to conformal equivalence classes of Riemannian metrics on the surface. One version of the uniformization theorem (due to Poincaré) states that any ... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,222 | Any complex nonsingular algebraic curve viewed as a complex manifold is a Riemann surface. In fact, every compact orientable surface is realizable as a Riemann surface. Thus compact Riemann surfaces are characterized topologically by their genus: 0, 1, 2, .... On the other hand, the genus does not characterize the comp... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,223 | Curvature is a rigid, geometric property, in that it is not preserved by general diffeomorphisms of the surface. However, the famous Gauss–Bonnet theorem for closed surfaces states that the integral of the Gaussian curvature K over the entire surface S is determined by the Euler characteristic: ∫ S K d A = 2 π χ ( S ) ... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,224 | Smooth surfaces equipped with Riemannian metrics are of foundational importance in differential geometry. A Riemannian metric endows a surface with notions of geodesic, distance, angle, and area. It also gives rise to Gaussian curvature, which describes how curved or bent the surface is at each point. | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,225 | Polyhedra, such as the boundary of a cube, are among the first surfaces encountered in geometry. It is also possible to define smooth surfaces, in which each point has a neighborhood diffeomorphic to some open set in E2. This elaboration allows calculus to be applied to surfaces to prove many results. Two smooth surfac... | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,226 | This result exemplifies the deep relationship between the geometry and topology of surfaces (and, to a lesser extent, higher-dimensional manifolds). Another way in which surfaces arise in geometry is by passing into the complex domain. A complex one-manifold is a smooth oriented surface, also called a Riemann surface. | Classification of surfaces | 0.824618 |
6,227 | The classic example, published in the July 1924 issue of Strand Magazine by Henry Dudeney, is: S E N D + M O R E = M O N E Y {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}&&{\text{S}}&{\text{E}}&{\text{N}}&{\text{D}}\\+&&{\text{M}}&{\text{O}}&{\text{R}}&{\text{E}}\\\hline =&{\text{M}}&{\text{O}}&{\text{N}}&{\text{E}}&{\text{Y}}\\\end{... | Verbal arithmetic | 0.824618 |
6,228 | So only G=8 is possible and with 2+8=10+U, U=0.The use of modular arithmetic often helps. For example, use of mod-10 arithmetic allows the columns of an addition problem to be treated as simultaneous equations, while the use of mod-2 arithmetic allows inferences based on the parity of the variables. In computer science... | Verbal arithmetic | 0.824618 |
6,229 | Semigroup Forum (print ISSN 0037-1912, electronic ISSN 1432-2137) is a mathematics research journal published by Springer. The journal serves as a platform for the speedy and efficient transmission of information on current research in semigroup theory. Coverage in the journal includes: algebraic semigroups, topologica... | Semigroup Forum | 0.824608 |
6,230 | The journal published its first issue in 1970. It is indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, SCOPUS, and Zentralblatt Math. "Semigroup Forum was a pioneering journal ... one of the early instances of a highly specialized journal, of which there are now many. Indeed, it was ... | Semigroup Forum | 0.824608 |
6,231 | It is thus a vector space isomorphism, which allows translating reasonings and computations on vectors into reasonings and computations on their coordinates. If, in turn, these coordinates are arranged as matrices, these reasonings and computations on coordinates can be expressed concisely as reasonings and computation... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,232 | Every vector space has at least one basis, generally many (see Basis (linear algebra) § Proof that every vector space has a basis). Moreover, all bases of a vector space have the same cardinality, which is called the dimension of the vector space (see Dimension theorem for vector spaces). | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,233 | Infinite-dimensional vector spaces occur in many areas of mathematics. For example, polynomial rings are countably infinite-dimensional vector spaces, and many function spaces have the cardinality of the continuum as a dimension. Many vector spaces that are considered in mathematics are also endowed with other structur... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,234 | A vector space is finite-dimensional if its dimension is a natural number. Otherwise, it is infinite-dimensional, and its dimension is an infinite cardinal. Finite-dimensional vector spaces occur naturally in geometry and related areas. | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,235 | The terms real vector space and complex vector space are often used to specify the nature of the scalars: real coordinate space or complex coordinate space. Vector spaces generalize Euclidean vectors, which allow modeling of physical quantities, such as forces and velocity, that have not only a magnitude, but also a di... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,236 | In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called vectors, may be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called scalars. Scalars are often real numbers, but can be complex numbers or, more generally, elements of any field. The operations of vector... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,237 | : American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-2031-5 Hamilton, William Rowan (1853), Lectures on Quaternions, Royal Irish Academy Möbius, August Ferdinand (1827), Der Barycentrische Calcul: ein neues Hülfsmittel zur analytischen Behandlung der Geometrie (Barycentric calculus: a new utility for an analytic treatment ... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,238 | Banach, Stefan (1922), "Sur les opérations dans les ensembles abstraits et leur application aux équations intégrales (On operations in abstract sets and their application to integral equations)" (PDF), Fundamenta Mathematicae (in French), 3: 133–181, doi:10.4064/fm-3-1-133-181, ISSN 0016-2736 Bolzano, Bernard (1804), B... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,239 | (2000), Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, SIAM, ISBN 978-0-89871-454-8 Roman, Steven (2005), Advanced Linear Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 135 (2nd ed. ), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-24766-3 Spindler, Karlheinz (1993), Abstract Algebra with Applications: Volume 1: Vector s... | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,240 | ), New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-95385-4, MR 1878556 Mac Lane, Saunders (1999), Algebra (3rd ed. ), American Mathematical Soc., pp. 193–222, ISBN 978-0-8218-1646-2 Meyer, Carl D. | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,241 | 31–33, MR 0763890 Brown, William A. (1991), Matrices and vector spaces, New York: M. Dekker, ISBN 978-0-8247-8419-5 Lang, Serge (1987), Linear algebra, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-96412-6 Lang, Serge (2002), Algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 211 (Revised third ed. | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,242 | Artin, Michael (1991), Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-89871-510-1 Blass, Andreas (1984), "Existence of bases implies the axiom of choice" (PDF), Axiomatic set theory (Boulder, Colorado, 1983), Contemporary Mathematics, vol. 31, Providence, R.I. : American Mathematical Society, pp. | Vector space | 0.824607 |
6,243 | Rare variant association studies (RVAS) have highlighted the role of de novo mutations in several congenital and early-childhood-onset disorders like autism. Several of these protein disrupting mutations have been able to be identified only with the aid of whole genome sequencing efforts, and validated with RNA-Seq. Ad... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,244 | Several independently occurring de novo mutations in patients Alzheimer's disease have been found to disrupt a shared set of functional pathways involved with neuronal signalling, for example. The quest to understand the causative biology of psychiatric disorders is hence greatly assisted by the ability to analyse enti... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,245 | Probes can also have species-specific binding affinities that can confound comparative analysis. Notably, the association between behavioural patterns and high penetrance single gene loci falls under the purview of neurogenetics research, wherein the focus is to identify a simple causative relationship between a single... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,246 | In autism, an affected individual may experience a large amount of deleterious mutations in gene X. A different affected individual may not have any significant mutations on gene X but have a large amount of mutations in gene Y. The alternative is to determine if gene X and gene Y impact the same biochemical pathway—on... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,247 | Firstly, the causative network biology of several spectrum disorders with neurogenomic underpinnings is not fully understood yet, in spite of extensive studies conducted with disorders like Autism Spectrum and schizophrenia. Thus, the analytical validity of standing hypotheses concerning the etiology of neurogenomic di... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,248 | Neurons in these centralized locations tend to organize in giant networks and communicate extensively with each other. Prior to the availability of expression arrays and DNA sequencing methodologies, researchers sought to understand the cellular behaviour of neurons (including synapse formation and neuronal development... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,249 | Neurogenomics is the study of how the genome of an organism influences the development and function of its nervous system. This field intends to unite functional genomics and neurobiology in order to understand the nervous system as a whole from a genomic perspective. The nervous system in vertebrates is made up of two... | Neurogenomics | 0.824606 |
6,250 | To save his theory, Planck resorted to using the then-controversial theory of statistical mechanics, which he described as "an act of desperation". One of his new boundary conditions was to interpret UN not as a continuous, infinitely divisible quantity, but as a discrete quantity composed of an integral number of fin... | Reduced Planck Constant | 0.824605 |
6,251 | In physics, monochromatic radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a single constant frequency. When that frequency is part of the visible spectrum (or near it) the term monochromatic light is often used. Monochromatic light is perceived by the human eye as a spectral color. When monochromatic radiation propagates t... | Monochromatic radiation | 0.824604 |
6,252 | Dioxygen is a triplet molecule, since the two unpaired electrons allow for three spin states. The reaction of a triplet molecule with a singlet molecule is spin-forbidden in quantum mechanics. This is the major reasons there is a very high reaction barrier for the extremely thermodynamically favorable reaction of singl... | Electronic effect | 0.824604 |
6,253 | However, non-virtual methods in C++ do not suffer from v-table performance bottlenecks, and thus exhibit performance similar to Java.The JVM is also able to perform processor specific optimizations or inline expansion. And, the ability to deoptimize code already compiled or inlined sometimes allows it to perform more a... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,254 | For other programs, the C++ counterpart can, and usually does, run significantly faster than the Java equivalent. A benchmark performed by Google in 2011 showed a factor 10 between C++ and Java. At the other extreme, an academic benchmark performed in 2012 with a 3D modelling algorithm showed the Java 6 JVM being from ... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,255 | Benchmarks often measure performance for small numerically intensive programs. In some rare real-life programs, Java out-performs C. One example is the benchmark of Jake2 (a clone of Quake II written in Java by translating the original GPL C code). The Java 5.0 version performs better in some hardware configurations th... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,256 | Many optimizations have improved the performance of the JVM over time. However, although Java was often the first virtual machine to implement them successfully, they have often been used in other similar platforms as well. | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,257 | Before Java 6, allocation of registers was very primitive in the client virtual machine (they did not live across blocks), which was a problem in CPU designs which had fewer processor registers available, as in x86s. If there are no more registers available for an operation, the compiler must copy from register to memo... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,258 | Adaptive optimizing is a method in computer science that performs dynamic recompilation of parts of a program based on the current execution profile. With a simple implementation, an adaptive optimizer may simply make a trade-off between just-in-time compiling and interpreting instructions. At another level, adaptive o... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,259 | Hardware execution of Java bytecode, such as that offered by ARM's Jazelle, was also explored to offer significant performance improvements. The performance of a Java bytecode compiled Java program depends on how optimally its given tasks are managed by the host Java virtual machine (JVM), and how well the JVM exploits... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,260 | In software development, the programming language Java was historically considered slower than the fastest 3rd generation typed languages such as C and C++. The main reason being a different language design, where after compiling, Java programs run on a Java virtual machine (JVM) rather than directly on the computer's ... | Java performance | 0.824598 |
6,261 | In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent allele frequencies and therefore can be considered a single effective population. It has been... | Genetic exchange | 0.824594 |
6,262 | In some instances, when a species has a sister species and breeding capabilities are possible due to the removal of previous barriers or through introduction due to human intervention, species can hybridize and exchange genes and corresponding traits. This exchange is not always clear-cut, for sometimes the hybrids may... | Genetic exchange | 0.824594 |
6,263 | In general, the expression for any fictitious force can be derived from the acceleration of the non-inertial frame. As stated by Goodman and Warner, "One might say that F = ma holds in any coordinate system provided the term 'force' is redefined to include the so-called 'reversed effective forces' or 'inertia forces'. ... | Accelerated reference frame | 0.82459 |
6,264 | In particle physics, the doublet–triplet (splitting) problem is a problem of some Grand Unified Theories, such as SU(5), SO(10), and E 6 {\displaystyle E_{6}} . Grand unified theories predict Higgs bosons (doublets of S U ( 2 ) {\displaystyle SU(2)} ) arise from representations of the unified group that contain other s... | Doublet–triplet splitting problem | 0.824587 |
6,265 | It is important to note that the deterioration in estimation performance in high dimensions observed in the previous paragraph is not limited to the ordinary least squares estimator. In fact, statistical inference in high dimensions is intrinsically hard, a phenomenon known as the curse of dimensionality, and it can be... | High dimensional data | 0.824572 |
6,266 | When ϵ ∼ N ( 0 , σ 2 ) {\displaystyle \epsilon \sim N(0,\sigma ^{2})} , it is known that β ^ ∼ N p ( β , σ 2 ( X ⊤ X ) − 1 ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}\sim N_{p}{\bigl (}\beta ,\sigma ^{2}(X^{\top }X)^{-1}{\bigr )}} . Thus, β ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}} is an unbiased estimator of β {\displaystyle \beta } , a... | High dimensional data | 0.824572 |
6,267 | The following are examples of topics that have received considerable attention in the high-dimensional statistics literature in recent years: Linear models in high dimensions. Linear models are one of the most widely used tools in statistics and its applications. As such, sparse linear regression is one of the most wel... | High dimensional data | 0.824572 |
6,268 | From an applied perspective, research in high-dimensional statistics was motivated by the realisation that advances in computing technology had dramatically increased the ability to collect and store data, and that traditional statistical techniques such as those described in the examples above were often ill-equipped ... | High dimensional data | 0.824572 |
6,269 | In statistical theory, the field of high-dimensional statistics studies data whose dimension is larger than typically considered in classical multivariate analysis. The area arose owing to the emergence of many modern data sets in which the dimension of the data vectors may be comparable to, or even larger than, the sa... | High dimensional data | 0.824572 |
6,270 | Significant progress in chemical shift prediction has been made through continuous improvements in our understanding of the key physico-chemical factors contributing to chemical shift changes. These improvements have also been helped along through significant computational advancements and the rapid expansion of biomol... | Protein Chemical Shift Prediction | 0.82456 |
6,271 | Protein chemical shift prediction is a branch of biomolecular nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that aims to accurately calculate protein chemical shifts from protein coordinates. Protein chemical shift prediction was first attempted in the late 1960s using semi-empirical methods applied to protein structures sol... | Protein Chemical Shift Prediction | 0.82456 |
6,272 | In machine learning, a ranking SVM is a variant of the support vector machine algorithm, which is used to solve certain ranking problems (via learning to rank). The ranking SVM algorithm was published by Thorsten Joachims in 2002. The original purpose of the algorithm was to improve the performance of an internet searc... | Ranking SVM | 0.824558 |
6,273 | Generally, ranking SVM includes three steps in the training period: It maps the similarities between queries and the clicked pages onto a certain feature space. It calculates the distances between any two of the vectors obtained in step 1. It forms an optimization problem which is similar to a standard SVM classificati... | Ranking SVM | 0.824558 |
6,274 | {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{minimize }}V({\vec {w}},{\vec {\xi }})={1 \over 2}{\vec {w}}\cdot {\vec {w}}+{\text{constant}}\cdot \sum \xi _{i,j,k}\\&{\text{subject to}}\\&{\begin{array}{l}\forall \xi _{i,j,k}\geqq 0\\\forall (c_{i},c_{j})\in r_{k}'\\{\vec {w}}(\Phi (q_{1},c_{i})-\Phi (q_{1},c_{j}))\geqq 1-\xi... | Ranking SVM | 0.824558 |
6,275 | In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy or Helmholtz free energy is essentially the energy of a chemical reaction "free" or available to do external work. Historically, the "free energy" is a more advanced and accurate replacement for the thermochemistry term “affinity” used by chemists of olden days to describe the “... | Principle of maximum work | 0.824548 |
6,276 | In the history of science, the principle of maximum work was a postulate concerning the relationship between chemical reactions, heat evolution, and the potential work produced there from. The principle was developed in approximate form in 1875 by French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, in the field of thermochemistry, and... | Principle of maximum work | 0.824548 |
6,277 | A phase-field model is usually constructed in such a way that in the limit of an infinitesimal interface width (the so-called sharp interface limit) the correct interfacial dynamics are recovered. This approach permits to solve the problem by integrating a set of partial differential equations for the whole system, thu... | Phase field models | 0.824543 |
6,278 | From a computational point of view integration of partial differential equations resolving such a small scale is prohibitive. However, Karma and Rappel introduced the thin interface limit, which permitted to relax this condition and has opened the way to practical quantitative simulations with phase-field models. With ... | Phase field models | 0.824543 |
6,279 | Phase-field models are usually constructed in order to reproduce a given interfacial dynamics. For instance, in solidification problems the front dynamics is given by a diffusion equation for either concentration or temperature in the bulk and some boundary conditions at the interface (a local equilibrium condition and... | Phase field models | 0.824543 |
6,280 | The Division 2 contest contains more difficult questions and is made for students with advanced conceptual understanding of physics. Students participating in the Division 2 contest usually take more than a year of physics while students who participate in the Division 1 contest usually take a year or less of physics. ... | Physics Bowl | 0.824539 |
6,281 | Originally based on the American Chemical Society's general chemistry test, PhysicsBowl was used as an external benchmark for physics teachers to assess student performance starting in 1983. The contest was first administered nationally in 1985 as the "Metrologic Exam," named after its original sponsor, and was renamed... | Physics Bowl | 0.824539 |
6,282 | PhysicsBowl is a national physics competition coordinated by the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT). The test is taken during the first half of April each year by approximately 10,000 physics students. Competitors must attempt 40 physics-related multiple choice questions in a 45 minute long time period. Fi... | Physics Bowl | 0.824539 |
6,283 | A mathemagician is a mathematician who is also a magician. The term "mathemagic" is believed to have been introduced by Royal Vale Heath with his 1933 book "Mathemagic".The name "mathemagician" was probably first applied to Martin Gardner, but has since been used to describe many mathematician/magicians, including Arth... | Mathemagician | 0.824539 |
6,284 | In nuclear physics and atomic physics, weak charge refers to the Standard Model weak interaction coupling of a particle to the Z boson. For example, for any given nuclear isotope, the total weak charge is approximately −0.99 per neutron, and +0.07 per proton. It also shows an effect of parity violation during electron ... | Weak charge | 0.824535 |
6,285 | can be computed in the subproblem as all elements outside of I {\displaystyle I} are 0 Go to step 3.Since every time the in-crowd algorithm performs a global search it adds up to L {\displaystyle L} components to the active set, it can be a factor of L {\displaystyle L} faster than the best alternative algorithms when ... | In-crowd algorithm | 0.82453 |
6,286 | The TOOLKIT currently contains over 80 tools across five categories (Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sample collection and processing, Data collection and processing, GE3LS, other tools). Lifespan - an open access web platform offering users a step-by-step approach for the development and maintenance of a biobank or a ... | Public Population Project in Genomics | 0.824516 |
6,287 | P3G was incorporated in 2004 under the leadership of Bartha Knoppers and Dr. Thomas Hudson, and was established by and for researchers working in the area of population genetics. P3G is funded by Genome Quebec and Genome Canada, as well as other funding agencies. | Public Population Project in Genomics | 0.824516 |
6,288 | In general, in statistical physics, if we consider sentences of the form "the probability of a system S assuming state A is p" the geometry of the system does not always lead to the definition of a probability measure under congruence, although it may do so in the case of systems with just one degree of freedom.Probabi... | Probability measure | 0.824512 |
6,289 | In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a probability space that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity. The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a pr... | Probability measure | 0.824512 |
6,290 | There is practically no debate whether microbial life can survive pressures up to 600 MPa, which has been shown over the last decade or so to be valid through a number of scattered publications. What is significant in this approach of Sharma et al. 2002 work is the elegantly straightforward ability to monitor systems a... | Physical factors affecting microbial life | 0.824496 |
6,291 | Engelman, Carl (1971). "The legacy of MATHLAB 68". Proceedings of the second ACM symposium on Symbolic and algebraic manipulation - SYMSAC '71. New York, NY: ACM. | MATHLAB | 0.82449 |
6,292 | Abstract from DECUS Library Catalog: MATHLAB is an on-line system providing machine aid for the mechanical symbolic processes encountered in analysis. It is capable of performing, automatically and symbolically, such common procedures as simplification, substitution, differentiation, polynomial factorization, indefinit... | MATHLAB | 0.82449 |
6,293 | MATHLAB is a computer algebra system created in 1964 by Carl Engelman at MITRE and written in Lisp. "MATHLAB 68" was introduced in 1967 and became rather popular in university environments running on DECs PDP-6 and PDP-10 under TOPS-10 or TENEX. In 1969 this version was included in the DECUS user group's library (as 10... | MATHLAB | 0.82449 |
6,294 | MATHLAB 68 has been used to solve electrical linear circuits using an acausal modeling approach for symbolic circuit analysis. This application was developed as a plug-in for MATHLAB 68 (open-source), building on MATHLAB's linear algebra facilities (Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms and linear algebra mani... | MATHLAB | 0.82449 |
6,295 | 99 Points of Intersection: Examples—Pictures—Proofs is a book on constructions in Euclidean plane geometry in which three or more lines or curves meet in a single point of intersection. This book was originally written in German by Hans Walser as 99 Schnittpunkte (Eagle / Ed. am Gutenbergplatz, 2004), translated into E... | 99 Points of Intersection | 0.824483 |
6,296 | The book is organized into three sections. The first section provides introductory material, describing different mathematical situations in which multiple curves might meet, and providing different possible explanations for this phenomenon, including symmetry, geometric transformations, and membership of the curves in... | 99 Points of Intersection | 0.824483 |
6,297 | John Jensen writes that "the clear and uncluttered illustrations of intersection make for a rich source for geometric investigation by high school geometry students". And although Gerry Leversha calls the book "eccentric" and states that it "is clearly nothing to do with any syllabus anywhere", Jensen suggests that its... | 99 Points of Intersection | 0.824483 |
6,298 | Aspvall, Plass & Tarjan (1979) found a simpler linear time procedure for solving 2-satisfiability instances, based on the notion of strongly connected components from graph theory.Two vertices in a directed graph are said to be strongly connected to each other if there is a directed path from one to the other and vice ... | 2-satisfiability | 0.824473 |
6,299 | Analogously to similar results for the more well-known complexity class NP, this transformation together with the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem allow any problem in NL to be represented as a second order logic formula with a single existentially quantified predicate with clauses limited to length 2. Such formulae are k... | 2-satisfiability | 0.824473 |
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