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6,600 | A force f ( t ) ∈ R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} (t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}} , dependent on time t ∈ R {\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} } , acting on a body of assumed constant mass m ∈ R {\displaystyle m\in \mathbb {R} } for a time interval {\displaystyle \lbrack t_{0},t_{1}\rbrack } generates a change in the body’s mome... | Collision response | 0.823932 |
6,601 | In the context of classical mechanics simulations and physics engines employed within video games, collision response deals with models and algorithms for simulating the changes in the motion of two solid bodies following collision and other forms of contact. | Collision response | 0.823932 |
6,602 | Squaring the circle, proposed by ancient geometers, is the problem of constructing a square with the same area as a given circle, by using only a finite number of steps with compass and straightedge. In 1882, the task was proven to be impossible as a consequence of the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, which proves that p... | Square (geometry) | 0.823917 |
6,603 | The program was designed to teach basic math skills and terminology in an entertaining fashion to children between approximately 8 and 10 years of age. In each 15-minute episode, Math Patrol's unseen (silhouetted) boss "Mr. Big" would send the detective on a case or charge him with a task which could only be solved thr... | Math Patrol | 0.823915 |
6,604 | Commutator Jacobi identity Universal enveloping algebra Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula Casimir invariant Killing form Kac–Moody algebra Affine Lie algebra Loop algebra Graded Lie algebra | List of Lie groups topics | 0.823911 |
6,605 | Simple Lie group Compact Lie group, Compact real form Semisimple Lie algebra Root system Simply laced group ADE classification Maximal torus Weyl group Dynkin diagram Weyl character formula | List of Lie groups topics | 0.823911 |
6,606 | Representation of a Lie group Representation of a Lie algebra Adjoint representation of a Lie group Adjoint representation of a Lie algebra Unitary representation Weight (representation theory) Peter–Weyl theorem Borel–Weil theorem Kirillov character formula Representation theory of SU(2) Representation theory of SL2(R... | List of Lie groups topics | 0.823911 |
6,607 | Pauli matrices Gell-Mann matrices Poisson bracket Noether's theorem Wigner's classification Gauge theory Grand unification theory Supergroup Lie superalgebra Twistor theory Anyon Witt algebra Virasoro algebra | List of Lie groups topics | 0.823911 |
6,608 | One-parameter group, One-parameter subgroup Matrix exponential Infinitesimal transformation Lie's third theorem Maurer–Cartan form Cartan's theorem Cartan's criterion Local Lie group Formal group law Hilbert's fifth problem Hilbert-Smith conjecture Lie group decompositions Real form (Lie theory) Complex Lie group Compl... | List of Lie groups topics | 0.823911 |
6,609 | Statistical classification is a problem studied in machine learning. It is a type of supervised learning, a method of machine learning where the categories are predefined, and is used to categorize new probabilistic observations into said categories. When there are only two categories the problem is known as statistica... | Binary classifier | 0.823911 |
6,610 | In quantum mechanics, rotational invariance is the property that after a rotation the new system still obeys Schrödinger's equation. That is = 0 {\displaystyle =0} for any rotation R. Since the rotation does not depend explicitly on time, it commutes with the energy operator. Thus for rotational invariance we must hav... | Rotational invariance | 0.82391 |
6,611 | In physics, if a system behaves the same regardless of how it is oriented in space, then its Lagrangian is rotationally invariant. According to Noether's theorem, if the action (the integral over time of its Lagrangian) of a physical system is invariant under rotation, then angular momentum is conserved. | Rotational invariance | 0.82391 |
6,612 | In physics, a vapor (American English) or vapour (British English and Canadian English; see spelling differences) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing the temperatur... | Vapor phase | 0.823908 |
6,613 | Math League runs three contest formats: Grades 4-5: 30 multiple-choice questions to solve in 30 minutes, covering arithmetic and basic principles Grades 6-8: 35 multiple-choice questions to solve in 30 minutes, covering advanced arithmetic and basic topics in geometry and algebra Grades 9-12: Series of 6 contests. Each... | Math League | 0.823903 |
6,614 | Typically, the topics are, in order, descriptive chemistry/laboratory techniques, stoichiometry, gases/liquids/solids, thermodynamics, kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, electronic structure/periodic trends, bonding theories, and organic chemistry. There is no penalty for guessing; a student's score is equal to t... | United States National Chemistry Olympiad | 0.823899 |
6,615 | The first part contains 60 multiple-choice questions. Each question has four answer choices. The questions are loosely grouped into 10 sets of 6 items; each set corresponds to a different chemistry topic. | United States National Chemistry Olympiad | 0.823899 |
6,616 | The United States National Chemistry Olympiad (or USNCO) is a contest held by the American Chemical Society (ACS) used to select the four-student team that represents the United States at the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO). Each local ACS section selects eight students (or more for larger ACS sections) to take... | United States National Chemistry Olympiad | 0.823899 |
6,617 | The second part contains 8 free response questions. Complete written explanations and calculations are required for full credit on a question, and partial credit is awarded. More thorough knowledge of basic theories is required, and often there are questions on less-emphasized portions of normal high school chemistry c... | United States National Chemistry Olympiad | 0.823899 |
6,618 | The purpose of the USNCO is to stimulate all young people to achieve excellence in chemistry. Therefore, the focus of the exam is not necessarily to select the top twenty students, and instead to present a wide selection of basic questions. Therefore, the scope of the USNCO is different than the scope of what would be ... | United States National Chemistry Olympiad | 0.823899 |
6,619 | The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler in 1736 laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology. | Transport puzzle | 0.82389 |
6,620 | It is central to the concept of Living Reviews in Solar Physics that it be a fully electronic journal, this allows to update its articles regularly and with minimum effort. The journal's reference database provides indexes of useful resources. Thus, in addition to a review journal, Living Reviews can be used by its rea... | Living Reviews in Solar Physics | 0.823882 |
6,621 | Living Reviews in Solar Physics is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing reviews on all areas of solar and heliospheric physics. It was founded and published at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research from 2004 to 2015. After it was sold by the Max Planck Society in June 2015, it is now p... | Living Reviews in Solar Physics | 0.823882 |
6,622 | Zariski's formulation of Hilbert's fourteenth problem asks whether, for a quasi-affine algebraic variety X over a field k, possibly assuming X normal or smooth, the ring of regular functions on X is finitely generated over k. Zariski's formulation was shown to be equivalent to the original problem, for X normal. (See a... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,623 | A classical example in nineteenth century was the extensive study (in particular by Cayley, Sylvester, Clebsch, Paul Gordan and also Hilbert) of invariants of binary forms in two variables with the natural action of the special linear group SL2(k) on it. Hilbert himself proved the finite generation of invariant rings i... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,624 | The problem originally arose in algebraic invariant theory. Here the ring R is given as a (suitably defined) ring of polynomial invariants of a linear algebraic group over a field k acting algebraically on a polynomial ring k (or more generally, on a finitely generated algebra defined over a field). In this situation t... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,625 | The vector space V is a 13-dimensional commutative unipotent algebraic group under addition, and its elements act on R by fixing all elements tj and taking xj to xj + bjtj. Then the ring of elements of R invariant under the action of the group V is not a finitely generated k-algebra. Several authors have reduced the si... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,626 | Nagata (1960) gave the following counterexample to Hilbert's problem. The field k is a field containing 48 elements a1i, ...,a16i, for i=1, 2, 3 that are algebraically independent over the prime field. The ring R is the polynomial ring k in 32 variables. The vector space V is a 13-dimensional vector space over k consis... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,627 | Hilbert conjectured that all such algebras are finitely generated over k. Some results were obtained confirming Hilbert's conjecture in special cases and for certain classes of rings (in particular the conjecture was proved unconditionally for n = 1 and n = 2 by Zariski in 1954). Then in 1959 Masayoshi Nagata found a c... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,628 | In mathematics, Hilbert's fourteenth problem, that is, number 14 of Hilbert's problems proposed in 1900, asks whether certain algebras are finitely generated. The setting is as follows: Assume that k is a field and let K be a subfield of the field of rational functions in n variables, k(x1, ..., xn ) over k.Consider no... | Hilbert's 14th problem | 0.823871 |
6,629 | The quality of the data should be checked as early as possible. Data quality can be assessed in several ways, using different types of analysis: frequency counts, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median), normality (skewness, kurtosis, frequency histograms), normal imputation is needed. Analysis of ext... | Data Interpretation | 0.823862 |
6,630 | Notable free software for data analysis include: DevInfo – A database system endorsed by the United Nations Development Group for monitoring and analyzing human development. ELKI – Data mining framework in Java with data mining oriented visualization functions. KNIME – The Konstanz Information Miner, a user friendly an... | Data Interpretation | 0.823862 |
6,631 | Several analyses can be used during the initial data analysis phase: Univariate statistics (single variable) Bivariate associations (correlations) Graphical techniques (scatter plots)It is important to take the measurement levels of the variables into account for the analyses, as special statistical techniques are avai... | Data Interpretation | 0.823862 |
6,632 | GeoProof is a free GPL dynamic geometry software, written in OCaml. | Dynamic geometry | 0.82386 |
6,633 | GEUP is a more calculus-oriented analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad. Deterministic Languages: English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish Macros: Yes Java-applet: No Animation: Yes Locus: Yes, including point on locus Assignments: No Measurement/Calculations: Yes Platform: Windows Proofs: No | Dynamic geometry | 0.82386 |
6,634 | KSEG is a free (GPL) analog of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP) with some unique features. This software can handle heavy, complex constructions in Euclidean geometry. Deterministic Languages: Dutch, English, French, Chinese, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian Bokmål, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, W... | Dynamic geometry | 0.82386 |
6,635 | The term problem solving has a slightly different meaning depending on the discipline. For instance, it is a mental process in psychology and a computerized process in computer science. There are two different types of problems: ill-defined and well-defined; different approaches are used for each. Well-defined problems... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,636 | There are many specialized problem-solving techniques and methods in fields such as engineering, business, medicine, mathematics, computer science, philosophy, and social organization. The mental techniques to identify, analyze, and solve problems are studied in psychology and cognitive sciences. Also widely researched... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,637 | There are many specialized problem-solving techniques and methods in fields such as engineering, business, medicine, mathematics, computer science, philosophy, and social organization. The mental techniques to identify, analyze, and solve problems are studied in psychology and cognitive sciences. Additionally, the ment... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,638 | In North America, initiated by the work of Herbert A. Simon on "learning by doing" in semantically rich domains, researchers began to investigate problem solving separately in different natural knowledge domains—such as physics, writing, or chess playing—rather than attempt to extract a global theory of problem solving... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,639 | Tim German and Clark Barrett describe this barrier: "subjects become 'fixed' on the design function of the objects, and problem solving suffers relative to control conditions in which the object's function is not demonstrated." Their research found that young children's limited knowledge of an object's intended functio... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,640 | The resolution theorem-prover used by Cordell Green bore little resemblance to human problem solving methods. In response to criticism of that approach from researchers at MIT, Robert Kowalski developed logic programming and SLD resolution, which solves problems by problem decomposition. He has advocated logic for both... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,641 | In addition to its use for finding proofs of mathematical theorems, automated theorem-proving has also been used for program verification in computer science. In 1958, John McCarthy proposed the advice taker, to represent information in formal logic and to derive answers to questions using automated theorem-proving. An... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,642 | Formal logic concerns issues like validity, truth, inference, argumentation, and proof. In a problem-solving context, it can be used to formally represent a problem as a theorem to be proved, and to represent the knowledge needed to solve the problem as the premises to be used in a proof that the problem has a solution... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,643 | Much of computer science and artificial intelligence involves designing automated systems to solve a specified type of problem: to accept input data and calculate a correct or adequate response, reasonably quickly. Algorithms are recipes or instructions that direct such systems, written into computer programs. Steps fo... | Problem solving | 0.823848 |
6,644 | The first real experiment to follow Wheeler's intention for a double-slit apparatus to be subjected to end-game determination of detection method is the one by Walborn et al.Researchers with access to radio telescopes originally designed for SETI research have explicated the practical difficulties of conducting the int... | Delayed-choice experiment | 0.823848 |
6,645 | In Bohm's quantum mechanics, the particle obeys classical mechanics except that its movement takes place under the additional influence of its quantum potential. A photon or an electron has a definite trajectory and passes through one or the other of the two slits and not both, just as it is in the case of a classical ... | Delayed-choice experiment | 0.823848 |
6,646 | The resulting game has a non-trivial strategy even for a single pile of tokens; the Furstenberg–Sárközy theorem implies that its winning positions have density zero among the integers. Fibonacci nim is another variation of nim in which the allowed moves depend on the previous moves to the same pile of tokens. On the fi... | Subtraction game | 0.823841 |
6,647 | Examples of notable subtraction games include the following: Nim is a game whose state consists of multiple piles of tokens, such as coins or matchsticks, and a valid move removes any number of tokens from a single pile. Nim has a well-known optimal strategy in which the goal at each move is to reach a set of piles who... | Subtraction game | 0.823841 |
6,648 | The nim-values are zero for P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} -positions, and nonzero for N {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} -positions; according to a theorem of Tom Ferguson, the single-number positions with nim-value one are exactly the numbers obtained by adding the smallest value in the subtraction set to a P {\displ... | Subtraction game | 0.823841 |
6,649 | Subtraction games are generally impartial games, meaning that the set of moves available in a given position does not depend on the player whose turn it is to move. For such a game, the states can be divided up into P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} -positions (positions in which the previous player, who just moved, is ... | Subtraction game | 0.823841 |
6,650 | While there are many games with a purpose that deal with visual data, there are few that attempt to label audio data. Annotating audio data can be used to search and index music and audio databases as well as generate training data for machine learning. However, currently manually labeling data is costly. Thus, one way... | Human-based computation game | 0.823841 |
6,651 | Guess the Correlation is a game with a purpose challenging players to guess the true Pearson correlation coefficient in scatter plots. The collected data is used to study what features in scatter plots skew human perception of the true correlation. The game was developed by Omar Wagih at the European Bioinformatics Ins... | Human-based computation game | 0.823841 |
6,652 | Given an image, the ESP Game can be used to determine what objects are in the image, but cannot be used to determine the location of the object in the image. Location information is necessary for training and testing computer vision algorithms, so the data collected by the ESP Game is not sufficient. Thus, to deal with... | Human-based computation game | 0.823841 |
6,653 | Human-based computation games motivate people through entertainment rather than an interest in solving computation problems. This makes GWAPs more appealing to a larger audience. GWAPs can be used to help build the semantic web, annotate and classify collected data, crowdsource general knowledge, and improving other ge... | Human-based computation game | 0.823841 |
6,654 | Macrotask games, unlike microtask games, contain complex problems that are usually left to experts to solve. In 2008, a macrotask game called Foldit was created by Seth Cooper. The idea was that players would attempt to fold a three-dimensional representation of a protein. This task was a hard problem for computers to ... | Human-based computation game | 0.823841 |
6,655 | vaccine - vacuole - valence - valine - van der Waals force - van der Waals radius - vapor pressure - vapour pressure - vasoactive intestinal peptide - vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor - vasopressin - vasopressin receptor - venom - vertebrate photoreceptor - vesicle - vestibular system - vimentin - viral envelope ... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,656 | sarcoplasmic reticulum - satellite DNA - scientific notation - SDS-PAGE - second messenger - second messenger system - secondary structure - secretin - selectin - sensory receptor - sequence (biology) - sequence homology - sequence motif - sequencing - serine - serotonin - serotonin receptor - serpin - sexual reproduct... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,657 | radioisotope - radioisotopic labelling - Raman spectroscopy - random coil - Ras gene - Ras protein - reading frame - receptor (biochemistry) - receptor antagonist - receptor protein-tyrosine kinase - recombinant fusion protein - recombinant interferon-gamma - recombinant protein - recombination - redox - redox reaction... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,658 | octreotide - odorant receptor - olfaction - olfactory receptor neuron - oligopeptide - oncogene - oncogene protein - oncogene proteins V-abl - oncogenic retroviridae protein - open reading frame - opioid receptor - opsin - optical isomerism - organ (anatomy) - organelle - organic chemistry - organic compound - organic ... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,659 | macroevolution - macromolecular system - macromolecule - macrophage colony-stimulating factor - major histocompatibility complex - Malpighi body - Malpighi layer - marine biology - maslinic acid - mass spectrometer - maturation-promoting factor - mechanoreceptor - medicine - meiosis - melting point - membrane glycoprot... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,660 | fab immunoglobulin - facilitated diffusion - factor VIII - FADH - FADH2 - Fat - Fatty acid - fc immunoglobulin - fc receptor - feedback inhibition - fermentation - fetal protein - fibroblast growth factor - fibroblast growth factor receptor - fibronectin - Fick's law of diffusion - Filtration - fitness (biology) - fitn... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,661 | eIF-2 - eIF-2 kinase - electrochemical potential - electron - electron capture - electron configuration - electron microscopy - electron shell - electron transport chain - electron volt - electronegativity - electrophile - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - element - element symbol - ELISA - ELISPOT - embryo - embry... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,662 | dactinomycin - decarboxylation reaction - delta opioid receptor - denaturation (biochemistry) - dendrite - dendritic cell - dendritic spine - deoxyribonucleoprotein - deoxyribose - desmopressin - deuterium - developmental biology - dialysis (chemical) - diffusion - dimer - dinucleotide repeat - diploid - disaccharide -... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,663 | IgA - IgE receptor - IGF type 1 receptor - IGF type 2 receptor - IgG - IgM - immediate-early protein - immune cell - immune system - immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin joining region - immunoglobulin variable region - immunologic receptor - immunology - In vivo - infrared spectroscopy - inhibin - inhibitor - inhibitory gi... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,664 | G protein - G protein-coupled receptor - G3P - GABA - GABA receptor - GABA-A receptor - gag-onc fusion protein - galanin - gamete - gamma-chain immunoglobulin - gamma-delta T-cell antigen receptor - gastrin - gastrointestinal hormone receptor - gastrula - gel electrophoresis - gene - gene expression - gene pool - gene ... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,665 | Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules. Articles related to biochemistry include: | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,666 | B cell - bacteria - bacterial conjugation - bacterial outer membrane protein - bacterial protein - bacteriorhodopsin - base (chemistry) - base pair - base sequence - basic fibroblast growth factor - Bcl-2 - bcr-abl fusion protein - benzene - benzene ring - beta-2 microglobulin - beta adrenergic receptor - beta sheet - ... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,667 | ABC-Transporter Genes - abl gene - acetic acid - acetyl CoA - acetylcholine - acetylcysteine - acid - acidic fibroblast growth factor - acrosin - actin - action potential - activation energy - active site - active transport - adenosine - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - adenosine triphospha... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,668 | T cell - T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence - taste bud - TATA box - tax gene product - taxonomy - telophase - tertiary structure - tetrodotoxin - thermochemistry - thermometer - thiamin - thioredoxin - threonine - thrombin - thrombin receptor - thrombom... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,669 | - protein-tyrosine-phosphatase - proteinoid - proteomics - protirelin - proto-oncogene - proto-oncogene proteins - proto-oncogene protein C-kit - proto-oncogene proteins c-abl - proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 - Proto-oncogene proteins c-fos - proto-oncogene proteins c-jun - proto-oncogene proteins c-mo - proto-oncogen... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,670 | P42 MAP kinase -p53 - pancreatic polypeptide - parathyroid hormone receptor - partial pressure - passive transport - Pauling scale - PCR - peptide - peptide bond - peptide elongation factor - peptide elongation factor tu - peptide fragment - peptide initiation factor - peptide receptor - peptide termination factor - pe... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,671 | N-formylmethionine - N-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor - N-methylaspartate - N-terminus - NADH - NADPH - NaKATPase - native state - nef gene product - neoplasm protein - Nernst equation - nerve - nerve growth factor - nerve growth factor receptor - nerve tissue protein - nerve tiss... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.823833 |
6,672 | Martin-Löf's idea was to limit the definition to measure 0 sets that are effectively describable; the definition of an effective null cover determines a countable collection of effectively describable measure 0 sets and defines a sequence to be random if it does not lie in any of these particular measure 0 sets. Since ... | Algorithmically random set | 0.823808 |
6,673 | The publication of The Seven Daughters of Eve by Sykes in 2001, which described the seven major haplogroups of European ancestors, helped push personal ancestry testing through DNA tests into wide public notice. With the growing availability and affordability of genealogical DNA testing, genetic genealogy as a field gr... | Pedigree analysis | 0.823808 |
6,674 | The investigation of surnames in genetics can be said to go back to George Darwin, a son of Charles Darwin and Charles' first cousin Emma Darwin. In 1875, George Darwin used surnames to estimate the frequency of first-cousin marriages and calculated the expected incidence of marriage between people of the same surname ... | Pedigree analysis | 0.823808 |
6,675 | Members of the genetic genealogy community have been credited with making useful contributions to knowledge in the field, an example of citizen science.One of the earliest interest groups to emerge was the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG). Their stated goal is to promote DNA testing for genealogy. Mem... | Pedigree analysis | 0.823808 |
6,676 | Like polytechnics or technological universities (institute of technology) in other countries, their aim was to teach both purely academic and professional vocational degrees (engineering, computer science, law, architecture, management, business, accounting, journalism, town planning, etc.). Their original focus was ap... | Binary Divide | 0.823806 |
6,677 | In this respect, a drug that "hits" multiple sensitive nodes belonging to a network of interacting targets offers the potential for higher efficacy and may limit drawbacks generally arising from the use of a single-target drug or a combination of multiple drugs. In contrast, chemical biology continues to be a reduction... | Polypharmacology | 0.823793 |
6,678 | A further variation is motivated by the concern that modern Natural Language Processing prove to be highly successful in generating text on the basis of a huge text corpus and could eventually pass the Turing test simply by manipulating words and sentences that have been used in the initial training of the model. Since... | Turing Test | 0.823792 |
6,679 | The "Total Turing test" variation of the Turing test, proposed by cognitive scientist Stevan Harnad, adds two further requirements to the traditional Turing test. The interrogator can also test the perceptual abilities of the subject (requiring computer vision) and the subject's ability to manipulate objects (requiring... | Turing Test | 0.823792 |
6,680 | Turing did not intend for his idea to be used to test the intelligence of programs—he wanted to provide a clear and understandable example to aid in the discussion of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. John McCarthy argues that we should not be surprised that a philosophical idea turns out to be useless for pra... | Turing Test | 0.823792 |
6,681 | The power and appeal of the Turing test derives from its simplicity. The philosophy of mind, psychology, and modern neuroscience have been unable to provide definitions of "intelligence" and "thinking" that are sufficiently precise and general to be applied to machines. Without such definitions, the central questions o... | Turing Test | 0.823791 |
6,682 | As a Cambridge honours graduate in mathematics, Turing might have been expected to propose a test of computer intelligence requiring expert knowledge in some highly technical field, and thus anticipating a more recent approach to the subject. Instead, as already noted, the test which he described in his seminal 1950 pa... | Turing Test | 0.823791 |
6,683 | Turing's new question is: "Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?" This question, Turing believed, was one that could actually be answered. In the remainder of the paper, he argued against all the major objections to the proposition that "machines can think".Since Turing intro... | Turing Test | 0.823791 |
6,684 | In parallel to the 2008 Loebner Prize held at the University of Reading, the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour (AISB), hosted a one-day symposium to discuss the Turing test, organised by John Barnden, Mark Bishop, Huma Shah and Kevin Warwick. The speakers included the Roya... | Turing Test | 0.823791 |
6,685 | Operand forwarding (or data forwarding) is an optimization in pipelined CPUs to limit performance deficits which occur due to pipeline stalls. A data hazard can lead to a pipeline stall when the current operation has to wait for the results of an earlier operation which has not yet finished. | Operand forwarding | 0.823788 |
6,686 | In networks where a logically centralized control is available over the forwarding state, for example, using software-defined networking, routing techniques can be used that aim to optimize global and network-wide performance metrics. This has been used by large internet companies that operate many data centers in diff... | Routing algorithms | 0.823787 |
6,687 | The development of electron spectroscopy can be considered to have begun in 1887 when the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect but was unable to explain it. In 1900, Max Planck (1918 Nobel Prize in Physics) suggested that energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be releas... | Electron spectroscopy | 0.823781 |
6,688 | Real number Rational number Integer Natural number Composite number Irrational number Odd number Even number Positive number Negative number Prime number List of prime numbers Highly composite number Perfect number Algebraic number Transcendental number Hypercomplex number Transfinite number Indefinite and fictitious n... | Outline of arithmetic | 0.823772 |
6,689 | Outline of number theory Riemann zeta function L-functions Multiplicative functions Modular forms | Outline of arithmetic | 0.823772 |
6,690 | Order of operations Addition Sum Additive inverse Subtraction Multiplication Multiplicative inverse Multiple Common multiple Division Quotient Quotition and partition Fraction Decimal fraction Proper fraction Improper fraction Vulgar fraction Ratio Common denominator Factoring Fundamental theorem of arithmetic Prime nu... | Outline of arithmetic | 0.823772 |
6,691 | Other terms are also associated with the do-it-yourself biology community. The terms biohacking and wetware hacking emphasize the connection to hacker culture and the hacker ethic. The term hacker is used in the original sense of finding new and clever ways to do things. The term biohacking is also used by the grinder ... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,692 | Do-it-yourself biology (DIY biology, DIY bio) is a biotechnological social movement in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and life science using the same methods as traditional research institutions. DIY biology is primarily undertaken by individuals with limited research training fro... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,693 | Bioinformatics is another popular target for do-it-yourself biology research. As in other fields, many programming languages can be used in DIY biology, but most of the languages that are used are those with large bioinformatics libraries. Examples include BioPerl or BioPython, which use the languages Perl and Python, ... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,694 | The DIYbio movement seeks to revise the notion that one must be an academic with an advanced degree to make any significant contribution to the biology community. It allows large numbers of small organizations and individuals to participate in research and development, with spreading knowledge a higher priority than tu... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,695 | Opentrons makes open-source, affordable lab robots, and got its start as a DIY biology collaboration at Genspace. Incuvers makes telemetric chambers for cellular research that are affordable and allow for complete customizability of their environments. OpenCell, a London based biotech lab provider hosts regular biohack... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,696 | The DIY biology movement attempts to make available the tools and resources necessary for anyone, including non-professionals, to conduct biological engineering. One of the first pieces of open source laboratory equipment developed was the Dremelfuge by Irish biohacker Cathal Garvey, which uses a 3D printed tube holder... | DIY biology | 0.823765 |
6,697 | Object storage explicitly separates file metadata from data to support additional capabilities. As opposed to fixed metadata in file systems (filename, creation date, type, etc.), object storage provides for full function, custom, object-level metadata in order to: Capture application-specific or user-specific informat... | Object storage device | 0.823763 |
6,698 | The axis–angle representation is convenient when dealing with rigid body dynamics. It is useful to both characterize rotations, and also for converting between different representations of rigid body motion, such as homogeneous transformations and twists. When a rigid body rotates around a fixed axis, its axis–angle da... | Axis and angle | 0.823753 |
6,699 | The generic, statistical physical derivation of this noise is called the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, where generalized impedance or generalized susceptibility is used to characterize the medium. Thermal noise in an ideal resistor is approximately white, meaning that the power spectral density is nearly constant th... | Thermal noise | 0.82375 |
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