id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
7,900 | Digit-counting is not as rigorous a way to represent significance as specifying the uncertainty separately and explicitly (such as 1.234 ± 0.056). Manual, algebraic propagation of uncertainty—the nominal topic of this article—is possible, but challenging. | Significance arithmetic | 0.822113 |
7,901 | A physical quantity introduced in chemistry; usually determined indirectly. If mass and substance type of the sample are known, then atomic- or molecular masses (taken from a periodic table, masses measured by mass spectrometry) give direct access to the value of the amount of substance. (See also Molar mass.) If speci... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,902 | Tomograph, device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object. Wind tunnelThis section and the following sections include instruments from the wide field of Category:Mater... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,903 | This includes mostly instruments which measure macroscopic properties of matter: In the fields of solid-state physics; in condensed matter physics which considers solids, liquids, and in-betweens exhibiting for example viscoelastic behavior. Furthermore, fluid mechanics, where liquids, gases, plasmas, and in-betweens l... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,904 | This could include chemical substances, rays of any kind, elementary particles, and quasiparticles. Many measurement devices outside this section may be used or at least become part of an identification process. For identification and content concerning chemical substances, see also Analytical chemistry, List of chemic... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,905 | Thermographic camera uses a microbolometer for detection of heat radiation.See also Temperature measurement and Category:Thermometers. More technically related may be seen thermal analysis methods in materials science. For the ranges of temperature-values see: Orders of magnitude (temperature) | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,906 | Also note: thermal space resolution (images) found in thermography. Resistance thermometer principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of metals (platinum) (electrical resistance), range: 10 to 1,000 kelvins, application in physics and industry Solid thermometer principle: relation between tempera... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,907 | Some instruments, such as telescopes and sea navigation instruments, have had military applications for many centuries. However, the role of instruments in military affairs rose exponentially with the development of technology via applied science, which began in the mid-19th century and has continued through the presen... | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,908 | Resonant frequency and damping analyser (RFDA), using the impulse excitation technique: A small mechanical impulse causes the sample to vibrate. The vibration depends on elastic properties, density, geometry, and inner structures (lattice or fissures). | List of measuring instruments | 0.822112 |
7,909 | Both AAP and ACMG discourage the use of direct-to-consumer and home kit genetic tests because of concerns regarding the accuracy, interpretation and oversight of test content. Guidelines also state that parents or guardians should be encouraged to inform their child of the results from the genetic test if the minor is ... | Genetic test | 0.822088 |
7,910 | The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) have provided new guidelines for the ethical issue of pediatric genetic testing and screening of children in the United States. Their guidelines state that performing pediatric genetic testing should be in the best interest of ... | Genetic test | 0.822088 |
7,911 | It is possible (according to the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem) to construct anything with just a compass if it can be constructed with a ruler and compass, provided that the given data and the data to be found consist of discrete points (not lines or circles). The truth of this theorem depends on the truth of Archimedes' ax... | Euclidean tools | 0.822088 |
7,912 | Doubling the cube is the construction, using only a straightedge and compass, of the edge of a cube that has twice the volume of a cube with a given edge. This is impossible because the cube root of 2, though algebraic, cannot be computed from integers by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking squa... | Euclidean tools | 0.822088 |
7,913 | {\displaystyle e(g^{a},g^{b})=e(g,g)^{ab}=e(g,g^{ab}).} Thus, if h = g a b {\displaystyle h=g^{ab}} , then the values e ( g a , g b ) {\displaystyle e(g^{a},g^{b})} and e ( g , h ) {\displaystyle e(g,h)} will be equal. Since this cryptographic assumption, essential to building ElGamal encryption and signatures, does no... | Decision Linear assumption | 0.822077 |
7,914 | In symmetric pairing-based cryptography the group G {\displaystyle G} is equipped with a pairing e: G × G → T {\displaystyle e:G\times G\to T} which is bilinear. This map gives an efficient algorithm to solve the decisional Diffie-Hellman problem. Given input ( g , g a , g b , h ) {\displaystyle (g,\,g^{a},\,g^{b},\,h)... | Decision Linear assumption | 0.822077 |
7,915 | The Decision Linear (DLIN) assumption is a computational hardness assumption used in elliptic curve cryptography. In particular, the DLIN assumption is useful in settings where the decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption does not hold (as is often the case in pairing-based cryptography). The Decision Linear assumption was... | Decision Linear assumption | 0.822077 |
7,916 | The spherical coordinates of a point in the ISO convention (i.e. for physics: radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ) can be obtained from its Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by the formulae The inverse tangent denoted in φ = arctan y/x must be suitably defined, taking into account the correct quadrant of (x, y). See the a... | Spherical coordinates | 0.822073 |
7,917 | In spherical coordinates, the position of a point or particle (although better written as a triple ( r , θ , φ ) {\displaystyle (r,\theta ,\varphi )} ) can be written as Its velocity is then and its acceleration is The angular momentum is Where m {\displaystyle m} is mass. In the case of a constant φ or else θ = π/2, t... | Spherical coordinates | 0.822073 |
7,918 | The polar angle is often replaced by the elevation angle measured from the reference plane towards the positive Z axis; the depression angle is the negative of the elevation angle. The use of symbols and the order of the coordinates differs among sources and disciplines. This article will use the ISO convention frequen... | Spherical coordinates | 0.822073 |
7,919 | Kardar, Mehran (2007). Statistical Physics of Fields. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87341-3. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,920 | Basics of Statistical Physics, 3rd ed. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-125-609-7. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,921 | A modern course in statistical physics. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-2777-5.2e (1998) Chichester: Wiley ISBN 0-471-59520-9Ma, Shang-keng (1985). | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,922 | Internet Archive. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Vol. 5 of the Course of Theoretical Physics. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,923 | Oxford: Clarendon Press. ; (1979) New York: Dover ISBN 0-486-63896-0 Landau, Lev Davidovich; and Lifshitz, Evgeny Mikhailovich (1969). Statistical Physics. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,924 | Finn, C. B. P. (1993). Thermal Physics (2nd ed.). | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,925 | Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Themostatistics (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-86256-8. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,926 | Bogoliubov, N. N. (1967–1970). Lectures on Quantum Statistics. Problems of Statistical Mechanics of Quantum Systems. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,927 | Gould, Harvey and Tobochnik, Jan (2010). Statistical and Thermal Physics. Princeton University Press. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,928 | Concepts in Thermal Physics. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856769-1. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,929 | An Introduction to Thermal Physics. United States of America: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-201-38027-7.Blundell, Stephen; Blundell, Katherine (2006). | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,930 | 2e Kittel, Charles; and Kroemer, Herbert (1980) New York: W.H. Freeman ISBN 0-7167-1088-9 Mandl, Franz (1971). Statistical physics. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,931 | Thermal Physics. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-49030-X. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,932 | Reif, Frederick (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-051800-9. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,933 | Vol. 10 of the Course of Theoretical Physics (3rd Ed). Translated by J.B. | List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics | 0.822063 |
7,934 | Many-valued logic (also multi- or multiple-valued logic) is a propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values. Traditionally, in Aristotle's logical calculus, there were only two possible values (i.e., "true" and "false") for any proposition. Classical two-valued logic may be extended to n-valued l... | Multi-valued logic | 0.822062 |
7,935 | Known applications of many-valued logic can be roughly classified into two groups. The first group uses many-valued logic to solve binary problems more efficiently. For example, a well-known approach to represent a multiple-output Boolean function is to treat its output part as a single many-valued variable and convert... | Multi-valued logic | 0.822062 |
7,936 | The entailments of the latter can be interpreted as two-valued, but a more insightful interpretation is as a set, the elements of which can be understood as abstract proofs organized as the morphisms of a category. In this interpretation the cut rule of the sequent calculus corresponds to composition in the category. B... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,937 | Entailment as external implication between two terms expresses a metatruth outside the language of the logic, and is considered part of the metalanguage. Even when the logic under study is intuitionistic, entailment is ordinarily understood classically as two-valued: either the left side entails, or is less-or-equal to... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,938 | The significance of inequality for Hilbert-style systems is that it corresponds to the latter's deduction or entailment symbol ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } . An entailment ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 , … , ϕ n ⊢ ψ {\displaystyle \phi _{1},\ \phi _{2},\ \dots ,\ \phi _{n}\vdash \psi } is translated in the inequality version of the algebraic... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,939 | In both Boolean and Heyting algebra, inequality x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} can be used in place of equality. The equality x = y {\displaystyle x=y} is expressible as a pair of inequalities x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} and y ≤ x {\displaystyle y\leq x} . Conversely the inequality x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} is exp... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,940 | Theorems ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } of classical or intuitionistic propositional calculus are translated as equations ϕ = 1 {\displaystyle \phi =1} of Boolean or Heyting algebra respectively. Conversely theorems x = y {\displaystyle x=y} of Boolean or Heyting algebra are translated as theorems ( x → y ) ∧ ( y → x ) {\disp... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,941 | Its theorems are equations and its inference rules express the properties of equality, namely that it is a congruence on terms that admits substitution. Classical propositional calculus as described above is equivalent to Boolean algebra, while intuitionistic propositional calculus is equivalent to Heyting algebra. The... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,942 | The preceding alternative calculus is an example of a Hilbert-style deduction system. In the case of propositional systems the axioms are terms built with logical connectives and the only inference rule is modus ponens. Equational logic as standardly used informally in high school algebra is a different kind of calculu... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,943 | Consequently, the system was essentially reinvented by Peter Abelard in the 12th century.Propositional logic was eventually refined using symbolic logic. The 17th/18th-century mathematician Gottfried Leibniz has been credited with being the founder of symbolic logic for his work with the calculus ratiocinator. Although... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,944 | Although propositional logic (which is interchangeable with propositional calculus) had been hinted by earlier philosophers, it was developed into a formal logic (Stoic logic) by Chrysippus in the 3rd century BC and expanded by his successor Stoics. The logic was focused on propositions. This advancement was different ... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,945 | (For example, neither and both are standard "extra values"; "continuum logic" allows each sentence to have any of an infinite number of "degrees of truth" between true and false.) These logics often require calculational devices quite distinct from propositional calculus. When the values form a Boolean algebra (which m... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,946 | The translation between modal logics and algebraic logics concerns classical and intuitionistic logics but with the introduction of a unary operator on Boolean or Heyting algebras, different from the Boolean operations, interpreting the possibility modality, and in the case of Heyting algebra a second operator interpre... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,947 | Thus, it makes sense to refer to propositional logic as "zeroth-order logic", when comparing it with these logics. Modal logic also offers a variety of inferences that cannot be captured in propositional calculus. For example, from "Necessarily p" we may infer that p. From p we may infer "It is possible that p". | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,948 | Propositional calculus is about the simplest kind of logical calculus in current use. It can be extended in several ways. (Aristotelian "syllogistic" calculus, which is largely supplanted in modern logic, is in some ways simpler – but in other ways more complex – than propositional calculus.) The most immediate way to ... | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,949 | It is possible to define another version of propositional calculus, which defines most of the syntax of the logical operators by means of axioms, and which uses only one inference rule. | Sentential logic | 0.822059 |
7,950 | Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing, as well as having anti-oxidizing properties.Neutron moderation: Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons. Nuclear fusion fuel: Deuterium is used in nuclear fusion reactions. Isoto... | Hydrogen molecule | 0.822057 |
7,951 | Newton had studied the cubic curves, in the general description of the real points into 'ovals'. The statement of Bézout's theorem showed a number of aspects which were not directly accessible to the geometry of the time, to do with singular points and complex solutions. Since the nineteenth century, curve theory is vi... | Curved lines | 0.822053 |
7,952 | Solutions to variational problems, such as the brachistochrone and tautochrone questions, introduced properties of curves in new ways (in this case, the cycloid). The catenary gets its name as the solution to the problem of a hanging chain, the sort of question that became routinely accessible by means of differential ... | Curved lines | 0.822053 |
7,953 | This not only allowed new curves to be defined and studied, but it enabled a formal distinction to be made between algebraic curves that can be defined using polynomial equations, and transcendental curves that cannot. Previously, curves had been described as "geometrical" or "mechanical" according to how they were, or... | Curved lines | 0.822053 |
7,954 | The Archimedean spiral, studied by Archimedes as a method to trisect an angle and square the circle. The spiric sections, sections of tori studied by Perseus as sections of cones had been studied by Apollonius.A fundamental advance in the theory of curves was the introduction of analytic geometry by René Descartes in t... | Curved lines | 0.822053 |
7,955 | According to physicist Philip Warren Anderson, the use of the term "condensed matter" to designate a field of study was coined by him and Volker Heine, when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from Solid state theory to Theory of Condensed Matter in 1967, as they felt it better... | Condensed matter system | 0.822047 |
7,956 | Feringa and his team developed multiple molecular machines such as molecular car, molecular windmill and many more.In quantum computation, information is represented by quantum bits, or qubits. The qubits may decohere quickly before useful computation is completed. This serious problem must be solved before quantum com... | Condensed matter system | 0.822047 |
7,957 | Research in condensed matter physics has given rise to several device applications, such as the development of the semiconductor transistor, laser technology, and several phenomena studied in the context of nanotechnology. : 111ff Methods such as scanning-tunneling microscopy can be used to control processes at the nan... | Condensed matter system | 0.822047 |
7,958 | The allyloxycarbonyl (alloc) protecting group is sometimes used to protect an amino group (or carboxylic acid or alcohol group) when an orthogonal deprotection scheme is required. It is also sometimes used when conducting on-resin cyclic peptide formation, where the peptide is linked to the resin by a side-chain functi... | Peptide coupling | 0.822047 |
7,959 | Hence, this became known as the Bergmann-Zervas synthesis, which was characterised "epoch-making" and helped establish synthetic peptide chemistry as a distinct field. It constituted the first useful lab method for controlled peptide synthesis, enabling the synthesis of previously unattainable peptides with reactive si... | Peptide coupling | 0.822047 |
7,960 | Macromolecular structures can be determined from protein crystal using a variety of methods, including X-Ray Diffraction/X-ray crystallography, Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (CryoEM) (including Electron Crystallography and Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)), Small-angle X-ray scattering, and Neutron diffracti... | Crystal protein | 0.822042 |
7,961 | Artificial neural networks (ANNs, also shortened to neural networks (NNs) or neural nets) are a branch of machine learning models that are built using principles of neuronal organization discovered by connectionism in the biological neural networks constituting animal brains.An ANN is based on a collection of connected... | Neural Network | 0.822039 |
7,962 | Schmidhuber noted that the resurgence of neural networks in the twenty-first century is largely attributable to advances in hardware: from 1991 to 2015, computing power, especially as delivered by GPGPUs (on GPUs), has increased around a million-fold, making the standard backpropagation algorithm feasible for training ... | Neural Network | 0.822039 |
7,963 | Large and effective neural networks require considerable computing resources. While the brain has hardware tailored to the task of processing signals through a graph of neurons, simulating even a simplified neuron on von Neumann architecture may consume vast amounts of memory and storage. Furthermore, the designer ofte... | Neural Network | 0.822039 |
7,964 | The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of s... | Collective learning | 0.822038 |
7,965 | Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence (GI) that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. ... | Collective learning | 0.822038 |
7,966 | One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new i... | Collective learning | 0.822038 |
7,967 | In these problems, someone solicits ideas for projects, designs or solutions from the crowd. For example, ideas on solving a data science problem (as in Kaggle) or getting a good design for a T-shirt (as in Threadless) or in getting answers to simple problems that only humans can do well (as in Amazon's Mechanical Turk... | Collective learning | 0.822038 |
7,968 | Francis Heylighen, Valentin Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and cybernetics. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain. The develop... | Collective learning | 0.822038 |
7,969 | Scilab is a free and open-source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It can be used for signal processing, statistical analysis, image enhancement, fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization, and modeling, simulation of explicit and implic... | Scilab | 0.822035 |
7,970 | In software engineering and mathematics, numerical error is the error in the numerical computations. | Numerical error | 0.822025 |
7,971 | In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion (sometimes abbreviated SHM) is a special type of periodic motion an object experiences due to a restoring force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the distance of the object from an equilibrium position and acts towards the equilibrium position. It results in an... | Simple Harmonic Motion | 0.822016 |
7,972 | Classical test theory is an influential theory of test scores in the social sciences. In psychometrics, the theory has been superseded by the more sophisticated models in item response theory (IRT) and generalizability theory (G-theory). However, IRT is not included in standard statistical packages like SPSS, but SAS c... | Classical test theory | 0.822014 |
7,973 | The item-total correlation provides an index of the discrimination or differentiating power of the item, and is typically referred to as item discrimination. In addition, these statistics are calculated for each response of the oft-used multiple choice item, which are used to evaluate items and diagnose possible issues... | Classical test theory | 0.822014 |
7,974 | Reliability provides a convenient index of test quality in a single number, reliability. However, it does not provide any information for evaluating single items. Item analysis within the classical approach often relies on two statistics: the P-value (proportion) and the item-total correlation (point-biserial correlati... | Classical test theory | 0.822014 |
7,975 | Giraud's theorem already gives "sheaves on sites" as a complete list of examples. Note, however, that nonequivalent sites often give rise to equivalent topoi. As indicated in the introduction, sheaves on ordinary topological spaces motivate many of the basic definitions and results of topos theory. | Logical functor | 0.822013 |
7,976 | A standard formulation of the axiom of choice makes sense in any topos, and there are topoi in which it is invalid. Constructivists will be interested to work in a topos without the law of excluded middle. If symmetry under a particular group G is of importance, one can use the topos consisting of all G-sets. It is als... | Logical functor | 0.822013 |
7,977 | In mathematics, a topos (US: , UK: ; plural topoi or , or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and possess a notion of localization; they are a direct generalization of point-set topolo... | Logical functor | 0.822013 |
7,978 | A lot of the learning methods in machine learning work similar to each other, and are based on each other, which makes it difficult to classify them in clear categories. But they can be broadly understood in 4 categories of learning methods, though these categories don't have clear boundaries and they tend to belong to... | Learning rule | 0.822011 |
7,979 | Developed by Donald Hebb in 1949 to describe biological neuron firing. In the mid-1950s it was also applied to computer simulations of neural networks. Δ w i = η x i y {\displaystyle \Delta w_{i}=\eta x_{i}y} Where η {\displaystyle \eta } represents the learning rate, x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} represents the input of n... | Learning rule | 0.822011 |
7,980 | Depending on the complexity of actual model being simulated, the learning rule of the network can be as simple as an XOR gate or mean squared error, or as complex as the result of a system of differential equations. The learning rule is one of the factors which decides how fast or how accurately the artificial network ... | Learning rule | 0.822011 |
7,981 | An artificial neural network's learning rule or learning process is a method, mathematical logic or algorithm which improves the network's performance and/or training time. Usually, this rule is applied repeatedly over the network. It is done by updating the weights and bias levels of a network when a network is simula... | Learning rule | 0.822011 |
7,982 | These operations are well-defined, meaning that the end result does not depend on the choices of representatives that were made to obtain the result. The m congruence classes with these two defined operations form a ring, called the ring of integers modulo m. There are several notations used for these algebraic objects... | Modular inverse | 0.822005 |
7,983 | Conversely, some language features make certain optimizations easier. For example, in some languages functions are not permitted to have side effects. Therefore, if a program makes several calls to the same function with the same arguments, the compiler can immediately infer that the function's result need be computed ... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,984 | For instance, function inlining, where a call to a function is replaced by a copy of the function body. Machine code optimization and object code optimizer These analyze the executable task image of the program after all of an executable machine code has been linked. | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,985 | Interprocedural, whole-program or link-time optimization These analyze all of a program's source code. The greater quantity of information extracted means that optimizations can be more effective compared to when they only have access to local information, i.e. within a single function. This kind of optimization can al... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,986 | Prescient store optimizations These allow store operations to occur earlier than would otherwise be permitted in the context of threads and locks. The process needs some way of knowing ahead of time what value will be stored by the assignment that it should have followed. The purpose of this relaxation is to allow comp... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,987 | Worst case assumptions have to be made when function calls occur or global variables are accessed because little information about them is available. Loop optimizations These act on the statements which make up a loop, such as a for loop, for example loop-invariant code motion. Loop optimizations can have a significant... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,988 | Since basic blocks have no control flow, these optimizations need very little analysis, saving time and reducing storage requirements, but this also means that no information is preserved across jumps. Global optimizations These are also called "intraprocedural methods" and act on whole functions. This gives them more ... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,989 | This form of optimization examines a few adjacent instructions (like "looking through a peephole" at the code) to see whether they can be replaced by a single instruction or a shorter sequence of instructions. For instance, a multiplication of a value by 2 might be more efficiently executed by left-shifting the value o... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,990 | Techniques used in optimization can be broken up among various scopes which can affect anything from a single statement to the entire program. Generally speaking, locally scoped techniques are easier to implement than global ones but result in smaller gains. Some examples of scopes include: Peephole optimizations These... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,991 | Data-flow optimizations, based on data-flow analysis, primarily depend on how certain properties of data are propagated by control edges in the control-flow graph. Some of these include: Common subexpression elimination In the expression (a + b) - (a + b)/4, "common subexpression" refers to the duplicated (a + b). Comp... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,992 | Machine-independent vs. machine-dependent Many optimizations that operate on abstract programming concepts (loops, objects, structures) are independent of the machine targeted by the compiler, but many of the most effective optimizations are those that best exploit special features of the target platform. Examples are ... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,993 | In languages where functions are allowed to have side effects, another strategy is possible. The optimizer can determine which function has no side effects and restrict such optimizations to side effect free functions. This optimization is only possible when the optimizer has access to the called function. | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,994 | Some of the techniques that can be applied in a more limited scope, such as macro compression which saves space by collapsing common sequences of instructions, are more effective when the entire executable task image is available for analysis.In addition to scoped optimizations, there are two further general categories... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,995 | If the coloring fails one variable is "spilled" to memory and the coloring is retried.Instruction selection Most architectures, particularly CISC architectures and those with many addressing modes, offer several different ways of performing a particular operation, using entirely different sequences of instructions. The... | Compiler optimization | 0.821999 |
7,996 | In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts. In the former meaning the term is predominantly used in condensed matter physics, atomic physics, and chemistry, whereas in nu... | Mass difference | 0.821989 |
7,997 | The term "minute" usually means 1⁄60 of an hour, coming from "a minute division of an hour". The term "second" comes from "the second minute division of an hour", as it is 1⁄60 of a minute, or 1⁄60 of 1⁄60 of an hour. While usually sub-second units are represented with SI prefixes on the second (e.g. milliseconds), thi... | List of unusual units of measurement | 0.821984 |
7,998 | A material-dependent unit used in nuclear and particle physics and engineering to measure the thickness of shielding, for example around a nuclear reactor, particle accelerator, or radiation or particle detector. 1 mwe of a material is the thickness of that material that provides the equivalent shielding of one metre (... | List of unusual units of measurement | 0.821984 |
7,999 | One barn is 10−28 square metres, about the cross-sectional area of a uranium nucleus. The name probably derives from early neutron-deflection experiments, when the uranium nucleus was described, and the phrases "big as a barn" and "hit a barn door" were used. Barn are typically used for cross sections in nuclear and pa... | List of unusual units of measurement | 0.821984 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.