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The Contributions of Immigrants and Their Children to the American Workforce and Jobs of the Future
SOURCE: AP/Jacquelyn Martin
- Endnotes and citations are available in the PDF and Scribd versions.
- Download the report:
- Download introduction & summary:
- Read it in your browser:
Our nation is in the middle of two great demographic shifts. The largest generation of Americans—the Baby Boomers—is reaching retirement age and will leave the workforce en masse between 2010 and 2030. The retirement of the Baby Boom generation will create millions of replacement job openings, even as economic growth creates the need for additional workers to fill newly created jobs. At the same time, our nation is becoming more demographically diverse. Immigrants and their children make up a growing share of the population that will be entering their prime working years over the next two decades.
With large numbers of jobs coming open in every sector of the economy and at all skill levels from now to 2030, immigrants and their children will be critical to the continued dynamism of the American workforce and economy. They will play a vital role in reshaping the workforce, filling essential jobs, and sustaining economic growth.
This report analyzes fundamental demographic and employment trends that are changing our nation’s workforce and seem certain to continue long beyond the ongoing recovery from the recent deep recession. The workforce and jobs of the future will be very different from those of today.
This study presents projections of the workforce that are unprecedented in their detail about the role of foreign-born immigrants—the first generation—and their native-born children—the second generation. Grounded in data from the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS, the uniquely detailed Pitkin-Myers generational projections of population are extended to estimate the role of immigrant generations in the workforce.
Workforce: The workforce comprises everyone in the population ages 16 and older who is employed outside of the armed forces, as well as those unemployed people who are actively seeking work. The labor force is another term for workforce and is used interchangeably.
Job openings: Job openings result from growth of jobs and the need to replace workers who leave the workforce (through retirement, death, or other reasons) or who change occupations.
The study combines these projections of the size and characteristics of the workforce with independent estimates of job openings to show the linkages between workforce changes and economic growth over the coming decade and beyond.
We begin by comparing the coming wave of Baby Boomer retirements with the growth of the workforce—that is, the sheer numbers of people leaving and entering the workforce and available to fill jobs in the future. We project that over the next two decades, nearly 83 million people will enter the workforce. More than two-thirds of all new entrants to the workforce will be needed to replace today’s workers, who will retire and leave the workforce, with the remaining entrants accounting for the growth in the workforce.
Baby Boomer retirements and the future workforce
People born between 1946 and 1964, the so-called Baby Boomers, were by far the largest cohort in American history. This large generation currently comprises more than 38 percent of the total workforce. This year the first of the Baby Boomers turns 67 years old, past the threshold of eligibility for full Social Security benefits. Even while many are delaying retirement to stay in the workforce at later ages, most will retire in the next 20 years. Between 2010 and 2030 some 45 million older workers will retire, of which 40 million are members of this large generation.
As these retirees and others leave the workforce, new workers will be required to replace them—just to maintain current outputs of goods and services. Between 2010 and 2020, 27.3 million workers will leave the workforce, and between 2020 and 2030 another 31.3 million will leave. In total, these 58.6 million of the 83 million new workers projected to enter the labor force during the next two decades, more than two-thirds of all new workers, will be replacements for older workers leaving the workforce. (see Figure A)
Between 2010 and 2020 the workforce will grow by 12.7 million people, and between 2020 and 2030 it will grow by an additional 11.5 million, for a total of 24.2 million people. (see Figure A) In total, over the next two decades, nearly 83 million people will enter the workforce. More than two-thirds of them will replace people currently in the workforce, and the rest will account for the growth in the workforce. (see Figure B)
Where will the close to 83 million new workers come from? There are three streams of new entrants to the workforce: 51.3 million grown children of native-born parents today (third-generation or higher Americans); 18.6 million immigrants (first-generation Americans); and 12.9 million grown children of immigrants (second-generation Americans). Hence, 31.5 million of the 83 million new workers, or 38 percent, will be immigrants and their children. (see Figure C)
Although immigrants and their children, the first and second generations, will comprise 38 percent of new workers, they will be a much smaller share of those aging out of the workforce. As a result, this group will account for the large majority of the net increase in the workforce and fill many of the future job openings that will be created as the Baby Boom generation retires from the workforce. Taken together, immigrants and their children will account for 85 percent of net workforce growth over the next two decades. (see Figure C) Between 2010 and 2020 immigrants and their children will make up 72 percent of net workforce growth; between 2020 and 2030 they will make up 97 percent—nearly all of the workforce growth.
Job openings in the future
Our projections of the overall workforce tell one side of the story of jobs in the economy: the number and characteristics of people available to work in the United States. How do these compare with expected job openings?
It is reasonable to expect that there will be about 90 million job openings between 2010 and 2030, roughly two-thirds of which will be replacement jobs and one-third of which will be new jobs. These jobs will be filled largely by the new workers and by reductions in the ranks of the unemployed. Just as immigrants and their children will play a critical role in the growth of the workforce, so too will they be essential to meeting the job needs of the future in different occupations.
The replacement jobs that the Baby Boomers will leave behind and the new jobs will be in all sectors of the economy and at all skill levels. Some of the highest concentrations of jobs will be found in occupations such as professional and technical work (12.3 million by 2020), the service sector (12.6 million by 2020), and office and administrative support (7.4 million by 2020).
Other professions requiring workers with various skill levels will also see great needs in the future, including sales (6.5 million by 2020), installation and repairs (2 million by 2020), and transportation and material moving (3.6 million by 2020).
And while in the future there will be more jobs that require higher levels of education, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that job growth will occur for workers at all educational and experience levels, from those without a high school degree to doctoral degree holders.
The 25.6 million foreign-born workers in the U.S. workforce as of 2010 already make up 16.6 percent of the total workforce. These workers can be found in every major occupational sector, including more than one in eight workers in agriculture, construction, production, service, professional, and sales occupations. The widespread prevalence of the Baby Boomer workers across occupations and industries suggests that their immigrant and children replacements will have even more important roles in coming decades than today.
Summary of findings
This report shows how central immigrants and their children will be to meeting the future workforce and economic needs of the nation. Several specific findings are offered about immigrant contributions to the future workforce. These are followed by some general conclusions related to current policy debates. The five principal findings of this study are the following.
Impact of Baby Boomer retirements
We project that 58.6 million workforce replacements between 2010 and 2030 will be required by the retirement or death of Baby Boomers and other older Americans. This is more than 80 percent greater than the number of replacements required by the exit of the previous generation between 1990 and 2010. The accelerating wave of retirements by the Baby Boom generation provides a key context for judging the economic importance of immigrants and their U.S.-born children.
Most new workers will replace those exiting the workforce
Our projections show that fully two-thirds (58.6 million) of all new workers will replace people who will leave the workforce, while one-third (24.2 million) will represent growth.
Immigrants and their children are vital to replenishing the workforce
Without the immigrant population, the nation’s workforce would not be sufficient to replace the number of workers expected to retire from the labor force between 2010 and 2030. Our projections indicate that 51.3 million workers who are native born and not of immigrant parents are likely to enter the workforce in this period. That number is 7.3 million people short of the total number of workers that will be leaving the workforce.
Labor-force growth will support economic growth
Just to maintain current production of goods and services, large needs for replacement workers are projected in the major occupations where members of the retiring generation of Baby Boomers are currently employed. In addition, economic growth is sustained by more than just replacement of retiring workers. Our projections that include immigrants and their children indicate a total increase in the workforce of 24 million workers by 2030.
Retirements will raise the need for new skilled workers
The nation will need a growing number of experienced workers at all skill levels due to the number of older workers that are being replaced. Because the Baby Boomers are more highly educated than earlier generations, replacement needs at higher skill levels will accelerate. This is a substantial shift from the situation before 2010, when a much larger share of older workers leaving the workforce had less than a high school education.
Finally, we believe our empirical findings carry some general implications for current debates over comprehensive immigration reform. Overall, our findings show that existing immigrant residents, their children, and new arrivals are indispensable additions to the nation’s workforce, making important contributions that should be studied and carefully considered by policymakers.
Among the policy implications that follow from our findings are the following.
Our projections could be curtailed by policy
The strong growth in the workforce that we project could be reduced if insufficient numbers of new immigrant admissions are permitted. Our workforce projections are based on an extension of current trends in delayed retirements of older workers and assume a rebound in new immigrant arrivals from current low levels. Should the flow of immigrants be restricted below our projected levels, that would have the effect of making it more difficult to replace retiring workers, and it would reduce the growth in the workforce for future economic growth.
More efficient management of the immigration flow is needed
All levels of skills are likely to be needed in the future, necessitating a legal immigration system that is flexible and adjusts to the changing needs of the nation’s workforce and economy. Our immigration policies, for example, should facilitate the process for international students who we have trained in our colleges and universities—and who have acquired expertise in skills needed by our economy—to receive legal residency so that they become part of the next round of new immigrants joining the workforce.
The legal and citizenship status of immigrants are workforce issues
Although our study has not addressed the legal status of current and future immigrant workers, it is noted that a substantial minority of immigrant workers have unauthorized residence and face limitations on their skill development and working conditions. These workers’ future contributions to meeting the nation’s workforce needs will be affected by whether or not immigration reform changes the legal status of this population.
Beyond the important consideration of how to reform our immigration laws, policymakers must not neglect native-born citizens. They, similar to immigrants and their children, will also be filling many of the positions now held by Baby Boomers. Skill development for the entire workforce should be a priority. The urgency of our needs in this decade and the next requires that the generational transition in the workforce that has already begun should not be left to happenstance.
To speak with our experts on this topic, please contact:
Print: Liz Bartolomeo (poverty, health care)
202.481.8151 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Print: Tom Caiazza (foreign policy, energy and environment, LGBT issues, gun-violence prevention)
202.481.7141 or email@example.com
Print: Allison Preiss (economy, education)
202.478.6331 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Print: Tanya Arditi (immigration, Progress 2050, race issues, demographics, criminal justice, Legal Progress)
202.741.6258 or email@example.com
Print: Chelsea Kiene (women's issues, TalkPoverty.org, faith)
202.478.5328 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Print: Benton Strong (Center for American Progress Action Fund)
202.481.8142 or email@example.com
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202.796.9706 or firstname.lastname@example.org
TV: Rachel Rosen
202.483.2675 or email@example.com
Radio: Chelsea Kiene
202.478.5328 or firstname.lastname@example.org
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Mukono, 7th January 2020. The Agriculture Cluster Development Project has concluded a Stakeholders’ workshop in Mukono district aimed at contributing to developing a Geographical Information System for the Agricultural Sector.
The system will provide a knowledge base of key locations and trends in the agricultural sector and also contribute to improving the Early Warning Mechanism.
Geographical Information System (GIS) is a technology that provides the means to collect and use geographic data to assist in the development of Agriculture.
A digital map is generally of much greater value than the same map printed on a paper as the digital version can be combined with other sources of data for analyzing information with a graphical presentation.
The GIS software makes it possible to synthesize large amounts of different data, combining different layers of information to manage and retrieve the data in a more useful manner.
GIS provides a powerful means for agricultural scientists to better service to the farmers and farming community in answering their query and helping in a better decision making to implement planning activities for the development of agriculture.
One of the areas to be supported will be the development of a GIS-Based Agricultural Water Management Information System (AWMIS) which will help to locate interventions and provide data related to water for agricultural production.
This will provide a knowledge base for work done through the Department of Agricultural Infrastructure, Mechanisation and Water for Agricultural Production.
The GIS will also contribute to activities under the Agricultural Statistics sub-component of the Agriculture Cluster Development Project.
The major annual planned activities for the sub-component include:
- conducting a nationwide inputs quality assessment report
- strengthening the Routine Agriculture Administrative Data Reporting System (RAADRS) of the Statistics Division of MAAIF and
- training of MAAIF Statistics Division staff in CAPI, Survey Methodology, and Data Management and procurement of GIS equipment and Tablet computers.
The GIS will also support collection of GIS information related to pests and disease control and weather among other Ministry interventions.
Notes for editors
About the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF)
The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries is a Ministry in the Government of Uganda charged with creating an enabling environment in the Agricultural Sector.
The Ministry formulates, reviews and implement national policies, plans, strategies, regulations and standards and enforce laws, regulations and standards along the value chain of crops, livestock and fisheries.
Vision: A competitive, profitable and sustainable agricultural sector.
Mission: To transform subsistence farming to commercial agriculture.
- To initiate the formulation and review of the policy and legal framework for the sector
- To establish and implement systems for service provision in the sector
- To strengthen and implement strategies, regulatory framework, standards, institutional structures and infrastructure for quality assurance and increased quantities of agricultural products to access and sustain local, regional and export markets
- To design and implement sustainable capacity building programmes for stakeholders in the agricultural sector through training, re-tooling, infrastructure, provision of logistics and ICT
- To develop strategies for sustainable food security
- To develop appropriate agricultural technologies for improved agricultural production, productivity and value addition through research
- To develop effective collaborative mechanisms with affiliated institutions and
- To take lead and establish a system and institutional framework for agricultural data collection, analyses, storage and dissemination to stakeholders including Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) is made up of four Directorates including the Directorate of Crop Resources, Directorate of Animal Resources, Directorate of Agricultural Extension Services and the Directorate of Fisheries Resources each with Departments, Divisions and Partnership Projects.
The Departments of the Ministry which do not fall directly in the above include the Department of Agricultural Planning and Development, the Human Resource Department, the Department of Finance and Administration and the Department of Agricultural Infrastructure, Mechanisation and Water for Agricultural Production.
The Ministry is also made up of seven Agencies including the National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), Cotton Development Organisation (CDO), Dairy Development Authority (DDA), Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA) and Coordinating Office for the Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda (COCTU) and the National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Databank (NAGRC&DB).
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Knowing Growing Showing
Knowing Growing Showing is a financial literacy
resource for teachers to support authentic and meaningful learning
for Indigenous students.
What is Knowing Growing
Knowing Growing Showing supports teachers to engage students in
consumer and financial literacy by connecting with and building
upon Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural and community
values, histories, world views and lived experiences.
The resource is aligned to the Australian Curriculum, and
provides a flexible approach to teaching and learning for teachers
to meet students where they are in their learning as well as
offering opportunities for extension.
The resource has been developed in three learning
diagram shows the concepts covered in the units in the Knowing
Growing Showing stages.
Each learning stage includes guiding ideas
that support each stage of learning in a way that is
meaningful and empowering for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
students and scene setting scenarios teachers can
adapt to suit the learning needs of their students. Each unit
provides focus questions for teachers to initiate
conversations with students around key concepts about money and
Knowing Growing Showing can be adapted for use with cultural
groups other than Indigenous Australians.
Video: Introducing Knowing Growing Showing
Video about Knowing Growing Showing
Tony Dreise, Principal Research Fellow for Indigenous Education
(ACER) introduces Knowing Growing Showing and explains the
benefits of the resource.
Knowing Growing Showing has been developed by ASIC in
partnership with the Australian Council for Educational Research
(ACER) Indigenous Education team. ASIC and ACER would like to thank
the staff at The Aboriginal and Islander Independent Community
School (The Murri School), Brisbane; Salisbury State School,
Brisbane; Marrara Christian College, Darwin; and key stakeholders
including Education departments across the states and territories
who provided expertise and advice that greatly contributed to the
development of this resource.
The term 'Indigenous' respectfully refers to Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Knowing - what is
money is an introductory learning stage where
students engage with the basics of money and develop a foundational
understanding of consumer and financial literacy.
Growing - money, you and
community is an intermediate stage, where
students learn more about the different forms that money can take,
develop an awareness of their rights and responsibilities as
consumers and develop skills in making smart choices with
Showing - money and
enterprise is an intensive learning stage,
where students engage in applied learning and demonstrate their
financial literacy skills through projects, events, and
There is a strong demand for resources aligned to the Australian
Curriculum to support Indigenous learners and their teachers,
particularly consumer and financial literacy education
Knowing Growing Showing is a resource developed to meet that
demand. To ensure the resource met the needs of Indigenous learners
and their teachers, a detailed literature review was undertaken to
identify best practice pedagogies and provide a strong evidence
base for the development of the resource.
Three documents are provided for educators to gain further
insight into the research supporting the development of Knowing
Growing Showing. These documents are:
Online Module: Using Knowing Growing
The Knowing Growing Showing resource is supported by an online
professional development module. The module provides opportunities
for participants to gain a deeper understanding of the Knowing
Growing Showing resource.
The Using Knowing Growing Showing module is intended for
teachers, pre-service teachers and other school staff of Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander students, or those who wish to learn
more about teaching and learning strategies for consumer and
financial literacy education in an Indigenous context.
Last updated: 03 Apr 2018
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Submitted to: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation Society
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: April 22, 1998
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: Variability in soil productivity can cause large within-field differences in fertilizer N removal by summer crops, especially when drought limits yield of the summer crop. A spatial assessment of the ability of winter cover crops to scavenge residual N will help optimize cover crop use for protecting ground water quality and improve the determination of the following season's fertilizer needs. The objective was to determine the spatial N accumulation of a wheat (Triticum aestivum) winter cover crop following a droughted corn (Zea maize) crop. In 1993, corn was grown on an 8-ha field with a uniform application of 129 kg N/ha. Corn grain N removal ranged from 14 to 41 kg/ha across 10 locations (which included six soil map units). Wheat was planted in November without fertilizer N. At each location, soil NH4-N and NO3-N were measured to a depth of 0.9 m on 22 March 1994, and aboveground wheat biomass and N content measurements were made on 14 March and 14 April. Inherent soil productivity factors were important for determining the effectiveness of using this cover crop to trap residual N. Soil NH4-N ranged from 30 to 86 kg/ha, and NO3-N ranged from 5 to 20 kg/ha. Total N in the wheat averaged 21 (range 5 to 35) and 43 (range 24 to 64) kg/ha in March and April, respectively. The amount of N sequestered by the wheat was almost as variable within as across soil map units.
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Pinkhas Berliner, a student from England, was learning at the Mir Yeshiva in the late 1930s, as war broke out in Europe. He, along with most of the teachers and students from Mir and other yeshivas in eastern Poland (now Belarus) escaped to Lithuania. From there, some British Yeshiva students, teachers and family members traveled via Siberia and Hong Kong, to Australia. See the article From Kelme to Melbourne for one story.
Shown here is the British passport that saved a life. Below the passport are two letters of recommendation that Pinkhas Berliner carried with him on his travels. One is from Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, who was head of the Mir Yeshiva which, in 1940, was located in Kaidan, Lithuania. The other letter is written by Avraham Yitskhak Bloch, chief Rabbi of the Yeshiva in Telšiai, Lithuania.
Chaim Freedman, sent these documents belonging to his father-in-law, Pinkhas Berliner. You can read details of Rabbi Berliner's experiences on Chaim Freedman's blog.
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|
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| 0.978637
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|
POP3 and SMTP are two different protocols used for passing mail messages between mail machines. Both use the Client/Server principle.
A Client initiates a connection with a Server, then issues requests, which are fulfilled by the Server.
A Server runs continually, awaiting connection requests from a Client. When these arrive, it fulfils them.
The server can, if required, use authentication to decide whether connections from a particular Client should be accepted.
POP3 - Post Office Protocol - Collecting Mail
POP3 is a method of mail collection and always uses authentication: MailCOPA initiates a connection with a POP3 Server, sends the mailbox name and password, then makes requests regarding the download of messages. Usually this will be an automated process, where messages are downloaded, then deleted from the server, but other methods can be used, see Specialised Mail Collections.
MailCOPA uses its own SMTP client for sending messages out. In this instance the distant SMTP server acts as a relay, or smarthost - it accepts the mail, identifies how it should be routed, then passes it on to its final destination.
MailCOPA's SMTP client contacts a SMTP server (typically one provided by your Internet Service Provider, but it maybe on your company intranet), and requests to send outgoing mail, which is then passed to the SMTP server.
You cannot usually use a SMTP relay other than that provided by your ISP: it will reject connection requests from connections identified as not belonging to that ISP, eg if you connect from home rather than work or from a friend's house or a hotel room. This is so as to be able to identify the originator of the mail (in the event of subsequent legal proceedings or misuse contrary to the IPS's terms), and to prevent the forwarding of UCE (Unsolicited Commercial email) often know as spam.
Some servers require that you collect (or attempt to collect where there is no mail waiting) mail first and only then will it allow you to send via it. The principle is that once you authenticate via POP3, it is pretty certain that it is still you trying to send within a short time using the same IP Address. The usual sequence is Send then Collect, but this can be reversed in MailCOPA's Preferences here.
Some servers use a primitive form of authentication (see the paragraph above), but the SMTP protocol also supports the use of formal authentication, which can be used to identify users if they are not connected via the ISP's own connection point. A username and password can be sent along with the initial request for a SMTP connection.
MailCOPA supports SMTP authentication, as described in the User Details (Outgoing tab).
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| 0.916523
| 563
| 3.25
| 3
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The Persianate Literary Heritage: Hidden Treasures from McGill’s Collections celebrates McGill University’s rich collection of manuscripts, miniatures and lithographs in Persian (Farsi). From the Middle Ages onward, the use of New Persian, or Persian written in Arabic script, became widespread in the central and eastern lands of Islam, not only in Iran and Central Asia, but also in Anatolia and India. And, while Persian epic and mystical poetry remain particularly revered constituents of the Persianate literary heritage, Persian was also the language of choice for countless bureaucrats, historians, philosophers, theologians and scientists throughout the centuries.
The Persian Literary Heritage exhibit highlights some of the most beautiful and unique pieces of literature, art, thought and history in McGill’s Persian collections. Indeed, the collection as a whole consists of 334 volumes and 81 fragments of primarily orphaned leaves. Many of these are illustrated and illuminated, testifying to the diversity,
elegance and scope of Persianate artistry. The collection ranges from the mid-14th century to the early 20th century, and geographically from Iran to Turan (Central Asia) to India. In addition, there is a representative collection of lacquer bookbindings and qalamadans (pen boxes). McGill’s Persian collection has a history that pre-dates the founding of the Institute of Islamic Studies (IIS) and the Islamic studies Library (ISL) in 1952. By the 1930s, the collection already included several hundred manuscripts, orphaned leaves and lithographs. The acquisition of Persian materials was the work of the University Librarian, Gerhard R. Lomer, and the private Montreal collector F. Cleveland Morgan who actively patronized the New York dealer Hassan Khan Monif. Furthermore, the distinguished Russian scholar of Ismailism, Wladimir Ivanow, was instrumental in developing the Blacker-Wood Persian Collection. Working for Casey A. Wood, the ophthalmologist, bibliophile and McGill Library benefactor, Ivanow brought together an exquisite collection of manuscripts on all aspects of Islam, including the natural and supernatural worlds; several of these manuscripts are included in this exhibition.
Curators: Sean Swanick (Islamic Studies Liaison Librarian) and Heather Empey (McGill School of Information Studies, graduate, MLIS’14)
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Youth, education, and marginality : local and global expressions
- Kate Tilleczek and H. Bruce Ferguson, editors.
- Waterloo, Ont. : Wilfrid Laurier University Press, c2013.
- Physical description
- xii, 250 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 23 cm.
- SickKids community and mental health series.
Education Library (Cubberley)
|LC4065 .Y68 2013||Unknown|
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Opening Words: Youth Poetry Prose-- Introduction: Living Intersections-- Arts Infused Praxis By, With, & For Youth: Esoteric Hope-- Young People Speaking Back From the Margins-- The Unique Status of Marginalization: The Birth of Youth Empowering Parents-- Marginal Spaces, Disparate Places: Education & Youth in a Globalizing World-- A Time for Dreams: The Right to Education for First Nations Youth Living On-Reserve-- Marginalization inside Education: Racialized, Immigrant, & Aboriginal Youth-- Marginalized Youth in Education: Social & Cultural Dimensions of Exclusion in Canada & the UK-- On Being Poor at School-- Still Sleeping in the Gay Tent? Queer Youth in Canadian Schools-- Narrative Understandings of Young Lives In (and Out) of Schools-- Does Special Education Marginalize Youth? The Need for Evidence-Informed Practice-- Using Visual Arts to Enhance Mental Health Literacy in Schools-- Closing Words: Youth Poetry & Prose.
- (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781554586349 20160612
- Publisher's Summary
- This is a close examination of the lives of marginalised young people in schools. Essays by scholars and educators are complemented by youth poetry, prose, and visual art. The book includes insights from Australia, United Kingdom, Polynesia, United States, and Canada and is grounded in educational and community practice and policy. The content covers the range and intersections of marginalisation: poverty, Aboriginal cultures, immigrants and newcomers, gay/lesbian youth, ruralurban divides, mental health, and so forth. Presenting challenges faced by marginalised youth alongside initiatives for mitigating their impact, the contributors critique existing systems and engage in a dialogue about where to go from here.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9781554586349 20160612
- Publication date
- SickKids community and mental health series
- Co-published by: Hospital for Sick Children.
- Issued also in electronic format.
- 9781554586349 (pbk.)
- 1554586348 (pbk.)
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Download this Power Point file for introduction of the Method of Smart Little People
This web repository of TRIZ materials will contain educational materials to help academics in introducing simple TRIZ heuristics to their students. It will also offer students with short videos, simple examples and exercises that students can study on their own. The list of TRIZ heuristics that will be covered by this web repository can be found in Table 1 of the paper titled: “TRIZ Education: Victories, Defeats and Challenges” (Download).
At the moment educational materials are available for the following heuristics:
To view/download these materials, please go to the 'Tools of TRIZ’ tab and choose the appropriate heuristic from the drop down menu.
As at February 2018, the repository offers educational materials for the six TRIZ heuristics that are listed in Table 1 of the abovementioned paper as suiting undergraduate students as well as for the tool of Situation Analysis. By the end of 2019 the repository will be appended with another five heuristics – that suiting postgraduate students. Please note that materials offered by this repository are intended for usage by university academics and students and are offered under the Creative Commons Licence.
It would be advantageous for any educator and student to devote some time and to read a few papers that are devoted to the outcomes of introduction of TRIZ heuristics to engineering students at numerous universities all over the world. The outlines of some of these papers are provided below.
Please study the 'Edisons 21: Teaching and Learning Mind Map' (Download) before you start teaching or learning TRIZ heuristics.
Download this Cheat Sheet for the Method of Smart Little People and use it after you have watched the Method of Smart Little People video and have applied the Method of Smart Little People once or twice with help of the Method of Smart Little People Solution Template or Method of Smart Little People Web tool.
Download this Smart Little People heuristic Solution Template and use it to find generate ideas for one or two of your problems (after you have watched the Smart Little People heuristic video). Afterwards you may download the Smart Little People heuristic Cheat Sheet and use it as a guide during idea generation.
We would like to invite you to participate in the workshop and three 90-minute paper sessions that will be held at the AAEE Conference 2017.
Download this Power Point file for introduction of the Situation Analysis Heuristic
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Join Bill Weinman for an in-depth discussion in this video Reading with JOIN, part of PostgreSQL 9 with PHP Essential Training.
The Join keyword is used as a clause and select for retrieving data from two or…more tables in one query.…This can be a little bit confusing, so let's look at an example.…I'm going to select the world database. I am just going to go ahead and run this…query, and you'll see that I've got a list of country names and languages that…are spoken in those countries, and this is the query that produces that, and it…produces it from two different tables.…There is a countryLanguage table and there is a country table, so let's take a…look at these two tables.…We're just going to look at the first five rows from each of them, so the…countryLanguage table just has country code and the language, whether or not…it's the official language and the percent of the population that speaks that language.…
The country table on the other hand has a lot of stuff, but you'll notice…that it has a corresponding code and it's got the name of the country, and these…are the things that we're interested in.…So when we look at this Join query here, we see we are selecting From…
- Installing PostgreSQL
- Understanding database architecture
- Inserting, updating, and deleting data in a table
- Creating a database library
- Indexing ID fields
- Storing numbers, text, and Boolean values
- Reading data
- Using casts to force type
- Using mathematical functions
- Concatenating strings
- Working with date and time functions and operators
- Defining CRUD
- Using PHP to insert, read, update, and delete rows in a database
Skill Level Beginner
PHP with MySQL Beyond the Basicswith Kevin Skoglund10h 26m Intermediate
1. Quick Start
2. Creating a Database
3. Data Types
4. Storing and Reading Data
5. SQL Expressions
6. Mathematical Functions and Operators
Using math functions3m 2s
7. String Functions and Operators
8. Date and Time Functions and Operators
9. PHP Interfaces
10. Web Applications
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Lego Turing Machine
Davy Landman and Jeroen van den Bos build a Turing machine from Lego: http://www.legoturingmachine.org
in honour of the Turing centennial.
Together with the Lego machine, they used Rascal to construct an IDE for a small language and a compiler to a minimal instruction set that is run on the Lego NXT brick.
Derric - a domain specific language for digital forensics
Jeroen van den Bos implemented the domain-specific language Derric for
the specification of data structures in digital forensics. Rascal was
used to construct the parser, the compiler to Java and a prototype
Eclipse IDE. See the 2011 ICSE publication "Bringing Domain-Specific
Languages to Digital Forensics" by Jeroen van den Bos and Tijs van der
This application intensively uses the syntax definition feature of
Rascal, as well as the expressive string template feature to generate
Prototyping an extension to JML
In "Prototyping a tool environment for run-time assertion checking in JML with communication histories"
by Stijn de Gouw et al., Rascal and ANTLR were used to extend JML with communication histories specified by attribute grammars.
This prototype parses Java and ANTLR
code, weaves tracing aspects into Java code and generates glue Java code.
SIG maintainability model and metric visualization
In the course Software Evolution
the students each implemented metric and aggregation tools that implement the SIG maintainability model for Java code. In a second exercise the metric data was visualized.
Most students used the Rascal library interface to Eclipse JDT to obtain meta data about Java code. Rascal's regular expressions and relation and map operators were also popular. The visualizations were constructed using Rascal's Figure combinators.
Infer Generic Type Arguments for Featherweight Generic Java
Jurgen Vinju implemented this complex refactoring to test and evaluate the initial design of Rascal. The implementation of the refactoring is about as big as their definitions as inference rules and the surrounding text in the papers about FGJ and this refactoring. See the SCAM 2009 publication on the Documentation
This application intensively uses pattern matching, relational calculus operators, fixed point computation and maps. It is currently broken due to language evolution.
The Rascal grammar, the parser generator and the static (type) checker (by Mark Hills) are implemented in Rascal. Part of the Eclipse IDE for Rascal is generated and instantiated using the Rascal code for Rascal as well.
These applications are very pattern matching and visitor intensive.
Rascal also offers a number of libraries that are written using a combination of Rascal and Java code. Examples include bindings for repository models (subversion, svn and git) that Waruzjan Shahbazian wrote and the Figure combinator library for visualization by Paul Klint.
These library modules are usually very data centric, providing abstract data types and syntax definitions for data representation and exchange.
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If I had a penny for every time someone asked what the score is with the articles [der Artikel; pl. die Artikel], I’d—well, actually—I wouldn’t really have a lot because a penny is sod all!
This is quite a big subject, because it’s not just which letters [der Buchstabe; pl. die Buchstaben] come after ein, rather, there’s also kein, the definite article [der bestimmte Artikel], the cases [der Fall; pl. die Fälle], and, basically, declensions [die Beugung] to deal with. It’s really quite a lot. Brace yourself for some uncensored, hardcore learning.
Disclaimer: rated S for Supervision, because you’ll need to be medically supervised while you read the following material, in the event you go into shock. You continue at your own risk. Taut with Thought takes no responsibility for any brain damage.
Now that the legal business is out of the way, we can begin, but don’t worry, you’ll probably be fine.
As you probably know, English has the definite article and the indefinite article [der unbestimmte Artikel], which is quite a normal language quality. German is no different, … kind of. In English, the definitive article is the and the indefinite article is a or an. Since we don’t have genders [das Geschlecht; pl. die Geschlechter], they just stay their same boring selves, never really grabbing any real interest from anyone, and living a life of utter mundanity. You can stop crying now.
This is quite a basic part of the topic, which I’m going through to make sure there’s an understanding from the get-go, so if you’re not that new to German, bear with me.
German has 3 genders:
- Male [männlich] such as der Hund.
- Female [weiblich] such as die Katze.
- Neuter [sächlich] such as das Auto.
This trips many German learners up as they struggle to remember the right gender for the right word; I won’t go into that one as that’s a different, albeit somewhat related topic.
If a cat is die Katze, it’s eine Katze. If a dog is der Hund, it’s ein Hund. If a car is das Auto, it’s ein Auto. You might have wondered why der Hund isn’t einer Hund. Well, sometimes it is, but not in the nominative [der Nominativ] which translates to the English sentences [der Satz; pl. die Sätze] formed like this, “I am a cat.” The cat is a cat, it doesn’t have anything, it doesn’t do anything, and it doesn’t even affect anything, because it’s simply a cat. I am a person. You are a dog. This is green. It’s all nominative because nothing else really happens.
It’s the same idea with German. Ich bin ein Mensch. Du bist ein Hund. Dies ist grün. It’s all nominative. Don’t worry about the dies, that varies with gender and case too and translates to this.
Let’s bump it up a gear. You have declensions.
“Ich habe den schnellen Hund.”
Why is it den? The reason is because to simply have something [etwas haben] requests the accusative [der Akkusativ] case. I have a dog. It would have been the nominative but haben got involved, it all got flipped; turned upside down. So, you might have realised that der words [das Wort; pl. die Worte/Wörter] get turned to den when in the accusative, and you’d have assumed correctly.
So what happens if you have a dog, rather than the dog? Some of you will have already guessed, but it does in-fact get changed to einen. Here are the indefinite article usages in the accusative, with the 3 genders, including the plural [die Mehrzahl/der Plural], to which, by the way, is almost always referred as die:
- Male: “Ich habe einen Hund.”
- Female: “Ich habe eine Katze.”
- Neuter: “Ich habe ein Auto.”
- Plural: “Ich habe Hunde.”
“Ich habe einen Hund.”
It’s still the accustive, regardless of the article, because remember, etwas haben requests the accustive.
OK, so this is probably weak-sauce simple to you and you’re right about ready to give up and eat a dictionary in hopes of gaining magical linguistic abilities. Well, first and foremost, it’s not possible—there’s not enough flavor.
The 4 cases you come across in German goes as follows:
- Nominative [Nominativ] such as, “Ich bin ein Mann.”
- Accusative [Akkusativ] such as, “Ich habe die Schokolade.”
- Dative [Dativ] such as, “Ich schreibe mit meiner rechten Hand.”
- Genitive [Genitiv] such as, “Das ist die Schokolade meines Freundes.”
I realise I may have lost you with the dative and genitive, but bear with me here. It might sound daunting but when you talk or type in German, you have to take into account the gender, the case, and the declensions.
“Ich habe eine grüne Katze.”
Do you have a green cat? If you do, you should probably stop pouring green paint over it. This is a nice, simple sentence that translates to “I have a green cat.” You already know that the cat is die Katze, and I presume you figured out that a cat is eine Katze based on the information provided. With this in mind, to have a green cat becomes eine grüne Katze haben— if you’re confused about that example, haben is written at the end because like saying “to have a cat”—and is also in the accusative. There is a declination and that’s the adjective [Adjektiv] grüne. Here is a similar sentence as above in the 4 cases:
- Nominative: “Es ist eine grüne Katze.”
- Accusative: “Ich habe eine grüne Katze.”
- Dative: “Ich spiele mit der grünen Katze.”
- Genitive: “Ich sehe die Katze meines Freundes.”
Dative and genitive is where most of the action happens, in my opinion. Genitive was the hardest case for me to get my head around, with dative being the 2nd hardest case.
So, with all of this said, as one large prefix to the title, you need to know when to use ein, eine, einer, eines, einem, or einen. So I’ll wander over to the general gist, because you’ve probably had enough of all this bush-beating.
The nominative for each gender using the indefinite article:
- “Es ist eine Katze.”
- “Es ist ein Auto.”
- “Es ist ein Hund.”
The accusative for each gender using the indefinite article:
- “Ich habe eine Katze.”
- “Ich habe ein Auto.”
- “Ich habe einen Hund.”
The dative for each gender using the indefinite article:
- “Du spielst mit einer Katze.”
- “Du spielst mit einem Hund.”
- “Du spielst mit einem Auto.”
The genitive for each gender using the indefinite article:
- “Die Knochen einer Katze.”
- “Die Knochen eines Hundes.”
- “Die Knochen eines Autos.” (don’t ask, …)
So there you have it, but what happens when you flip it around to a negative? Well, it’s basically the same, but you stick a k on the front of the indefinite article, for example “ich habe keine Autos,” “ich sehe keine Katze,””ich spiele mit keinem Hund,” and “das Auto gehört zu keiner.” OK, the last one was me cheating because I couldn’t think of a genitive example for kein, if there even is such a structure of words.
I know what you’re thinking: “Why didn’t you just tell me that right at the start?!” You’re probably right, but I like to add information tied to the primary bit of knowledge because, at least with me, it helps me better understand and remember something, so too will it perhaps help you.
I hope I did this topic justice. If I left something quite big out please let me know in the comments below and I’ll consider a part two to this entry.
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The Holy Crusades
---Pope Urban II, Proclamation at Clermont, 1095
Beginning in the 11th century, the people of western Europe launched a series of armed expeditions, or Crusades, to the East and Constantinople. The reason for the Crusades is relatively clear: the West wanted to free the Holy Lands from Islamic influence. The first of early Crusades were part of a religious revivalism. The initiative was taken by popes and supported by religious enthusiasm and therefore the Crusades demonstrated papal leadership as well as popular religious beliefs. They were also an indication of the growing self-awareness and self-confidence of Europe in general.
Europe no longer waited anxiously for an attack from outside enemies. Now and for the first time, Europeans took the initiative and sent their armies into the Holy Lands. It took courage to undertake such an adventure, a courage based on the conviction that the Crusades were ultimately the will of God. An unintended consequence of the Crusades was that the West became more fully acquainted with the ideas and technology of a civilization far more advanced than their own. The Crusades also highlight the initial phase of western expansion into new lands, a movement of the peoples of Europe that has influenced the course of western civilization ever since.
From the third century on, Christians had visited the scenes of Christ's life. In Jerusalem, St. Helena had discovered what was believed to be the True Cross and her son, CONSTANTINE (c.274-337), built the Church of the Holy Sepulcher there. Before the Muslim conquest of the 7th century, pilgrims came from Byzantium and the West in search of sacred relics for their churches. Pilgrimages were a dangerous business and could only be taken amidst hardship. But by the reign of Charlemagne, conditions had improved for western pilgrims: Caliph Harun al-Rashid (763-809) allowed Charlemagne to endow a hostel in Jerusalem for the use by pilgrim traffic.
Stability in both the Muslim and Byzantine worlds was essential for the easy and safe continuance of pilgrim traffic. But in the early 11th century this stability broke down as the Egyptian ruler of Palestine, Hakim (c.996-1021), abandoned the tolerant practices of his predecessors, and began to persecute Christians and Jews and to make travel to the Holy Lands difficult once again. Hakim destroyed Constantine's Church of the Holy Sepulchre and declared himself to be God incarnate.
By 1050 the Seljuk Turks had created a state in Persia. In 1055 they entered Baghdad on the invitation of the Abbasid caliph and became the champions of Sunnite Islam against the Shi'ite rulers of Egypt. In the 1050s Seljuk forces raided deep into Anatolia, almost to the Aegean. Their advance culminated in the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert in 1071, followed by the occupation of most of Asia Minor and the establishment of a new sultanate at Nicaea. Jerusalem fell in 1071 and became part of the new Seljuk state of Syria.
In 1081, and amid disorder, palace intrigue and the capital in danger, the general Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118) came to the Byzantine throne. He held off a Norman attack on the Dalmatian coast through an alliance with Venice, and he played one Turkish potentate off against another, slowly reestablishing a Byzantine foothold in Asia Minor. Civil wars among the Turks and the increase of brigands made pilgrim traffic exceedingly difficult.
The schism between Eastern and Western churches provided the papacy with an additional incentive to intervene in the east. In 1073 Pope Gregory VII (c.1020-1085) sent an ambassador to Constantinople, who reported that the emperor was anxious for reconciliation. Gregory VII planned to reunite the churches by extending the holy war from Spain to Asia. He would send the Byzantines an army of western knights, which he would lead himself.
Pope Urban II (c.1042-1099) carried on the tradition of Gregory VII. To his Council of Piacenza (1095) came envoys from Alexius, who asked for military help against the Turks. Since Turkish power was declining, perhaps it was a good time to strike. Historians have never understood why Pope Urban II promulgated the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Perhaps we can glean some purpose by looking at the speech itself.
Pope Urban II emphasized the appeal received from the Eastern Christians and painted the hardships that now faced pilgrims to Jerusalem. He summoned his listeners to form themselves, rich and poor alike, into an army, which God would assist. Killing each other at home would give way to fighting a holy war. Poverty at home would be relieved by riches obtained from the East. If a man were killed doing the work of God, he would automatically be absolved of his sins and assured of salvation. The audience greeted the oration with cries of "God wills it," and the First Crusade had been launched.
On the more popular level, it was Peter the Hermit (c.1050-1115), an unkempt old man who lived on fish and wine, who proved to be the most effective preacher of the Crusade. In France and Germany he recruited an undisciplined mob of peasants, including women and children. They believed Peter was leading them to the New Jerusalem, flowing with milk and honey. The followers of Peter came up the Rhine, across Hungary, where 4000 Hungarians were killed in a riot over the sale of a pair of shoes, and into Byzantine territory at Belgrade. The Byzantines, who had hoped for a well-trained army, were appalled by Peter's mob. They proceeded to arrange military escorts and to take all precautions against trouble. Despite their efforts, the undisciplined crusaders burned houses and stole everything, including the lead from the roofs of churches. Once in Constantinople, the crusaders were graciously received by Alexius Comnenus, who shipped them across the Straits as quickly as possible. In Asia Minor, they quarreled among themselves, murdered the Christian inhabitants and scored no success against the Turks. They were eventually massacred.
At the upper levels of European society no kings had enlisted in the Crusades, but a number of great lords had been recruited including Godrey of Bouillon (c.1061-1100) and his brother Baldwin (1058-1118), Count Raymond of Toulouse, Count Stephen of Blois (c.1097-1154), and Bohemond (c.1057-1111), a Norman prince from southern Italy. Better-equipped and disciplined, the armies led by these lords converged on Constantinople by different routes.
Emperor Alexius found himself in a difficult position. He was willing to allow the crusaders from Europe to carve out principalities for themselves from Turkish occupied land. At the same time, however, he wanted to assure himself that Byzantine lands would be returned to his control and that any new states created would be his dominions. He understood the practice of European vassalage and the importance attached to an oath taken to an lord. So, he decided to require each European lord to take an oath of liege homage to him upon their arrival. Alexius had to resort to bribery in order to obtain such oaths.
The armies were ferried across the Straits. There was no one in command but the armies did act as a unit, following the orders of the leaders assembled in council. In June 1097 at Nicaea, the Seljuk capital, the Turks surrendered at the last minute to Byzantine forces rather than suffer an assault from the Crusader armies. Crossing Asia Minor, the crusaders defeated the Turks at Dorylaeum, captured the Seljuk sultan's tent and treasure, and opened the road to further advance. Godfrey's brother Baldwin, marched to Edessa, an ancient imperial city near the Eurphrates, strategically situated for the defense of Syria from attacks coming from the east. Baldwin became count of Edessa, lord of the first crusader state to be established (1098).
Meanwhile, the main body of the army was besieging the great city of Antioch which was finally conquered after seven months. Antioch became the second crusader state under Bohemond. The other crusaders then took Jerusalem by assault in July 1099, followed by the wholesale slaughter of Muslims and Jews, men, women, and children, an event recorded by FULCHER OF CHARTRES. Godfrey of Bouillon was chosen as "defender of the Holy Sepulcher," and the third crusader state had been founded. When Godfrey died not long afterward, his brother Baldwin of Edessa became the first king of Jerusalem in 1100. Venetian, Genoese and Pisan fleets assisted in the gradual conquest of coastal cities ensuring the flow of communications, supplied and reinforcements between the East and the West. In 1109 the son of Raymond of Toulouse founded the fourth and last crusader state near the seaport of Tripoli.
Early in their occupation of the eastern Mediterranean the crusaders founded the military orders of knighthood. The first of these were the Templars, created around 1119 by a Burgundian knight who sympathized with the hardships of Christian pilgrims. The Templars banded together to protect the helpless on their pilgrimage. The Templars took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and were given headquarters near the ruins of the Temple of Solomon. St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) inspired their rule, based on the rules for his own Cistercians and confirmed by the pope in 1128. A second order, the Hospitallers, was founded soon after the Templars, and was attached to the ancient Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.
Composed of knights, chaplains, and brothers under the command of a grand master, with branches both in the East and in Europe, the two military orders were the most effective fighting forces in the Holy Land. Each had a special uniform: the Templars wore red crosses on white, the Hospitalers white crosses on black. Later, a third, purely German group became the order of the Teutonic Knights with headquarters at Acre (they word black crosses on white).
The orders grew very wealthy. They had fortresses and churches of their own in the Holy Land as well as villages from which they obtained necessary supplies. Western monarchs endowed the knights richly with lands in Europe. Over time, the original intent of these military orders became lost in personal conflicts. The knights were, after all, a quarrelsome lot. They often allied themselves with Muslims, and so completely lost sight of their original vows of poverty that they engaged in banking and large-scale financial operations. In the early 14th century the Templars were destroyed by Philip IV (1268-1314) of France. The Hospitalers moved first to Cyprus and then to Rhodes in the early 14th century. They were driven to Malta by the Turks in 1522 and continued there until Napoleon's seizure of the island in 1798.
It is a wonder that the crusader states lasted as long as they did. It was neither their castles nor the existence of military orders that made their success possible but the disunity of the Muslims. When the Muslims did achieve unity, crusader states fell. So, in the late 1120s, Zangi, governor of Mosul on the Tigris, succeeded in unifying the local Muslim rulers, In 1144 he took Edessa. Two years later Zangi was assassinated, but the Muslim reconquest had begun.
In response to the conquest of Edessa, St. Bernard preached the so-called Second Crusade. Thanks to the enormous enthusiasm he unleashed, King Louis VII (1120-1180) of France and King Conrad III (1093-1152) of Germany came to the East. But the Second Crusade proved to be a failure. Relations with the Byzantines were worse than ever. The western armies were almost wiped out in Asia Minor. When the remnants of this army reached the Holy land, they found themselves in conflict with the local lords who feared that these newcomers would take over their kingdom. The crusader's failure to take Damascus in 1149 brought its own punishment. In 1154 Zangi's son took Damascus. "Because of my preaching, towns and castles are empty of inhabitants. Seven women can scarcely find one man," St. Bernard once boasted. Now he could only lament that:
The next act of Muslim reconquest was carried out in Egypt by a general who was sent to assist one of the quarreling factions in Cairo. This general became vizier of Egypt and died in 1169, leaving his office to his nephew Saladin (1137-1193), a chivalrous and humane man who became the greatest Muslim leader during the period of the Crusades. Saladin brought the Muslims cities of Syria and Mesopotamia under his control and distributed them to faithful members of his own family. By 1183 his brother ruled Egypt and his sons ruled Damascus and Aleppo. In 1187 Jerusalem fell and soon there was nothing left to the Christians except the port of Tyre and a few castles.
These events made a Third Crusade (1189-1192) necessary. The Holy Roman emperor, Frederick Barbarossa (c.1123-1190) led a German force through Byzantium, only to be drowned (1190) before reaching the Holy Land. Some of his troops, however, continued on to Palestine. There they were joined by Philip Augustus of France and Richard the Lionhearted (1157-1199) of England, former rivals in the West. The main thrust of the Third Crusade was the siege of Acre, which was finally captured in 1191. Jerusalem could not be taken but Saladin signed a treaty with Richard allowing Christians to visit the city freely.
Innocent III (1160-1216) came to the papal throne in 1198 and called for the Fourth Crusade. A number of powerful lords answered the call and decided to proceed by sea. The Venetians agreed to furnish transportation and food and also contributed fifty warships on condition that they would share equally in all future conquests. Enrico Dandolo (c.1108-1205) agreed to forgive the debt temporarily if the crusaders would help him conquer Zara, a town on the eastern side of the Adriatic that had revolted against Venetian domination. So the Fourth Crusade began with the sack and destruction of a Roman Catholic town in 1202! The pope excommunicated the crusaders.
The crusaders then turned their sights on a new goal: Constantinople. The German king, Philip of Swabia proposed that the massed armies escort Alexius, a prince with a strong claim to the throne, to Constantinople and enthrone him. If successful, Alexius would finance the subsequent expedition, the goal of which was Egypt. In the spring of 1203, the fortified crusaders attacked Constantinople. Despite advanced warning, the usurper Alexius III, had done little to prepare the city. In the initial assault, the crusaders won a complete naval victory though the city held its ground. A second attack by both land and sea broke through the defenses and Alexius III fled the city. The young Alexius was then crowned Alexius IV. The city was eventually damaged when a group of Franks set fire to a mosque in the Saracen quarter and Alexius IV refused to make the promised payment. Convinced that Alexius IV could not make peace with the crusaders, a faction of senators, clergy and the populace deposed Alexius, who was later murdered in prison by yet another usurper.
In March 1204 the crusaders and Venetians agreed to seize the city a second time and to elect a Latin emperor. This siege ended in a second capture and a three-day sack of Constantinople. The pope criticized the outrage. Whole libraries and collections of art were destroyed but the Venetians managed to salvage what they could and sent it all back to Venice. Of particular importance were sacred relics including a fragment identified as the True Cross and part of the head of John the Baptist.
Faith at its purest and most innocent was perhaps inherent in one of the most horrifying and disastrous episodes, the so-called CHILDREN'S CRUSADE of 1212. For these children, faith, love and hope could destroy the infidels where force alone had failed. Their motivation was more simple, more primitive and naive. Their faith and love was part of that general trend toward regeneration and spiritual awakening that we mentioned at the start of this lecture.
There were two Children's Crusades which started simultaneously in 1212, one from the Rhineland, the other in the Loire valley. A ten year old boy, Nicholas, preached the Children's Crusade at Cologne and is said to have recruited more than 20,000 children to his cause. When the pilgrims reached Italy, many of the girls were taken into brothels and others were taken as servants. Those boys who eventually carried on to the east were sold as slaves.
In May 1212, there appeared at Saint-Denis, a twelve year old boy by the name of Stephen. He was alleged to have gathered 30,000 children but at Marseilles they fell into the hands of thieves and were sold as slaves at Alexandria. Over 2000 alone perished when their ships sank in the Mediterranean. The Children's Crusades were not merely a brief episode but rather part of that deeply rooted unrest which had disturbed the conscience of the masses. Above all, the miracles associated with Stephen (it's said that animals, birds, fish and butterflies joined him) point forward to two other figures -- St. Francis of Assisi and Joan of Arc.
In the Fifth Crusade (1218-1221) the Christians attempted the conquest of Egypt on the notion that this was the center of Muslim strength. That Crusade was a miserable failure. Emperor Frederick II (1194-1250) personally led the Sixth Crusade (1228-1229). No fighting was involved. Speaking Arabic and long familiar with the Muslims from his experience in Sicily, Frederick secured more for the Christians by negotiation than any crusader had secured by force since the First Crusade. In 1229 he signed a treaty with Saladin's nephew that restored Jerusalem to the Latin world. Bethlehem and Nazareth were also handed over and a ten year truce was signed.
The last two major crusades were organized by the saintly king of France, Louis IX (1215-1270). In 1248, Louis attacked Egypt with the idea of then regaining Palestine. A horrible strategist, Louis' and his army were defeated, taken prisoner, and made to pay an enormous ransom to obtain their freedom. Louis tried again in 1270, leading his troops on an expedition to Tunis in North Africa. There was no success here either as Louis and much of his army died from plague.
Slowly, the Christian possessions in the Holy Lands were retaken. Acre, the last stronghold of the crusaders, surrendered in 1291.
The ultimate effect of the Crusades on European history is certainly debatable. What is certain is that the crusaders made very little direct impact on the east where the only visible remnants of their conquests were their castles. There may have been some broadening of perspective that comes from the exchange and the clash between two cultures, but the interaction between Muslim and Christian was more meaningful in Spain and Sicily than it was in the Holy Lands.
The Crusades did manage to reduce the number of quarrelsome and contentious knights in Europe. The Crusades provided an outlet for their penchant for fighting and it has been argued that European monarchs were able to consolidate their control much more easily now that the warrior class had been reduced in number.
The Crusades also contributed to the economic growth of the Italian port cities of Genoa, Pisa and Venice. Of course, the great wealth and growing population of 11th century Europe had made the Crusades possible in the first place. The Crusades may have enhanced trade but they certainly were not the cause of the revival of trade. Italian merchants would have pursued their trade with the east regardless of whether or not the Crusades took place.
In general, it can be said that the almost incredible success of the First Crusade helped raise the self-confidence of the medieval west. For centuries Europe had been on the defensive against Islam -- now a western army could march into a center of Islamic power and take their coveted prize. With this in mind, the 12th century became an age of optimism and rebirth (see Lecture 26). To the Christians of the west it must have seemed as if God was on their side and that they could accomplish anything. But there was a negative side to the crusading balance sheet. There is no escaping the fact of the Crusader's savage butchery -- of Jews at home and of Muslims abroad. The Crusades certainly accelerated the deterioration of western relations with the Byzantine Empire and contributed to the destruction of that realm, with the disastrous consequences that followed. And western colonialism in the Holy Land was only the beginning of a long history of colonialism that has continued into the 20th century.
| The History Guide | |
copyright © 2000 Steven Kreis
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SRI RANGANATHA TEMPLE (375 Yrs Old) in hyderabad
| This a Hindu temple located in Jiyaguda, Hyderabad.Sri Ranga Natha Swamy temple is one of the most sacred of temple of Sri Ranganatha on the bank of Musi River. It is located near to High Court of Andhra Pradesh, and near to Purana Pul (old bridge).|
Sri Ranganatha is a Hindu God well-known in South India. The abode is a resting form of Lord Vishnu, one of the foremost of Hindu Gods. His consort is Goddess Lakshmi, also known as Ranganayaki. It is one of the most sacred of Ranganatha temples. Ranganatha, or the reclining posture of the God, can be found in this temple. The people celebrate the main festival during Ekadasi Festival celebrations.
Major celebrations are held at Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple marking the Vaikunta Ekadasi. The Ekadasi celebrations coincide with the month long celebrations of Dhanurmasa. Celebrations are held in accordance with the full Vaishnavite traditions. The devotees have an experience similar to attending the Brahmotsavams of Tirumala by witnessing the special decorations of temple deity during Ekadasi celebrations. Archanas are performed between 7 am and 12 midnight. Having the darshan of the special decorations of temple deity is an occasion of great spiritual importance, There are no tickets of any kind for the darshana, and the Archanas are performed free of charge.
SriRangaNathaSwamy temple Committee founder trustees Srungaram Tiruvengalacharyulu, Sesha Chari priest Srungaram Rajagopala Charyulu
Gandhichervu, Hayathnagar, Hyderabad Gandhichervu was a big village in dense forest in the past years. One day few Saints were passing through Koheda (a place in Hayathnagar) Hanuman temple. Lord Sri Ranganatha sat on a hill and called them, he said to saints that I am in a nearby Snakes nest. Sri Ranganatha order them a takeout him from nest and perform rituals. Saints informed this to the Patwaris (head of the villages in olden times). Patwaris thought that they are saints and they ignored their words. On the same day Sri Ranganatha has appeared in their dreams and whipped them severely. Later in the morning they started searching for these saints, at last they found them and requested to show the place where Sri Rangantha can be found. Saints and Patwaris went to said Snakes Nest which was of 25fts. With the help of villagers they moved the Sri Ranganatha from nest and placed the idol on a bulla cart. Saints started prayers and requests Sri Ranganatha to select the place where he wants’ to established permanently. Bulla cart started from Koheda and stopped at Gandhichevrvu gutta. Saints and people have established him on the present hill top. Grand celebration takes place at this temple on every Vaykuntha Ekadashi and Sri Rama Navami
More Info on Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple:
Monday :09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Tuesday :09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Wednesday:09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Thursday:09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Friday :09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Saturday:09:30 am - 06:30 pm
Sunday :Closed - Closed
|Related Tags : sri ranganatha temple, lord ranganatha swamy, ranganathaswamy temple, ranganatha.org, sri ranganathar photos, hyderabad temples, temples in ap, sri ranganath temple 375 years old,ranganathaswamy pictures, ranganathaswamy videos, ranganathaswamy temple in hyderabad, ranganathaswamy temple in jiyaguda ,ranganath swamy temple timings, AP Entertainment News, Entertainment News, Entertainment|
|View Hyderabad Temples List|
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the Hayward Fault: Online and On the Ground
Ever wonder exactly where the
Hayward Fault is? Three U.S. Geological Survey scientists will be on
hand to announce three new educational publications, showing you just
where to look.
With the 140th anniversary of the 1868 Hayward earthquake fast
approaching, the USGS is dedicated to providing information that will
prepare the public for a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake likely to
happen in the greater Bay Area in the next 30 years. The commemoration
date reflects an important milestone: the past 5 large earthquakes on
the Hayward Fault have been on average about 140 years apart, so a
repeat of this powerful earthquake could happen at any moment.
Who: USGS Earthquake
author of fact sheet The Hayward
Fault—Is it due for a repeat of the powerful 1868 earthquake?
creator of the Hayward Fault
“virtual tour” using Google Earth™ software
author of Where’s the Hayward
Fault? A Green Guide to the Hayward Fault
Press conference detailing the above publications with question and
session immediately following. A short guided tour of the Hayward Fault
will follow the press conference.
Hayward Area Historical and Society Museum, 22701 Main Street, Hayward,
9:30 a.m. Thursday, May 22, 2008
USGS provides science for a changing world. For
more information visit www.usgs.gov.
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Free essay on cellular respiration available totally free at echeatcom, the largest free essay community. Emma barnes biology respiration and photosynthesis cycle according to the syllabus and instructors post, week 3 assignment is to describe the stage. 1 glycolysi (definition slide) a glucose to pyruvate or pyruvic acid b produce atp c occurs in cytoplasm 2 convert pyruvate to acetyl-coa and krebs cycle/citric. Introduction this is an investigation of the effect of the intensity of light (photosynthesis) have on the rate of cellular respiration (measured as the nu.
Cellular respiration in this lab the effects of different substrates on the rate of cellular respiration is being put to a test which is a very interesting experiment. Cellular respiration lab report wednesday 8:00 am lab march 2nd, 2005 i introduction in this lab we are measuring the amount of oxygen used in both. Respiration essay bio cellular ap essay on population control in hindi language pack books are our best friends essay in english for class 4 hits dissertation.
Ap biology essay questions b describe the role of membranes in the synthesis of atp in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis 15. Essays from bookrags provide great ideas for cellular respiration essays and paper topics like essay view this student essay about cellular respiration. The stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis essay 581 words | 3 pages the cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical cycle of energy and. Purpose: the purpose of this lab is to measure the consumption of oxygen by respiring seeds and to compare respiration rate at two different temperatures. Read this essay on cellular respiration come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.
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Cellular respiration cellular respiration is a chemical process that produces adenosine triphosphate, or otherwise known as atp for energy that is also. Cellular respiration cellular respiration is the process by which food molecules like glucose are being oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and molecules of water. Cellular respiration and krebs cycle essay chapter 4 respiration what is the first stage of the breakdown of glucose, common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Cellular respiration is a very complex process that consists of many steps that take place inside the cell, in an organelle called a mitochondrion.
Read cellular respiration free essay and over 87,000 other research documents cellular respiration cellular respiration lab report wednesday 8:00 am lab march 2nd. Cellular respiration essays cellular respiration begins with glucose glucose is the primary fuel used in glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration this. Possible photosynthesis & respiration essay questions collegenow biology exam 1 aerobic multi-cellular organisms need oxygen in order to live.
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No Evil Robots
Prevent evil robots from taking over the
Just say no to robot weapons and violent robot competitions.
BBC story describes the deployment of armed mobile robots by the
US forces in Iraq in early 2005. The robot is teleoperated; a human
pulls the trigger by remote control.
It is not a trivial matter to make this robot autonomous; it
would require a sensor suite and control software that is at the very
edge of the current state of the art, or beyond.
However, scientists and engineers now have a choice whether or not
to develop future autonomous armed robots.
Taking a life is generally considered a major moral decision in
which the killer, even a soldier in combat, bears individual
responsibility. Autonomous weapons decouple the killer from the
killed; compared to a conventional combat soldier or police officer,
the deployer of a robot weapon faces reduced personal risk and may
feel reduced responsibility for deaths that result.
Autonomous weapons promise to reduce these disincentives to the use
of conventional weapons, with the risk that such weapons may be used
Currently, autonomous killer robots do not exist. Control and
sensing technology isn't quite to the point where we can make them
work reliably. But everything else is in place, and many of the
remaining problems look solvable in the medium-term.
As a robotics researcher, you can choose today whether you want to
build autonomous killer robots. If we don't build them, they can never
menace us and our families, and they can't take over the world.
Have an opinion?
Georgia Tech's "Opinion Survey on the Use of Robots Capable of Lethal Force in Warfare"
Related news articles
In date order, most recent first:
- Cornelia Dean, A Soldier, Taking Orders From Its Ethical Judgment Center, New York Times, 24 Nov 2008
- Kris Osborn, iRobot unveils larger Warrior, Army
Times, 10 Oct 2007.
- Noah Sachtman, Automated AA gun malfunctions, accidentally killing soldiers,
Wired, October 18 2007.
- Pete Warren, "Launching a new kind of warfare", The Guardian, 26 Oct 2006
- Tim Weiner, "A
New Model Army Soldier Rolls Closer to the Battlefield", New York Times, February 16, 2005 (NYT subscription required, unfortunately)
- [unattributed], "US
plans 'robot troops' for Iraq", BBC News, January 23, 2005
- Eric Baard, "Make Robots Not War", Village Voice, September 10, 2003.
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How do art museums engage teenagers? We offer a number of internships at the Milwaukee Art Museum for teens, but for most students, their first (and sometimes only) exposure to the Museum is through a school field trip. In collaboration with our docent corps, we asked the students themselves how to engage teenagers in the galleries. If you’re curious about what teens said and how we’ve used their suggestions, read on!
In summer 2012, a group of fourteen teen interns teamed up with ten docents to delve deep into what can make a school tour successful and engaging. They worked to jointly share ideas and troubleshoot concerns. The session was such a hit for both groups that we decided to bring back five of those students in the fall to share their thoughts with our full docent corps–all 100+ of them!
We taped the dialogue so that we could share the teens’ ideas as faithfully as possible. The video below shows the five summer teen interns in dialogue with our docents. The teens quickly do a check-in/icebreaker with the docents, describe the summer program, and facilitate a Q&A session.
What I found particularly powerful about the teens’ suggestions is that they are not just relevant to teen audiences, but can also be used for younger and older visitors, too. In the spirit of continuing the conversation begun by these young people and our docents, I’d like to offer some of my own take-aways:
- Take the time to get to know each other (even if the tour is only an hour). Over the summer, I began our sessions with a “check in” activity, inspired by the Milwaukee Writing Project, as a way for us to get to know each other. If you know your audience, you can tailor your tour to their interests from the get-go. As Rosehaydee said in the video, it can bring the group together and set a friendly tone.
- Be aware of your group–and do what they want to do. Be in tune with your group and their reactions: if something’s not working, move on rather than pressing it.
- Be yourself. Share your passion, and be friendly and relaxed. As Sensei said, if you are enthusiastic about what you’re discussing, chances are good that your group will respond to your enthusiasm.
- Museum tours can be intimidating. Teens are aware that docents and educators are extremely knowledgeable; and it’s scary to offer your thoughts in front of not just a docent but also your peers. To support conversation, Steven suggested using clear, simple language (without being patronizing), and Rosehaydee encouraged us to acknowledge student voices, even if they’re not the “right” answer, so teens know they’re being heard.
- Technology is a tool, not a goal. When asked if museums should use more technology to engage teens, responses were mixed. Yes, technology is cool and lots of teens use it–but not all teens have access, and technology is not always successful or necessary. If the activity can be done equally as well or better in analogue format, it’s probably not worth it to try to use a gadget. But if it’s something that can only be done with technology–like Skyping with an artist or out-of-town group–then take the time to give it a try.
- Remember that we all learn differently. To combat teen boredom, Rosehaydee suggested calling on specific individuals to get them to pay attention, but Sensei noted that sometimes it can be just as effective to try a pair-share or solitary writing activity. This reminded me that museum educators and docents have a responsibility to provide many different kinds of learning opportunities for our students. We need to know when to support and when to gently challenge them.
- Respect the group; think of them as family. One of my favorite suggestions from the teens over the summer was for docents to think of the teens as their children or grandchildren. To me, this gets to the heart of working with any visitor that comes into our space: respect them! I believe we staff and docents learn just as much from visitors as visitors learn from us.
I’m glad these young people have reminded us of the steps we can take to achieve that “bigger picture”: a museum experience that is supportive, interesting, and fun. Such experiences help teens–and all visitors–know that museums are places where they can be themselves, connect with peers who also love art, enrich their thinking, or simply take a break from a busy day of school.
Since this talk, docents and education staff often refer back to this experience with the teens. We regularly use check-ins on tours and try to find ways to connect with students and visitors to understand why they’re here at the Museum. It’s inspiring to see how the thoughts of these youth have lived on years later!
Editor’s Note: This post is an adapted version of an essay that originally appeared on ArtMuseumTeaching.com.
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Edith Cavell: Resistance Fighter Nurse
By Marylou Morano Kjelle
Edith Cavell was born on December 4, 1865 in Swardeston, England. She was the daughter of a stern clergyman, the Rev. Frederick Cavell and a loving mother, Lousia. As a child she showed an artistic ability to draw plants, birds and animals. After working as a governess for over 10 years, Edith entered nursing school at age 30. In England in the late 1800’s, nursing was not considered a respectable profession, and a woman who pursued a nursing career was, in essence, giving up any chance of being married.
Edith studied nursing at the London Fever Hospital. Her first assignment was at a charity hospital that cared for any patient who came to the door. Soon she was visiting patients in their homes. Horrified by the overcrowded and unhealthy conditions and the number of ill and undernourished children, Edith began using her time off to teach mothers how to keep their children and homes clean and how to cook nourishing food for their families. She approached the wealthy of London for donations to send slum children to the seashore or county to get fresh air. When contributions didn’t equal the amount needed, Edith paid for as many children as she could out of her own money.
Because of the negative view of nursing at the turn of the century, there were few schools where a woman could learn to be a good nurse. Some European countries had none – Belgium was one of them. News of Edith’s extraordinary nursing capability and her sense of compassion led to a position as a teacher and administrator of a newly formed nursing school clinic called l’Ecole Belge d’Infirmieres Diplomees in Brussels. The year was 1907 and Edith was 42 years old.
As director of nursing at l’Ecole Belge d’Infirmieres Diplomees, Edith developed a five-year diploma curriculum for nurses. Her first nursing class had four students and the second, seven. As word Edith’s excellent nursing school spread, hospitals from other countries began requesting Edith’s well-trained nurses. Before long, Edith was running l’Ecole Belge d’ Infirmieres Diplomees, as well as a new hospital, St. Gilles, and at the same time training women for private duty nursing
As World War I raged around Belgium, German troops, at war with France, used a “shortcut” through Belgium to meet the enemy. Soon the entire country of Belgium had fallen to the Germans. Edith and her nurses were offered safe passage to Holland, which they refused. Some joined the Red Cross in France, but Edith remained in Belgium. When her nurses refused to care for hospitalized Germans, Edith set an example of caring for all sick, regardless of nationality.
According to German decree, as soon as a Belgian soldier recovered, he was to immediately report to police headquarters. The men who did so were never seen or heard from again. Edith began informing her recovered patients that they were required to report to police headquarters, but at the same time she also provided an alternative location for them to go, letting the men choose for themselves whether they would report to the Germans or take a chance at safety. Edith became part of an underground resistance network working in Brussels to help men escape. She protected hospitalized men by keeping them longer than they needed. When there were no beds available, Edith sheltered men in the hospital’s attic and cellar. In this way, she helped approximately 200 men escape the Germans.
On August 4, 1915, after months of observation, the Germans arrested Edith and others sheltering Belgian soldiers. On October 7, 1915, Edith Cavell, along with others in the underground network were found guilty of resistance activities and sentenced to death by firing squad. Despite American, French and Spanish intercession, Edith’s sentence was not commuted. On October 12, 1915, Edith was executed by German firing squad. After World War I, her body was brought home to England. In Brussels, Belgium. the Edith lavell-Marcel De Page Institute is named in her honor.
Marylou Morano Kjelle is a freelance writer who lives and works in Central New Jersey. She is the author of “Handmaid of the Lord: Prayers for Newly Single Christian Mothers”
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Uniforms & Equipment
The Strathcona Boot
Traditionally, the cavalry wore heavy knee-high boots that afforded protection against sword blows in battle. These boots were generally stiff and unwieldy, and not conducive to walking or marching. The conditions of service in the South African War, where mounted infantry usually fought on foot, brought this problem to a head. The British, therefore, developed a high leather boot with a sole that was intended for walking, and a laced instep that provided the wearer with greater flexibility and ease of movement. For the most part, however, these boots were worn by the officers, with the rank and file adopting the ankle-boots and puttees used by the infantry.
Strathcona's Horse developed its own variant of this type of boot for its service in South Africa. Produced by the Slater Shoe Company of Montreal, this boot had a laced instep made more flexible by the introduction of a large gusset. In addition, there was another gusset on the upper calf that was loosened or clinched by an adjustable strap to improve the fit around the leg.
Perhaps in keeping with its image as an elite unit, the Strathconas issued these boots to all members of the regiment, and not just to the officers. Although, officially, they were to be worn only for walking out and for parades, it is clear from photographic evidence that they were frequently used on active operations. Many members of the Strathconas were former members of the North-West Mounted Police, including the unit's commanding officer, Sam Steele. One of the war's lasting legacies was that the boots were taken into wear by the North-West Mounted Police, and they remain today one of the more distinctive components of the dress uniform of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
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Part of being a critical thinker is being a critical reader. This means suspending judgement on a text until you
have understood the message being put forward
If you read uncritically you may accept texts and arguments which are flawed, biased and subjectively written. Reading critically will help to make sure that your study and research activities continue as soundly as possible. To help you read in this way, you might use the critical reading checklist to help you ask the right sort of questions of the material you have to read.
© Copyright 2000
Comments and questions should
be directed to Unilearning@uow.edu.au
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Valuation of ecosystem services is used to visualize and enhance understanding of human dependence on healthy ecosystems. Together with Anthesis Enveco and Belyazid Consulting & Communication, AquaBiota has identified, mapped and valued both marine and terrestrial ecosystem services in the coastal zone of Blekinge.
The report’s main objective is to enhance understanding of those challenges and possibilities Blekinge needs to address for long-term sustainable development along the coast. This requires input from a variety of actors and trade-offs between different sectors and interests, including the values of ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are valued based on their benefits to society, although the valuation process is more concerned with relative values than exact monetary assessments.
In the report we discuss options for Blekinge to develop its coastal ecosystem services, and describe current threats. We also suggest measures to ensure and strengthen ecosystem services in Blekinge.
Linc to report (in Swedish):
Linus Hasselström, Jenny Wallström och Antonia Nyström Sandman 2017: Kartläggning av Blekingekustens ekosystemtjänster. Länsstyrelsen Blekinge län Rapport: 2017:23. In Swedish.
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The Senate’s Historic Opportunity to Lower Your Energy Bill
Buildings are responsible for about 40 percent of carbon emissions in the United States—but the investments in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 will help to substantially reduce emissions from our buildings while lowering energy costs for consumers and improving occupant comfort.
Buildings are where we live, work, go to school, and spend about 90 percent our time. Those same buildings are responsible for about 40 percent of carbon emissions in the United States – but the investments in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 will help to substantially reduce emissions from our buildings while lowering energy costs for consumers and improving occupant comfort. By 2030, these building-related provisions of this bill will save around 26 million metric tons of carbon pollution – but savings will persist and continue to grow over the life of the investments. As NRDC’s President, Manish Bapna, said: “This is the ultimate clean energy comeback - the strongest climate action yet in the moment we need it most. Congress must pass it without delay.”
The legislation, which provides about $369 billion in new climate, energy and environmental justice investments, is the most substantial climate action in American history. There are no two ways about it: this is absolutely a must-pass bill, to ease the pressure on Americans’ wallets, create high-quality jobs, and to take a giant step forward to protecting the future of our country and our world.
Breathe Easier While Saving Energy and Money
Energy bills are a substantial portion of a family’s budget, often the biggest household expense after rent or a mortgage payment. Making a home more energy efficient, while replacing building systems that burn fossil fuels on-site with equipment powered by clean electricity, makes our indoor air cleaner. The combination of efficiency and electrification is a key strategy to combat the climate crisis – and is central to the energy and dollar savings in this bill. To lower energy bills and reduce the burning of fossil fuels in our homes, the Act includes the following:
- The HOMES Rebate program, which allocates $4.3 billion to states for consumer rebates for comprehensive home energy retrofits. This includes up to $4,000 for homeowners completing a whole-house project, based on the energy performance of the home – and the rebate amount doubles for low- and moderate-income households. The HOMES program also addresses multifamily buildings, with owners also eligible for up to similar per-unit incentives when they achieve certain energy savings levels.
- The High-Efficiency Electric Home Rebate Program, which will direct $4.5 billion to states for the efficient electrification of low- and moderate-income households, including both single family and multifamily properties. This will include up to $1,750 for a heat pump water heater, up to $8,000 for a heat pump for space heating or cooling, up to $840 for electric cooking equipment or a heat pump clothes dryer, as well as funding for upgrading electric load service, insulation and air sealing, and electric wiring. The bill includes variable cost relief for these measures, delivering more savings to low-income people. Notably, these rebates are intended to be available at the point of sale, so that the price will be reduced from the start without having to wait months for a rebate - helping to make these products more accessible to lower-income families.
- Tax incentives covering up to 30 percent of the cost of replacing appliances and equipment in a home, including up to $600 for central air conditioning systems and windows, and up to $2,000 for efficient heat pumps and heat pump water heaters.
Improving Affordable Housing
Specific to affordable housing, the Act makes a $1 billion commitment to privately-owned properties that meet eligibility guidelines specified by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (including, but not limited to, properties eligible for the project-based “Section 8” program). This funding can be used for multi-benefit projects that save water as well as energy, including building electrification and energy storage, make buildings healthier by improving indoor air quality, and address climate resilience.
With most of the multifamily housing stock master-metered for water and sewer – meaning the entire building is measured on a single meter - the offer of grants for water efficiency upgrades could be particularly valuable. Reducing operating expenses is important for preserving affordable housing. The Act also expands funding for the benchmarking of energy and water use in affordable housing, which will produce a valuable database for road mapping future efficiency upgrades.
The legislation also includes a noteworthy change that addresses an issue with the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), which creates and preserves more than 100,000 affordable apartments each year. The seemingly small change eliminates a barrier to combining energy efficiency tax credits with LIHTC, making it easier for affordable housing developers to access additional resources to pursue energy efficiency, which should help to unlock the cost, comfort, and health benefits of efficiency upgrades for low-income residents.
State energy offices and housing agencies will have a big hand in implementing the building-related provisions of this bill. Officials at both the state and federal level will have work to do to ensure that program dollars reach the households most in need of assistance, including lower-income renters and those living in historically underserved communities. This includes giving States the discretion to administer rebate and loan programs for the smartest combination of home interventions to enable combined upgrades in efficiency and electrification. But, by including specific considerations for multifamily buildings and more generous payments for low-income households, the Act sets things off in the right direction.
Building Right From the Start
It’s important to construct new buildings to be efficient from the start, to avoid “digging the hole” of needed emissions reductions any deeper. The Act includes tax credits to builders of new homes meeting the most recent Energy Star New Homes specifications (including a future specification already approved by the Environmental Protection Agency), with double the credit available for homes that qualify as zero-energy ready. It also includes $1 billion for support states and local governments to adopt, implement, and comply with a code that is equivalent – or better than - the 2021 International Energy Conservation Code. Two-thirds of that funding is specified for jurisdictions that adopt, comply with, and enforce a zero energy code (or an equivalent stretch code that meets or exceeds the zero energy criteria). Taken together, these incentives for builders and jurisdictions will result in a more efficient, lower-emissions new buildings stock.
Action Starts Now
We can’t wait any longer. Congress must take swift action to pass this bill. Our wallets – and the health and safety of our planet – will benefit for decades to come.
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The heart is one of the many important organs in our body. It’s what keeps us alive and healthy. But, are you doing everything to keep it healthy? Or, are you doing things that are harming it? Without a beating heart, there is no life in the body. And, if your heart is not healthy, it makes your quality of living diminish as well. Here are some tips to keep your heart healthy and prevent diseases.
Just like you would go to the doctor for any other part of your body, you should do the same for your heart. “Each year on your birthday, schedule a checkup to have your blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels checked, and ask your doctor to help you reach or maintain a healthy weight. Be sure to follow your healthcare professional’s recommendations, including taking prescribed medications as directed.” Doing this every year and making sure your heart is working correctly is already one huge step closer to living a long healthy life.
People who have healthy habits live longer. Making it a habit of eating a balanced meal every day and working out regularly will help your health and heart. 30 minutes is the sweet number. If you can manage to go for a walk, run, weight train, or do HIIT for 30 minutes a day or about four days if you’re doing an intense workout you will improve your heart. Some other simple ways to make sure your heart is healthy is:
Cholesterol buildup is one of the many reasons why someone doesn’t have a healthy heart. “Eating foods high in saturated fat, trans fat or cholesterol can lead to high blood cholesterol. To help keep your cholesterol levels down, eat foods low in saturated fat and trans fat, such as lean chicken or turkey (roasted or baked, with skin removed), fruits and veggies, low-fat or fat-free dairy products and whole grains.”
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It’s almost May! The weather is warm. The sun is shining. There is a fresh breeze in the air. It’s the perfect time to take a book outside in the shade and read with your child. Reading helps to increase your child’s vocabulary and imagination. It also allows for a naturalistic way for your child to practice answering questions. Ask your child questions while reading the story, as well as after you’re done with the book. Check out these five books perfect to read in May.
Are You My Mother? is a wonderful book to read to your child around the time of Mother’s Day (this year it’s May 14th). Your child will love to help the baby bird reunite with his mother in this story. The book is great for animal vocabulary as well.! For ages 3 and up.
May is a great time to get outside with your child and plant some flowers. This book is great to help your child learn about the life cycle of a plant and all the vocabulary that goes along with it. As with most Dr. Seuss books, this story rhymes. Have your child help identify the rhyming words. When you’re done with the story, see if your child can tell you the steps to plant a flower. For ages 4-8.
This a great board book for your little one with simple yet colorful illustrations. Your child will learn about different types of boats in this easy-to-follow book. Have your child describe the boats to you (ex. color, size, shapes). For ages 2-4.
Your child will LOVE The Rainbow Fish story. It’s a great book to help your child learn about sharing. The Rainbow Fish learns to share his shiny scales in order to make friends. The illustrations in the story will keep your child’s interest throughout. For ages 4-8.
Another perfect classic book for the month of May! The Very Hungry Caterpillar is wonderful for teaching your child about the life cycle of a butterfly. Your child will also have a chance to help label the different foods the caterpillar eats before going into his cocoon. Have your child tell you the steps of becoming a butterfly after completing the book. For ages 2 and up.
Happy reading and Happy May!
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Acne most often appears on the face but can also be found on areas of the back and chest. Symptoms of acne scars are different for everyone and recognizing the most common symptoms will help you get the appropriate treatment before scars have the chance to develop.
The first signs of an acne scar appear after the lesion has healed. Patients may notice a change of color or change in texture. Most often people mistaken color changes for scars when in fact they are not scars, but rather a condition called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). PIH is a natural reaction produced by the body after a wound and is flat and discoloured in appearance. PIH usually fades away over time and almost everyone who gets acne can develop this condition; however it is more common in people with dark skin tones.
There are two main types of acne scars.
• Hypertrophic scars develop when the body produces too much collagen to repair the wound caused by the acne lesion. This causes a clump of raised skin tissue to form on the skin’s surface.
• Atrophic scars create a shallow pitted appearance and are caused by a loss of skin tissue.
Acne lesions that become severely inflamed or filled with pus are when the skin is most vulnerable to scarring Once these symptoms appear, a skin care professional should be consulted for treatment as soon as possible. Also, patients should seek treatment if acne is experienced for prolonged periods or becomes a chronic condition.
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Blue Footed Booby
It’s no mystery as to how the blue footed booby got its name! Male blue-footed boobies use their uniquely-colored feet to attract a mate, and will dance and strut in front of females in order to show them off. The brighter the shade of blue, the better!
Blue Footed Booby
Scientific & Common Names
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Aves
Order - Suliformes
Family - Sulidae
Genus – Sulis
Species – S. nebouxii
Common Names – Blue Footed Booby
The blue footed booby’s feet actually depict how well-nourished it is, because the shade of blue is directly related to its consumption of fresh and healthy fish. This bird is one of the few birds with blue skin, which can be seen on its face as well as its feet.
Blue footed boobies gather in large nesting clusters of hundreds of birds. Foot coloration is a very important factor in selecting a mate, and male mating rituals often rely heavily on presenting the feet to the female, usually with a dance or strutting behavior.
The booby is a marine bird that feeds on small fish and squid. They often hunt in groups and will dive into the ocean when prey is spotted, usually eating it while still underwater.
There are two subspecies of blue footed booby, one which lives on the Galapagos Islands, and another which lives on the Pacific coast. The species is also closely related to the Pervuian booby, which it can interbreed with. It lacks the distinctive blue skin of its cousin.
Although blue footed boobies are currently classified as “least concern” on the conservation status spectrum, a recent study suggested that their numbers in the Galapagos Islands are declining due to breeding troubles. Researchers believe that the booby’s breeding success is being affected by a decline in the sardine population, which is of one of their main food sources. There is no evidence of other possible causes.
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Please select a grammar category to view from the list on the right.
The Mongolian Language
Mongolian is an agglutinative language which normally ranks as a member of the Altaic language family, a family whose principal members are Turkish, Mongolian and Manchu (with Korean and Japanese listed as possible relations). The main features of the language are a system of vowel harmony, agglutination and the SOV word order so characteristic of this proposed language family. Mongolian does not distinguish gender, has no definite article, has only a very limited plural system and as in other Altaic languages, there is hardly any difference between nouns and adjectives.
The grammar section of Lingua Mongolia is primarily intended to be a quick on-line reference to the essentials of Mongolian grammar, and not a grammar tutorial, although there are plans to add these at a later date. If in the meantime you have any questions related to Mongolian grammar then please do not hesitate to contact me.
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http://www.linguamongolia.com/gram1.html
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Users Guide:Beam modelling
Photon beam : LINAC
A realistic photon beam in a multilayer phantom can be modelled using GATE. The phantom is irradiated with a photon beam, originating from a uniform point source at a certain distance from the phantom surface and collimated at the surface of the phantom using. The energy spectrum of the point source is modelled using the configurations of a VARIAN Clinac for example. The depth dose distribution was calculated along the central axis with a 1D . The production threshold can be set to different values in the world and in the phantom for electrons, positrons and photons.
Hadron therapy application
As an example of a hadron therapy application, we simulate a 12C scanning pencil beam irradiation of an artificial spherical target inside a patient CT image. The treatment plan comprised different pencil beams. Figure 3 illustrates the dose deposition measured using GATE.
In-beam PET modelling
GATE is able to jointly model radiation therapy and emission tomography in order to monitor the deposited dose for a 12C treatment using PET imaging as shown in Figure 4. It models the Carbon beam, the nuclear fragmentation, the β+ emitters, back to back photon and dose monitoring!
A 4D CT patient scan was used to define the numerical phantom. A three beam treatment plan was modelled with a total production of 3 beams of 109 12C ions. Each beam was composed of 195 independent spots with 42 different incident energies between 175 and 230 MeV/u. All hadronic and electromagnetic processes were included in the simulation. Positron range and annihilation photon pair acollinearity were taken into account. A model of the Siemens HR+ PET system was used to simulate a 20 min static acquisition starting immediately after the irradiation. PET data were normalized, corrected for attenuation using an attenuation map derived from the CT, and reconstructed using 3D back projection. The simulation was performed in less than 24 h on a cluster of 1000 Intel Nehalem 2.93 GHz CPUs. Figure 5 shows the reconstructed PET images. It suggests that the 11C activity distribution contains most information regarding the location of the Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP), while the 15O activity might be relevant to derive information about the dose to normal tissues.
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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http://wiki.opengatecollaboration.org/index.php/Users_Guide:Beam_modelling
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What is Full-text search in SQL?
Full-Text Search in SQL Server lets users and applications run full-text queries against character-based data in SQL Server tables. Full-text queries perform linguistic searches against text data in full-text indexes by operating on words and phrases based on rules of a particular language such as English or Japanese. Full-text queries can include simple words and phrases or multiple forms of a word or phrase. A full-text query returns any documents that contain at least one match (also known as a hit). A match occurs when a target document contains all the terms specified in the full-text query, and meets any other search conditions, such as the distance between the matching terms.
LIKE vs Full-text-Search
Full-text search can perform a linguistic search whereas SQL LIKE character patterns only. Also, like predicate cannot be used to query formatted binary data unless converted into the character format. A LIKE query against millions of rows of text data can take minutes to return; whereas a full-text query can take only seconds or less against the same data, depending on the number of rows that are returned.
For example, if you want to find words that are forms of “mouse” like mouse, mice, mouses then FT search can do that easily. Using LIKE you have to code all forms of the word & this will differ based on the language. Run the below query to see all forms of mice.
select * from sys.dm_fts_parser(‘formsof(freetext, mice)’, 1033, 0, 0)
The above query returns the following display terms. mice’s, mouse, mouse’s, moused, mouses, mousing,mice. That means by searching the word mice using full-text search returns all the documents that matches the above 7 words. With just like one need to issue 7 search queries
What should I do to enable full-text search in SQL Azure?
Absolutely nothing. SQL Azure configures the full-text search in Azure be default in all the databases irrespective of the tiers with no additional cost. The configuration parameters can’t be changed too.
What documents types are supported?
Full-text search in Azure supports 100+ document types and one can query the list of supported document types in Azure as:
select * from sys.fulltext_document_types where version != ”
Full-text search vs Azure search:
Microsoft has both full-text search with SQL Azure and Azure search service, which one should I use would be a very common question for the application developers. This section will briefly explain what works best in what scenarios.
If one needs both relational data and search at one location, SQL Azure full-text search is an obvious choice.
|Scenario||Full-text search||Azure search service|
|I have relational data and needs search||Consider|
|I want to offload search outside my OLTP||Consider|
|I don’t want to change the existing Application||Consider|
|I don’t want to spend more money on search service||Consider|
|I don’t want a database||Consider|
|I have more than 15 concurrent queries||Consider|
|I store my files in blob storage||Extra work needed||Not very different than storing in SQL db and indexing|
CREATE FULLTEXT CATALOG DocumentCatalog;
create table DocumentRepository(DocumentID int not null, DocTextData varbinary(max), DocType char(4))
— Create unique index on the document id
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ui_ukDoc ON DocumentRepository(DocumentID);
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX ON DocumentRepository
DocTextData –Full-text index column name
TYPE COLUMN DocType –Name of column that contains file type information
Language 2057 –2057 is the LCID for British English
KEY INDEX ui_ukDoc ON DocumentCatalog WITH CHANGE_TRACKING AUTO
insert into DocumentRepository values(1, convert(varbinary(max), ‘mouse is running’), ‘txt’)
insert into DocumentRepository values(2, convert(varbinary(max), ‘mice ran away’), ‘txt’)
insert into DocumentRepository values(3, convert(varbinary(max), ‘This is SQL full-text introduction’), ‘txt’)
SELECT * FROM DocumentRepository WHERE FREETEXT (DocTextData, ‘run’ );
SELECT * FROM DocumentRepository WHERE FREETEXT (DocTextData, ‘mice’ );
Not all document types are supported (most common like pdf, fox and docx aren’t supported).
No semantic search support
No ability to change configuration options
Unable to see crawl errors
How to index docx / pdf documents?
One can use IFilters to grab the text in the application and then store it as varbinary in SQL table as document type txt. One such example is here
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A study by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine has found that meditating for just half-an-hour every day can reduce the symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Findings showed that meditating could reduce symptoms in people not suffering "full blown" depression or anxiety as effectively as antidepressants.
The study, which looked at 47 clinical trials including over 3,500 patients, showed meditating could also help reduce pain and lower stress levels.
Researchers looked specifically at mindfulness meditation, a form of Buddhist self-awareness that helps people to focus precisely and nonjudgmentally on the moment at hand.
While meditating is becoming increasingly popular in Western cultures, many people who would like to begin practicing may not know where to start.
Taking up yoga may be one idea, as this incorporates meditation, breathing and stretching exercises and will help to focus the mind.
However, it is also possible to start meditating at home on your own.
Todd Goldfarb, writing for the popular blog Zen Habits, listed a how beginners can start to gain health benefits from meditating.
- Chose a room where you do not work, exercise or sleep.
- Breathing: To meditate you should breath slowly and deeply to slow the heart rate.
- Stretching: Stretching will help to loosen muscles allowing you to lie more comfortably. It also allows for greater attention to the body
- Sit or lie comfortably and try different positions until you find a relaxing pose.
- To start, you should focus entirely on your breathing to clear your mind.
- Notice your body by focusing all your attention on your feet, then move up through the body, imaging each part – including your internal organs.
- Every time your mind wanders, return to focusing on your breath.
Goldfarb recommends choosing a time when you know you will not be disturbed and to not get stressed: "This may be the most important tip for beginners, and the hardest to implement. No matter what happens during your meditation practice, do not stress about it. This includes being nervous before meditating and angry afterwards. Meditation is what it is, and just do the best you can at the time."
He says people should make meditating a formal practice by setting aside a short time every day and commit to meditating "for the long haul".
Concluding, he said: "Meditation is hard work, and you will inevitably come to a point where it seemingly does not fit into the picture anymore ... Chances are that losing the ability to focus on meditation is parallel with your inability to focus in other areas of your life!
"Meditation is an absolutely wonderful practice, but can be very difficult in the beginning. Use the tips described in this article to get your practice to the next level."
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When October 31st arrives each
year most of us are excited to
dress in a great Halloween costume
and set out to "trick-or-treat" or
go to a party. It is the costume
that thrills us the most. However,
this is a relatively recent practice.
In fact, so is going door to door
expecting to get candy treats.
Homemade Halloween costumes at
right from the 1890's.
History and Origins of Wearing Costumes
Historical records indicate the practice of wearing costumes was practiced by
early Christians in Western Europe during the 15th century. Called “guising,”
people living in English cities during the 1700’s would dress in homemade
costumes to parade and party for “All Saints” on November 1st and “All Souls
Day” on November 2nd, whereas no costumes were worn for Halloween on the
traditional day of October 31st.
The Celtic practice of celebrating Samhain on October 31st, the day when the
ghosts of the dead are believed to return to earth, has influenced the
development of Halloween. Heavily dependent on the success of their crops, they
had many rituals to improve fertility and stave off evil spirits. The Celtic
priests, also called Druids, would commemorate Samhain to ensure good crops
with massive bonfires and animals sacrificed to honor their gods. They
traditionally wore animal heads and skins as they danced around the fire to
beseech the Gods for protection from the cold winter and prosperity for the
In Ireland, Samhain was the day livestock would be herded from their summer
pastures to be butchered and stored to feed families during the long, cold
winter. It was also a day that people and livestock were ritually cleansed as they
walked between bonfires. The bones of butchered animals would be given back to
Wearing Costumes to Disguise Oneself
The practice of wearing costumes is believed to have evolved from the desire to
disguise oneself as protection from harmful spirits as the “door” to the
Otherworld opened to allow the souls of the dead to return to earth on October
The first recorded practice of wearing costumes on Halloween began in Scotland.
Poor Scottish adults and children in the 1890’s dressed in disguises while going
door to door in wealthier communities to beg for cakes, nuts, fruit and money. To
light their way, they carried lanterns made from turnips and wore improvised
costumes and masks, such as the one pictured below.
Handmade Halloween mask from 1900 Ireland.
The wearing of costumes for Halloween came to England and Ireland by 1900.
In the wealthy English towns of Thorntonhill and South Lanarkshire boys from
poor families began to dress in homemade costumes and begged for handouts on
Interestingly, the threat of a “trick” if a treat is not given did not begin until
Halloween came to North America. Children in Scotland, Ireland and England
often memorized a humorous poem or song before donning a homemade costume
and setting out to ask for treats in wealthier neighborhoods. Children tell a poem, dance, sing or play a card trick in exchange for the “treat.”
The earliest Halloween costume
styles reflected its Gothic pagan
origins of honoring the dead and
helping the souls of sinners rise
to heaven. They were made with
items found around the home.
Make-up was frequently used to
disguise the individual as well as
create unique guises.
Above: Kids Wear Costumes in 1920's America.
In 1900, as shown below, American kids made costumes from things they found
around their home.
Halloween Costumes Come To America
Dressing in costumes for Halloween was not recorded in North America until
1911, when a newspaper reported children going door-to-door while wearing
Halloween costumes in Kingston, Ontario.
Today, celebrating the Halloween in America has come full circle. It is common
for adults to dress in Halloween costumes that reflect death and the dying and
parade around cemetery graves stones on Halloween night. Cemetery owners
charge fees for this privilege.
Below, people wear costumes as they parade through cemeteries on Halloween.
As the custom of celebrating Halloween in the United States became popular
enterprising companies began making costumes. Mass production of various
Halloween costume designs became big business 1930. It became popular to wear
scary Halloween costumes such as witches, vampires, werewolves, zombies and
Today, the trend is moving back to the ghouls and
Gothic witches of an earlier time.
Gothic Witch Costume
(We sell these in our
Origin of Halloween
Halloween was not always a day of costumes, fearless fun and candy galore.
Centuries ago Halloween, formerly called All Hallows' Eve, comes from the Celtic
feast of Samhain, which marked the end of summer.
In Northern Europe, the arrival of November meant the arrival of dreary, dark,
barren, cold, wet days. With dark times ahead, fire and protection were needed
on October 31st. With this in mind the rural folks lit huge bonfires on hilltops to
frighten away evil spirits and held rites and sacrifices to please the gods and
demons and all the things beyond their control. Natives hung Cherokee jewelry from trees for decoration and protection.
For months to come they had nothing but time and fear on their hands, and soon
lots of sinister Halloween ceremonies sprung up, such as mock funerals, mask
wearing, Halloween costumes, games, and sacrifices.
Somewhere along the line, October 31, or Halloween, became the only day of the
year in which it was believed the devil could be invoked for help in finding out
about future marriages, health, deaths, crops, and what was to happen in the new
Halloween in England and Ireland
Throughout ancient Britain and Ireland there were Halloween costumes worn,
games played and rituals performed, mostly to find out who would marry whom.
On Halloween, one could hear young women chanting formulas as they went out and plowed the earth at midnight and sewed seed for the Spring crop.
Uneducated and superstitious, they believed if the woman looked over her
shoulder while planting the crop by the light of the moon, she might catch a
glimpse of the figure of her future husband.
Meanwhile back in people's houses Halloween activities were in full force. Coins
and apples were put in tubs of water and party goers dressed in costumes dunked
their heads into tubs to try to capture the objects with their teeth and of
course, they would wear scary hand sewn witch costumes.
Snatching a coin or an apple meant a happy New Year was in store. Out of all
these Halloween activities emerged "Mischief Night."
Halloween in America
In the last century, immigrants, especially the Irish, brought their
mischief-making customs to the United States. On Halloween boys and young men
wearing dark Halloween costumes broke windows and overturned outhouses.
Then, perhaps to control the damage, someone started the Halloween custome of
"trick or treat" for the little kids. However, if a trick was to be played, the boy
was told to beware of the jack-o'-lanterns or hollowed out pumpkins with sharp
teeth and an eerie glow. They were watching you.
The day after Halloween, All Saints' Day, went to the other extreme in its
activities and rituals. It was time to repent for the mischief and trickery one
caused and to remember the holy people who came before you.
Halloween has become a symbol of fun, lots of candy and the wearing of zombie,
vampire, dracula, pirate, princess and witch costumes. By far the biggest change in contemporary American entertainment habits is that people now spend more on Halloween costumes than they do on other "holidays," apart from Christmas. People buy tubes of fake blood, plastic pumpkins, and ghoulish Halloween costumes, such as zombie costumes, witch costumes, skeleton costumes, vampire costumes and monster costumes. Of coarse, lots of Halloween decorations are displayed in front yards.
Last Halloween I saw a child say, "Mommy, look! A circle of witches are just
standing in front of Amy's house!"
The children are straining against their seatbelts in excitement as they drive
past the most fancy Halloween decorated homes in the neighborhood. Ten years
ago, all you would see was a pumpkin sitting on the porch. Now we see scary
critters in Halloween costumes dangling from ropes tied to a roof and dummies in
Halloween witch costumes sitting on lawns with a lighted cauldron next to her.
"Over there! A giant spider web! Wow!" Children yell out.
Or they say, "Look, they've got a graveyard in their yard!"
What is interesting about the Halloween phenomenon is that today its celebration is not about death, or life, or fall. It is a completely content-free, dark-caped day that kids and adults can put on whatever Halloween costume they want and pretend they are someone or something else.
Historically, Halloween had been a low-grade thrill experienced chiefly by the very young. Halloween costumes were handmade from the contents of our dress-up trunks and children marched out into the dusk to petition the neighbors for candy apples and sweets.
Today, Halloween is celebrated by more adults than children. Young adults wear Halloween costumes and rush out to a friend’s Halloween party. They are dressed in the most sought after Halloween costume. When they arrive, they are greeted by the scariest of beings. The house is dark and has Halloween decorations to make it look like you are entering a dark cave. There are Frankenstein windsocks, decorative skulls and many dummies dressed in Halloween costumes. The invited guests receive spider rings, witch hats and lots of Halloween candy. They play games and dance and have a great escape from the rigors and demands of our new society.
Instead of just the children wearing Halloween costumes adults of all ages can
feel comfortable wearing a funny or scary Halloween costume to disguise or transform themselves into something else for a day.
One of the Most Important Aspects of Halloween is Wearing
a Costume to Become Someone or Something Else
By The 1930's Kids Begin
Wearing Mass Produced
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The music program at PS 32 utilizes the Five Strands of Learning in Music as pillars of development.
- Making Music – exploring, creating, replicating and observing in order to build technical and expressive skills
- Music Literacy – the application of music language and aesthetics to analyzing, evaluating, creating and performing
- Making Connections – by investigating historical, social, and cultural contexts, and by exploring common themes and principals connecting music with other disciplines, students enrich their creative work and understand the significance of music in the evolution of human thought and expression
- Community and Cultural resources – Students broaden their perspective by working with professional artists and arts organizations
- Careers and Lifelong Learning – Students consider the range of music and music related professions as they think about their goals and aspirations, and understand how the various professions support and connect with each other.
In fulfillment of these goals, students engage in vocal, piano, recorder and rhythm performances throughout the year. Our winter concerts feature world class musicians such as Kenny Davis, Rudy Bird and Cleve Guyton.
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What is VoIP, or Voice Over IP?
The odds are you have probably heard the term, VoIP or Voice Over IP recently. Maybe you know what it is or maybe not.
In a nutshell, VoIP is basically telephone service that uses an internet connection to carry the voice signals. If the internet connection is functional, the telephone call operates the same as a traditional telephone call would — you dial a number from your telephone and the call is initiated and sent across an internet connection.
What’s in it for you?
First, choice! Today, how many choices do you have for your telephone service? Most people, businesses, and organizations, there is only ONE choice or, at best, TWO. You have to “take what they’ll give you” without the option of considering others…until now!
VoIP gives you another choice. While VoIP may not be the best choice for all residential needs — one could actually argue that one might not need a residential, land-line at all with everyone having multiple cell phones in a household.
But for businesses, on the other hand, VoIP offers a very compelling option to consider since you totally remove the dependence upon the traditional telecommunications companies with their limited plans, expensive long distance fees, phone maintenance, inside line maintenance, outside line maintenance, and the always seemingly secret increases in fees. With a VoIP solution for your business or organization, you can potentially save hundreds of dollars every month (we have case studies to prove it!).
Other benefits of a VoIP telephone solution is that you can add additional lines easily — just acquire another phone and connect it to your network. If you need to add more direct inward dialed (DID) numbers (a fancy way to say “new telephone numbers”), you can do that with a nominal charge.
You can have virtually free long distance as each call is just a connection across the internet (where it doesn’t cost more to connect to a website on the west or east coast of the US, or in Europe, for that matter, than it does locally).
You can have metered monthly rates where you only pay for what you use or you can have a fixed monthly fee. Support and maintenance can be included in your “all in one” monthly fee or you can have support on an “as needed” basis.
Do I have to buy a lot of equipment?
There are solutions that have an “appliance” (another word for computer server) but there is another, cloud-based option that only requires your telephones to be setup on your network and an internet connection to the VoIP service. The latter allows you to have telephones on the same system anywhere there is an internet connection — think a secondary office with an internet connection, whether across town, across the state, or even across the country!
What if the internet goes down?
Like traditional telephone service from the big telecommunications companies, when the connection is down, your telephone service is down, BUT, with a VoIP solution, you can have a backup plan. For instance, with the cloud-based solution, you can have your calls forwarded to designated cell phones until the internet connection is re-established. Or, you could have a 4G backup solution so that if you internet connection goes down, your connection can automatically failover to the 4G, so you have a virtually seamless failover.
What if I’m interested?
SandStorm IT has implemented several VoIP telephone solutions for some of our customers. Contact us at (901) 475-0275 and let us discuss your needs with you so we can design the perfect VoIP solution for your business or organization.
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We can divide the soul into an irrational and a rational part. The irrational soul has two aspects: the vegetative aspect, which deals with nutrition and growth and has little connection to virtue; and the appetitive aspect, which governs our impulses. The rational part of the soul controls these impulses, so a virtuous person with greater rationality is better able to control his or her impulses.
Much confusion about Aristotle’s work comes not from Aristotle’s lack of clarity, but from an imprecision in translation. Ancient Greek is quite different from the English language, and more important, the ancient Greeks lived in a very different culture that used concepts for which there are no exact English translations.
One central concept of the Ethics is eudaimonia, which is generally translated as “happiness.” While happiness is probably the best English word to translate eudaimonia, the term also carries connotations of success, fulfillment, and flourishing. A person who is eudaimon is not simply enjoying life, but is enjoying life by living successfully. One’s success and reputation, unlike one’s emotional well-being, can be affected after death, which makes Aristotle’s discussion of eudaimonia after death considerably more relevant.
That happiness should be closely connected to success and fulfillment reflects an important aspect of social life in ancient Greece. The identity of Greek citizens was so closely linked to the city-state to which they belonged that exile was often thought of as a fate worse than death. There was no distinction between the public and private spheres as exists in the modern world. Consequently, happiness was not thought of as a private affair, dependent on individual emotional states, but as a reflection of a person’s position within a city-state. A person who inhabits a proper place in the social structure and who appropriately fulfills the duties and expectations of that place is “happy” because, for the Greeks, happiness is a matter of living—not just feeling—the right way.
Aristotle treats happiness as an activity, not as a state. He uses the word energeia, which is the root of our word energy, to characterize happiness. The point is that happiness consists of a certain way of life, not of certain dispositions. In saying that happiness is an energeia, he contrasts happiness with virtue, which he considers a hexis, or state of being. Possessing all the right virtues disposes a person to live well, while happiness is the activity of living well, which the virtuous person is inclined toward.
[T]he good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, or if there are more kinds of virtue than one, in accordance with the best and most perfect kind.
The very idea of living well might seem a bit odd as Aristotle formulates it. In particular, he talks about living well as performing the function of “being human” well, analogous to the good flutist performing the function of playing the flute well. It may seem that Aristotle has confused the practical and the moral: being a good flutist is a practical matter of study and talent, while no such analogy holds for morality. Being a good person surely is not a skill one develops in the same manner as flute playing. But this objection rests on a misunderstanding due to a difficulty in translation. The Greek word ethos translates as “character,” and the concerns of the Ethics are not with determining what is right and wrong, but with how to live a virtuous and happy life.
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Growing up, my parents always had these weird “sayings” or folktale stories. It seems in most Hmong families there were the similarity to the sayings and stories but most of the time the meaning behind it was almost scary like a ghost story. Why did parents say these to their children?
As a mom now, it’s been ingrained in me and I’ve been thinking about it lately. Was it just the parent’s way to scare the child to not do something that is out of the ordinary? Some of them were out-right ridiculous and others…well, I won’t dare do it, superstitions or not!
There is the legend of an evil creature by the name of Phim Nyub Vais (Peah Ngu Vai). The creature was almost like a sloth or monkey in nature. It’s covered in fur, animal but has human-like features with glowing red eyes. It lives in the jungles, has a howl-like cry that when you hear it you better run! There have been so many stories of how the creature looks, but no one really knows for sure.
It’s kind of like the analogy of “Big Foot”. (However, I don’t think Big Foot you may have heard of is evil) Hmong has a word for Big Foot too and it’s Mos Hlub (Moh Loo). The Hmong’s Mos Hlub is a flesh-eating creature during the full moons.
Then there’s Poj Ntxhoom (poh zoong), demon or ghostly creature of an old lady or more recently known as a little girl.
6 Things You Hear Growing up Hmong
- Don’t sit on the bag of rice. (It’s normal for us to have 25 – 50 lbs. bag of rice in the home.) If you sit on rice, your future children will be born without a butt.
Probably just parents making sure you don’t sit on the family’s daily source of food. No one wants to eat anything that’s been sat on, it’s a bit unsanitary.
- Don’t step on mushrooms. Poj Ntxhoom will appear and watch you from atop the trees.
I don’t know the background reasoning to this but I believe it may be just a way parents are saying to respect mother nature.
- Don’t whistle at night. If you hear something whistle back at you, you may have just awakened a wandering spirit and it will follow you bringing bad omen. This also pertains to attending funerals, don’t whistle at a funeral.
- Don’t comb/brush out your hair at night.
Night time seems to be a focus on a lot of these. At night, when the animals sleep and you no longer hear birds tweet is when spirits roam the most. By brushing or combing your hair, you make yourself vulnerable. As you brush your hair, some naturally fall out making you “not-whole”. This also goes with don’t cut your hair at night and pregnant ladies shouldn’t cut their hair. (Women who cut their hair during pregnancy makes herself and child vulnerable for future misfortune, illness, loss of the soul.)
- Never point to the moon. The moon will come down and slice your ear. Parents have said that if you accidentally point to the moon, what you should do place saliva onto your finger and wipe the saliva onto the entire backside of the ear. That’s where the slice usually occurs.
Okay, so I have no way of explaining this but this has happened to me. Sounds silly, yes I know but my parents have always told me this. My stupid self as a little girl tested it and what happened, the next day my ear split at the attachment and was scabbed for a week. I did this when no one was around, no one knew I did it and it happened. When mom saw the cut, she scolded me and knew what I did. How did she know? I will never mess around with that again.
“I’m so sorry, Mom!“
- Always tuck your feet in when you sleep. Poj Ntxhoom lurks at the ends of the bed and if you wake up to your feet being tickled, well you know who did it. Poj Ntxhooms are active at the moment right before you fall into deep sleep.
No one wants to see an old lady or little girl hanging out in their room when they’re about to sleep, that’s all I’m saying!
Seem silly? Perhaps, but I assure you many Hmong children, at least in my generation have heard and still believe one of these. Even my own teenage daughter knows not to point to the moon because she’s heard the saying too.
So superstitions? Maybe but to the Hmong community…it’s what we were brought up on. I’ve seen, heard, and felt way too many things in my life that is unexplainable and prefer to not have it occur too often. No lie, it’s scary and that’s why many Hmong people will question if something is safe to do if it pertains to a saying they heard when they were children.
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Medora in Billings County, North Dakota — The American Midwest (Upper Plains)
Margaret Barr was born in Ireland on September 15, 1853, and immigrated to Iowa with her family about 1864. In April 1871, she married John Lloyd Roberts from Wales, and soon became a pioneer wife to a cattle dealer and butcher.
The couple arrived at Bismarck in 1877 and by 1882 Lloyd was foreman of the Eaton Brothers’ Custer Trail Ranch south of Medora. In 1883 the family built Sloping Bottom Ranch about 10 miles south of Medora, raising sheep, cattle and horses.
In 1886, her husband John traveled to Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, with about $2,000 to buy cattle. He was never heard from again and Margaret believed he was killed for his money. As a widow with five young daughters, she continued to operate the ranch, eventually filing a homestead claim in 1899.
Margaret exemplified the pioneer rectitude and persistence that her neighbor Theodore Roosevelt so admired. He described her as “the most wonderful little woman in the Bad Lands.”
Margaret eventually moved to Dickinson, North Dakota. She died on April 9, 1938 at the age of 84.
(Marker Number 14.)
Location. 46° 54.82′ N, 103° 31.46′ W. Marker is in Medora, North Dakota, in Billings County. Marker is at the intersection of Broadway and 3rd Street Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Medora ND 58645, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Medora Education (here, next to this marker); Medora Town Hall (within shouting distance of this marker); Roberts Hall (within shouting distance of this marker); The President Returns (within shouting distance of this marker); Medora Depot & Railroad (within shouting distance of this marker); Hunting and Trapping (within shouting distance of this marker); Stockmens State Bank (about 400 feet away, measured in a direct line); Hotel de Mores (about 400 feet away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Medora.
More about this marker. Three different photographs of Margaret Barr Roberts appear on the marker. Her husband, John Lloyd Roberts is with her in one picture, and she is mounted on a horse in another. The photo of Margaret on the horse has a caption of “Margaret Barr Roberts was an excellent horseback rider.”
Categories. • Notable Persons •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on September 1, 2015, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 193 times since then and 18 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on September 1, 2015, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.
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Art and Propaganda
Clash of Nations 1930-1945
An exhibition of the German Historical Museum
Curator: Dr. Hans-Jörg Czech und Dr. Nikola Doll
Arte e propaganda nella lotta delle nazioni 1930-1945
Evento fondamentale nella contrapposizione di creatività di Stato prima e durante la Seconda guerra mondiale nelle tre dittature totalitarie, Germania, Unione Sovietica, Italia a quella degli Stati Uniti del New Deal Roosveltiano.
Il tema della 'guerra', come discriminante : per la democrazia americana la propaganda rappresenta 'mobilitazione', per le tre dittature è il 'fine' di ogni arte.
As part of its series 'Political Iconography' the German Historical Museum presents an international exhibition, 'Art and Propaganda: The Clash of Nations 1930-1945.' Running from 26 January to 29 April 2007 and featuring over 400 works, the exhibition is devoted to examining art that served as propaganda for war and the state in the first half of the twentieth century. Alongside artifacts from Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, the exhibition introduces the public to objects never before seen outside the United States.
In close collaboration with the Wolfsonian collections in Miami Beach and Genoa, and along with numerous loans from Russia, the DHM presents its wide-ranging collection of National Socialist art. 'Art and Propaganda' seeks to identify and compare the visual models of political propaganda employed from 1930 to 1945 by the competing political and social systems of Fascism, National Socialism, Soviet Communism, and, for the first time, the American 'New Deal.' In this context, paintings, graphic works, sculpture, and the applied arts are to be critiqued and categorized in an effort to reveal the continuities as well as the differences between the iconographic strategies employed by the four nations whose propaganda is under examination. Objects from the DHM's collection of National Socialist materials will be supplemented by artifacts from the Wolfsonian-FIU in Miami Beach, most of which have not before been exhibited in Europe.
Link: Pressefotos für Ihre Berichterstattung
Benutzername und Passwort bitte in der Pressestelle erfragen
Dr. Rudolf Trabold
Tel.: 49 (30) 20 30 4-410
Fax: 49 (30) 20 30 4-412
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What is Lionel postwar?
The “Post-war Era” for Lionel Electric Trains typically covers the only from 1945 until 1969. TrainWorld carries a wide variety of postwar engines, rolling stock, accessories, track and transformers.
Who owns Lionel today?
|Lionel logo on a box from the 1950s|
|Headquarters||New York, New York, U.S.|
|Key people||Joshua Lionel Cowen (co-founder and owner) Roy Cohn (owner)|
|Products||Electric trains and accessories|
Who invented the first electric toy train?
Joshua Lionel Cowen
NIHF Inductee Joshua Lionel Cowen Invented the Toy Train.
What are Lionel trains worth?
Lionel trains’ value varies depending on design, materials, and era. At auction, Lionel train sets, pieces, and accessories can sell for a few hundred dollars or for a few thousand dollars, depending on the rarity and condition of the piece. Lionel collectors tend to have a lifelong passion for model railroading.
When did Lionel stop making trains in USA?
Lionel model trains experienced wide popularity throughout the 1920s, but business declined sharply during the Great Depression. Because people could not afford expensive model trains, the smaller Lionel O gauge trains became more popular and Lionel Standard gauge was discontinued in 1939.
Are Lionel trains made in the USA?
Lionel trains The iconic model-train brand, founded in New York City in 1900, keeps things on track today from a plant in North Carolina, where its sets are painted, decorated and assembled.
Who invented Lionel?
Joshua Lionel Cowen (/ˈkoʊən/; August 25, 1877 – September 8, 1965) was an American inventor and the co-founder of Lionel Corporation, a manufacturer of model railroads and toy trains.
How much are old Lionel trains worth?
Pre-war Lionel trains can sell anywhere from twenty dollars to several thousand dollars, depending on the rarity of the piece and its condition (among other factors).
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Karen gets carried away with a pair of enviable red dancing shoes in Hans Christian Andersen’s version of “The Red Shoes”.
Red shoes are often equated to sinfulness in European culture, and in Christian mythology, they are often gifts from the devil or have some other fiendish beginnings. Some stories even have shoes made from the Devil’s backside, but all have powers that eventually lead to the damnation of the wearers’ soul.
The longer version of this story includes a redemption arc, but I first read it with the ending featured in today’s story time. This story has a cattier basis than Andersen’s adaptations: he invented it in 1845 and named the protagonist after the half-sister he disliked. The tale was inspired by a pair of beautiful silk shoes his father crafted for a wealthy lady. She told him he had ruined her silk and in anger, he cut them up in front of her instead of giving them to her daughter as he was paid to do.
The Red Shoes has been adapted many times, perhaps most sumptuously in the story-within-a-story stage drama and ballet film The Red Shoes, by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger in 1948. The film is an early one shot in technicolor. It features a beautiful musical montage and performance piece that delights the senses as much as puts them at ill-ease.
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The recent "Cost of Vision Problems: The Economic Burden of Vision Loss and Eye Disorders in the United States" report found that at $10.7 billion, cataract is the second costliest vision disorder (behind refractive error) and the most expensive medical diagnosis. Direct costs include medical costs for diagnosed disorders, medical costs attributable to low vision, medical vision aids, vision assistive devices and adaptations, and direct services including special education and assistance programs.
Prevent Blindness has declared June as Cataract Awareness Month to educate the public on cataract, risk factors, symptoms and treatment options, including surgery. Free information is provided through its dedicated web page at preventblindness.org/cataract, or via phone at (800) 331-2020. For those interested in conducting discussions or seminars on the subject, Prevent Blindness also offers a free online module on cataract including a PowerPoint presentation with a complete guide as part of its Healthy Eyes Educational Series.
The exact cause of a cataract is unknown. Most often, a cataract is part of getting older. With age comes a greater risk of developing a cataract. There are also several possible risk factors for cataracts, such as:
"The best thing we can do to protect our vision is to get regular eye exams," said Hugh R. Parry, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness. "We can also save our vision by maintaining healthy lifestyles like eating leafy green vegetables, exercising and quitting smoking. All we do to benefit our overall health can benefit our eyes as well!"
For free information on cataract, please call Prevent Blindness at (800) 331-2020 or visit the Prevent Blindness website at preventblindness.org/cataract. For information on insurance benefits, including Medicare coverage, free facts can be found at http://www.preventblindness.org/health-insurance-and-your-eyes.
About Prevent Blindness
Founded in 1908, Prevent Blindness is the nation's leading volunteer eye health and safety organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. Focused on promoting a continuum of vision care, Prevent Blindness touches the lives of millions of people each year through public and professional education, advocacy, certified vision screening and training, community and patient service programs and research. These services are made possible through the generous support of the American public. Together with a network of affiliates, Prevent Blindness is committed to eliminating preventable blindness in America. For more information, or to make a contribution to the sight-saving fund, call 1-800-331-2020. Or, visit us on the Web at preventblindness.org or facebook.com/preventblindness.
For advertising/ promotion on HealthNewsDigest.com, call Mike McCurdy at: 877-634-9180. We have over 7,000 journalists as subscribers who can use our content
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What percentage of the u. s. population are african america?
There were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population. This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans, making up 14% of the total U.S. population.
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WHAT LURKS IN THE LONG GRASS? #TINYTIGERS
For most cat owners, the fact that we are actually harbouring a ‘tiny tiger’ in our home is a something that occasionally we’d like to turn a blind eye to. However, this month we are celebrating the impressive features of these natural born predators and looking at the domestic cat diets. Our strong and agile ‘tiny tigers’ have lightning reflexes, a stealthy silent gait, razor sharp claws, long canine teeth, excellent night vision, highly attuned hearing and a superior sense of smell. As predators, cats are biologically programmed to require meat as part of their diet. They are quite different to us (and dogs) and as such are classified as obligate carnivores.
THE CAT’S NATURAL DIET NEEDS MEAT
If you are a ‘Carnivore’ you derive your energy and nutrients from a diet exclusively or mainly from animal tissue (meat). Cats require specific amino acids and vitamins in their diet which are essential for normal cell function; some of these can only be obtained naturally from animal tissue. Arginine, Taurine, Cysteine and Methionine are amino acids used in lots of important processes in mammals but cats have to rely on a dietary source making them essential; this is not the case in dogs and humans as they can synthesis these molecules from others. Deficiencies can cause serious disease, for example taurine deficiency can cause heart disease and blindness. Commercial cat diets have to follow strict guidelines to ensure that these molecules are present in minimal amounts to prevent deficiencies but they may not contain levels of nutrients high enough to actively promote health and longevity. Worse still, some diets can’t provide enough nutrition from the ingredients themselves and require artificial sources to supply amino acids and vitamins.
As predators, cats are biologically programmed to require meat as part of their diet.
Armed with this knowledge of a cat’s unique biochemistry, we’re encouraging all owners to think of their ‘tiny tiger’ when choosing cat food. Check the back of food packets, pouches and tins and remember - a higher meat content is usually tastier and is more suited to the natural physiology of our feline friends.
For a more detailed guide on cat food diets read our blog post on https://www.vetknowhow.co.uk/ve... or contact us firstname.lastname@example.org 01793 887555.
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Today’s climate models predict a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes across the United States during this century as a result of warming temperatures associated with climate change.
Reporting in the Nov. 14 issue of the journal Science, UC Berkeley climate scientist David Romps and his colleagues look at predictions of precipitation and cloud buoyancy in 11 different climate models and conclude that their combined effect will generate more frequent electrical discharges to the ground.
“With warming, thunderstorms become more explosive,” said Romps, an assistant professor of earth and planetary science and a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “This has to do with water vapor, which is the fuel for explosive deep convection in the atmosphere. Warming causes there to be more water vapor in the atmosphere, and if you have more fuel lying around, when you get ignition, it can go big time.”
More lightning strikes mean more human injuries; estimates of people struck each year range from the hundreds to nearly a thousand, with scores of deaths. But another significant impact of increased lightning strikes would be more wildfires, since half of all fires — and often the hardest to fight — are ignited by lightning, Romps said. More lightning also would likely generate more nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, which exert a strong control on atmospheric chemistry.
While some studies have shown changes in lightning associated with seasonal or year-to-year variations in temperature, there have been no reliable analyses to indicate what the future may hold. Romps and graduate student Jacob Seeley hypothesized that two atmospheric properties — precipitation and cloud buoyancy — together might be a predictor of lightning, and looked at observations during 2011 to see if there was a correlation.
“Lightning is caused by charge separation within clouds, and to maximize charge separation, you have to loft more water vapor and heavy ice particles into the atmosphere,” he said. “We already know that the faster the updrafts, the more lightning, and the more precipitation, the more lightning.”
Precipitation — the total amount of water hitting the ground in the form of rain, snow, hail or other forms — is basically a measure of how convective the atmosphere is, he said, and convection generates lightning. The ascent speeds of those convective clouds are determined by a factor called CAPE — convective available potential energy — which is measured by balloon-borne instruments, called radiosondes, released around the United States twice a day.
“CAPE is a measure of how potentially explosive the atmosphere is, that is, how buoyant a parcel of air would be if you got it convecting, if you got it to punch through overlying air into the free troposphere,” Romps said. “We hypothesized that the product of precipitation and CAPE would predict lightning.”
Using U.S. Weather Service data on precipitation, radiosonde measurements of CAPE and lightning-strike counts from the National Lightning Detection Network at the University of Albany, State University of New York (UAlbany), they concluded that 77 percent of the variations in lightning strikes could be predicted from knowing just these two parameters.
“We were blown away by how incredibly well that worked to predict lightning strikes,” he said.
They then looked at 11 different climate models that predict precipitation and CAPE through this century and are archived in the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). CMIP was established as a resource for climate scientists, providing a repository of output from global climate models that can be used for comparison and validation.
“With CMIP5, we now have for the first time the CAPE and precipitation data to calculate these time series,” Romps said.
On average, the models predicted an 11 percent increase in CAPE in the U.S. per degree Celsius rise in global average temperature by the end of the 21st century. Because the models predict little average precipitation increase nationwide over this period, the product of CAPE and precipitation gives about a 12 percent rise in cloud-to-ground lightning strikes per degree in the contiguous U.S., or a roughly 50 percent increase by 2100 if Earth sees the expected 4-degree Celsius increase (7 degrees Fahrenheit) in temperature. This assumes carbon dioxide emissions keep rising consistent with business as usual.
Exactly why CAPE increases as the climate warms is still an area of active research, Romps said, though it is clear that it has to do with the fundamental physics of water. Warm air typically contains more water vapor than cold air; in fact, the amount of water vapor that air can “hold” increases exponentially with temperature. Since water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms, lightning rates can depend very sensitively on temperature.
In the future, Romps plans to look at the distribution of lightning-strike increases around the U.S. and also explore what lightning data can tell climatologists about atmospheric convection.
Romps’ co-authors are Jacob Seeley, also of the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley, and David Vollaro and John Molinari of the Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences at UAlbany.
The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research and Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and the National Science Foundation.
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How to Write a Physics Research Paper
Physics is the science that quantifies and qualifies the relationships between matter and motion. One of the dominant ways of scientific analysis in physics is a research paper. Due to the experimental nature of the subject, experimental analysis and examine is the core for developing new knowledge. As a science of development, physics takes into account and covers various elements of our life, starting from transportation and development of new technologies and going deeply into the mechanical innovation. Physics is extremely empirical science and in order to perform reliable and valuable analysis that will present readers with additional information and provide reasonable supportive argument the hypothesis discussed on the initial stages, it is crucial to consider such methods as quantitative and qualitative valuation, as well as statistical analysis.
The purpose of this document is to introduce the reader to the possible areas of attention and methodology of the physics research document. Some of the objectives in terms of learning outcomes about physics research paper understand of the major stumble blocks in sampling of the population and time scale of the qualitative research:
- New theories in physics are very often dealing with unknown, even using standard definitions. Due to this, we can evidence conflict of several theories covering and looking at the same elements.
- Time scale and practical analysis in physics make the process of bottom up examination and conceptualization of the research outcome more complex than other sciences. In order to prove the reliability of the theory, the results should be repeated several times.
Physics research work is time- and money-consuming. Analysis of….
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ERIC Number: ED273812
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1986
Reference Count: 0
Social Aspects of Aging. Module A-4. Block A. Basic Knowledge of the Aging Process.
Harvey, Dexter; Cap, Orest
This instructional module on social aspects of aging is one in a block of 10 modules designed to provide the human services worker who works with older adults with basic information regarding the aging process. An introduction provides an overview of the module content. A listing of general objectives follows. Four sections present informative material on each of the four objectives. Topics are demographics, knowing and treating older adults as real people, alternative views of how older adults can or should age successfully, and changing roles of older adults in today's society and the history or forces behind these changes. Other contents include a summary and listings of selected readings and additional resources. (YLB)
Descriptors: Adult Programs, Age Discrimination, Aging (Individuals), Behavioral Objectives, Demography, Gerontology, Human Services, Learning Modules, Older Adults, Service Occupations, Social Influences, Social Services, Staff Development, Status, Stereotypes
Faculty of Education, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Learner
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Students; Practitioners
Sponsor: Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa (Ontario).
Authoring Institution: Manitoba Univ., Winnipeg. Faculty of Education.
Note: For related documents, see CE 045 027-037.
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I have seen examples of 3D printing in the past. It required a multi-thousand dollar printer. But at the time it was pointed out that the original CD burners were also in the same ballpark in cost when taking inflation into account.
Now there is a demonstration on line of how Disney could use the same type of printing to print three dimensional optical devices. An example is below, but you will need to go to Engadget’s site to see a video on how this printed material could be put to use. At least at first.
See the full article here: http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/05/seeing-is-believing-disney-crafts-3d-printed-optics-video
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Timbuktu tomb destroyers pulverise the history of Islam in Africa
The al Qaeda-linked Islamist fighters who have used pick-axes, shovels and hammers to shatter earthen tombs and shrines of local saints in Mali’s fabled desert city of Timbuktu say they are defending the purity of their faith against idol worship.
But historians say their campaign of destruction in the UNESCO-listed city is pulverising part of the history of Islam in Africa, which includes a centuries-old message of tolerance.
“They are striking at the heart of what Timbuktu stands for … Mali and the world are losing a lot,” Souleymane Bachir Diagne, a professor at New York’s Columbia University and an expert on Islamic philosophy in Africa, told Reuters.
Over the last three days, Islamists of the Ansar Dine rebel group which in April seized Mali’s north along with Tuareg separatists destroyed at least eight Timbuktu mausoleums and several tombs, centuries-old shrines reflecting the local Sufi version of Islam in what is known as the “City of 333 Saints”.
For centuries in Timbuktu, an ancient Saharan trading depot for salt, gold and slaves which developed into a famous seat of Islamic learning and survived occupations by Tuareg, Bambara, Moroccan and French invaders, local people have worshipped at the shrines, seeking the intercession of the holy individuals.
This kind of popular Sufi tradition of worship is anathema to Islamists like the Ansar Dine fighters – Defenders of the Faith – who adhere to Salafism, which is linked to the Wahhabi puritanical branch of Sunni Islam found in Saudi Arabia.
“A Salafi would say that creating a culture of saints is akin to idol-worshipping,” Diagne said. Unlike Christianity, where the clergy formally confers sainthood, the veneration of “saints” in various, non-Wahhabi, strands of Islam largely arises from popular reverence for pious historical figures.
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This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
IN NOTES WRITTEN in 1765 bemoaning the wretched state of German literature, Johann Gottfried Herder took some comfort from the thought that though his country was devoid of "original geniuses in the realm of the ode, the drama, and the epic," he was at least living in "the philosophical century." Those nations lacking poetic inspiration and the political unity necessary for a mature literary tradition ought instead to devote themselves to developing a fuller understanding of the nature of art and the historical and cultural conditions under which it flourishes. Perhaps such a theory would enable writers to discover and mine new seams of poetic creativity. "Not poetry," he concluded, "but aesthetics should be the field of the Germans."1
In some ways this was already true. Despite--or perhaps because of--the painfully felt absence of a native literary culture, German critics were intensely preoccupied with new theoretical approaches to art and literature, and the mid-eighteenth century saw a number of important developments that helped shape an emergent public sphere in the German-speaking world: Johann Christoph Gottsched's attempt to impose a local version of French neoclassicism; the long-running controversy between Gottsched and the Swiss critics Johann Jakob Bodmer and Johann Jakob Breitinger, who championed English literature and criticism, and, combining Addison with Leibniz, opened poetry to the unlimited worlds of the imagination; the birth of modern art history in Johann Joachim Winckelmann's hugely influential interpretations of Greek sculpture; the critical writings of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Mendelssohn, and Friedrich Nicolai. And perhaps most significant of all, the very term aesthetics was coined in 1735 by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (from the Greek aisthanesthai, "to perceive") in his dissertation Meditationes philosophicae. Fifteen years later, in the first two volumes of his major work Aesthetica (1750-58), he went further and established aesthetics as an independent sphere of philosophical inquiry, cognate with, but separate from, the truths of logic and morality. By the 1760s this newly minted word had already become common currency, and treatises on the subject were growing so numerous that by 1804 Jean Paul Richter could observe: "There is nothing more abundant in our time than aestheticians."2
Herder was certain that although this new discipline could be decisive for the development of German literary politics in the mid-eighteenth century, and for all that he hailed Baumgarten as a new Aristotle, Baumgarten's premature death in 1762 had left his philosophical project incomplete. "O Aesthetics!" Herder exclaims with characteristic exuberance in the Critical Forests, his most comprehensive contribution to the subject, "in which cavern of the Muses is sleeping the young man of my philosophical nation destined to raise you to perfection!" Then in his early twenties and an ambitious though obscure clergyman in Riga awakening to the novelty of his own insights, Herder was beginning to think he might be that slumbering youth. Yet those hopes were never realized. Not only were some of his most important and original writings in this area not published during his lifetime, they were in any case soon overshadowed by Kant's Critique of Judgment (1790), that work which more than any other shaped the development of modern philosophical aesthetics and took it in a direction never envisaged by either Baumgarten or Herder. In later life, Herder would expend a great deal of energy in his Metacritique and Kalligone vainly seeking to refute Kant's ideas, but his early work, which shows him assimilating a great deal of contemporary thought and synthesizing it into new constellations, sheds important light on aesthetics at a crucial stage in its evolution. The writings included in this volume, although by no means exhaustive, have been chosen to reflect the extent and diversity of his writings on art and aesthetics, covering as they do such contemporary debates as the nature of aesthetics itself, the debate over classification of the arts, genius, taste and the classical tradition, the relationship between art and morality, and the fable.
Sense and Sensibility
Herder never accepted the critical turn in Kant's philosophy. The Kant he had come to know in 1762, when as a precocious eighteen-year-old he arrived from the East Prussian provinces to study at the University of Königsberg, had yet to begin his Critique of Pure Reason. From Kant he learned to esteem philosophical rigor and the analytic method as the only genuine path to truth. If Kant was the very embodiment of the Enlightenment intellectual, then Johann Georg Hamann, another formative influence during Herder's time at Königsberg, represented the other extreme. Hamann, a deeply religious thinker who inveighed against the excesses of the eighteenth-century cult of reason, taught that the true source of knowledge was not logic and abstraction but faith and the experiences of the senses, for the outward splendor of the world, nature, and history was a living manifestation of the divine.
Herder spent most of the rest of his life striving to reconcile the opposing poles of Enlightenment thought represented by his early mentors. "A man who desires to be solely head," he once wrote, "is just as much a monster as one who desires to be only heart; the whole, healthy man is both. And that he is both, with each in its place, the heart not in the head and the head not in the heart, is precisely what makes him a human being."3 Though many Aufklärer were prepared to accept the dissociation of the intellect and emotions as the price of progress, Herder most certainly was not. He strove to bridge the growing gap between the affective and rational sides of our nature, keep in check the enlightened despotism of Reason, and unleash the full potential of the human spirit. For this reason--and not only because he saw in Baumgarten's new science a means of regenerating German literature--during the 1760s and 1770s, the period from which the majority of the writings included in this volume are drawn, aesthetics played a particularly significant role in his thinking. For art activates the totality of the organism; it is produced by the cooperation of our sensuous, imaginative, and intellectual faculties, by our interaction with the world around us, and so an analysis of art will inevitably shed light on the complexities of human nature and experience. Aesthetics, Herder realized, signaled the foundation of a new philosophical anthropology.4
Herder was one of the few contemporaries who seemed to grasp the revolutionary implications of Baumgarten's enterprise. For aesthetics according to Baumgarten's understanding is not just a philosophy of art but also--indeed, primarily--the "science of sensuous cognition."5 This was a bold and decisive break with tradition, because since Plato Western thought had been characterized by a profound suspicion and denigration of the senses--especially marked in the rationalist metaphysics of Christian Wolff, which had come to dominate academic philosophy in Germany. Wolff assimilated philosophy to mathematics: the only reliable basis of knowledge was neither empirical evidence nor actual experience, but the calculable and abstract certainty of deductive proof. Establishing an explicit hierarchy among the powers of the human mind, he insisted that only the ideas present to the higher faculties of cognition--reason and the understanding--belonged to the proper domain of philosophy, for they were clear and distinct; that is, they could be analyzed, abstracted, and defined. The impressions that the senses delivered into the mind, however, were either obscure (below the threshold of full consciousness) or "confused"--that is, too concrete, fragmentary, and fleeting to be distinguishable from other objects, and hence an obstacle in the pursuit of stable, abstract truth. Although Baumgarten retained Wolff's distinction between the higher and lower faculties of cognition, for the first time he demanded that the means whereby we acquire and express sensory knowledge be subjected to systematic study. Just as logic is concerned with the operations of reason and the understanding, so a new discipline of aesthetics ought to be concerned with what we apprehend through the senses. Whereas logic arrives at clear and distinct concepts through a process of simplification and abstraction, and hence delivers an impoverished and partial perspective on the world, aesthetics exercises our capacity to grasp reality in all its concrete individuality and complexity. It celebrates the confusion of sensory knowledge, its particularity, vibrancy, and plenitude, precisely those qualities which are necessarily lost in translation from the specific to the general but embodied in exemplary fashion by works of art. Poetry, for example, which for Baumgarten was the paradigmatic form of artistic expression, does not pretend to discover universal laws or principles but lucidly represents individual things, persons, or situations, and the greater the vividness, richness, and inner diversity, the greater the value of the poem. So if logic is the means by which rational cognition is improved and human beings ascend to truth, then aesthetics aims at the perfection of sensuous knowledge; in other words, the creation or discernment of beauty. In short, Baumgarten insisted that sensuous cognition was not unreliable and inferior but possessed an intrinsic value and, in addition to the synthetic operations of pure reason, could constitute an object of serious philosophical inquiry. In fact, he argued, the logician who neglects the senses is a philosopher manqué, an incompletely developed individual unfavorably contrasted with the felix aestheticus, who is neither a purely rational nor a sensual being but accommodates within himself the full spectrum of human powers.
Baumgarten's writings were among the many works on poetics and aesthetics that Herder studied intensively during the mid-1760s. From the outset Herder's notes and fragmentary sketches, including a lengthy paragraph-by-paragraph discussion of the first twenty-five sections of the Aesthetica, show him moving ambivalently between praise and criticism, teasing out the full implications of Baumgarten's ideas and seeking to move beyond them. One of the most polished pieces from this time is the Monument to Baumgarten, among the earliest works included here. In it, Herder recognized Baumgarten's achievement in opening the lower faculties to philosophical scrutiny and, in doing so, shifting the focus of study from the work of art to the psychological processes underpinning the aesthetic experience. That meant that he had put to an end once and for all both the belief that poetry consisted in rhyme or melody and the Aristotelian notion that the primary purpose of poetry was the imitation of nature. As "perfectly sensuous discourse," poetry was a form of expression that stirred the soul with a multitude of vivid and interconnected images. Hence, by studying poetry and discovering the rules of beauty, we learn more about ourselves as human beings than we do about the objective world, about the mysterious alchemy by which dark, unconscious feelings are transmuted into images of perception. If, as Baumgarten claimed, the fundamental principle governing art is not mimesis but the pursuit of sensuous perfection, then it amounts to nothing less than obeying the oracular injunction "Know thyself!"
Nevertheless, Herder viewed Baumgarten as no more than a thinker of the "second rank" who never wholly freed himself from the accepted practices and assumptions of institutional philosophy. As "Wolffian poesy," Baumgarten's aesthetics is still too heavily reliant on a priori deduction and speculation; though it is concerned first and foremost with sensory cognition, paradoxically it remains couched in the arid language and framework of rationalist metaphysics. If aesthetics is, as the derivation of the word suggests, truly the study of feeling, then it must follow Winckelmann's lead, embrace Greek sensuality, and be Hellenized. The aesthetician must not build castles in the air but descend to the level of concrete sensation, to the "ground of the soul," where the most obscure ideas reside, and only then begin to erect general principles. He must replace the nominal definitions of logic with a mode of thinking that enables us to uncover the network of experience that informs our most primitive concepts and to locate the origin of those concepts in the activity of particular senses. He must, finally, be alive not only to human sensibility but also to the manner in which its expressive resources are modified by the environment, history, and culture. These ideas Herder would attempt to put into practice in the Critical Forests.
Critical Forests: the First Grove
Whereas Baumgarten wrote--already somewhat anachronistically--in a terse Latin, using the technical vocabulary of scholastic philosophy, and in short, syllogistic paragraphs, Herder, who thought it "a weakness of human nature that we wish always to construct a system,"6 perfected a style that is essayistic, exclamatory, and digressive; he wrote quickly, sometimes clumsily, but always avoiding the appearance of a conventional scholarly work. Not for nothing did he call his first major work Fragments; the title of his second, Critical Forests, is no less apt. A "sylva" is a collection of occasional poems or miscellanies, "composed, as it were, at a Start; in a kind of Rapture or Transport,"7 and arranged haphazardly rather than according to some overall plan. Though Herder presumably derived his title from either Martin Opitz or Christian Gryphius, both of whom produced Poetical Forests (in 1625 and 1698 respectively), the model for his practice as a critic is partly inspired by the very work to which the First Grove is devoted: Lessing's influential essay Laocoön (1766), which Lessing himself described as a collection of "unordered notes."
Both Laocoön and the First Grove are chiefly concerned with an issue that exercised a great many seventeenth- and eighteenth-century writers on art: the relation between painting and poetry, and in particular the long-established tendency to equate the poetic and visual arts. This is epitomized in the indiscriminate appeal to Horace's well-worn phrase "ut pictura poesis" (as is poetry so is painting), which was taken to mean, by Addison and later by Bodmer and Breitinger, that the aim of poetry was to excite vivid images in the mind of the reader. Graphic description was therefore the basis of poetry, and accordingly the Swiss critics were lavish in their praise of descriptive poets such as Barthold Heinrich Brockes, Albrecht von Haller, and Ewald Christian von Kleist.
Lessing bridled at this widespread talk of "poetic pictures" and the "descriptive mania" which seized modern versifiers. Though he was by no means the first to distinguish clearly between the separate domains of each art--important influences on his work include James Harris, Denis Diderot, and Moses Mendelssohn--Laocoön stands out for the deductive brilliance by which he arrives at the separate rules governing each art form and the unusual severity with which he draws the proper boundaries of poetry and painting. Lessing's point of departure is Winckelmann's celebrated description in Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Works of the statue of the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons, who is depicted wrestling with serpents sent by the gods to punish his disobedience. The Laocoön group embodies for Winckelmann the "noble simplicity and tranquil grandeur" of the Greek soul, which finds expression in the priest's supposed calm and self-restraint in the face of mortal danger.
Lessing accepts Winckelmann's assertion that the pain registered in Laocoön's face is not expressed with the intensity that we would expect. But he does not agree with Winckelmann's reason for claiming so, nor does he think it applies universally to all forms of Greek art. Why does the Laocoön in Virgil's Aeneid scream and the statue only sigh? The answer cannot lie, as Winckelmann suggests it does, in the moral superiority of the Greek over the Roman, for the heroes of Sophocles' Philoctetes and Homer's Iliad all cry out in pain and do not consider it unmanly to do so. Rather, it is a natural consequence of Winckelmann's own insight that beauty was the supreme law governing the visual arts in antiquity. To depict Laocoön with his features contorted in the act of screaming would offend the rule of beauty, for the ugliness of the scream would be frozen forever in the stone. Because the visual arts can represent only a single moment in time, the expression of the statue was toned down to a sigh in order to suggest pain and yet not impair the beauty of the human form. As poets, Virgil, Sophocles, and Homer are free to treat subjects forbidden to painters and sculptors because in poetry, where each moment is fleeting, the representation of actions rather than beauty is the highest law. Although the objective of both arts may be the same--that is, the imitation of reality--their various means for achieving this goal are entirely different. Poetry uses words that succeed one another in time to represent actions; art uses shapes and surfaces, which coexist in space, and thus depicts objects or bodies that also coexist in space. At bottom, poetry and art are distinguished by the types of signs they employ. A natural sign, like the shapes and colors employed by figurative sculpture and painting, resembles the object it represents. An arbitrary sign has no necessary connection, only a conventional one, with its object, and all language consists of tokens based on such contingent agreements. Now, since the aim of all art according to Lessing's mimetic theory is to present the imitated object to the intuitive cognition of the recipient in as direct a manner as possible, it follows that poetry must endeavor by all possible means to transform its arbitrary signs into natural ones. That is, poetry must be as concrete and immediate as possible, dispensing with abstractions, restricting itself to depicting only actions, and refraining from describing bodies. Lessing therefore establishes clear borders separating painting and poetry, which enables him to outlaw any instance of one trespassing on the other's territory: excessively descriptive poetry, for example, or allegorical and historical painting. But such clarity comes at the expense of diminishing their respective domains, and it is this narrowness and simplicity which Herder wants to challenge.
Herder had been fascinated with Laocoön since its publication in 1766, when, he confessed to his friend Johann Georg Scheffner, he read it through three times in a single sitting.8 Two years later, in 1768, Herder saw that Lessing's attempt to derive the essential characteristics of the visual arts and poetry from their differences offered him the opportunity to formulate his own ideas about the nature of poetry and language and to test them against those of Lessing. As a number of critics have observed, the First Grove stands in the same relationship to Laocoön as Lessing's work stands to Winckelmann. It is, as Herder was at pains to point out in a deferential letter to Lessing, and as the many warm and respectful remarks in the work make clear, neither a critique nor a refutation of his predecessor. He agreed with Lessing that it was possible to establish a classification of the arts based on the various signs they employ to achieve their effect, but he aimed to elaborate and expand the practical and theoretical applications of Lessing's conclusions from the deliberately simplified and one-sided treatment they received in Laocoön.
The first eight sections of the First Grove are devoted to a minutely detailed examination of the first six chapters of Laocoön. Herder returns to the original sources that Lessing cites in support of his arguments, tests his claims, questions his interpretations of his sources, and shows no sign of hurry in wanting to inspect the main theoretical portions of Laocoön. It is tempting to dismiss these antiquarian excursions on the tears of Greek heroes, on why Bacchus was represented with horns, on the stature of the Homeric gods, and so on, as hairsplitting, as precisely the kind of school-masterly pedantry that Herder was only too ready to condemn in others. But this would be unfair, for these animadversions have a strategic purpose. For a start, this somewhat circuitous and leisurely journey to the heart of Laocoön, with Herder sometimes tracing Lessing's steps and arriving at different conclusions, sometimes reaching the same destination by another route, and sometimes getting lost entirely, is precisely in keeping with the ambling and idling character of a critical sylva. What is more, the early chapters of Herder's work are designed to reveal a fundamental difference in approach between both men: where Lessing was content to simplify and generalize for the sake of economy, Herder broadens the inquiry, calling attention not only to Lessing's alleged misreadings of sources but marshaling a great deal of additional evidence also. Where Lessing tends to argue deductively, Herder prefers inductively to review the facts before reaching a conclusion and insists on taking into account the historical and cultural determinants of even the most apparently straightforward and incontestable of Lessing's initial assumptions. Is a cry really the natural expression of physical pain, or is pain expressed differently in different societies and in different epochs? And what value was attached to such utterances in these various cultures? Was beauty really the supreme law of the ancients? But when? For how long? And under what conditions?
Herder chooses to begin his constructive criticism of Lessing's differentiation of the arts by calling into question his precept that because visual art can represent only a single moment in time, it is barred from representing anything transitory because repeated viewing will cause disgust in the recipient at the object thereby rendered unnatural. By itself this principle is insufficient to explain the modes of representation of the arts, for impermanence belongs to the fundamental nature of the world, and any figure engaged in any action is unnaturally prolonged by art. But if art cannot imitate truthfully, Herder reasons, then its very essence is destroyed and the question of the limits between painting and poetry becomes meaningless. Therefore the reason why painting is restricted to a single moment must lie not in the viewer's subjective response to what it depicts but in the very nature of visual art itself. To clarify Lessing's own train of thought, Herder borrows the distinction between work and energy (ergon and energeia) first made by Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics and then taken up and applied to art by James Harris (1709-1780) in his Three Treatises, which had appeared in German translation in 1756. For Harris and thus for Herder, an energy is "every Production, the Parts of which exist successively, and whose Nature hath its being or Essence in a Transition." An energetic art operates through time. It does not deliver a completed object that can be surveyed at once; rather, its effect lies precisely in a succession of moments because each moment is effective only as a link in this chain. A "work," on the other hand, is "every Production, whose Parts exist all at once."9 Its essence consists not in change, in the succession of its constituent parts, but rather in their coexistence: the totality of the whole can be immediately and instantaneously apprehended at a single glance. In that glance, time is as it were suspended; we are removed from the transience of the world and enfolded in the beautiful illusion created by the artist.
So Herder is able to propose this fundamental distinction: there are those arts which deliver a work (painting and sculpture), and there are "energetic" arts (music, dance, poetry). But this simple division is not sufficiently fine, for it does not bring out the obvious differences between music and poetry, for example, both of which operate energetically and successively. In fact, in one respect music has more in common with painting than it does with poetry, for both music and the visual arts employ natural signs. What is more, these two arts depend for their effect on the characteristic distribution of these signs: in music the notes unfold in time, and in painting the colors and shapes coexist in space. So for all their differences, there is nevertheless a basis on which these arts can be fruitfully compared. But the case of poetry is different. It cannot be compared with painting (or music) in terms of the particular configuration of its signs. For unlike music (an art that Lessing chooses to neglect entirely), poetry is more than a simple sequence of sounds: its successive quality is certainly a necessary condition but not a sufficient one of its effect. In fact, what differentiates poetry from the other arts is that its essence is not exhausted by the merely musical and material properties of its signs. Its signs are not natural but arbitrary: words can express abstract meanings precisely because their significance is not determined solely by their sensuous form. The poet, then, by virtue of the arbitrariness of his signs, has more freedom, a greater range of representational possibilities than the artist--a point that Lessing does not fully exploit precisely because he ignores music and simplifies the issue by concentrating solely on poetic and visual art.10
But how do the signs of poetry acquire their meaning, and how is this meaning conveyed to the reader or listener if not through their merely spatial or temporal arrangement? Herder's answer is what he calls force, and this force--not time or space, coexistence or succession--constitutes the essence of poetry. Herder never bothers to explain exactly what he means by this term, but it seems that he saw this force as analogous to those operative in the natural world: as one kind of force is responsible for charging a storm cloud with electricity and discharging it through lightning, so another is the mechanism by which words are invested with meaning and that meaning communicated to a reader or listener.
The concept of force allows Herder to reopen the ground for the comparison of painting and poetry which Lessing had declared out of bounds, yet at the same time to retain the contrast between the obviously different ways in which they produce their effect. On the one hand, poetry is different from painting inasmuch as it is an energetic art and does not deliver a work. But it is like painting because, even though its signs are successive, theyare able to conjure images of spatial objects before the imagination by virtue of the abstract meaning they contain (and without recourse to the artistic devices that Lessing claims to find in Homer), just as painting delivers a picture to our eyes through colors and figures. The subject of poetry is not confined to actions, as Lessing suggests, a position to which he is forced both by his insistence on mere succession as its essence and by his excessively narrow and doctrinaire definition of what constitutes poetry. In his desire to exclude the "descriptive mania" of modern poets, he goes too far, banishing the idyll, the ode, the lyric, from the realm of the poetic in favor of the epic, the only genre (along with drama) that might be said to be concerned primarily with actions. By contrast, Herder believes he has arrived at a more moderate and plausible account of the operations of poetry and its relation to the other arts.
So Herder distinguishes three types of arts: the plastic arts, which deliver a work and operate in or through space; the energetic or successive arts, which unfold in time; and poetry, which produces its effect through "force." Like Lessing's, Herder's ulterior motive is to reassert the supremacy of poetry over other arts; but rather than radically delimit the boundaries of the poetic and effectively narrow its domain, Herder suggests that it is superior because it both shares territory with painting and music, and has a realm all to itself. But already by the time he came to write the Fourth Grove, Herder realized that this semiotic theory needed to be supplemented by a more nuanced one that foregrounds the relation of the arts to particular senses.
The Fourth Grove
Herder's Fourth Grove is arguably his most important and fundamental work on aesthetics, a work that, had it ever been published in his lifetime, might, in the opinion of Robert T. Clark, "have changed the entire course of German aesthetics."11 Regardless of whether this claim is true or not, it is certain than when the work finally appeared in 1846, the current had shifted in philosophical aesthetics, and Herder's attempt, building on the typology of the arts he had sketched in the First Grove, to derive the modes of representation particular to each art from the manner in which they are perceived had ceased to have any immediate relevance. As with the earlier Grove, Herder developed his ideas through critical dialogue with other thinkers. But the respectful tone with which he had sought to expand Lessing's ideas gives way in the Fourth Grove to withering contempt and sarcasm. The objects of his opprobrium are Friedrich Just Riedel (1742-1785), professor of philosophy at Erfurt, and, to a lesser extent, Riedel's mentor Christian Adolf Klotz (1738-1771), professor of rhetoric at Halle and the victim of Herder's abuse in the Second and Third Grove. The intemperate tenor of Herder's philippics is partly the consequence of the lingering resentment he felt at the underhand behavior of both men in connection with the second edition of the first collection of Fragments: Riedel had quoted from the then unpublished work in his On the Public, and, at the beginning of 1769, Klotz reviewed the volume on the basis of a copy obtained from the printer by illicit means. But Herder's opposition to Riedel did not stem just from a personal grudge. Riedel was also the author of Theory of the Beaux Arts and Belles Lettres (1767), a work that along with his On the Public, was in Herder's view so utterly misconceived that it presented him with an irresistible opportunity to elucidate his own ideas about the proper form that an aesthetics should take.
In Herder's view Riedel's theory represents a particularly egregious example of what he calls an "aesthetics from above." That is, he combines, like Baumgarten, a number of already familiar and untested ideas to construct a system on a purely deductive basis, starting where he ought to have ended up, with the most abstract or general concepts. For example, Riedel argues that beauty--like the good, like truth--is an innate, entirely subjective, and ultimately indefinable notion that is communicated to the mind without the intervention of conscious thought. We are immediately and unreflectively "convinced" of that which is true or false, good or bad, beautiful or ugly, by virtue of certain "inner feelings" or fundamental faculties: the sensus communis, conscience, and taste. These, Riedel declares, are the basic categories of the human mind through which we apprehend the world. In the first part of the Fourth Grove, Herder is eloquently contemptuous of this naive psychology. There is, he insists, no such thing as immediate conviction; no sensation could be conveyed into the mind without passing through some reflective process. Herder shows, by constructing a developmental history of the mind, that from our earliest childhood the act of perception is always supported by the understanding, always involves judgment; the soul combines, differentiates, and compares the flood of impressions relayed by the senses, and these, over time, congeal and are then overlaid with new judgments, ultimately forming concepts. Habit has obscured these individual operations of our consciousness so that they have become second nature, so that what we take to be a simple, immediate act of cognition is in reality the product of a complex procedure of which we are no longer consciously aware. The task of philosophy--and in this particular instance, aesthetics--as Herder sees it, is precisely to undo the work of habit, to scrape away the sediment that has accreted around our concepts so that we can follow the inferential steps in their gradual evolution.
Another salvo is aimed at Baumgarten himself. Though in the Fourth Grove Herder generally speaks warmly of the author of the Aesthetica, defending him against his detractors such as Riedel, he censures Baumgarten for including in his definition of aesthetics the phrase the "art of thinking beautifully" (ars pulchre cogitandi). This implies that aesthetics should instruct or guide artistic activity by supplying a system of rules for connoisseurs or virtuosi. But that is not the concern of aesthetics. Herder draws a clear line between the theory and the practice of our innate aesthetic powers, between the artist or man of taste and the philosopher, between the production or appreciation of beauty and its systematic study. Aesthetics must remain a rigorously descriptive discipline, a science, and as such it proceeds on the basis of analysis, proofs, and argument rather than through intuition. Where the artist embraces the pleasure of the confused sensation of the beautiful, the philosopher coolly examines this feeling in order to discover the hidden laws of human psychology, takes apart our sensuous concepts, renders them distinct, and resolves beauty into truth.
The second part of the Fourth Grove represents Herder's attempt to apply the principles he had defined in the first part of the treatise; though the work does not represent a complete, fully worked out theory of art, Herder intends his argument to exemplify the notion of an "aesthetics from below" in which abstract concepts such as beauty, sublimity, and grandeur are traced back to their origins in our experience. By undertaking what he calls a "physiology of the senses," Herder hopes not only to reveal how each of the three higher senses--sight, hearing, and touch--shapes our perception of the world and of aesthetic objects in particular, but also, by building on the typology he had elaborated in the First Grove, to offer yet another means of distinguishing the arts: by relating their different modes of representation to the particular ways in which we perceive them. Only by such a procedure, he believes, can we both recognize and account for the distinctive forms of beauty produced by painting, sculpture, and music.
In the philosophical history of the senses, sight has always seemed self-evidently the most important and refined one, and this was especially true in the age of reason. In his Essays on the Pleasures of the Imagination
(1709), Joseph Addison was typical in describing sight as "the most perfect and most delightful of all senses."12 Vision delivers the external world in the most direct and objective way. Enlightenment, one might say, consists in opening one's eyes and believing what one sees rather than placing one's faith in illusion and superstition. Though Herder does acknowledge that vision is the "most philosophical sense," that its objects are the clearest, he sets himself against the dominant visualism of his age. By itself, Herder claims--building on ideas first expressed by Diderot and Condillac and drawing on well-known case studies of blind individuals such as the mathematician Nicolas Saunderson--sight delivers only an incomplete, two-dimensional picture of the world consisting of planes, colors, contours, and degrees of light and shadow. The eye glides off surfaces; we are mere observers without any contact with the objects around us. Only touch furnishes us with ideas of space, extension, and solidity; it is through the hand that we truly grasp the world in all senses of that word, by enabling us to perceive objects in three-dimensional space. Indeed, vision is a relative newcomer. Feeling is the first of our senses to develop, our original mode of perception, and the one that delivers the earliest and most certain knowledge not only of the world but of ourselves as sentient beings. Consciousness of our own existence as subjects is--as it is for Descartes--rooted not in the self-awareness of a disembodied intelligence but in the intuitive immediacy of sensation. As Herder puts it--subtly rewording the Cartesian cogito--in "On the Sense of Touch," an unpublished fragment written around this time, "I feel! I am!"
That we think we see the world in three dimensions is due to the fact that no sense works alone. The mind coordinates and orders them into a system, constantly analyzing, comparing, and synthesizing the impressions they communicate, so that when we learn concepts of distance and volume, for example, we automatically integrate them into our visual, planar representation of the world. Hence we see what originally we could only have felt. Only habit obscures this connection between the senses and encourages us to downplay the role of touch in the formation of our knowledge of the world and denigrate that sense as "coarse." Sight may indeed be a more recent evolution and a refined form of sensory perception, but it is also a secondary, inauthentic feeling, an irresponsible extension of touch forgetful of and unfaithful to its foundation. Where sight is swift, cold, and superficial, touch is slow, thorough, and intimate. Though Herder pleads for a reevaluation of the sense of touch, he does not demand that it be restored to its original rights. His aim--at least in the Fourth Grove --is rather more modest: to investigate the significance of this understanding of touch for aesthetics, to return to the hand those aspects of aesthetic perception which the eye has arrogated to itself.
In the First Grove Herder followed Lessing in choosing not to distinguish between painting and sculpture; both were lumped together as visual arts dependent for their effect on natural, coexistent signs. But there are obvious differences between the two, and Herder now possesses the theoretical framework to do justice to these differences. What separates sculpture from painting (or any other art of design), he now points out, is that a statue is a three-dimensional body in space, whereas a picture consists of shapes and colors juxtaposed on a flat canvas or panel. In other words, a painting is an object of sight and sculpture an object of touch; each is perceived by and addressed to a different sense, and it is in this that their fundamental difference consists. Thus where painterly beauty consists in the pleasing arrangement of lines and colors on a surface, sculptural beauty resides in graceful form. Yet it is important to recognize that Herder does not mean to suggest that we best appreciate sculptural form by groping the marble with our eyes shut. Rather, the psychology of the aesthetic state here is a complex operation involving both vision and touch, a heightened form of the perceptual processes underpinning our relationships with everyday objects in the world. A painting can be viewed only from a single point of view. A statue, however, is a body inhabiting space; we must walk around it and inspect it from multiple perspectives. Though sight alone must thereby necessarily reduce the statue to a polygon, a grid of planes and angles, the mind imaginatively recuperates the three-dimensionality of the object on the basis of ideas such as mass and extension originally furnished by touch. Herder therefore speaks figuratively of the eye being transformed into a hand as it follows the elliptical line that describes the beautiful roundedness of the corporeal whole, and here his understanding of the connoisseur's relation to plastic art deliberately recalls Winckelmann's erotically charged descriptions in Description of the Torso in Belvedere in Rome. The theory of the interaction between sight and feeling also allows him to account for the development of specific techniques in painting and sculpture, such as perspectival painting and colossal statuary.
In addition to sculpture, Herder discusses in some detail another art form he had all but ignored in the First Grove: music. Music is related to the third sense on which he bases his systematic aesthetics, hearing, which Herder describes as the most profound of the three main senses. Where the objects of sight lie outside us, arranged side by side, the objects of hearing seem to lie deep within us and appear successively; because of their interiority, they possess the power to move the soul directly. In the several sections that he devotes to the "fine art of hearing," Herder is concerned to construct a new foundation for musical aesthetics, which leads him to polemicize against the dominant acoustical and mathematical paradigms of pioneering musicologists such as Rameau and d'Alembert (for they explain nothing about the subjective nature of musical experience). The true task of aesthetics must be to understand how music affects the psychological state of the listener. Accordingly, Herder insists on a sharp distinction between tone--the simple elements of music--and sound--a larger aggregate of tones. Whether it be a chord produced by simultaneously striking notes in a regular harmonic series or a discordant noise generated by depressing random keys on a piano, sound affects only the sense organs of hearing: the outer ear, the auditory nerves, and so on. Only tone, Herder claims, yields an "inner feeling" and operates directly on the soul. This is because, as he explains, looking forward to the prizewinning Essay on the Origin of Language (1771), music originated as a kind of intensified speech, as a language designed to communicate sentiment. As such, Herder--like Rousseau before him--flatly denies that musical beauty is expressed through harmony or polyphony (since the latter depends on the temporal coexistence of sounds); only melody, which consists of tones in succession, manifests the beautiful in music and must therefore be the basis of a properly scientific understanding of it.
Herder did not intend the Fourth Grove to be a complete system; he claimed to be offering only "ideas and lineaments" for a theory of the beautiful. This is especially obvious in the rather perfunctory discussions of art forms other than music, painting, and sculpture, which relate most obviously to a particular sense. Nevertheless, he does not ignore them entirely. Thus, he is able to accommodate dance by describing it, in a phrase borrowed from John Brown, as "music made visible"; but architecture and landscape gardening find no place in his theory and are dismissed as merely mechanical arts. Briefest of all is his treatment of poetry, which nevertheless retains the special status it was granted in the First Grove. There, poetry was different from the other arts because the signs it employs bear no natural relationship to the things they signify; here, its uniqueness resides in the fact that it has no relationship to a specific sense and that sense's necessarily limited apprehension of the world. Rather, poetry is the only art addressed directly to the imagination and hence is able to draw on every sense and every other art form, combining tones, images, and feelings in its discourse.
Ultimately, Herder's truly original ideas toward a philosophical aesthetics collapse under the weight of the polemics heaped on the hapless Riedel. At the end of the Fourth Grove, Herder regrets his vituperative tone, for it has overwhelmed his original contribution to aesthetics; and in his Journal of My Travels in 1769, written shortly after completing the Fourth Grove, when he fled the intellectual confines of provincial Riga for France, he complained that he had wasted his recent years on "critical, useless, crude, and wretched forests."13 Though he acknowledged that the demolition of unsound theoretical edifices such as Riedel's was necessary for the construction of new ones, Herder's frustration and weariness are probably some of the reasons the Fourth Grove never saw the light of day during his lifetime. Furthermore, though he certainly recognized the importance of his ideas about the sense of touch, his awareness of the extent of the task facing him, which he recorded in his Journal, may have contributed to his reluctance to publish the Fourth Grove as it stood. Nevertheless, he continued to work on the ideas developed therein, producing a number of sketches that culminated in the first draft of Plastic Art in 1770, finally published, after significant revision, in 1778. When that essay appeared, incorporating significant amounts of material originally used in the Fourth Grove (and hence not included here), Herder presumably regarded the earlier polemic as obsolete. But that does not mean that he abandoned the problem of the differentiation of the arts altogether. A later and lighthearted dialogue, Does Painting or Music Have a Greater Effect?, returns to the same issue.
Shakespeare and Genius
When Herder arrived in Strassburg in 1770 to undergo what would turn out to be a complicated and painful eye operation, he had, after a year or so spent in Nantes and Paris, grown weary of French culture and literature. Confined to his room, he threw himself into an enthusiastic study of Ossian and Shakespeare and encouraged others to do the same--among them his future wife, Caroline Flachsland, and his new friend Goethe. The rude vigor of Ossianic and Shakespearean poetry, it seemed to Herder, was poles apart from the mannered artfulness of French literature or the anemic German imitations thereof advocated by literary reformers such as Gottsched. Like Homer, like the poets of the Old Testament, these northern European poets were unconstrained by rules or literary conventions and could therefore, Herder realized, serve as models to regenerate German letters.
These intuitions were by no means uncommon in the eighteenth century. Like that of many young Germans, Herder's response to Shakespeare owed a great deal to Edward Young's Conjectures on Original Composition (1759), which was published in two separate German translations in 1760. Young's work did much to popularize in Germany the new artistic concept of genius, which had become fundamental to French and especially British critical discourse during the early and mid-eighteenth century. For Young (and for Shaftesbury) the genius was a second Creator, a Promethean figure who imitated not the ancients or other writers but only nature. Rather than be guided by elegance and learning, the genius created intuitively, immediately, and through God-given powers. His activity was not mechanical and artificial but organic and natural: "An Original may said to be of a vegetable nature; it rises spontaneously from the vital root of Genius; it grows, it is not made."14 Inevitably, Shakespeare was for Young--as he was already for Joseph Addison--the prototype of an original genius who had no call for the rules of neoclassicism (which, "like Crutches, are a needful aid to the lame, tho' an impediment to the strong"), and it was as such that through Young's mediation he came to be regarded in Germany, though Wieland's idiosyncratic translations of twenty-two Shakespearean dramas into prose between 1762 and 1766 also helped to underscore his apparently wild and exuberant style.
Not until 1773 was Herder, by now court preacher in Bückeburg, able to refine his thoughts on Shakespeare and genius, in an eponymous essay included in On German Art and Character, a collection compiled by Herder himself and often described as the manifesto of the Sturm und Drang movement of the 1770s. Herder's Shakespeare is a milestone in the history of literary theory, showcasing the historical-genetic approach to cultural artifacts that he developed as a counterweight to the normative injunctions of Enlightenment aesthetics. Herder rejects as flawed the contemporary dispute between Shakespeare's champions (such as Lessing) and detractors (for example, Voltaire) because, regardless of whether they heap praise or mockery on him, both parties take as their starting point and criteria for judging him the very conventions that Shakespeare quite evidently disregards. Instead, Herder wants to show why Shakespeare could not be bound by neoclassical rules and hence why he can serve as a new, freer model for modern European drama. Herder seeks to account for Shakespeare, to understand him, to enter into emotional dialogue with him, and thereby to "bring him to life for us Germans."
This is possible only on the basis of a proper understanding of the historical and cultural context within which art and genius emerge. Though poetic inspiration is universal, the manner in which it is expressed is not. By comparing Greek tragedy (as typified by Sophocles) and the northern European drama of Shakespeare, Herder shows that each emerged under vastly different environmental conditions and from different antecedents; because each was shaped by different social, political, and material forces, they could not but be different and guided by different rules. Greek tragedy evolved from the preexisting dithyramb and chorus, taking as its subject matter simple mythical events that gradually became more complicated through the introduction of a more intricate plot. The classical unities of time, place, and action, which Aristotle merely "discovered" rather than proclaimed ex cathedra, were no arbitrary imposition on the creative artist; they were an entirely natural and necessary product of the simplicity of Greek life and character. To attempt to replicate Sophoclean tragedy, or to apply its rules, in the entirely different milieu of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France amounted to a refusal to acknowledge the historical and cultural specificity of Greek drama, and as such was not only absurd but harmful. The plays of Voltaire and Corneille are true neither to their own time nor to that of the Greeks from which they purport to derive their legitimacy; they are but an elegant and decorous parody of the originals, mere simulacra lacking the soul, the living spirit of the original. Shakespeare, by contrast, reflects his own historical reality. The greater complexity and diversity of social life in early modernity are manifested in the sheer variety of events, times, localities, and characters in his plays, precisely those features which seemed to men like Gottsched to offend against the proprieties of dramatic art. Where Sophoclean drama, born of myth, remained abstract and universal, Shakespeare's theater, the roots of which lie in the popular history plays of the Renaissance, discloses his world in all its vibrancy and individuality.
But although Sophocles and Shakespeare may be outwardly dissimilar, they have a spiritual kinship that all artistic geniuses share: they are true not only to nature (as Young argued) but also to the popular culture from which they emerged (which is Herder's decisive contribution to the concept of genius). Both are mouthpieces of their nation's collective genius, expressing its thoughts and sentiments, manners and morals; in each case their art is a development of traditional modes of expression. Though their purpose is the same, their means are necessarily different. Yet each dramatic form has its own legitimacy, and--this is the crux of Herder's argument--so might any other literature that is unfettered and loyal to its national character. Hence Herder's concluding apostrophe to Goethe, whose first major success, the Shakespeare-inspired drama Götz von Berlichingen, which is set in medieval Germany, put into practice Herder's ideas and heralded a new literature rooted in native traditions and forms.
But there is more to it. As the expression of popular culture, the genius is also part of the very mechanism of the universe. In Yet Another Philosophy of History, which was published in 1774, Herder views history as an apparently aimless process whose plan is inscrutable and known only to God. He repeatedly compares history to a mighty drama in which props and players are moved about on a universal stage so that the great dramatist's purpose may be achieved, even if the characters are only dimly aware of it. In Shakespeare, Herder reverses this analogy and suggests that Shakespeare dramatizes history, but not just in the ordinary sense of writing historical plays. The poet is a creator in miniature, a mediator between the world and God, whose work is akin to Revelation. By making history live again, by reconstructing and reproducing its modes of operation, by re-creating the divine plan on the stage, Shakespeare enables humanity to glimpse the workings of God in nature.
When Herder returned to the concept of genius a few years later, he had grown tired of the excesses of the Stürmer und Dränger, and his tone was altogether cooler and more sober. The essay On the Causes of Sunken Taste was written in 1774 in response to a competition on that subject announced by the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Letters, and much to the surprise of Herder, who dismissed his work as a "belletristic school exercise,"15 he was duly awarded the prize in 1775--something of a sensation, for just four years previously his Essay on the Origin of Language had been honored by the same academy. Though it was not the first time Herder had concerned himself with the problem of taste--he discusses the problem in Is the Beauty of the Body a Herald of the Beauty of the Soul? and in the Fourth Grove--this essay shows him wrestling with a question fundamental to eighteenth-century aesthetics: what is the relation between genius and taste?
The modern concept of taste first emerged through the writings of Baltasar Gracián.16 He and almost every relevant thinker up to the first quarter of the eighteenth century used the term taste to designate the means by which one could lead a graceful and exemplary life. For Christian Thomasius, who introduced the term bon goût into German in 1687, the man of taste, as opposed to the pedant or homme galant, showed discrimination in the affairs of everyday life; he did not slavishly follow fashion or cultivate an air of idiosyncrasy but rather demonstrated decorum, elegance, and self-confidence. Already in the late seventeenth century, French thinkers such as Dominique Bouhours were occasionally linking taste to discussions of art, but in Germany it was not systematically employed as an aesthetic category until 1727, the year in which both Johann Ulrich König's Inquiry into Good Taste in Poetry and Rhetoric and Bodmer's Letters on the Nature of Good Taste were published. For both writers taste signified a kind of instinctive or intuitive judgment, independent of but nevertheless ultimately in accord with reason, which teaches us to "esteem that which . . . reason would infallibly have approved if it had had the time to examine it sufficiently" and by virtue of which it is thus the "leader and steward of the other noble powers of the human soul."17 Though taste was inevitably subject to local variations among different peoples, it was nevertheless deemed to be universal, and as such a standard by which the value of works of art could be measured and rules governing the artist deduced. Good taste in art was, naturally enough, reasonable, balanced, measured; and bad or corrupt taste pedantic, emotional, immoderate. These virtues were best embodied by the art of the ancients and the polite literatureof the day.
But already by the middle of the century the concept of taste was being challenged. In his Discours sur les sciences et les arts (1750), Rousseau cast doubt on the moral and political value of the cultivation of taste. Taste was also beginning to be seen as derivative, learned, and inferior compared with the natural gifts of genius; this is evident as early as 1757 in Diderot's article on genius in the Encyclopédie. Soon Young would echo these sentiments, followed of course by Herder himself. By the 1770s, as the Sturm und Drang movement gathered pace, these ideas had become widespread. The worship of genius meant also a one-sided celebration of "feeling," and the denigration of taste signaled a rejection of the rational culture (Verstandeskultur) of French neoclassicism and the Enlightenment. At the very moment when it was about to be swept away and rendered obsolete by the proto-Romantic trends in European thought, we find Herder unexpectedly fighting a rearguard action and attempting, in one of the last major works devoted to the topic in European letters, to salvage the concept of taste, to reclaim it as a means of safeguarding the equilibrium of human powers.
These developments explain why Herder begins his treatise by discussing the relation of taste to genius, reason, and virtue. The antagonisms that his contemporaries claim to find between these categories, he argues, neither exist nor are the causes of the corruption of taste. Or rather, if such oppositions do obtain, they are pathological developments, which is why Herder suggests that a historical approach to the problem is superior to the "psychological" method preferred by his unnamed opponents. Taste, he claims, is no barrier to genius. It is in fact nothing more than the order and harmonious arrangement of the sensuous powers of genius, a necessary restraint that gives direction to unruly creative impulses. If Herder had insisted before on the sovereignty of the self-legislating artist, now he is just as adamant that the intuitive and untutored expression of genius is insufficient to bring forth works of lasting value. The Egyptians possessed genius but not taste--hence their monstrous and unrefined art; only in Greece was genius first harnessed productively by taste. Even Shakespeare, Herder now concedes, was guided by taste and by rules--even if they were his own, not the inherited and stultifying precepts of another age. Similarly, reason as such is not opposed to taste, which breathes life into the brittle and arid structures of the intellect. Only when genius is exercised in conjunction with what Herder calls true reason does that order of our instinctive powers arise which constitutes taste. Only the misuse of reason, only pedantry and irrationality can ever corrupt taste. Finally, taste and virtue overlap but are not identical: taste is the order of our sensuous nature, but virtue is the equilibrium of all the powers of the mind. That means that while those states in which the finest taste flourished are not the most virtuous, where morals are thoroughly depraved so too will taste be. Good taste can become the model of virtue, or at least of decency, but there is no more intimate connection between the two.
In the historical section of the treatise Herder adopts the traditional French scheme according to which there were four ages of good taste: Attic Greece, Augustan Rome, the Renaissance, and the reign of Louis XIV, the latter supposedly the apogee of bon goût. But Herder makes significant revisions to this view of European history. For a start, he sees the corruption of taste not as an avoidable aberration but as a natural and necessary process: its causes become clear only when one has identified the historical conditions under which it emerged and prospered. When the unique constellation of physical and cultural factors giving rise to a nation's taste ceases to operate, then taste declines. Herder also reevaluates the conventional estimations of the different ages of good taste. Only in Greece was taste an entirely natural phenomenon, a "flower"; only Greek culture developed a national spirit through the participation of the public or people, and not from the patronage of powerful rulers, whose influence Herder generally views with profound suspicion. With the slide into tyranny under the caesars, those literary genres native to Roman culture, which embodied the democratic virtues of the Republic, namely oratory and history, were uprooted before they could bear fruit. Augustan civilization was an ephemeral hothouse flower, an exotic, foreign species transplanted to Rome for the purposes of political spectacle and legitimacy. The Medici and Louis XIV also presided over learned cultures that sacrificed indigenous and popular expression to the cult of imitation, encouraging works that were accessible only to an educated elite and therefore sprang up with the seeds of their decline within them from the start. Typically and unsurprisingly, Voltaire's siècle de Louis XIV is for Herder the most precarious rather than most perfect of all the periods under review. His aim, then, is to show that good taste in Europe has, at least since the Hellenic age, always been a superficial and short-lived phenomenon, choked at each turn by the weeds of despotism and luxury. The Greeks prove that political freedom and the flowering of taste go hand in hand.
But Herder does not dismiss outright the mannered and uncouth chapters in the history of taste. The obscure and fustian style of a Persius or Tacitus; the degeneracy of Latin occasioned by the spread of Christianity and the barbarian invasions; the forced imitation of the ancients during the Italian Renaissance--these lapses in and errors of taste may show how far we have traveled from the harmony enjoyed by the ancients, but they are merely staging posts in the historical evolution of humanity. The natural forces that brought forth genius in one land will do so again in another, and once there is genius, taste is sure to follow; Herder holds out the prospect that beneath the rubble of modern ideas, Germany is working toward "an age of exalted philosophical taste." But if an enduring age of taste is ever to come about, we as human beings must act as midwives to Nature's geniuses; we must create the conditions under which taste can thrive. And that is possible only through education. Taste shall be cultivated not only by studying the ancients and the liberal arts but by freeing it from fashion and the dictates of the court. Thus liberated, taste shall help to usher in an age of Humanität.
Herder's ideas on the moral and pedagogical dimensions of the experience of beauty can be found scattered throughout his writings in one form or another, and they are developed further in another prizewinning essay, On the Influence of the Belles Lettres on the Higher Sciences, which might be seen as a kind of companion piece to the essay on taste. But his conviction that art has a role to play in education should not be interpreted as advocating narrow didacticism. Just as he rejected the "top-down" approach in aesthetics practiced by lazy thinkers such as Riedel, preferring to start from the evidence of the senses rather than nominal definitions and unquestioned general concepts, so he thought that the cultivation of young minds should not be entrusted to grammarians who suffocate their charges with high-flown theories and arid speculation. Instead, Herder demanded that education have as its goal the production of a balanced human being whose sensuous and intellectual powers interoperate in perfect harmony.
In some ways, Herder's ideal here is reminiscent of Baumgarten's felix aestheticus, a figure who successfully combines a love of the sensory world with rational cognition. Yet even Baumgarten himself, Herder points out in his early essay on that philosopher, fell short of his own ideal: of the two souls dwelling in Baumgarten's breast, the poet and the Wolffian logician, it was the latter who ultimately triumphed. In his Journal of 1769, Herder sketches out some of his thoughts concerning what Schiller would soon call an aesthetic education. Overtaxing the youthful mind with abstractions learned secondhand from dusty schoolbooks and depriving it of a rich variety of sensations induces a state of intellectual torpor and prematurely ages the child. Wherever possible, whether the subject be philosophy, ethics, or theology, concrete concepts should be introduced to the young via their senses, so that children learn to think for themselves and make these ideas their own. Furthermore, all of the senses should be put to use; returning to the conclusions he had recently drawn in the Fourth Grove, Herder demanded not only that touch be included as a vital aid to learning, but that the body as a whole must not be neglected in education, for without its proper exercise, without the free play of the senses, the soul is left paralyzed and confined. Hence if young minds are to arrive at concepts of truth, they must be exposed to the full gamut of sensory experience: "Many, powerful, vivid, true, individual sensations . . . are the basis of a host of many, powerful, vivid, true, individual ideas, and that is original genius."18
Similar ideas are expressed much later in the essay On the Influence of the Belles Lettres on the Higher Sciences, the basic argument of which is very simple. Just as images precede concepts and clear cognition precedes distinct cognition, so the higher sciences must be based on the belles let-tres, because otherwise they lack a stable, firm foundation. By "belles let-tres" Herder did not mean a study of the fashionable literature of the age, which is undemanding and frivolous and produces only aesthetes and dandies who are incapable of any practical activity and wreak havoc in the four traditional faculties of learning. Rather, the belles lettres are a school of the senses, of the imagination, of the passions and inclinations. They serve to cultivate the lower faculties of the soul, bring order to our emotions and fancies, and thereby lay the foundations for independent, abstract thinking in the higher realms of knowledge. A thorough grounding in classical literature and languages is particularly suited to this end. But we should not understand the concept of the belles lettres too narrowly here: geography and natural history are among them, and the canonical authors whom Herder recommends are not only poets. But what they all have in common is that they help to avoid premature and narrow specialization and to place academic disciplines in a meaningful relationship to life. They are humaniora: they inspire and nurture in us the feeling of humanity by which we realize ourselves and develop our potential to its fullest extent.
In the eighteenth century the fable enjoyed an unprecedented popularity and prestige as a literary genre. In France and then later in Germany (especially during the period 1740-70), the works of serious fabulists such as La Fontaine were not only widely read but were also discussed by some of the foremost critics of the age. What explains the popularity of the fable in the eighteenth century? Part of the reason is certainly the widespread belief that moral instruction was the paramount pedagogical obligation and literature a necessary means of discharging it. So if a firm underlying moral was required of all literary works, then the fable, didactic by nature, fulfilled this requirement more neatly and naturally than any other genre. Those parents unable to afford the private tutors recommended by educational reformers such as Locke and Rousseau, and who took upon themselves the burden of teaching their offspring, were assisted by the many collections of fables aimed specifically at the layman seeking to educate his children. Locke himself, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), declared Aesop's Fables to be the best means of stimulating a child's interest in reading and learning, and his ideas, enthusiastically received in France and Germany, were later echoed by Fénelon and Wolff, who also approved the fable as a supremely effective method of inculcating moral truths.19
That Herder should be interested in the fable is unsurprising given his profession as cleric and educator, and his conviction that literature ought to be uplifting and edifying was very much of his time. For this reason, though he had moved to Weimar in 1776, Herder could only deplore the nascent ideology of Weimar Classicism and the insistence of Karl Philipp Moritz, Goethe, and others on the autonomy and purposelessness of the artwork. For Herder, the belief that the realm of the aesthetic was hermetically sealed from the concerns of quotidian life signaled a retreat into misguided escapism and empty formalism. Art and literature had urgent moral obligations; as a powerful tool of social and political change they must seek always to communicate with the public. Like many of his contemporaries, Herder regarded the fable as the sine qua non of didactic literature. But his essay Image, Poetry, and Fable, first published in the third collection of his Scattered Leaves in 1787, is not only an intervention in a live contemporary debate about the nature, meaning, and function of the fable but also one of his most important contributions to a general poetics.
The term fable embraces a number of different meanings in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poetics. It might denote the Aesopian fable proper, or apologue; be used in the Aristotelian sense of the narrative or plot of a dramatic or epic work; or, finally, refer to a myth or legend. This multivalence comes out particularly clearly in the work of one of the most influential theorists of the fable, René Le Bossu. In his 1675 work Traité de poeme épique, Le Bossu defined the fable as any "discourse invented in order to form morals by means of instructions disguised under the allegories of an action," a formula that would echo throughout subsequent treatments of the theme by La Motte, Richer, and others. Le Bossu intended fable to refer to plot or narrative in the first instance, a two-part framework consisting of both truth (the moral) and fiction (the illustration of that truth through an invented action or story) within which the poetic work is given expression. The difference between the epic and the Aesopian fable proper lies simply in the kind of characters the respective genre employs to perform the underlying action: whether mythical figures such as gods or men (the epic) or animals with certain human attributes (the Aesopian fable). So for Le Bossu and his successors, the fable--if we ignore the less substantial issues that preoccupied their attention, such as reflections on the length of the fable or the precise function of animal characters--consisted in a mixture of both invention and truth, poetry and morality; its fictionality, its allegorical structure, and its ability to convey a general meaning that served to differentiate it from the specificity of history.
The major break with this tradition was effected by Lessing in his (1759) collection Fables, which included five theoretical essays setting out his novel standpoint. Lessing argued that the claim that the fable was allegorical in nature applied only to what he called the complex fable. His preference, however, was for the simple fable, which unfolds only on a single level of meaning, which represents a realistic case history rather than an imaginary or hypothetical situation (and this, he thought, was the truly Aesopian variety). The fable's purpose is to activate the intuitive cognition of a general moral principle. Accordingly, the fable ought to be stripped of all unnecessary poetical effects and attributes, all extraneous ornamentation, and returned to the pristine state that it supposedly enjoyed among the ancients. Ultimately, Lessing viewed the fable as a philosophical instrument, not as a poetic genre; it existed only on the margins of literature, "on the shared border of poetry and morality." The baroque flourishes and discursiveness favored by La Fontaine and his imitators only obscured the moral force of the fable; instead Lessing pleaded for concision and directness (his own fables are rarely longer than a brief paragraph); the fable should be designed to instruct, not to entertain, and hence prose is the appropriate medium for the genre.
Lessing's attempt to reform the fable was controversial; while many of his contemporaries praised the critical perceptions in his essays and applauded his attempts to purify the fable, they were also dismayed by the reactionary tendency of his ideas. The fable, it was felt, had assumed a permanent position among the poetic genres. Most vocal and vigorous in their response to Lessing's puritanical crusade were the Swiss critics Bodmer and Breitinger, whose Lessing's Unaesopian Fables (1760) was a mixture of parody and polemic, accusing Lessing of having surrendered any commitment to virtue, religion, and nature.
It is against this general background that we should view Herder's own intervention in the debate about the fable. His definitive treatment of the topic in Image, Poetry, and Fable is a belated refutation of Lessing's famous theory. In the preface to his essay, he notes that much of the material dates from his early sketch "Aesop and Lessing," which he had originally intended to appear in the second collection of Fragments some twenty years earlier. The theory of the fable, he complains, has not been advanced since Lessing's contribution; subsequent critics had either imitated Lessing or failed to produce an original or coherent theory. Though there are substantial differences between his early and later treatments of the theme, Herder's main criticism of Lessing is the same in both: he takes issue with Lessing's rejection of the allegorical and the poetical essence of the fable. For Herder, the fable does indeed belong on the border between poetry and morality, but if forced to place it in one realm or the other, he would choose poetry: "Its essence is invention; its life, plot; its aim, sensuous understanding . . . I regard the fable as a source, a miniature, of the great poetic genres, where most of the poetic rules are found in their original simplicity and, to a certain extent, in their original form."20
Herder takes up this idea in the later essay, seeking to demonstrate the fable's essentially poetic nature and clarifying its relation to morality and truth. But this time, he prefixes his poetological discussion of the generic characteristics of the fable with wide-ranging psychological and anthropological reflections on the origins of poetry as such in the operations of the mind. He begins by insisting on the inherent creativity involved in cognitive processes: an "image"--the basic stuff of human thought--is the name he gives to any representation of external objects brought to consciousness in the soul; this is achieved by the "inner sense" that imposes order on the chaos of sensations flooding the mind, separating one object from another, by giving each outline and form, by creating unity in diversity. We do not passively perceive images but rather create them; the process of translation by which an object is transformed into an image, and an image into a thought, is inherently allegorical, and allegory is the essence of poetry. Thus, both thought and language, even ordinary discourse, are constructed on a poetical foundation and are subject to the same rules of veracity, vividness, and clarity that govern poetry. But whereas Nietzsche, arguing along similar lines, would later conclude that the inevitable metaphoricity underpinning our perceptual and linguistic habits points to the impossibility of objective truth, Herder is adamant that although we create the images by which we apprehend the world, in doing so we are merely tracing the outlines that God has drawn for us; the truth is still out there.
In the second section, Herder explains how poetry as such arises from the image through the same process of allegorical transference. Just as with a single external object, we do not perceive the object itself but project an image created by our soul, so when we cognize a whole series of objects--in other words, the world as a whole--we project our feelings and values; human knowledge is inescapably anthropomorphic and hence "poetic" in the older sense of that word; that is, fictitious or invented. Because we are ignorant or incapable of understanding the true causes of natural phenomena, we personify and ascribe agency to them. Drawing on the pioneering work of his friend the Göttingen scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, Herder argues that the earliest form of poetry, as an attempt to come to terms with objective reality, is mythology and religion. But where Heyne assumes that the mythical or poetic form of consciousness, even if it served as the basis of all later knowledge, belongs to the prehistory of human thought, Herder sees myth or poetry not as constitutive of an irrevocably past epoch but as the enduring procedure of the human mind, for the analogical transference of our cognitive and affective structures onto objects is the only way in which human beings perceive the world. Thus even modern physics is an interpretation, a kind of poetics for our senses. That is not to deny that there is a great deal of difference between modern science and primitive religion; the content of human knowledge changes, but the earliest form remains the same. In the same way, the outer trappings of poetry have changed, though the poetic impulse is constant; there is development in poetry, too, from the oral sagas rooted in mythology (Dichtung) to the more refined written art of poetry (Dichtkunst), which is made possible by the evolution of a greater symbolic language and by borrowing features from other arts, such as meter from the rhythms of dance.
The Aesopian fable is an inevitable and early product of this anthropomorphic mode of thinking. Like all poetry, the fable derives from the natural human urge to form images as a means of creating order out of the chaos of nature. What makes it distinctive, however, is the moral lesson that the poet consciously incorporates in those images which he creates. The fable is, then, according to Herder's definition, "moralized poetry."
The remainder of the essay is devoted to solving some of the traditional problems addressed by theorists of the fable, for example why the fable often employs animals as actors. Herder's answer to this question and others follows directly from the poetological theory he has elaborated in the two preceding sections: for "sensuous man," all aspects of Nature are potential actors, but he feels an especially close bond to the animal world and those species most resembling him and comprehensible to him. Bestial characters are not employed by the fabulist to instill a sense of wonder (as Breitinger argued) or because of their universally recognizable characteristics (as Lessing supposed); instead, the animal fable (as its traditional introductory phrase "once upon a time" implies) expresses a lingering nostalgia for a lost age of unity when human beings felt themselves firmly ensconced in the bosom of Nature. Animals are simply animals, not bloodless abstractions: the fable's effectiveness always rests on concrete analogy or allegory. The fable must be living; it must be relevant and recognizable; it must avoid convoluted and abstruse comparisons. As such, it does not matter who or what the characters are; all that matters is that the result fulfills the general requirements of truth, vividness, and clarity and that the invented narrative enables intuitive cognition of a moral lesson.
In the same way, the lesson that the fable imparts is not a universal moral principle but rather a practical rule of thumb, for a fable always contains more than an abstract injunction whose utility is uncertain; it also includes the concrete situation to which it applies in everyday life. Therefore Lessing's distinction between the simple and complex fable is invalid: all true fables are complex; all fables, as species of poetry, are inescapably based on allegory. Devoid of any connection to the problems we encounter in real life, a fable will be vague, monotonous, and ultimately ineffectual. So while Herder approves of Lessing's suggestion that fables be used in the classroom to develop original thinking, he rejects his restriction of the exercise to abstract thought. Herder demands the cultivation of practical knowledge and thinking, particularly the training of students to transpose and apply the lesson learned from one situation to a parallel one.
For Herder, the fable's poetic nature and its moral content explain its peculiar convincingness; other forms of poetry or rhetoric--such as the comparison and example--may possess a didactic element, but only the fable has an insistent quality that brooks no refusal. This irresistibility stems from its connection with nature, in regard to both means and ends. The fable animates the creatures of nature to serve as actors; it demonstrates to us the "moral laws of Creation itself in their inner necessity." But animated nature speaking to us also gives us a lesson in fundamental unity, which uncivilized humanity felt so strongly that it guided every aspect of life but which modern, alienated man only dimly senses. The fable's ultimate end is not only to communicate a rule of thumb; both the lesson of the fable and the fable itself body forth the moral order of the world in sublime proportions, bringing to intuitive clarity the universal laws of nature and the immutable union of all beings in the realm of Creation. A fable that fails to achieve this sublimity is not a fable at all but a comparison, an example, or simply an amusing story. In Herder's hands, then, the fable is no longer a simple didactic tale, or even the more sophisticated moral poetry of La Fontaine. It is transformed into something approaching divine revelation set in a formula that reflects the mythological golden age of cosmic unity.
This ambitious and widely ranging treatment of a single poetic genre, moving easily from the human to the divine, from the social to the psychological, is typical of Herder's writings on aesthetics as a whole. Few thinkers have reflected so sensitively and productively on the cultural, historical, anthropological, ethical, and theological dimensions of art and the creative process. The importance of aesthetics to the evolution and texture of his own thought, as well as his profound contribution to that discipline, deserves wider recognition.
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Princeton University Press
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Pandemic or no pandemic, as the years winds down, we are likely to see Americans get out of their regular patterns and get into the spirit of the holiday season. Unfortunately, the “holiday spirit” takes on a different meaning when substances are involved. As you may have already guessed, the problematic use of alcohol and drugs tends to rise during holidays and even on weekends.1,2
Below are some of the patterns of substance misuse that are known to occur during the holidays. If you or someone else in your home has a problem with substance use, you can call us at Dallas Drug Treatment Centers to discuss your treatment options.
1.) Binge Drinking Increases on Holidays and Weekends
Of all the substance misuse that occurs during the holidays, binge drinking is the single biggest problematic behavior. It’s enough of an issue to significantly increase visits to emergency rooms through accidents, violent altercations, and incidences of self-harm.1 While Christmas, Thanksgiving, and New Year’s are the times when binge drinking campaigns in the US are at their peak, smaller peaks also occur every weekend.1,2
2.) Young Adults Are The Most at Risk
In the US, young adults aged 18-23 are considered the group most at risk from binge drinking.2 While binge drinking is done by Americans of all ages, young adults are particularly at risk during holidays.2 As mentioned earlier, increases in binge drinking are connected with increases in emergency room visits. Given the young age of this group, deaths and lifelong injuries are often particularly tragic.
3.) Holidays Increase Suicide Risks for People With AUD
Americans with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at an elevated risk of suicide during holidays and weekends.3,4 The causes for this are likely to be a combination of poor judgment and the exacerbation of mental health issues due to increased alcohol consumption.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has also identified the holidays as a particularly sensitive time for people with mental health issues, which means alcohol use may increase their suicide risks even if they don’t have a current AUD diagnosis.5
4.) Drug Use Increases Unevenly
Alcohol is not the only substance widely misused during holidays. Community wastewater analysis has become an invaluable method for tracking which drugs are being most used by a local population at a given time. Two different wastewater analysis studies specific to holiday drug consumption in Kentucky and Australia have demonstrated that drug use goes up precipitously during weekends and especially during holidays.6,7
Interestingly, in both studies, while the use of most drugs increased, the use of stimulant drugs like cocaine and amphetamines and “party drugs” like MDMA received the largest bump, consistently over twice their weekday consumption rates.6,7 This is likely due to a higher rate of recreational use during these periods. As with alcohol, this increase in drug use is responsible for an increase in emergency room visits during this period.8
5.) Holiday Substance Misuse is a Global Problem
Though there may be slight differences in specific use patterns, the rise in substance misuse is a global phenomenon that likely affects all cultures. A meta-analysis of substance use disorder and treatment has identified increases in substance misuse during holidays and other special observances like funerals as being universal.9 In all the analyzed studies, alcohol is the most misused substance across cultures, by far.
Binge drinking and seasonal drug use may be a sign of a deeper problem. If you or someone you’re close to exhibits this kind of behavior during the holidays or weekends, it may be time to seek professional help. Call our team at +1(214) 935-2287 to discuss your recovery options.
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Hardly a week goes by without new reasons to be concerned about the impact of changing precipitation patterns and mounting water stress on food production.
This past week, officials in Texas cut off irrigation water to rice farmers downstream of reservoirs depleted by the worst one-year drought in Texas history. Even with recent rains, lakes Buchanan and Travis remain at 42 percent of capacity. Farmers, who pay the least for water, will be denied their liquid lifeline in order to prevent curtailments to urban and industrial water users.
It was the first time in its seventy-eight year history that the Austin-based Lower Colorado River Authority had cut off water to farmers.
On February 29, United Nations officials announced that the crucial March through May rainy season in the Horn of Africa would likely fall short again this year. The warning comes on the heels of last year’s drought, the worst in sixty years, and the devastating famine it triggered.
Scientists analyzed data on rainfall, temperature, ocean currents and the strength of the La Niña before making their forecast at a climate outlook conference in Kigali, Rwanda.
“This is not good news for farmers in areas which have been affected by agricultural drought in recent years,” said Youcef Ait-Chellouche, an official with the U.N.’s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. “We must plan for the probability that rainfall will be erratic and there will be long dry spells which will impact on crop production and food security.”
The forecast comes just weeks after the United Nations downgraded Somalia’s food crisis from a famine to a “humanitarian emergency.” Across the Horn of Africa, some 9.5 million people still require emergency assistance, according to U.N. officials.
And then from India comes perhaps the most worrisome news of the week. Researchers there have found that India’s monsoonal rainfall, upon which much of the nation’s agriculture depends, is becoming less frequent and more intense.
Scientists with the agriculture division of the India Meteorological Department in Pune found that global climate change can cause departures from the historic monsoonal norm, which, on balance would lead to lower yields of rice, maize, cotton, soybeans, and other kharif (monsoonal) crops. During the rabi (dry) season, higher temperatures could cut yields of wheat, potatoes, and vegetables.
The agriculture commissioner for Maharashtra, an important crop-producing state, told the Times of India that farmers in his state already are seeing yield impacts that he attributes to climatic change.
Still another report from the last week casts a pall over California’s upcoming harvest. State officials found that the water content of California’s mountain snowpack is only 30 percent of normal historic levels for this point in the season. Officials estimate they will deliver only 50 percent of the water requested from the State Water Project, a system of reservoirs and canals that distributes water to 25 million Californians and nearly one million acres of irrigated farmland.
“Absolutely, we should be concerned,” Frank Gehrke, chief snow surveyor for the California Department of Water Resources, commented to the San Francisco Chronicle.
These reports are snapshots of weather and climate-related warnings and in no way present a picture of the world’s food situation.
But they are the kinds of warnings that now seem to routinely overlay already troubling global water trends – from widespread groundwater depletion to dried up rivers and lakes.
What’s emerging is an interconnected web of risks, with the threads of water stress, food insecurity and rising population and consumption now magnified by extreme weather and climatic change.
Which is why, in my view, the portrayal of water security in the U.S. intelligence community’s 2012 worldwide threat assessment is a little too sanguine.
To be sure, the assessment clearly warns that “over the next 10 years, water problems will contribute to instability in states important to US interests.” It also underscores groundwater depletion as a risk to both national and global food markets.
But it fails to spotlight the potential for social and political instability stemming from the interplay of extreme weather, water shortage and food prices – even though we got a sneak preview of this destabilization in 2007-08 and again in 2011.
The food riots that erupted in Haiti, Senegal, Mauritania and a half dozen other countries as grain prices climbed in 2007-08 are a harbinger of what is to come. Extreme weather in 2010 – including the off-the-charts heat wave in Russia that slashed the country’s wheat harvest by 40 percent, the epic flood in Pakistan, widespread drought in China, and the massive flooding following the decade of drought in Australia – caused an even higher spike in food prices in early 2011. Some analysts have linked the skyrocketing food prices with the violent protests that unleashed the Arab Spring.
Climatic change and its impacts on the global water cycle guarantee that we’ll increasingly find ourselves outside the bounds of normal. The implications for food security, social cohesion and political stability are of the utmost concern both to our national security and our humanitarian impulse.
It’s time to connect the dots– and to prepare, as best we can, for the new scenarios unfolding before our eyes.
Sandra Postel is director of the Global Water Policy Project and lead water expert for National Geographic’s Freshwater Initiative. She is the author of several acclaimed books, including the award-winning Last Oasis, a Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, and one of the “Scientific American 50.”
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|Tetanus Information Page|
|Questions & Answers
What about the use of Tetanus Antitoxin?
Does the vaccine cause a reaction?
How is the vaccine administered?
What is the vaccination schedule?
What do we give to an unvaccinated horse with a wound?
Need to know more?
Tetanus occurs when a wound becomes infected with bacterial spores of Clostridium tetani. These spores germinate, multiply and produce a very powerful poison which affects the muscles. Some cases of tetanus occur from wounds that are so small they are not noticed.
An affected horse moves with a stiff-legged gait, often with the tail held out stiffly and the ears pricked. As the disease progresses the muscles become so rigid and stiff that the horse may fall and not be able to get up again. Convulsions may occur and death is caused by paralysis of the breathing muscles.
Persistent spores can be found in the soil (it is more prevalent in cultivated than uncultivated soils) and organisms are routinely isolated from the faeces of many domestic animals, including the dog and cat, and also from humans.
Animals that have recovered from natural infection are not immune and still require vaccination for protection.
Treatment is difficult, time consuming, very expensive and often unsuccessful. It involves the use of tetanus antitoxin (Equivac TAT) to neutralise unbound circulating toxin, penicillin to prevent further growth of C/. tetani, muscle relaxants to relax the rigid muscles, and supportive therapy until the toxin is eliminated or destroyed.
Vaccination is the only way to provide safe, effective long-term protection against tetanus. If an unvaccinated horse is injured, tetanus antitoxin should be administered to provide immediate but short-term (3 weeks) protection. At the same time a vaccination program should be commenced to develop long-lasting immunity. The tetanus vaccine (Equivac-T) may be administered intramuscularly on one side of the neck, while the tetanus antitoxin is injected subcutaneously on the other side of the neck. A separate syringe and needle should be used for each product. This will result in both immediate and long lasting protection.
Tetanus vaccine alone provides long-lasting protection but immunity takes 7-10 days to develop, and an injured horse may develop tetanus before protection is achieved. Tetanus antitoxin alone provides protection in 2-3 hours but it only lasts for 3 weeks and tetanus may develop after this protection has waned. Therefore, simultaneous injection of 1500 units of Equivac TAT and 1mL of Equivac-T provides optimal immediate and long-term protection. These injections should be given on different sides of the neck. Another dose of Equivac-T four weeks later is required for long-lasting protection.
|TETANUS: Questions and Answers|
Vaccination is the only way to provide long term protection against tetanus. It should be remembered that the horse is the most susceptible animal to tetanus.
about the use of Tetanus Antitoxin?
Tetanus antitoxin provides immediate protection but this protection only lasts for 3 weeks. Horses given tetanus antitoxin can develop tetanus once the levels of antitoxin have dropped below the protective level. It is extremely risky if owners are relying on the use of tetanus antitoxin given to horses, after a wound, to protect them against tetanus, as some cases of tetanus occur from wounds which are so small they are not noticed.
|Does the vaccine cause a reaction?
Like a number of other vaccines, Equivac-T or Equivac 2 in 1 can cause a local swelling at the site of the injection. Provided the injection has been carried out aseptically, any swelling should resolve spontaneously.
|How is the vaccine administered?
The vaccine is injected intramuscularly. The most convenient site for injection is the centre of the side of the neck.
|What is the vaccination schedule?
For all horses and foals, three months of age and above, the primary vaccination course consists of two injections of Equivac-T or Equivac 2 in 1, four weeks apart, followed up by a booster dose one year later. Boosters after this are recommended every five years.
|What do we give to an unvaccinated horse with a wound?
In these cases administer 1500 units ( 1 syringe) of Equivac-TAT on one side of the neck and 1 mL (1 syringe) of Equivac-T on the other side of the neck. This regime provides immediate and lasting protection. The dose of Equivac-T should be repeated four weeks later.
(Antitoxin alone has limited usefulness owing to the shortness of its protective action and a single dose of Tetanus Vaccine given to an unimmunised horse at the time of wounding or surgery may not prevent tetanus. This is why the simultaneous injection of Equivac-TAT and Equivac-T is recommended. Provided that only 1500 units of Equivac-TAT is given, there will be no interference with the development of active immunity.)
Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd. 38-42 Wharf Rd,
West Ryde, NSW 2114.
Home | Tetanus Information | Strangles Information | Vaccination Information
Copyright © 2005 cyberhorse
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Divorce can be a complicated process for all who are involved. Children still developing skills to navigate the world often have an even harder time with the process and aftermath. During the proceedings, if the parents cannot agree to custody terms, children may be asked to express a preference for living with a particular parent. At what age does the court begin to take a child’s own thoughts on their post-divorce living arrangements into account when deciding custody orders?
Can a Child Decide Which Parent to Live With at Age 12?
It is commonly thought that in Alberta, the age at which a child can decide which parent they will reside with after a divorce or separation is twelve. However, a twelve-year-old’s right to choose their living situation is a common misconception.
Technically, a child does not gain the right to choose ANYTHING for themselves while they are legally declared ‘children.’ Until they reach the age of majority, they are still under their parents’ primary control and responsibility. Therefore, a child can never choose their own living situation until they reach 18 and become legal adults in Canada.
What Say Do Children Have in Divorce Proceedings Before the Age of Majority?
While a child under the age of majority may not have the legal right to choose their own living situation without emancipation, this does not mean that a child is always at the whims of their parents. Though it is often dependent upon the individual child’s maturity, a court genuinely hears and considers a person as young as 12’s opinion of their personal future living situation.
A court is responsible for deciding in accordance with the child’s best interest in the divorce proceedings and, therefore, will often confer with the child. However, in the end, this is only a single factor in determining the child’s custody arrangements. A court may dismiss the child’s wishes if it feels it needs to make a more appropriate decision in the child’s best interest.
How Do You Speak to Your Child About Custody?
Experts recommend you speak with a professional about your individual child’s needs regarding their custody arrangements, as every person is different in their handling of certain situations. However, there are some common pitfalls and best practices generally agreed upon:
- Don’t be reactive, allowing your child to discover the divorce and custody battle in their own time. Prepare your child for the situation by proactively discussing it with them.
- Explain to them there will be a new living situation, and help them understand the changes.
- Focus most of the conversation on the parts that will stay the same for them, such as the general location (if applicable) or routines you intend to keep.
- Express the permanence of your relationship with the child and your continued love and care for them. A drastic change in relationships, such as a divorce, can cause a child to develop insecure attachments.
- Allow your child to voice their questions and concerns. Hear them out without judging or criticizing them. Be honest and available to help them manage the change.
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NSF INCLUDES: Early Engagement in Research: key to STEM retention
This is a two-year "Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learners of Underrepresented Discoverers in Engineering and Science" (INCLUDES) Design and Development Launch Pilot targeting high school students in the Hudson Valley, including the New York Metropolitan Area. It will support a network of institutional partners that are committed to providing internship and mentoring opportunities to youths interested in authentic research projects. The proposed work will build on a current research immersion program--the Secondary School Field Research Program (SSFRP) at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. SSFRP serves high school students, mainly from underrepresented and underserved communities, who work with college students, science teachers, and researchers around a specific science problem. Over the past decade, the program has had demonstrable impact, including attendance to college, and students' selection of STEM majors. Tracking data indicates that retention rates of its alumni in four-year colleges are well above the norm, and a significant fraction of early participants are now in graduate programs in science or engineering. The program has surpassed all expectations in its effectiveness at engaging underserved populations in science and promoting entry into college, recruitment into STEM majors, and retention through undergraduate and into graduate studies. Hence, the project's overall goal will be to extend and adapt the research-immersive summer internship model through an alliance with peer research institutions, school districts and networks, public land and resource management agencies, private funding agencies, informal educational institutions, and experts in pedagogical modeling, metrics, and evaluation. Focused on earth and environmental sciences, the summer and year-round mentoring model will allow high school students to work in research teams led by college students and teachers under the direction of research scientists. The mentoring model will be multilayered, with peer, near-peer, and researcher-student relationships interweaving throughout the learning process.
The project has formulated a set of testable explanatory hypotheses: (1) Beyond specific subject knowledge, success rests on increased student engagement in a community of practice, with near-peer mentors, teachers, and scientists in the context of scientific research; (2) The intensity of engagement also shifts the students' vision of their future to include higher education, and specifically to imagine and move toward a STEM career; and (3) Early engagement, before students attend college, is critical because high school is where students form patterns of engagement and capacities related to science learning. Thus, the immediate goal of the two-year plan will be to create approximately 11 research internship programs focused on earth and environmental sciences, and to build the networks for growth through engagement with a wider community of educational partners. The main focus of this approach will be removing barriers between high school students and STEM organizations, and adapting the current mentoring model at Columbia University to the specific cultures of other research groups and internship programs throughout the lower Hudson Valley. The team has already assembled a diverse set of partners committed to broadening participation in STEM using a collective impact approach to early engagement in project-based learning. Research partners will provide the mentors, research projects, and laboratory facilities. The educational network partners will provide access for students, particularly those from under-resourced communities to participate, as well as participation opportunities for interested teachers. Informal learning organizations will provide access to field and research sites, along with research dissemination opportunities. In Year 1, the project will conduct a series of development workshops for partners already in place and foster the formation of new partnership clusters according to shared interest, complementary resources and geographic proximity. The workshops will provide a forum for partners to learn about each other's visions, values, challenges, and existing structures, while working through theoretical and practical issues related to STEM engagement for young investigators. In Year 2, the project will target the implementation of the internship programs at various sites according to the agreed-upon goals, program model, research projects, recruitment and retention strategy, staff training, data collection, and evaluation plans. An external evaluator will address both the formative and summative evaluation of the effort directed toward examining the three project's hypotheses concerning the educational impacts of scientific research on student engagement, extent of the immersion, and overall effectiveness of the programs.
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[Image: One of the stations of Project ELF, via Wikipedia].
Further exploring the radio-related theme of the last few posts, Rob Holmes—author and co-founder of mammoth—has pointed our attention to something called Project Sanguine, a U.S. Navy program from the 1980s that “would have involved 41 percent of Wisconsin,” turning that state into a giant “antenna farm” capable of communicating with what Wikipedia calls “deeply-submerged submarines.”
Each individual antenna would have been “buried five feet deep” in the fertile soil of the Cheese State, the New York Times explains, creating a networked system with nearly 6,000 miles’ worth of cables and receiving stations.
The Navy was hoping, we read, for a system “that could transmit tactical orders one-way to U.S. nuclear submarines anywhere in the world, and survive a direct nuclear attack.” This would “normally… require an antenna many hundreds of miles in length,” according to the NYT, but Naval strategists soon “realized that a comparable effect could be achieved by using a large volume of the earth’s interior”—that is, “looping currents deep in the Earth”—”as part of the antenna.” The hard and ancient rock of the Laurentian Shield was apparently perfect for this.
[Image: From Roy Johnson, “Project Sanguine,” originally published in The Wisconsin Engineer (November 1969)].
In other words, the bedrock of the Earth itself—not a mere island in the Antarctic—could be turned into a colossal radio station.
A similar system, installed for preliminary tests in North Carolina and Virginia, “apparently flickered lightbulbs in the area and caused spurious ringing of telephones,” like some regional poltergeist or a technical outtake from Cabin in the Woods.
At least two things worth pointing out here are that a “scaled-down version” of Project Sanguine was, in fact, actually constructed, becoming operational in the northern forests of Michigan and Wisconsin from 1989-2004; called Project ELF (for Extremely Low Frequency), it arrived just in time for the Soviet Union to collapse…
[Image: Inside Project Sanguine; photo from Roy Johnson, The Wisconsin Engineer (November 1969)].
…which brings us to the second point worth mentioning: a strangely haunting program known as “The Dead Hand,” a doomsday device constructed by the Soviet Union.
In his Pulitzer Prize-winning book of that title, historian David Hoffman writes about a (still active) weapon of retaliation. The “Dead Hand” was built such that, if nuclear field commanders ever lost touch with military leaders back in Moscow during a time of war, a constellation of cruise missiles would automatically launch. This would happen not in spite of a lack of living military leaders, but precisely because everyone had been killed. That is, a machine would take over—thus the name “dead hand.”
Each cruise missile, however, flying over the lands of the USSR, would emit launch commands to all of the missile silos it passed over. Missile after missile would soon soar—thousands of them—arcing toward the United States, which would soon be obliterated, along with the rest of the world, in a nuclear holocaust controlled and commanded by nothing but preprogrammed machines.
In any case, Project Sanguine was its own version of an end-times radio, an “immense subterranean grid” transmitting to distant submarines by way of the Earth itself, humans using an entire planet as an apocalyptic radio device.
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Nearly a third of all climate-wrecking carbon pollution in the U.S. comes from transportation, mostly from our cars ó and may even be overtaking power plants as the single largest source of carbon emissions. To tackle this threat, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and EPA have proposed regulations that will help get more clean cars on the road and improve transportation infrastructure. But these carbon-cutting initiatives have yet to be finalized ó and can still be weakened. Urge DOT and EPA to curb dangerous carbon pollution from our vehicles by making these landmark new rules as strong as possible.
July 23, 2016 Action Alert ID# 402
Add Your Voice To This Cause In A Matter Of Minutes >>
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The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) supports research into the world's frozen realms: the snow, ice, glacier, frozen ground, and climate interactions that make up Earth's cryosphere. Scientific data, whether taken in the field or relayed from satellites orbiting Earth, form the foundation for the scientific research that informs the world about our planet and our climate systems.
NSIDC manages and distributes scientific data, creates tools for data access, supports data users, performs scientific research, and educates the public about the cryosphere.
NSIDC has been a leader in the field of cryospheric data management since 1976; it is part of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Disclaimer: The National Snow and Ice Data Center is the original source for some content in the Encyclopedia of Earth. The National Snow and Ice Data Center is listed as a content source on each article that uses such content. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited this content or added new information. The use of information from the National Snow and Ice Data Center should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by Encyclopedia of Earth personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
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The use of chemical weapons by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime was finally blown open last week. In a letter to U.S. lawmakers, the White House stated that U.S. intelligence agencies believed “with varying degrees of confidence” that Syria had used the nerve agent sarin on a “small scale.” The letter followed others sent to U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon by Britain and France alleging the use of chemical weapons in Syria, and similar assessments by Israeli military intelligence in the last few weeks.
Still, President Barack Obama’s administration sounded a cautious note. Asked whether Assad crossed the “red line” Obama drew last year that could spur American intervention, a U.S. official replied, “we’re not there yet.” The White House continues to contend that the evidence is not “airtight,” and that it needs further corroboration. In meeting with King Abdullah of Jordan on Friday, Obama stated that “there are a range of questions around how, when, where these weapons may have been used.”
While these are important questions, especially a decade after the intelligence failure in Iraq, the evidence already gathered by Western countries from inside Syria provides significant evidence of chemical-weapons use by the Assad regime. Here is what I have learned about the regime’s use — and logic for the use — of chemical weapons over the past six months.
The Assad regime’s scientists have been experimenting for more than a year with mixtures of toxic and poisonous gasses that could be used to “cleanse areas” of what it calls “terrorists” — the rebel forces it is fighting. Its security and military apparatus has sought to devise methods to use artillery shells or aircraft to deliver chemical weapons in “localized ways” — in areas of one or one and a half square kilometers.
The regime’s logic was that the relentless bombardment of rebel-controlled areas, including in the neighborhoods around the main cities of Aleppo, Homs, and Damascus, had forced most civilians to leave. Civilian casualties, in this warped thinking, could therefore be kept to a minimum if chemical weapons were used in these areas. This was important if the regime was to avoid the attention of the international community, especially the United States, which clearly did not want to intervene in Syria.
I first heard this frightening information in the late summer and fall of last year. It came from a small number of privileged Syrians who often travelled to and from Damascus. I had gotten to know and trust them, especially as their information was often corroborated later by other sources and events. All spoke often to current and former senior security officers and regime personalities from the Assad regime’s feared security forces, including the presidential guard, Syrian military intelligence, and Syrian air force intelligence — people they had known in some cases since childhood.
Listening to them, it was clear to me that the regime had the intention to use these horrendous weapons — and that it would do so as it came under further pressure in key strategic areas, especially the major cities in the west of the country.
According to my interlocutors, Assad and those closest to him had been emboldened by the international community’s weak response to his bloody military campaign. The United Nations claimed in February that the death toll from the fighting in Syria was well over 70,000 people, while, during that same month, a lieutenant from Syrian military intelligence informed one of my Syrian interlocutors that the regime estimated that around 85,000 civilians had been killed, with many more thousands “missing.”
Successive statements from Obama and senior U.S. officials, these interlocutors said, had been interpreted by the regime as a “green light” to continue its campaign. The exclusive focus on political and diplomatic solutions, as well as the international community’s rising fear of Islamic jihadists, further reinforced the regime’s belief that “the U.S. and its Western allies did not mind the current military operations,” according to a retired general in Damascus. “Like any war, there are political and diplomatic efforts, while it is the winner that dictates terms in the end.”
In the eyes of the regime, therefore, Obama’s “red line” prohibiting the use of chemical weapons — first drawn last August, in the midst of an election campaign — had to be tested.
[On the possibility of ongoing secret negotiations between the U.S. and North Korea] I am always wondering if my chain is being yanked. It could also mean Kim is trying to undermine Moon, who positions himself as a broker between the U.S. and North Korea. These two potential explanations are not mutually exclusive.
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As the volumes of data used in businesses grows, getting data suitably annotated and tagged to train machine learning models is an enormous challenge.
Businesses that want to increase profits using machine learning and artificial intelligence must pay attention to the accuracy of the data labeling process.
While many are conscious of how the convenience and speed that machine learning offers can help make their business operations more efficient, less attention has been given to the losses that could be incurred if their data sets have been labeled with poor accuracy.
See also: Data Annotation Feeds the AI Beast
Machine learning is not magic. It’s a technical process that involves developing a model through pattern recognition, and the phrase “garbage in, garbage out” has never been more relevant than in the case of machine learning. Simply put, poorly labeled data results in a model that makes a higher number of mistakes, resulting in losses.
One of the most crucial potential losses is, of course, monetary loss. For example, if a model that has been trained to detect ripe apples in an orchard does not meet the acceptable accuracy levels, it is much more likely to miss ripe apples that should be picked. In the United Kingdom, there have already been losses of roughly 16 million apples in 2019 due to a lack of harvesting capabilities.
These are apples that could have been sold for profit. For smallholder farmers, losses like these could make or break their operations, especially if their ability to provide a constant supply to supermarkets comes into question.
Farmers who are at risk of losing their contracts with buyers would likely decide to switch to a different computer vision company that would be able to provide machines with higher accuracy levels. They would need a service provider who can guarantee a high level of accuracy of at least 85% to 95%.
In order to achieve this, it’s vital for a service provider to obtain high accuracy training data sets. Having access to this will allow the company to establish its reputation as one that can provide highly accurate algorithms for highly accurate machines.
Companies that fail to do this would likely lose out on business that goes to their competitors with more accurately trained models. It’s an opportunity cost that would very easily be avoided by simply having high quality labeled data.
Common Reasons for Low Accuracy Labelled Data
To understand what constitutes high-quality data, one must first grasp how data annotation is conducted and the issues that lead to inaccurately labeled data sets.
At this early stage of machine learning, the initial processing of data is manual and may involve actions like data annotation, data transcription, and sentiment tagging. This is work that is conducted by humans and is a laborious task that requires immense attention to detail.
Besides putting a strain on the labeler’s cognitive load, the process also leaves room for prejudicial bias that occurs due to stereotype influences or cultural contexts. As data volume grows, the difficulties in catching mistakes only increases.
Therefore, it’s important to have data labeling standard operating procedures that are compliant with quality control best practices.
Obtaining High Accuracy Training Data Sets
Some businesses may consider having their in-house team working on data labeling as an effective quality assurance measure, especially because the team is more likely to be familiar with the materials being labeled. But high-quality data labeling is not always correlated to familiarity.
More often, it’s about the ability to set up stringent workflows and rigorous quality control methods. Setting these up is not always cost-efficient and may not be the best use of human resources that could be better spent on the actual development of algorithms.
The more efficient solution is to look for a dedicated data labeling partner that provides high quality, accurate training data sets to use for training AI and machine learning models.
A suitable partner should have a team comprising individuals that have been hand-picked and trained to deliver high precision. They should also have a workflow that takes into consideration issues such as the quality of collected data, prejudicial bias, and a review system that is rigorous enough to attain high levels of accuracy.
Companies that specialize in data labeling would have quality assurance measures already in place to do this and would be able to set up ground truth and consensus scoring processes to ensure that their data annotators perform at the highest levels.
For a business to succeed with machine learning, high-quality data is crucial. But if it wants to scale, if it wants to get to the next level, having a strong partner is imperative.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
A dark-skinned person, especially one from northern Africa.
archaic a Black African or other person with dark skin
[C16: see Black, Moor]
a person with very dark skin.
[1540–50; unexplained variant of phrase black Moor]
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||blackamoor - a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa)|
individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"
Africa - the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean
Negress - a Black woman or girl
Black man - a man who is Black
Black woman - a woman who is Black
jigaboo, nigga, nigger, nigra, coon, spade - (ethnic slur) extremely offensive name for a Black person; "only a Black can call another Black a nigga"
Tom, Uncle Tom - (ethnic slur) offensive and derogatory name for a Black man who is abjectly servile and deferential to Whites
ethnic slur - a slur on someone's race or language
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blackamoor
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Staff at the University of South Dakota and Sanford Health are closely monitoring the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. Although this is a very serious outbreak in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea and there are cases in Nigeria, the risk of acquiring infection in the United States is considered very low. The possibility remains, however, for travelers who are returning from impacted areas to become ill once they re-enter the United States.
The University will provide updated information about the Ebola virus to the University community when there is new information that could potentially impact faculty, staff and students. Sanford Vermillion Clinic USD Student Health is educating staff about the signs and symptoms of Ebola virus disease and the appropriate infection control precautions to take in order to effective work with patients who may come to USD Student Health with symptoms or call for an appointment.
Ebola is a virus. Symptoms include: fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, rashes and abnormal bleeding. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to Ebola, though 8-10 days is most common.
The CDC has posted Warning Level 3 Travel Notices recommending that people avoid non-essential travel to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone at this time. We advise that education-related travel to these countries be postponed until further notice.
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It’s been a tough week as I started teaching an intensive course to 10 and 12-year-olds on the topic of music. I’m making all the class materials myself. There is one more week to go and I thought of designing some conversation cards around the topics that I introduced in the classroom to help me with the revision. We talked about types of music, various artists, musical instruments and the materials they are made of.
So… if you teach a similar class, maybe the conversation cards below will come in handy.: )
Let me know!
Download the conversation cards here: Let’s Talk About Music.
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While baby bird season is beginning to wind down, we are still receiving Mockingbirds, Blue Jays and Dove. The pictured Mockingbird is a fledgling. From hatching of an altricial species to the unfurling of enough flight feathers to flutter short distances is considered the nestling stage. Babies are completely dependent on the parents at this stage for nourishment, warmth and protection. Once they fledge, the young will continue to beg for food, but will begin to search for food on their own. Within a few days they are flying well and feeding themselves.
Precocial species like Killdeer, chickens and ducks are mobile and self-feeding shortly after hatching. They require mom’s protection and guidance to find good sources of food. They will hang together as a group until the young are flying well. Then the group will disperse.
Raptors, especially the larger owls have an additional development phase called branchling that occurs between nestling and fledgling. Branchling babies can’t really fly yet, but they leave the nest and spread out along the nearby branches. They continue to be fed by the parents and strengthen their wings by vigorous flapping. They begin to experiment with flight by jumping and fluttering between branches.
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We are never 100% prepared, no matter how cautious we are, as system vulnerabilities will always exist, and cybercriminals will always be on the lookout, hoping to detect that security breach. We are in a constant state of cyber threats.
The more sophisticated the technology, the more challenging it is for the cybercriminal, who is always prepared to attack, so let’s not make the road easy. There are some measures that can be taken to prevent or attempt to prevent a cyber attack.
Some Measures To Protect Our Equipment
The first thing we must do is protect our equipment, and this is done through the update. Always keep all the equipment updated, although we think that doing so often is not necessary; on the contrary, in each update, there are improvements in security.
Very important is to have a good Antivirus and Antimalware, which are supported by the community when it comes to detecting malicious files.
Something relevant to the security of our data is passwords; they must be safe and strong. Never put our names, or our pet’s or phone numbers or dates of birth, it seems obvious to recommend, but sometimes we think so quickly in choosing a password, that we go by the easiest. Sometimes we use a password for everything so as not to have to memorize many, and that puts our information at risk, especially if we link bank cards. It is recommended to mix numbers and letters, upper and lower case and symbols.
Using security protocols is an essential step; otherwise, file transfers to a server can become completely vulnerable. One way to facilitate the attack is to send data through unknown sources or untrustworthy sites.
Always check the authenticity of links and profiles. Something common today is the attack through “phishing,” which attempts to acquire confidential information fraudulently, usually through email. In social networks, fake profiles are created with the purpose of capturing personal data or confidential information of the user, in order to deceive.
Avoid delivering personal data, especially on social networks and non-trustworthy websites. And if it is imperative that you do so, take all the precautions of the case.
Do not download pirated content, and this is very easy to do since there are numerous options to download software or multimedia files on the network, with the best music or movies. They are a favorite source to try to place malicious programs in the system and thus carry out an attack. It is always necessary to verify that the website is not suspicious.
It is essential to make a backup, to recover the lost information in case of a cyber attack. In the long run, it will be appreciated to have that support.
Something very important is to report any suspicious page or any content that is not appropriate to the relevant authorities. Thus we help prevent them from continuing to commit cybercrime.…
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is an evidence-based approach and its effectiveness has been supported by hundreds of clinical trials for many different disorders. CBT is recommended by National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines, which means that the use of CBT for the treatment of a range of difficulties is the standards set out by the government.
More about CBT
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) looks at how your thoughts, feelings and behaviours impact each other and maintain difficulties.
Using a fictious example:
Joe has a fear of the dentist. When he considers going to the dentist he thinks “I won’t be able to cope with that, I will run out mid-way through. People will see how nervous I am and think I am being silly.” Joe feels afraid, and avoids talking about the dentist, thinking about the dentist and he also avoids going to the dentist. Joe’s phobia causes much distress and stops Joe from receiving dental treatment.
The initial stages in CBT is to build a shared understanding of the problem in terms of thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Consequently, Joe and his therapist would consider the way Joe thinks, feels and what he does, or does not do in relation to his difficulties. This can be ‘mapped out’ in a diagram such as the one below.
Joe's vicious cycle map
The ‘three area model’ depicted in the diagram above,’ is a simple yet highly effective way of making sense of distress. CBT therapists have knowledge surrounding wide range of these models. The effectiveness of these models in relation to understanding distress, have been supported by scientific evidence. Nevertheless, CBT therapist are trained to help you understand your distress in a way that makes sense to you. This understanding provides a platform for you and your therapist to find ways for you to move forwards with your life.
People are very complex and we can ALL engage in a range of ‘vicious cycles.’ Some cycles can be helpful, and some not so helpful. Therefore, during the initial stages of your treatment, you will be asked what you want to achieve from the sessions, what your goals are. Treatment goals are a central part of CBT and helpful for a range of reasons. Goals can ensure that you are getting want you want out of the sessions, and they can also help you and the therapist to focus on one specific area at a time, thus maximising the benefits to you.
CBT is a ‘collaborative therapy.’ Your therapist will work with you to develop a new understanding of your distress, and new and more helpful, ways to move forward. New and more helpful thoughts and behaviours may be strengthened or tested out by experiments. Whatever treatment strategies are agreed, they will be agreed together between you and your therapist.
CBT is ‘time-limited,’ usually lasting between 6 and 20 sessions. This however depends on what you feel is right for you. CBT aims for you to learn specific skills that you can use for the rest of your life
For more information on CBT can be found by clicking on the following link which will take you to the NHS information page:
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Encyclopedia and Handbook Articles
Cognitive Linguistics. 2016. In Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press.
Time. 2015. In Cognitive Linguistics Handbook. Ed. by Ewa Dabowska and Dagmar Divjak. Mouton de Gruyter.
Word Meaning. 2010. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences, edited by Patrick Colm Hogan.
This encyclopaedia entry provides an introduction to some of the central concerns relating to both the nature and study of word meaning, including cognitive linguistic approaches.
Cognitive Linguistics. 2010. In The Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, ed. by L. Cummings. Published by Routledge.
The encyclopaedia entry provides an overview of cognitive linguistics as it bears on issues relevant to the study of pragmatics.
The Evolution of Semantics. 2005. In Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, ed. K. Brown.
This article is concerned with the evolution of semantic knowledge. Semantic knowledge relates to the linguistic ability to encode and externalise humanly-relevant concepts, and combinations of concepts. This article explores the evolution of knowledge of this kind from two perspectives. The first examines possible cognitive pre-adaptations for the emergence of semantic knowledge. These include the evolution of voluntary motor control, the evolution of intention-reading abilities and the relationship between personality traits and language. The second examines the nature and range of semantic structure, and the kinds of conceptual mechanisms which underpin this knowledge and their possible evolutionary basis.
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https://www.vyvevans.net/encyclopedia-handbook
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Pituitaritis is an inflammatory lesion of the pituitary gland, often having an autoimmune character. Among the clinical manifestations, cephalgia, visual impairment, and symptoms of hypopituitarism come to the fore. Diagnostics includes a study of hormone levels, an antibody test, an ophthalmological examination, a cerebral MRI, and, if possible, a histology of a biopsy sample. Conservative methods of treatment include the use of corticosteroids and cytostatic drugs, hormone replacement therapy. If they are ineffective, surgical resection or stereotactic surgery is indicated.
E23 Hypofunction and other pituitary disorders
The term “pituitaritis” unites all inflammatory diseases of the pituitary gland. A detailed description of the granulomatous form was made in 1917 by the German physician and pathologist Morris Simmonds. The description of the lymphocytic form was presented in 1962. The number of cases of pituitaritis recorded during the year does not exceed 1 in 7-9 million people. Pathology accounts for less than 1% of all pituitary diseases. According to various data, in 8-20% of cases it is observed against the background of autoimmune diseases. With lymphocytic pituitaritis, the incidence of women is 3 times higher than that of men.
The etiological triggers of the primary form of the disease are not exactly known. It is assumed that the dysfunction of the immune system can be caused by harmful environmental influences: chemicals, increased insolation, viruses, bacterial toxins. The role of genetic factors cannot be excluded. According to researchers, hereditary predisposition is associated with alleles HLA DR4, HLA DR5, HLA DQ8, HLA DR53.
Secondary pituitaritis develops as a result of damage to the pituitary region by various pathological processes. The etiofactors of pituitary inflammation are:
- Cellaric formations. The most commonly observed cyst of the Ratke pocket, germinoma, adenoma, craniopharyngioma. Volumetric processes of the chiasmal-cellular zone, sprouting and /or squeezing the pituitary gland, provoke its inflammation.
- Autoimmune pathology. Systemic diseases such as Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoidosis, Takayasu’s disease, histiocytosis, occur due to autoimmune disorders. The systematic nature of the process leads to the formation of antibodies against pituitary antigens.
- Infectious diseases. Tuberculosis, viral diseases on the background of immunodeficiency, syphilis can lead to damage to pituitary cells. Pathogens are able to overcome the blood-brain barrier with the development of infectious inflammation of the pituitary tissues.
- Immunomodulatory therapy. The use of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of malignant tumors in some cases provokes autoimmune processes, including pituitary gland damage. Pituitaritis occurs several months after the start of antitumor immunotherapy.
The autoimmune mechanism is characteristic of primary forms, secondary lesions on the background of autoimmune diseases, the intake of immuno-oncological pharmaceuticals. At the same time, pathological changes in the immune system are accompanied by the synthesis of antibodies against the pituitary cells’ own antigens. Autoantibodies affect cellular structures, causing an inflammatory reaction.
Neoplasms of the cellular region provoke inflammatory changes due to compression or tissue damage during the spread of the tumor process. Infectious agents, damaging cells, trigger a humoral immune mechanism that leads to the development of inflammation. Morphologically, the result of the inflammatory process is swelling, cellular infiltration and heterogeneity of pituitary tissues.
Over time, an inflammatory lesion leads to a decrease in the number of hormone-producing cells, which is accompanied by a violation of certain endocrine functions or panhypopituitarism. In a number of patients, the phenomenon of hyperprolactinemia is observed, presumably due to antibody-mediated activation of prolactin synthesizing cells, damage to dopamine receptors with a decrease in its inhibitory effect.
Etiopathogenetically, pituitaritis is divided into primary, occurring idiopathically, and secondary — occurring against the background of an existing underlying disease. There are also 2 morphological classifications: anatomical and histological. According to the first one , they distinguish:
- Adenohypophysitis is a lesion of only the anterior lobe. It accounts for about 65% of all cases.
- Infundibuloneirohypophysitis — inflammation spreads to the legs and neurohypophysis. It is observed in 10% of cases.
- Panhypophysitis — inflammatory changes cover all parts of the pituitary gland. It occurs in 25% of patients.
Microscopic examination makes it possible to identify various types of changes occurring in the pituitary gland, in connection with which a histological classification was developed. It is widely used to verify the diagnosis in patients who have undergone surgical treatment, and includes the following options:
- Lymphocytic. It is diagnosed in 68% of patients with pituitary. Lymphocytes predominate in the cellular infiltrate. It is characterized by the appearance of symptoms during pregnancy or in the first months after childbirth.
- Granulomatous. It ranks second in prevalence after lymphocytic. Along with lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cellular elements are found in inflammatory tissues.
- Xanthomatous. It is about 3%. Typically, an increased content of lipids in the pituitary tissues, the formation of fatty inclusions.
- IgG4 is associated. The inflammatory infiltrate contains a large number of IgG4-positive plasmocytes. In the later stages, fibrosis develops.
- Necrotizing. It differs in the presence of necrosis sites. Difficult differentiation of necrotizing pituitaritis from secondary, caused by a cyst of the pituitary course.
- Mixed. It is a variable combination of various histological forms. It is quite rare.
The disease manifests with general cerebral symptoms in the form of cephalgic syndrome and visual function disorder associated with compression of the visual tracts by an enlarged pituitary gland. The headache is permanent, accompanied by nausea. More than 50% of patients report vomiting. Neuro-ophthalmological symptoms include decreased visual acuity, impaired color perception, narrowing or loss of visual fields. With secondary pituitaritis, manifestations of the underlying disease are observed.
As the severity of inflammation fades and its transition to the chronic stage, symptoms of pituitary insufficiency begin. The nature of endocrine dysfunction depends on the etiology and form of pituitaritis. Adenohypophysitis and pangypophysitis occur with a deficiency of ACTH, thyrotropin, gonadotropins. Hypocorticism leads to weight loss, hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, asthenia. Reduced production of thyrotropin leads to hypothyroidism, manifested by dry skin, bradycardia, memory impairment.
Hypogonadism causes a decrease in libido, in women — menstrual disorders up to amenorrhea. In 23% of cases of adenohypophysitis, hyperprolactinemia is observed, accompanied by galactorrhea. An obligatory symptom of infundibuloneirohypophysitis is diabetes insipidus, manifested by insatiable thirst, polyuria. With pangypophysitis, pangypopituitarism is noted.
A formidable complication of hypocorticism is acute adrenal insufficiency, which without timely medical care can lead to death. Polyuria in diabetes insipidus is complicated by dehydration, increased blood viscosity, and electrolyte imbalance. In the absence of treatment, severe dehydration threatens the development of collapse, heart failure. Progressive hypogonadism is complicated by infertility.
When collecting anamnesis, attention is paid to the recent weight loss, the presence of concomitant pathology, the passage of antitumor immunotherapy. A general examination reveals dryness and hyperpigmentation of the skin. After consultation with a neurologist and an endocrinologist, patients are recommended:
- Ophthalmological examination. Includes visual acuity assessment, ophthalmoscopy, perimetry. Examination of the visual fields diagnoses their narrowing. Ophthalmoscopy is performed to exclude other ophthalmological pathology.
- Immunological studies. Antibodies to pituitary structures are detected using enzyme immunoassay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. The presence of antibodies confirms autoimmune changes, but is not specific to the pituitary gland.
- Hormonal studies. The study of pituitary and peripheral hormones diagnoses their partial or total decrease. The exception is prolactin, the level of which is increased in some patients.
- MRI of the brain. In the phase of acute inflammation, an increase, heterogeneity of the structure, blurring of the contours of the pituitary gland, thickening of the funnel is visualized. When the process becomes chronic, fibrosis and a decrease in the pituitary gland are detected.
- Histology of the biopsy. Histopathological verification of pituitary tissue samples remains the gold standard for pituitary diagnosis. However, the complexity and invasiveness of the procedure limit its use.
Pituitaritis should be differentiated from pituitary tumors, Sheehan syndrome. MRI signs may be similar to neoplasms, the asymmetry of the lesion indicates in favor of the tumor. Unlike neoplasms, pituitaritis starts with adrenal insufficiency, followed by the addition of deficiency of other hormones. Like lymphocytic pituitaritis, Sheehan’s syndrome manifests in the postpartum period. However, it is characterized by a lack of lactation. The MRI images show swelling of the chiasm, hemorrhagic foci in the pituitary gland.
Basic medical treatment is aimed at relieving the inflammatory process, compensating for the missing endocrine function. The rarity of the disease, the lack of a wide sample to obtain reliable clinical data leads to the lack of clear recommendations on the choice and dosage of the drugs used. Treatment is prescribed individually, includes 2 main components:
- Immunosuppression. It is necessary for the relief of autoimmune mechanisms underlying pituitaritis. It is used during an acute inflammatory reaction. It is recommended to start treatment with glucocorticoids, with the ineffectiveness of which to proceed to the appointment of cytostatics.
- Hormone therapy. It is of a substitutive nature. The selection of the drug and dose is carried out individually, in accordance with the level of hormones. First of all, correction of hypocorticism is necessary. Replacement therapy of hypogonadism is carried out in the chronic phase.
The indication for surgery is a pronounced compression of the visual pathways and chiasm resistant to drug therapy, clinically manifested by visual disorders. Partial resection of the pituitary gland by transsphenoidal access is performed. Important attention is paid to the removal of inflammatory masses with gentle resection of viable areas. In the postoperative period, glucocorticoid therapy is recommended.
The recurrence of pituitaritis, which is not amenable to conservative treatment, is an indication for stereotactic radiosurgery. Targeted radiation therapy is a modern minimally invasive intervention widely used in practical neurosurgery. After the destructive effects of radiation, replacement therapy may be required.
Prognosis and prevention
The positive effect of immunosuppressive therapy is observed in 40-50% of patients. In some cases, complete restoration of hormone-producing function is possible. Relapse was observed in 38% of patients after drug treatment. The recurrence rate after surgery is 11-25%. Due to the unclear etiology, prevention of primary pituitaritis is difficult. Prevention of secondary forms is based on the treatment of causal disease.
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America's troubled alliance with Ukraine
How did the U.S. become so involved with this former Soviet republic? Here's everything you need to know:
How did modern Ukraine emerge?
Ukraine's history is intertwined with Russia's. Both cultures descend from the medieval Slavic empire Kievan Rus, founded by Vikings in the 9th century with a capital where Kyiv stands today. After the empire was overrun by Mongol invaders in the 13th century, the Rus leadership moved northeastward, to a small trading outpost called Moscow. The lands around Kyiv were carved up by competing powers, who prized the fertile plains and rich, dark soil that later earned Ukraine the nickname "the breadbasket of Europe." Poland and Lithuania dominated the country for hundreds of years, but by the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire had taken the eastern lands, while the western were controlled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire — a division that resonates to this day. Both empires collapsed at the end of World War I, and in 1917 a Ukrainian state was declared, but it was quickly swallowed by the communist Soviet Union. It was only in 1991, after the Soviet Union dissolved, that the modern borders of Ukraine were established. Russia has never really accepted Ukraine's independence, and Ukraine has been careening between pro-Western and pro-Russian leaders ever since.
Why do Russians still see it as theirs?
The cultural and Orthodox religious ties between the two peoples go back centuries. But perhaps more importantly, Russia has no natural mountain or river borders to protect its western front, and it has long seen Ukraine as a vital strategic buffer. "Russia without Ukraine is a country," explains Daniel Drezner, an international politics professor at Tufts University. "Russia with Ukraine is an empire." Russian President Vladimir Putin wants at all costs to keep Ukraine out of the European Union and NATO, and he has used Ukraine's dependence on Russian natural gas as a weapon — cutting off supplies in 2006 as Ukrainians froze in the winter cold. Ukraine is bitterly divided between Ukrainian speakers in the west, who mostly want to align their country with the West, and Russian speakers in the east.
Why did the U.S. get involved?
Since 1991, the U.S. has sought to guarantee Ukraine's independence and security, seeing it as a key bridge between East and West. When the USSR dissolved, Ukraine inherited the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world, with some 1,900 strategic nuclear weapons pointed at the United States. Keen to avoid a proliferation of nuclear powers, the U.S., U.K., and Russia in 1994 signed the Budapest Memorandum, which transferred the weapons to Russia in exchange for a commitment by Washington, Moscow, and London to "respect the independence and sovereignty and existing borders of Ukraine" and to "refrain from the threat or use of force" against it. Russia continued meddling in Ukrainian politics, though, and overtly broke the treaty in 2014.
What did Russia do?
Ukraine's 2004 election was a showdown between pro-Western Viktor Yushchenko and pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych. During the campaign, Yushchenko was disfigured by dioxin poisoning widely attributed to Russia, and after the vote was rigged for Yanukovych, Ukrainians rose up in the Orange Revolution, which culminated in a revote and a victory for Yushchenko. In the 2010 election, though, Yanukovych came roaring back to win the presidency with the help of both Russia and American political consultant Paul Manafort. In 2013, Moscow forced Yanukovych to cancel the country's bid to move closer to the EU, leading to an uprising that forced Yanukovych out. In the tumult that ensued, Russia invaded and annexed Crimea and later sent troops into Ukraine's eastern regions to start a separatist war. The Obama administration punished Russia with sanctions, but chose not to send weapons to Ukraine out of fear of triggering a larger war.
How is the war going?
Armed by Russia and supported by Russian paramilitaries, two Russian-speaking Ukrainian regions collectively called the Donbass declared independence in 2014 and have been fighting with Ukraine ever since. An estimated 13,000 people have been killed and some 1.5 million displaced. In 2018, then–national security adviser H.R. McMaster and other aides persuaded a reluctant President Trump to send $400 million in military aid to Kyiv, including counter-artillery radar systems and Javelin anti-tank missiles. Without that aid, Mariya Omelicheva of the Pentagon's National Defense University told The Atlantic, the 300-mile-long front line in the eastern Donbass region "would have been moved further west into Ukraine, and Russia-backed rebels would have controlled more Ukrainian territory." That's why the possibility of U.S. aid being held up — the subject of the impeachment inquiry — is so important to Ukraine. Ukraine's new president, Volodymyr Zelensky, finds himself caught in a struggle between Democrats and Trump — who has reportedly been echoing Vladimir Putin's claim that Ukraine is corrupt and "not a real country."
Americans cash in
As Ukraine emerged from communism and struggled to build a rule-of-law economy, politically connected Americans saw ways to make money. Paul Manafort, President Trump's former campaign manager, earned at least $13 million — and possibly much more — working for pro-Russian Ukrainian oligarchs. His consultancy for a pro-Russian party that tried to undermine the U.S. alliance with Ukraine was crucial to the triumph of Yanukovych in the 2010 election. Manafort is now serving 7½ years in prison for tax fraud over those earnings. Joe Biden's son Hunter joined the board of Burisma, a Ukrainian gas company, in 2014 at a reported salary of tens of thousands of dollars a month, although there is no indication that either Biden broke any laws. Rudy Giuliani, meanwhile, the president's personal lawyer, had a 2017 security-consulting contract with the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv, and in 2018 he began working with two Soviet-born American executives, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, Republican donors who wanted to sell gas to Ukraine. Federal prosecutors have indicted Parnas and Fruman for illegal campaign contributions and are now reportedly investigating whether Giuliani "stood to profit personally from a Ukrainian natural-gas business" pushed by those two men.
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The construction of new substations and the expansion of existing facilities are commonplace projects in electric utilities. However, due to the complexity, very few utility employees are familiar with the complete process that allows these projects to be successfully completed.
This article will attempt to highlight the major issues associated with these capital-intensive construction projects, and provide a basic understanding of the types of issues that must be addressed during this process.
There are four major types of electric substations.
The first type is the switchyard at a generating station. These facilities connect the generators to the utility grid and also provide off-site power to the plant. Generator switchyards tend to be large installations that are typically engineered and constructed by the power plant designers and are subject to planning, finance, and construction efforts different from those of routine substation projects. Because of their special nature, the creation of power plant switchyards will not be discussed here, but the expansion and modification of these facilities generally follow the routine processes.
Another type of substation is typically known as the customer substation. This type of substation functions as the main source of electric power supply for one particular business customer. The technical requirements and the business case for this type of facility depend highly on the customer’s requirements, more so than on utility needs, so this type of station will also not be the primary focus of this discussion.
The third type of substation involves the transfer of bulk power across the network and is referred to as a switching station. These large stations typically serve as the end points for transmission lines originating from generating switchyards, and they provide the electrical power for circuits that feed distribution stations. They are integral to the long-term reliability and integrity of the electric system and enable large blocks of energy to be moved from the generators to the load centers. Since these switching stations are strategic facilities and usually very expensive to construct and maintain, these substations will be one of the major focuses of this article.
The fourth type of substation is the distribution substation. These are the most common facilities in electric power systems and provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric customers.
They are typically located close to the load centers, meaning that they are usually located in or near the neighborhoods that they supply, and are the stations most likely to be encountered by the customers. Since the construction of distribution stations creates the majority of projects in utility substation construction budgets, these facilities will be the other major focus of this article.
An active planning process is necessary to develop the business case for creating a substation or making major modifications. Planners, operating and maintenance personnel, asset managers, and design engineers are among the various employees typically involved in considering such issues in substation design as load growth, system stability, system reliability, and system capacity, and their evaluations determine the need for new or improved substation facilities. Customer requirements, such as a new factory, etc., should be considered as well as customer relations and complaints.
In some instances, political factors also influence this process, such as when reliability is a major issue. At this stage, the elements of the surrounding area are defined and assessed, and a required in-service date is established. The planning process produces a basic outline of what is required in what area.
Having established the broad requirements for the new station — such as voltages, capacity, number of feeders, etc. — the issue of funding must be addressed. This is typically when real estate investigations of available sites begin, since site size and location can significantly affect the cost of the facility. Preliminary equipment layouts and engineering evaluations are also undertaken at this stage in order to develop ballpark costs, which then have to be evaluated in the corporate budgetary justification system.
Preliminary manpower forecasts for all disciplines involved in the engineering and construction of the substation should be undertaken, including identification of the nature and extent of any work that the utility may need to contract out.
This budgeting process will involve evaluation of the project in light of corporate priorities and provide a general overview of cost and other resource requirements. Note that this process may be an annual occurrence. Any projects in which monies have yet to be spent are generally reevaluated during every budget cycle.
Once the time has arrived for work to proceed on the project, the process of obtaining funding for the project must be started. Preliminary detailed designs are required in order to develop firm pricing.
Coordination between business units is necessary to develop accurate costs and to develop a realistic schedule. This may involve detailed manpower forecasting in many areas. The resource information has to be compiled in the format necessary to be submitted to the corporate capital estimate system, and internal presentations must be conducted to sell the project to all levels of management.
Sometimes it may be necessary to obtain funding to develop the capital estimate. This may be the case when the cost to develop the preliminary designs is beyond normal departmental budgets, or if unfamiliar technology is expected to be implemented. This can also occur on large, complex projects or when a major portion of the work will be contracted.
It may also be necessary to obtain early partial funding in cases where expensive, long-lead-time equipment may need to be purchased, such as large power transformers.
SOURCE: James C. Burke; Anne-Marie Sahazizian – How Substation Happens
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Students and professors at University of North Carolina Wilmington have a small contraption that they believe can simultaneously solve environmental and economic issues by turning plastic, a pollutant, into oil, a commodity. Now, those involved with the project are working to convince local business leaders and government officials to implement the concept.
The piece of equipment is called a tabletop depolymerizer, and UNCW is the first university to receive one, said Scott Davis, Plastic Ocean Project business development intern. The college partnered on the research with national nonprofit Plastic Ocean Project and PK Clean, the makers of the technology.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports, “In the United States, plastics are not made from crude oil. They are manufactured from hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL) and natural gas. HGL are byproducts of petroleum refining and natural gas processing. These liquids are used as feedstocks by petrochemical manufacturers to make plastic and are used as fuels in the manufacturing process.”
Plastic Ocean Project executive director Bonnie Monteleone was the driving force behind UNCW acquiring the technology, Davis added. Monteleone, who also works in the chemistry department at UNCW, has completed countless expeditions to gather data and marine plastic.
The equipment’s location at UNCW means not only can Monteleone use it, but grad students and members of the college’s chapter of Plastic Ocean Project can too. Currently, Davis said, they are working to figure out what type of plastic creates what type of oil — and, subsequently, how each type of oil can be used. They’ve been able to form oil out of all types of plastic except PVC.
The technology hasn’t caught on yet because earlier versions made by other companies yielded a toxic byproduct, Davis said, and there hasn’t previously been data to prove a return on investment.
He hopes municipalities will take interest in PK Clean’s large-scale unit, which can process 10 tons of mixed recycling daily. Local industries showing interest in the technology are asphalt and petrochemical, he said. Davis and Monteleone are also spreading the word around campus, holding informational events April 4, and April 5 they presented the equipment and research to a few of the New Hanover County Commissioners.
Plastic Ocean Project’s main mission is keeping plastic out of the ocean, which PK Clean’s new technology would do. Plastic Ocean Project estimates there are 600 million pounds of plastic in the ocean, where it can be consumed by marine life.
PK Clean’s technology would also keep plastic out of landfills. Three hundred million tons of plastics are produced globally each year, brochures distributed during the April 4 meeting stated, yet only about 10 percent is recycled. Davis said there’s just not enough motivation to recycle.
One problem for consumers is convenience — there aren’t always nearby recycling bins and some municipalities, like Davis’ Wrightsville Beach community, don’t offer curbside recycling. For municipalities, the issue is economic.
“Right now, New Hanover County is losing about $40 per ton of plastic that they collect out of the recycling stream because as oil prices drop, plastic waste loses value,” Davis said.
PK Clean’s data shows the large-scale unit, with the ability to process 10 tons daily, will pay for itself in less than three years.
Davis believes if people and municipalities know their recycling efforts go directly toward creating a valuable commodity like oil, they will be more likely to recycle.
“Once people know that it’s actually going to serve a purpose, create more revenue for municipalities, then you’re much more inclined to throw it in the recycling bin,” he said.
Davis, Monteleone and representatives from PK Clean are working to get others to buy into the concept by appealing to people’s minds and pocketbooks but also to their hearts, by encouraging them to be part of solving what Davis calls the “completely avoidable problem” of plastic pollution.
“Hope, that’s my biggest selling point,” he said.
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The Space Age gave birth to some absolutely beautiful visions of space exploration and life in space — including a ton of lovely artwork from Soviet creators. And one of the most striking Soviet works of space-age futurism came in 1965, in a documentary called Luna or Moon. The whole beautiful thing is online, with restored color.
As New Statesman explains, this is the work of Pavel Klushantsev, a Soviet artist and film-maker (we feature some of his art in the gallery linked above.) They add:
Klushantsev was a documentarian with a background in special effects and an obsession with the utopian possibilities of space travel, and he combined the two in a series of films in the 1950s and 60s that beautifully illustrated what he thought the future of humanity in space would look like. The first half of Luna is factual, featuring Soviet rocket and space scientists talking about what we knew of the Moon at the time, from mountains to craters, ancient volcanism to whether the surface is solid or covered in fine dust. (We now know that it is, but not so deep that a spacecraft cannot land in it.) There's a great bit starting at 22 minutes showing what happened to the Soviet Union's Luna 1 and Luna 2 probes, too, which were fired at the Moon directly and took some of our first good close-up photographs of the lunar surface. (Luna 1 was another Soviet space first - by missing the Moon it became the first human-made object to enter into orbit around the Sun.)
Yet it's the second half that's truly fantastic. Leonov's spacewalk segues into animated sequences showing how rockets might carry dogs and humans to the Moon, and then... we're there.
Some of the visuals of people walking (and living) on the Moon are absolutely beautiful, in a very 1960s retrofuturist way. There are some lovely screencaps at the New Statesman article. And the film also includes this rare color footage of the first ever spacewalk:
The whole thing (in Russian) is worth watching, especially the second half with the actual Moonbase stuff. [New Statesman]
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Frequently Asked Questions
Q: How are trustees appointed?
The main ways in which a trustee can be appointed are through the express terms of a trust instrument, statute or by court appointment.
Trust instrument: trustees appointed by trust can be referred to as ‘original trustees’, and it’s not uncommon for the trust instrument to have provisions detailing when and how a trustee can be appointed.
Statutory power: in the absence of an express power of appointment in a trust instrument, statute allows for a trustee to be appointed, the circumstances in which the appointment can be made, along with the class of persons who can be appointed.
Court appointment: statute grants the courts power to appoint, remove or replace trustees if satisfied that such an action is in the best interests of the beneficiary, or necessary to advance the purposes of the trust. Courts will take into consideration the welfare of the beneficiary when making an appointment, and look into whether the trust property is safe. Finally, the trust property is to be executed in a way that will best serve the interests of beneficiaries.
Remember, a trust will not fail for want of a trustee.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to castling: en passant
a. A large fortified building or group of buildings with thick walls, usually dominating the surrounding country.
b. A fortified stronghold converted to residential use.
c. A large ornate building similar to or resembling a fortified stronghold.
2. A place of privacy, security, or refuge.
3. Games See rook2.
v. cas·tled, cas·tling, cas·tles
To move the king in chess from its own square two empty squares to one side and then, in the same move, bring the rook from that side to the square immediately past the new position of the king.
1. To place in or as if in a castle.
2. Games To move (the king in chess) by castling.
[Middle English castel, from Old English and from Norman French, both from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum; see kes- in Indo-European roots.]
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
(Chess & Draughts) chess the act of moving the king two squares laterally on the first rank and placing the nearest rook on the square passed over by the king, either towards the king's side or the queen's side
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
castling[ˈkɑːslɪŋ] N (Chess) → enroque m
Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005
n (Chess) → Rochade f
Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007
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Choosing a good and appropriate book is the first step and plays an essential role in practicing your reading habits! So how to choose a good book, out of thousands of titles published each month? Find out in the following tips:
Determine in advance the type of book you need
When deciding to buy a book, determine immediately what kind of book you want to buy before you leave your house. Identifying the book you need to buy saves you time in searching. As a result, you can easily choose a good book and the right topic. On the contrary, if you do not know in advance, you will be attracted to different books. Then, you do not know which book to buy, which leads to the purchase of “beautiful but not good” books, not to mention buying without never touched.
Classification of book genres
To choose a good book, you need basic skills in distinguishing different types of books. Books can be divided into technical books, entertainment books, guidebooks, and inspirational books. You need to read professional books when you want to have more specialized knowledge, or read at the request of teachers, read to make presentations, essays.
Entertainment books are novels, classics, horror stories … pure to relax. Instructional books such as “How to get rich quickly”, etc. Depending on your question, these books will give you the correct answer. Inspirational books are “How to Win Friends and Influence People”, “Chicken soup for the soul”, etc. help you to appreciate life and live better every day.
Determine when to buy books
At different times, the need to access knowledge is different. So you need to determine at which point you need to buy. For example: When you are preparing to take the exam, you should buy specialized books to help master the knowledge. Or when you finish the exam, the basic knowledge has been captured, then the advanced book is necessary, helping you to have a broader knowledge base. Of course, if you can read it before the test, the better.
Read the summary of the book
This is the key and most important point to help you choose a good book. But the question is how to grasp the content of a book when our time is not much? The first stage is to read the book’s title and see the table of contents. This helps us know the book as a whole. This answer the question: what is it writing about? The second phase is to skim through the headings of books and look at pictures and pictures in bold. This work helps us to have a more detailed view of the book’s content. This answer the question: How is it written? And the third and final stage, you should read through the articles, the parts you are impressed with. This helps you answer the question: Yes or no?
When the questions were answered: What was the book written? How to write? And yes or no? Then you will know whether you should buy that book or not.
Become a member of Goodreads
Goodreads is a social networking forum for literature lovers. This is where you can keep track of your reading process, your favorite works, authors, and genres; even what your favorite friends and writers are mulling over. This forum can help you to choose a good book by reading some reviews on books, which help you to have an overview of the book you want to buy.
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NdFeB magnets are known as the "king of magnets" because of their excellent magnetic properties, and play a very important role in our daily life. So how do neodymium magnets work in our lives?
Neodymium magnets have the characteristics of small size, light weight and strong magnetic properties, and are currently the most cost-effective magnets. The main raw materials for the production of NdFeB magnets are metal Nd, pure iron, boron-iron alloy and other additives.
A large number of practice and scientific experiments have proved that the high-strength magnetization of NdFeB magnets can change the physical properties of water such as surface tension, density, solubility, etc., and has a significant impact on chemical properties such as acid and alkali.
Magnetized water can increase the activity of enzymes in water and the permeability of biofilms. Regular drinking of this water can strengthen the body, regulate the body's microcirculation system, digestive system, endocrine system and nerve function, improve human immunity, prevent and treat various diseases.
After the water is subjected to high-strength magnetization by neodym magnets, the angle and length of the water molecular bonds are deformed at the same time, and the hydrogen bond angle is reduced from 105° to about 103°. As a result, the physical and chemical properties of water undergo a series of changes, and the activity and solubility of water are greatly improved. The calcium carbonate in the water is decomposed during the cooking process to form a lower soft calcium bicarbonate, which is not easy to accumulate on the wall and is easily taken away by the water.
In addition, the degree of polymerization of water increases, and the dissolved solid matter becomes finer particles. After the particles are refined, the distance between the two particles is small, and it is not easy to condense on the wall, so as to achieve the effect of descaling.
NdFeB magnets are one of the main raw materials for the manufacture of environmentally friendly and energy-saving products, such as the application of NdFeB in automobiles, compressors, wind turbines and other fields.
As an environmentally friendly and energy-saving functional material, NdFeB magnets will be more and more widely used. In an era of increasing energy shortages, converting wind energy into electricity will undoubtedly be supported by government policy.
Wind power has been implemented on a large scale in Europe. The 1MW device used about 1t of NdFeB magnets. Thanks to the rapid growth of the wind power industry, the amount of NdFeB magnets used in wind turbines will also increase rapidly.
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A tricky aspect of English spelling is the question of doubling consonants when words are suffixed. It’s often cited as an example of UK vs US spelling differences – travel, for example, generates traveller and travelling in the UK, traveler and traveling in the US. But many such words are styled the same in both dialects. So what patterns lie behind this?
Fluent speakers of English have a feel for the rules – some of them anyway – even if they’ve never thought about them. They know that nod forms nodded and red redder (doubling the d), yet brood forms brooded and dead deader (no doubling). Turning flop into an adjective by adding the suffix -y gives us floppy, doubling the p, but soap becomes soapy, with no doubling.
Vowels play an important role. Notice the short vowel in nod and flop and the relatively long ones in brood and soap. Short vowels tend to mean we double the final consonant; long vowels tend to mean we don’t. The latter are often detectable by the word’s ending with e after a consonant: compare mop (mopped) and mope (moped), tap (tapped) and tape (taped), pin (pinned) and pine (pined), and similar pairs.
These generalizations apply to many different word types and suffixes. Final consonants after short vowels are generally doubled (cad → caddish, fun → funny, dim → dimmer), but not after longer vowels (seed → seeded, mood → moody, snoot → snooty), diphthongs (near → neared, maim → maiming), or another consonant (damp → dampen, print → printer, musk → musky).
With longer words, the same guidelines often hold. A single short vowel doubles the consonant (formatting, nutmegged, beginner), a long vowel doesn’t (renovating, inspired). But syllable stress also comes into play – compare offered and referred, enveloped and equipped, budgeting and upsetting. A stressed last syllable tends to require consonant doubling (so long as the vowel is short), while an unstressed last syllable doesn’t.
This being English, there are other exceptions. L is something of a law unto itself, often doubled regardless of stress (compelling, labelling, marvelled, yodelling) – especially in British English, less so in American English. There are exceptions to this exception (paralleled in both British English and American English), there are consonants not predictably covered by these generalizations (h, j, q, w, x and y), and there is no shortage of grey areas (focus, combat).
The best rule is to use your dictionary. Even native speakers of English usually have a few words they check regularly for this reason. Just below each headword, Macmillan Dictionary has a ‘Word Forms’ button; clicking it produces a box showing how the word is inflected. And at the bottom of each definition is a link from British English to American English and vice versa. These features are well worth exploring if the area gives you difficulty.Email this Post
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In our life we have many things to focus on, something is very important and on the other hand some are not so important. Education is one of the importance’s of our life. Sometimes many of us think that education is limited to our childhood. But the fact is we have to carry our education whole life long. Education is the learning of knowledge, information and skills during the route of our life. Teachers may draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics etc. In specific professions such as astrophysics, law, or zoology may teach only a particular subject, usually as professors at institutions of advanced learning. There is much expertise instruction in fields for those who have the desire in specific skills, such as required to be an engineer, for example. Sometimes we have the opportunity of informal level of education- such as with libraries and through Internet. Informal educational have knowledge and skills learned during the course of life as well, it includes that education which is comes from our life experience.
When we think about education, we frequently think of childhood education. At the time of childhood our education is start from basic school after that junior high school level, and then high school level. After that we go to college or even degree school, but in common we complete our education in school full-time basis. But the fact is education can and should be society-wide, for all of ages. Some of us don’t believe this, saying they’re too aged to go back to school or education, or that it’s too costly, if we try to see properly then we can see that they aren’t alert of all the exciting educational opportunities that are presented to them.
Education have lots of systems, those are: Primary education, Formal education, Secondary education, Higher education, Adult education, Alternative education.
Alternative education has those important parts:
6. Performing Arts
Sometimes education depends on Personal Interest, Lot of companies that are not in the educational field but offer educational classes for their customers! On the other hand, Independent Study is also a very valuable part of education. Independent Study like your own interest for developing himself. It can be on internet, Library, Museum etc.
So those are the various part of education. If we follow that part of study, then we are sure that we can develop ourselves much more. Hope our educational guide will help you to build more dedication to your education.
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International Solid Earth Virtual Research Observatory Institute
Science is driven by the feedback between predictive theories and observations. A predictive capability for earth phenomena is now within reach due to recent developments in numerical simulation technology, computational facilities and international cooperation.
Recognising this and the enormous scope and benefits offered by solid earth simulation, the ACES International Science Board agreed to work towards establishment of a frontier international research institute on simulating the solid earth. The institute will consist of a node in each participating country, and will build on complementary national programs, centers and facilities for solid earth simulation. The institute's focus will be development of predictive capabilities for solid earth phenomena via simulation and breakthrough science using the computational simulation capabilities aimed at understanding solid earth system complexity.
A colloquium on iSERVO was held at the 4th ACES Workshop on July 9-14, 2004 in Beijing, China leading to broad endorsement for establishment of the iSERVO institute by the international group of over 100 scientists in attendance, and subsequent signing of a formal agreement - "The Beijing Declaration" - to establish the institute.
Expected benefits of the research include natural hazard and environmental management, geothermal energy, earth resources and mining, industrial and software technology and innovations in the earth resources sector.
Coordinating institutions for the founding institute nodes are:
Other key centers, institutions and facilities include:
As part of its mission, the institute will develop web-based services and grid technologies to ensure seamless access to data and simulation models by researchers of the institute. An iSERVO seed project and TWiki server have been established for to develop and demonstrate the approach. Contributions to the iSERVO seed project include:
Database (To be integrated by University of Southern California)
US: Virtual California
Virtual California: 1000 Years of Simulated Earthquakes. Click on the image to the movie (57 MB). For more information see QUAKESim project.
Japan: Subduction model
Subduction model subducting slab under sowthwest Japan using the GeoFEM software
Australia: intraplate model
Australian intraplate model for SA and FE simulation software. Click on the image to see the stress evolution of the San-Andreas fault system (SA model under construction). For more information see ESSCC web.
China: LURR model
The anomalous LURR regions in the Chinese mainland in 2003 indicating areas with a high probability of occurrence for M5 or larger earthquakes in 2004, and epicenters of earthquakes with magnitude M5 or larger from Jan. 1, 2004 to Nov., 2004. The circles denote events that occurred in regions in where the observed data are good enough to calculate LURR. There are 15 events among 17 (a percentage of 88%) that have fallen within or adjacent anomalous LURR regions .
US - fault patches of any orientation, turns into tetrahedral meshes
US : GeoFEST, Virtual California, Park
GeoFEST: Northridge Earthquake Deformation. Click on image to see the movie (52 MB).
Japan - GeoFEM
Australia - ACcESS/ prototype quasi-static and dynamic parallel FEM software
US - RIVA: surface displacements coregistered with landsat/topography
Web Services (To be integrated by Indiana University)
The Web-based system for modeling multi-scale earthquake processes simplifies access to data, simulation codes, and flow between simulations of varying types. It provides a Problem Solving Environment (PSE) and can couples data with simulation, pattern recognition software, and visualization software. The services enables investigators to seamlessly merge multiple data sets and models, and create new queries.
Services provided are:
- Job Submission: supports remote batch and shell invocations. Used to execute simulation codes (VC suite, GeoFEST, etc.), mesh generation (Akira/Apollo) and visualization packages (RIVA, GMT).
- File management: Uploading, downloading, backend crossloading (i.e. move files between remote servers). (e.g. remote copies, renames, etc.)
- Job monitoring
- Apache Ant-based remote service orchestration for coupling related sequences of remote actions, such as RIVA movie generation.
- Database services: support SQL queries
- Data services: support interactions with XML-based fault and surface observation data.
- For simulation generated faults (i.e. from Simplex)
- XML data model being adopted for common formats with translation services to 'legacy' formats.
- Migrating to Geography Markup Language (GML) descriptions.
- US - PDPC, RDAHMM (Center for Computational Science and Engineering, UC Davis)
- Australia - AMR scanning, stress field correlation function evolution (ESSCC/QUAKES)
- Stress, Seismicity, Surface Deformation
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Yeah phrasal verbs are a hard nut to crack.Try the following:
1. Put them into groups with the following names "up" "out" "on" "in" "down"
these are the famous five that mostly accompany phrasal verbs. Give them the following homework. (Ideal for a weekend). Put a Bronze prize. Candies or something. The group that finds out the highest number of family members wins. (Family members here refer to verbs that take their group name).
Let them search for these verbs even without knowing their meanings. But I bet they always find out the meanings even before you ask them. Once they get this done your first objective is reached. They have seen how important the prepositions are to the main verbs and their interchangeability. Move to step two.
2. The family that finds "Nicknames" for all its members wins the silver prize. Get chocolate or something. Nicknames here refer to other verbs that mean the same as the phrasal verb that is their family member. Count two nicknames for the same verb as two points. That's their vocabulary growing. Move to step 3.
3. (if you have high level students) Ask each group to write a paragraph in which we can find all their family verbs or their nicknames. Best paragraph wins the final prize (Gold) Pizza or something.
(if you have lower or average level students). Let them write short sentences with each one of their family names. The group with all correct sentences wins the gold.
In my case it took me three weeks to get over this project because I was using only Fridays and making them work over the weekends. Till this day some of those "names" verbs are still used in my class. James Look Down On is my nauthiest
Warning: Expect embarrassment with verbs that you can't make out the meanings immediately. So get yourself a good dictionary first before you start the project.
Good luck and have fun!
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When the study came out that you were going to develop heart disease because you sat at your desk too long people freaked out. In response to their freak out, they went and bought a bunch of cool new desks that can go up and down so that people could stand more. Lots of companies just started giving everyone work spaces that were made for standing. Now a NEW study has come out that says you are STANDING TOO MUCH. In fact, standing at your desk is even MORE dangerous than sitting was.
The Institute of Work & Health in Toronto Canada did a study of over 7,000 people over the course of 12 years. What they found was that people who stand are twice as likely to develop heart disease over people who sit. TWICE! The reason they found is because your body has to work much harder to pump all that blood around your body. So what are we supposed to do, sit or stand? Should we lay down? What about if we install hammocks in every office and we can just hang there while we type on our laptops?
Researchers say the best thing to do is mix it up. Don’t stand ALL the time and don’t sit all the time. Do a little bit of both. Like everything in life, do both in moderation.
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A commercial loan, also referred to as a business loan, is used by business owners to fund a business. These loans may be obtained by sole proprietors, partnerships, corporations or other business enterprises. Commercial loans may be obtained by individuals, if the funds are being used for commercial, industrial or professional reasons. These loans cannot be used for personal needs. They are available through private lenders and financial institutions. The Small Business Administration backs some.
Commercial loans may be used for many business-related needs. This includes the start up or initial expenses of a business, financing current business operations and expanding an existing business. They can be used to purchase or upgrade equipment. They can be used to meet financial needs of the business, such as to pay off existing debt. The business loan may be used to help keep a business afloat when accounts receivable have yet to be paid. It can also be used to enable a business professional to improve her education or training for their business.
Businesses can tap into these funds as a line of credit or as a one-time payout. A line of credit allows the business to borrow and pay back funds ongoing, as the funds are needed. With a one-time payout, such as a mortgage or fixed loan, the borrower receives the loan amount in one payment. One-time payments are often used to purchase a large amount of equipment or real estate.
Commercial loans can be secured loans, such as mortgages, or unsecured loans. Assets of the business including real estate, equipment or private capital can be used as collateral for secured loans. Unsecured loans are commonly lines of credit, where there are no assets to back up the value of the loan. In some cases, the use of the loan will determine whether it is an unsecured or secured loan. For example, if the business is purchasing real estate, the value of the real estate acts as collateral for the loan.
The lender and borrower work together to determine the repayment time frame for the commercial loan. The repayment period may be determined by type of loan. Secured, one-time payout loans are often long-term loans. These may last up to 30 years, as is the case with some commercial mortgages. With lines of credit, a monthly payment is made to pay down the borrowed balance.
The cost of using a business loan is the interest rate. Lenders determine the interest rate applied to the loan based on several factors, including the borrower's or the business's credit history and the current prime rate. The amount of risk to the lender plays a role in determining the interest rate. In addition, closing costs and other fees may add to the expense.
- George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images
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Planning poker, also called Scrum poker, is a consensus-based, gamified technique for estimating, mostly used to estimate effort or relative size of development goals in software development. In planning poker, members of the group make estimates by playing numbered cards face-down to the table, instead of speaking them aloud. The cards are revealed, and the estimates are then discussed. By hiding the figures in this way, the group can avoid the cognitive bias of anchoring, where the first number spoken aloud sets a precedent for subsequent estimates.
The method was first defined and named by James Grenning in 2002 and later popularized by Mike Cohn in the book Agile Estimating and Planning, whose company trade marked the term and a digital online tool.
The reason to use planning poker is to avoid the influence of the other participants. If a number is spoken, it can sound like a suggestion and influence the other participants' sizing. Planning poker should force people to think independently and propose their numbers simultaneously. This is accomplished by requiring that all participants show their card at the same time.
Planning poker is based on a list of features to be delivered, several copies of a deck of cards and optionally, an egg timer that can be used to limit time spent in discussion of each item.
The feature list, often a list of user stories, describes some software that needs to be developed.
The cards in the deck have numbers on them. A typical deck has cards showing the Fibonacci sequence including a zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89; other decks use similar progressions.
The reason for using the Fibonacci sequence is to reflect the inherent uncertainty in estimating larger items.
Several commercially available decks use the sequence: 0, ½, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 100, and optionally a ? (unsure), an infinity symbol (this task cannot be completed) and a coffee cup (I need a break, and I will make the rest of the team tea). Some organizations[which?] use standard playing cards of Ace, 2, 3, 5, 8 and king. Where king means: "this item is too big or too complicated to estimate". "Throwing a king" ends discussion of the item for the current sprint.
Smartphones allow developers to use mobile apps instead of physical card decks. When teams are not in the same geographical locations, collaborative software can be used as replacement for physical cards.
At the estimation meeting, each estimator is given one deck of the cards. All decks have identical sets of cards in them.
The meeting proceeds as follows:
The cards are numbered as they are to account for the fact that the longer an estimate is, the more uncertainty it contains. Thus, if a developer wants to play a 6 he is forced to reconsider and either work through that some of the perceived uncertainty does not exist and play a 5, or accept a conservative estimate accounting for the uncertainty and play an 8.
A study by Moløkken-Østvold and Haugen reported that planning poker provided accurate estimates of programming task completion time, although estimates by any individual developer who entered a task into the task tracker was just as accurate. Tasks discussed during planning poker rounds took longer to complete than those not discussed and included more code deletions, suggesting that planning poker caused more attention to code quality. Planning poker was considered by the study participants to be effective at facilitating team coordination and discussion of implementation strategies.
Manage research, learning and skills at defaultLogic. Create an account using LinkedIn or facebook to manage and organize your Digital Marketing and Technology knowledge. defaultLogic works like a shopping cart for information -- helping you to save, discuss and share.Visit defaultLogic's partner sites below:
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How I imagine this course starting out (but I will have taught it once and may know more than I imagine at this writing—you will be new however):
One person makes a melody—a single line—and records it. It is now a “thing.” The next person takes that “thing” and adds another “thing.” When the 2nd person shows the two “things,” we talk about what “thing two” does to “thing one.” In detail. In this way, we will incorporate theory and even history (through musical genre and cultural implications thereof), as we talk about what “things” can do to each other in music.
Where this leads. Bigger and bigger combinations of ideas, meaning and sound. We will culminate with an online concert event of our own design. Leading up to that, we will “post” bits of our process—like a trail of breadcrumbs—on chosen site venues.
Where does it go? Don’t know…but am hoping it will be fun…
Delivery Method: Entirely remote (synchronous)
Prerequisites:Knowledge of harmony and music theory. Notation. Full-time access to recording tools (can be phone, computer mike or real mike with digital interface even better), and to DAW (digital audio workstation) with multitrack capability (can be Audacity, Ableton, Garage Band, Pro Tools—whatever you can get hold of—some of these apps are free). Recording experience with these tools and their capacities.
Corequisites: Please attend Music Workshop on Tuesday evenings. I will be asking you to show work there. Make sure you keep the time available. Even if you are not showing, you will learn a lot from hearing your classmates show.
Course Level: 4000-level
T 1:40PM-5:20PM (2nd seven weeks)
Maximum Enrollment: 12
Course Frequency: Every Term
Categories: All courses , Composition
Tags: collaboration , composition , music , original music , recording
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A clerk typist is a person who does office work such as preparing letters and other paperwork. He or she types roughly written materials or dictated information into a finished format using a typewriter, word processor or computer. Clerk typists do many of the same duties as administrative assistants or secretaries; their exact work tasks will depend on the individual employer. Some companies have different levels of clerk typist, each with a corresponding, higher pay rate.
For example, a Level I clerk typist position requiring no prior experience or education, but paying near the minimum wage, may call for basic order form, memo and letter preparation. A Level II job that pays higher may require the capability to type a certain minimum number of words per minute (wpm) — typically 60 or higher. A Level I position may allow typing speeds of 40 wpm. A Level III or higher position may require special subject knowledge as well as prior experience or even an associate's degree.
Most basic clerk typist jobs require only high school graduation or equivalent. Fast, accurate typing is the most important qualification. In order to have the accuracy needed in professional offices, clerk typists must have excellent grammar, punctuation and spelling skills. Although many of the memos, letters and other office documents typed today are done using a keyboard and computer, software designed for checking spelling has its limitations. For example, while most programs clearly show misspelled words, they won't highlight those that are spelled correctly, but used incorrectly in a sentence; therefore, the typist must be able to carefully check his or her own work.
Many offices will administer a typing test to applicants who wish to become clerk typists. This practice can make clerk typist jobs, especially the higher paying ones, very competitive. In addition to typing rough paperwork and dictation into polished pieces, clerk typists may do some filing or other office duties.
Unless a position for a clerical typist pays extremely well and/or is identified as a junior writing job, the employee shouldn't have to write letters, articles or reports from scratch. Typists do some editing, but they aren't writers. Sometimes, businesses, especially smaller companies, may try to get a clerk typist to do the work of a writer for substantially less pay.
A clerk typist may work as a writer's assistant by typing the author's rough, written drafts into a completed manuscript. Some clerk typists work from their own homes for writers or as virtual office assistants. A virtual office assistant handles administration tasks remotely using a computer. Before clerk typists regularly work from home for clients, they typically have at least several years experience as full-time office employees.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
|Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis|
|Classification and external resources|
Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis (also called Toxicodendron dermatitis and Rhus dermatitis) is the medical name given to allergic rashes produced by the oil urushiol, which is contained in various plants, including the plants of the genus Toxicodendron (including poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac), other plants in the sumac Anacardiaceae family[not verified in body] (mango, pistachio, Rengas tree, Burmese lacquer tree, India marking nut tree, and the shell of the cashew nut),[not verified in body] and unrelated plants such as Ginkgo biloba.[non-primary source needed] As is the case with all contact dermatitis, urushiol-induced rashes are a type-IV hypersensitivity reaction, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Symptoms of the rash include itching, inflammation, oozing, and in severe cases, a burning sensation. The American Academy of Dermatology estimates there are up to 50 million cases of urushiol-induced dermatitis annually in the United States alone,[not verified in body] accounting for 10% of all lost-time injuries in the United States Forest Service.[not verified in body] Poison oak is a significant problem in the rural western and southern United States,[not verified in body] while poison ivy is most rampant in the eastern United States.[not verified in body] Dermatitis from poison sumac is less common.[not verified in body]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2015)|
Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis is contracted by contact with a plant or any other object containing urushiol oil. The oil adheres to almost anything with which it comes in contact, such as towels, blankets, clothing and landscaping tools. Clothing or other materials that contact the plant and then, before being washed, contact the skin are common causes of exposure. For people who have never been exposed, or are not yet allergic to urushiol, it may take 10 to 21 days for a reaction to occur the first time, once allergic to urushiol, however, most people break out 48 to 72 hours after contact with the plant. Typically, individuals have been exposed at least once, if not several times, before they break out with a rash. For individuals already allergic to urushiol, it normally takes about 24 hours for the rash to first appear; for those with severe reactions, it will worsen during the next few days. For severe reactions, a prednisone prescription is necessary to stop skin damage, especially if the eyes are involved. The rash persists typically one to two weeks and in some cases up to five weeks. At least 25% of people have very strong responses resulting in severe symptoms. Since the skin reaction is an allergic one, people may develop progressively stronger reactions after repeated exposures.
Urushiol is primarily found in the spaces between plant cells beneath the outer skin of the plant, so the effects of urushiol rash are less severe if the plant tissue remains undamaged on contact. Once the oil and resin are thoroughly washed from the skin, the rash is not contagious. Urushiol does not always spread once it has bonded with the skin, and cannot be transferred once the urushiol has been washed away.
Although simple skin exposure is most common, ingestion can lead to serious, more systemic reactions. Burning plant material is commonly said to create urushiol-laden smoke that causes systemic reaction as well as rash inside the throat and on the eyes. Firefighters often get rashes and eye inflammation from smoke-related contact. A high-temperature, fully inflamed bonfire may incinerate the urushiol before it can cause harm, while a smoldering fire could vaporize the volatile oil and spread it as white smoke. However, some sources dispute the danger of burning urushiol-containing plant material.
|This section needs additional citations to secondary or tertiary sources (October 2015)|
The toxic effects of the oxidized urushiols is indirect, mediated by an induced immune response. The oxidized urushiols acts as haptens, chemically reacting with, binding to, and changing the shape of integral membrane proteins on exposed skin cells. One protein recognized in this process is CD28.[non-primary source needed]
Affected proteins interfere with the immune system's ability to recognize these cells as normal parts of the body, causing a T-cell-mediated immune response.[full citation needed] This immune response is directed towards the complex of urushiol derivatives (namely, pentadecacatechol) bound in the skin proteins, attacking the cells as if they were foreign bodies.
||This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources, specifically: The sources that appear are subpar with regard to current, modern medical practice. (October 2015)|
The result is an allergic eczematous contact dermatitis characterized by redness, swelling, papules, vesicles, blisters, and streaking. People vary greatly in their sensitivity to urushiol. In approximately 15% to 30% of people, urushiol does not initiate an immune system response, while at least 25% of people have very strong immune responses resulting in severe symptoms. Since the skin reaction is an allergic one, people may develop progressively stronger reactions after repeated exposures, or show no immune response on their first exposure, but show sensitivity on following exposures.
Approximately 80% to 90% of adults will get a rash if they are exposed to 50 micrograms of purified urushiol. Some people are so sensitive, it only takes a trace of urushiol (two micrograms or less than one ten-millionth of an ounce) on the skin to initiate an allergic reaction.
The rash takes one to two weeks to run its course and may cause scars depending on severity of exposure. Severe cases will have small (1–2 mm) clear fluid-filled blisters on the skin. Pus-filled vesicles, containing a whitish fluid, may indicate a secondary infection. Most poison ivy rashes, without infections, will self-resolve within 14 days without treatment. Excessive scratching may result in secondary infection, commonly by staphylococcal and streptococcal species; these may require the use of antibiotics.
Potential treatments are in two phases:[medical citation needed] stopping the urushiol contact causing a reaction with the skin (this must be done within minutes) and later in reducing the pain or pruritus (itching) of any blistering that has formed.
Primary treatment[medical citation needed] involves washing exposed skin thoroughly with soap, water and friction as soon as possible after exposure is discovered. Soap or detergent is necessary, as urushiol is an oil, friction applied with a washcloth or something similar, is necessary as urushiol strongly adheres to the skin.[better source needed] Commercial removing preparations, which are available in areas where poison ivy grows, usually contain surfactants, such as the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 to solubilize urushiol; some preparations also contain abrasives.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recommended "using wet compresses or soaking in cool water," "applying OTC topical corticosteroid preparations or taking prescription oral corticosteroids," "applying topical OTC skin protectants, such as zinc acetate, zinc carbonate, zinc oxide, and calamine [to] dry the oozing and weeping of [urushiol-induced sores]. Protectants such as baking soda or colloidal oatmeal relieve minor irritation and itching. A solution of aluminum acetate known as Burow's solution is an astringent that relieves rash."
Showers or compresses using very hot water (but not scalding) can offer relief of itching for up to several hours, with the caveats that this "also taxes the skin's integrity, opening pores and generally making it more vulnerable", and is only for secondary treatment (not while cleaning urushiol from the skin, which should be done with cold water). Those who have had a prior systemic reaction may be able to prevent subsequent exposure from turning systemic by avoiding heat and excitation of the circulatory system and applying moderate cold to any infected skin with biting pain.[medical citation needed]
Antihistamines and hydrocortisone creams or antihistamines by mouth in severe cases can be used to alleviate the symptoms of a developed rash.[medical citation needed] Nonprescription oral diphenhydramine (US tradename Benadryl) is the most commonly suggested antihistamine.[medical citation needed] Topical formulations containing diphenhydramine are available but may further irritate the affected skin areas.[medical citation needed]
In cases of extreme symptoms, steroids such as prednisone or triamcinolone are sometimes administered to attenuate the immune response.[medical citation needed] Prednisone is the most commonly prescribed systemic treatment but can cause serious adrenal suppression changes, so it must be taken carefully, tapering off slowly.[better source needed] If bacterial secondary infection of affected areas occurs, antibiotics may also be necessary.[medical citation needed]
Scrubbing with plain soap and cold water will remove urushiol from skin if it is done within a few minutes of exposure.[better source needed] Many home remedies and commercial products (e.g., Tecnu, Zanfel) have also claimed to prevent urushiol rashes after the exposure. A study that compared Tecnu ($1.25/oz.), versus Goop Hand Cleaner or Dial Ultra Dishwashing Soap ($0.07/oz.) found that differences between the three—in the range of 56-70% improvement over the no treatment control[clarification needed]—were nonsignificant (P>0.05), but that improvement over no treatment was significant at the same level of confidence.[non-primary source needed]
- Ordinary laundering with laundry detergent will remove urushiol from most clothing but not from leather or suede.
- The fluid from the resulting blisters does not spread urushiol to others.
- Blisters should be left unbroken during healing.[better source needed]
- Poison ivy and poison oak are not harmless when the leaves have fallen off, as the toxic residue is persistent, and exposure to parts of plants containing urushiol and can cause a rash at any time of the year.
- Ice, cold water, cooling lotions, or cold air do not help cure poison ivy rashes, but cooling can reduce inflammation and soothe the itch.[dead link]
- Results for jewelweed as a natural agent for treatment are conflicting, but the latest studies offer results indicating it as having "failed to decrease symptoms of poison ivy dermatitis" and as having "no prophylactic effect" .
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.|
- Lepoittevin, J.-P., Benezra, C., Asakawa, Y. 1989. Allergic contact dermatitis to Ginkgo biloba L.: retationship with urushiol. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 281: 227-230.[non-primary source needed]
- Ray, Thomas MD, Professor Emeritus of Dermatology. "Poison Ivy: The Most Common of Allergens". University of Iowa Health Care. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
- "FIREFIGHTERS BATTLE HIDDEN DANGERS THIS WILDFIRE SEASON: POISON OAK, IVY AND SUMAC PLANTS TOP CAUSE OF DISABILITY, SICK TIME". Fireengineering.com. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
- Dietrich Frohne and Hans Jurgen Pfander (1984). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, Toxicologists, and Biologists. Wolfe Publishing Ltd. p. 291 pp. ISBN 0-7234-0839-4.
- "Modulation of fatty acid oxidation alters contact hypersensitivity to urushiols: role of aliphatic chain beta-oxidation in processing and activation of urushiols". J Invest Dermatol 108 (1): 57–61. Jan 1997. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12285632.[non-primary source needed]
- Kalish, RS; Wood, JA (Mar 1997). "Induction of hapten-specific tolerance of human CD8+ urushiol (poison ivy)-reactive T lymphocytes". J Invest Dermatol 108 (3): 253–7. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12286447.[non-primary source needed]
- C.Michael Hogan (2008) Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg [full citation needed]
- DermAtlas -1892628434
- Wilson, Stephanie. "Howstuffworks "How Poison Ivy Works"". Science.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- Michael Rohde. "Contact-Poisonous Plants of the World". Mic-ro.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- "Poison Oak". Waynesword.palomar.edu. 2011-01-16. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
- "Soothing Remedies for Poison Ivy and Poison Oak". Googobits.com. 2005-08-04. Retrieved 2010-06-04.[better source needed]
- on YouTube[better source needed]
- [dead link]
- Hauser, Susan Carol; William L. Epstein (2008). A Field Guide to Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac. Globe Pequot. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7627-4741-2. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
- "Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac". Surviveoutdoors.com. Retrieved 2010-06-04.[better source needed]
- Bill Einsig, Bill (2002), Poison Ivy Myth: Science, Environment and Ecology Flash for Educators (No. 341), in Keystone Outdoors Magazine (May 11), excerpted by the Penn State Integrated Pest Management, accessed 7 October 2015.[better source needed]
- Stibich, A. S., Yagan, M., Sharma, V., Herndon, B. and Montgomery, C. (2001). "Cost-effective post-exposure prevention of poison ivy dermatitis". International Journal of Dermatology 39 (7): 515–518. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00003.x. PMID 10940115.[non-primary source needed]
- "Aetna InteliHealth: Featuring Harvard Medical School's Consumer Health Information". Intelihealth.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- "Poison ivy, oak, and sumac". American Academy of Dermatology.
- "Outsmarting Poison Ivy and Other Poisonous Plants". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- "Poison Ivy, Oak and Sumac". OutDoorPlaces.com. Retrieved 22 September 2010.[better source needed]
- Shenefelt, Philip D. (2011). "Herbal Treatment for Dermatologic Disorders". Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects (2nd ed.) (Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press). Retrieved October 5, 2015.
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Contrary to popular belief, it is by no means impossible to actively enjoy working, especially if you find yourself doing a job that lets you truly explore your passion for a subject.
Turning your hobby into a career is one way to do this, and if that hobby happens to be for electronics, you might be in luck – it is a vastly diverse world of lucrative opportunities. Plus, you might already have the skills you need to succeed.
If you felt as though the time was right to take your technological tinkering to the next level and embark on a rewarding new journey, here are some tips you might want to consider thinking about.
The way to get better at practically any endeavor imaginable is through practice. Electrical component search engines like Octopart have made sourcing parts as easy, cheap and as quick as possible, so you might want to check it out if you have an idea for a brand-new project.
Whether you want to try out a template for a project you heard about online, or feel like inventing your very own fabulous contraption, the more time you can spend with electronics in a hands-on capacity the better.
You do not necessarily have to ditch your day job just yet, as there is no guarantee you will enjoy or flourish in a field that you have only grazed the surface of as a hobbyist.
Starting off small is a good way to ease yourself in during your spare time. Perhaps you would want to make some phone repairs for your friends and family, or maybe start buying and selling electrical components from old and unwanted tech.
Whatever you decide to do, testing the water before making the big splash is probably a safer way to go.
You may want to check out DIY trading platforms like Tindie if you wanted to try and sell some of your creations. This could help you get an idea of how well your inventions will be received, or at least recoup some of your overhead costs.
Financial stability is one of the biggest factors to face when it comes to making the transition.
Failing to prepare yourself can result in a nasty and uncomfortable uphill struggle, which may possibly tarnish your perspective of your new field, so establishing a safety net could be a good idea.
Even if you feel as though you are highly proficient in electronics, getting some hands-on experience in a professional environment can be a huge benefit, adding to your strength as a candidate should you ever wish to apply for a job in electrical engineering.
Volunteering is a good way to do this, as is shadowing. This is not only good for the resume, but it can give you some deeper insight into what the industry has to offer, and perhaps more importantly, whether or not it feels like the right place for you.
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On Wikipedia, every piece of information is supposed to be backed up by an external source, provided inline. That means no edit request you make will go far unless you’re able to provide sources for every single change you’re requesting. Wikipedia has specific guidelines around which sources are useful. Follow these tips for finding and evaluating sources to ensure you’re giving the Wikipedia community what it needs in order to be able to implement your requests.
What sources are for
As I’ve mentioned before, sources on Wikipedia serve two purposes: proving that something is true (verifiability) and proving that something is important enough to be in an encyclopedia (notability). The rough – and admittedly imperfect – yardstick is that if something was important enough to be covered in a neutral publication (unconnected to the subject matter of the article), it’s important enough to be on Wikipedia.
Which sources qualify?
There is a ton of documentation on this topic, but here’s a rough standard: the publication should be big enough that an editor looked at it before it was published. That means niche industry publications qualify, but individual blogs do not. Offline sources, like old newspapers and independently published books, are OK.
Of course, there’s a lot of nuance to consider here. If the information you’re citing is more controversial or could be perceived as overly detailed, you need a larger publication – more prestigious or with higher circulation numbers – to back it up.
Which sources don’t meet the bar?
- Again, sources must be independent. That means no sponsored content and no contributed content. (This includes all content from Forbes’ and Huffington Post’s extensive contributed content networks, which aren’t considered sufficiently vetted prior to publication.)
- Sources must not be self-published, so no press releases, no blog posts, and no social media. In many cases, self-published sources also overlap with another Wikipedia no-no, original research. Wikipedia needs secondary rather than primary sources.
- Directory entries also don’t count, e.g. CrunchBase entries or award submissions.
- Wikipedia is not a reliable source on Wikipedia.
One final note
When gathering information from sources, be extremely careful not to plagiarize. Because no text on Wikipedia is copyrighted, Wikipedia takes any potential plagiarism very seriously, and any content thought to have been copied from a copyrighted source can be totally blanked from Wikipedia. You shouldn’t copy even from sources created by your organization, e.g. the “about” blurb at the bottom of a press release.
- Wikipedia’s full guide to reliable sources
- A list of commonly discussed sources with commentary on their reliability
- Details on Wikipedia’s “no original research” policy
- Guidelines on how Wikipedia determines which sources are trustworthy, with examples
- A beginner’s guide to using and formatting sources on Wikipedia
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Title:A Buddhist Universe
Author:Dr. G.K. Lama
Editor:Christopher N Burchett
Remarks:Colour Photographs, Appendix, Glossary and Bibliography.
Size:145 x 220 mm
The book is on the origin, rise and fall of Buddhism in India. It covers Buddhist history in Asia, that is, Central Asia, South Asia, South-east Asia, and in the West in modern times and growth and expansion of Buddhism worldwide. It discusses the state of South Asia and East Asia before the rise of Buddhism, Buddhism in India, Buddhism after the time of the Buddha and important Buddhist places in India. It provides glimpses into the Buddhist tribes in the Indian Himalayan region mainly in the states of the North-east like Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Sikkim as well as Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal. Buddhism is viewed in relation to other religious traditions such as Brahminism, Zoroastrianism and Hellenism.
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Apprenticeship is the opportunity to learn a trade and advance to the level of Journeyworker in a specified time which varies per trade. An Apprentice will start at a wage of about 50% of the average Journeyworkers wage for the trade in the area of the state (Oregon) that they are working in. Apprentices receive a 5-10% pay increase every 1000 On-the-Job hours with required hours of schooling.
Most Apprenticeship programs are connected with a community college thus having the ability to earn an Associate’s Degree as part of the apprenticeship program.
When an apprentice completes the required on-the-job hours and school hours they are either completed as a Journeyworker or sent to the Licensing EXAM, if they are training in a licensed trade.
Once an apprentices completes the program they then have the ability to grow within the company they work.
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Deep Underground Waste Dumps for High Level Waste - A Final Resting Place?
|The nuclear industry claims that disposal of its high level waste presents no problem. That the technology already exists. That it is only political will that is preventing the industry from going ahead. That the most dangerous nuclear waste can be placed in deep underground tunnels, surrounded by geologically stable rock where it will be safe for many thousands of years. So what is really happening?
At Sellafield the Rock Characterisation Laboratory was set up to do the research on such a tunnel. After spending $A 756 million the project was closed down last month without a result. The scheme is permanently postponed.
In the USA, Yucca Mountain was to be the permanent mausoleum for high level waste. Billions were spent on the research, development and construction of the site. Professor Shrader-Frechette of the University of South Florida reports that the project has stalled because it cannot meet the environmental and safety requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency. Its future is in doubt and its government funding has been cut. At the same time Congress is trying to pass a bill to make it an interim facility, a term used ad nauseum by the nuclear industry.
Closer to the surface, at Maxey Flats in the USA nuclear waste "experts" asserted that off site radioactive leakage would be no greater than half an inch in 24,000 years. In practice it leaked two miles in nine years and the site was closed down.
The Research Reactor Review referred to a cost estimate for a deep underground site at $US17 billion of which $US11 billion was for studies to establish the suitability of the site.
If Australia goes ahead with Minister McGauran's plan for domestic reprocessing of only ANSTO's spent fuel then the matter of a nuclear waste dump must be settled first. Should foreign waste reprocessing be considered, then the problem of an Australian dump would be increased many times.
The cost of safe and permanent nuclear waste disposal is enormous and results so far show that the technology does not match the optimism of the industry. In reality, it passes the problem on, like a Biblical curse, "Yea, unto the third and fourth generation (of nuclear scientists)".
What would the cost be for a deep underground disposal site in Australia?
How long would it take to find a site?
Which rural electorate would be its lucky recipient?
Who would guarantee its safety and for how long?
|Back to Info Sheet Index
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In July, I wrote about the benefits of creativity and offering ideas on how to be creative.
Today I will reflect upon the barriers that get in the way of us being creative.
1 Negative thinking – prevents us from seeing opportunities because it changes our perception about the world around us. We see a glass half empty rather than half full. It is of course the same glass however it is how we perceive and frame it that makes the difference in terms of our attitude and our behaviour.
Negative thinking can be seen often in the answer of ‘yes but’ to new ideas.
If this is you, try a ‘yes, and’ next time and consider what merit there might be in the new idea before stepping in to offer the negativity. Positivity is about seeing opportunity and having hope, even when things do not look so good.
2 Imposter syndrome – is a syndrome where people feel that they should not be there because they are not good enough. This is more typical of women, and can result in less confidence in ourselves to propose new ideas. This happens because we don’t believe we have the legitimacy to do so. It can lead to a heavy amount of self-judgement.
To overcome imposter syndrome, it is important to be able to recognise it, and then to work on self-confidence to overcome it. With self-judgement we live with the critic always sitting on our shoulders and looking on, influencing our thoughts.
3 Not being open to new ideas – this can be due to negative thinking, however, it may also be due to the assumptions we develop over time. I am reminded here of the ladder of inference developed by Chris Argyris, where assumptions form a step on the ladder to fixed attitudes.
We need to challenge our own assumptions when we start to review problems or evaluate new ideas.
One way to do this is to try a simple exercise. Draw three columns. In the fist write the heading facts, the second, feelings and the third assumptions.
Then take a situation where you may have felt that the outcome could have been different. Firstly draw out the facts as you saw them and in the timeline you lived it. Next to each fact, note the feelings you had at that stage, then the as a result of those feelings what assumptions did you make?
Look back over the this and check out whether any assumptions were made based on feelings and not fact and how this influenced your actions. What can you learn from this?
4 No time to spend on creative pursuits – Often this is because we don’t put enough value on play in our lives. We have a need to play and with play a more creative side of us opens up. Take that time out and have a play – even if it’s a playful walk. Recapture that spirit of enquiry, observe closely what is happening around you. When we play, we bring our imagination to the fore and let all sorts of possibilities take place. Look at young children when they play with cardboard boxes and the range of ‘things’ that this can become; a train, a car, a house for example. Somehow as we grow older, we lose this ability and start to value a logical, rational way of thinking. This can inhibit our creativity.
Take time out to just stand and stare, to look at things mindfully, and then see what thoughts arise.
5 Not taking risks – The fear around risk is that we may fail. However, if we never take a risk, we may never live life at our best, and we may never know if we would have failed. In fact, failure can often lead to greater success if we can be positive around the learning from it.
This fear of failure is prevalent in organisations. Failure is often punished and the consequences of this is a reluctance to start or try anything new or different. This is detrimental to creativity and innovation.
6 Rigid goal setting – I am not a fan of setting SMART goals. I accept that there are times when it works well, however it can be too rigid to allow the flexibility and breathing space that creativity and innovation need.
Planning and goal setting are important activities that keep us moving forward. However, none of us can really predict the future, although some try, so whatever we plan cannot cover all possibilities. We cannot plan for every eventuality as Mintzberg stated. What would be helpful and inspirational for creativity to flourish is to develop a vision to guide us, and then to create intentions from this. This will allow us to be flexible and open to new opportunities as and when they happen. The vision is our guiding light here and the goals are intended and can be changed if the need arises, for example due to external change or new opportunities occurring. So, we craft our own strategy towards emerging goals and stay aware that life happens, and we may need to adapt these goals.
I hope that these ideas have helped you to reflect upon any barriers you may have to being more creative.
Barbara is an executive coach, leadership and creativity facilitator. She has coached women and men in a variety of corporate settings, and has developed a unique approach to using creative techniques in her coaching and workshops to enable change at a group or individual level. She has recently co-authored a book on creativity for leaders, called Creativity Cycling , with Dr. Tracy Stanley.
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History of Calgary Cemeteries
The history of Calgary's cemeteries began in 1876 and is closely tied to the establishment of Calgary as a city. The Calgary Heritage Authority deemed Burnsland Cemetery, St. Mary's Cemetery, the Chinese Cemetery and Union Cemetery to be historically significant cultural landscapes that played an important part in the settlement and establishment of Calgary as a city.
In 1876, the Roman Catholic Mission established a burial ground at Second Street and 23 Avenue S.W. In 1897, the cemetery was moved to the site of the new St. Mary's Cemetery on Erlton Street S.W. It is one of the city’s oldest Catholic cemeteries with 15,000 burials. Many of Calgary’s early pioneers and founders are buried there, including: Pat Burns, John Glenn, and Peter Prince.
In 1884 city councillors saw the need for a new Protestant cemetery, as the only existing cemetery was for Roman Catholics. Non-Catholics were buried in unsanctified land set aside for that purpose. In 1885, the new cemetery was established at Shaganappi Point, where the Shaganappi Golf Course is currently located. Rocky soil conditions made digging graves very difficult and it was decided a new site was needed. In August of 1890, Union Cemetery was established on a hill located at 28 Avenue and Spiller Road S.E. The Shaganappi Point Cemetery was then closed, and in 1892, the process of moving the 75 burials from Shaganappi Point to the new cemetery began. Today, Union Cemetery is home to 21,200 of Calgary’s early pioneers and city founders including: A.E. Cross, William Roper Hull and the Lougheed family.
In 1908 the Chinese Cemetery was established at Erlton Street and Macleod Trail S.W. It has over 1,000 of Calgary’s early Chinese pioneers within its grounds, many of whom emigrated over 100years ago from southern China.
In 1923, the existing Union Cemetery was running short of space, so new burial land was opened at 27 Avenue and Spiller Road S.E. This new location was called Burnsland Cemetery. Today, Burnsland Cemetery has 22,100 graves and is the location where most of Calgary’s World War I veterans are buried.
The Queen’s Park Cemetery opened in 1940, so its history is relatively recent for a cemetery. It was originally built with sections for graves with monuments only but has since opened sections for markers (flat stones set flush to the ground) to reduce maintenance costs.
Prairie Sky Cemetery, which opened in June 2021, is the first new cemetery in Calgary since Queen’s Park opened in 1940. Prairie Sky is located in the city’s southeast in a rolling, natural prairie setting with beautiful views of the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Calgary city skyline to the northwest. Among more traditional burial and cremation options, Prairie Sky Cemetery also offers Calgary’s first green burial section, designed to reduce environmental impacts.
Still want more cemetery history?
If you are interested in finding out more about historical details on our cemeteries or about the people that are buried in them:
- visit each cemetery location page,
- join a historical walking tour of our cemeteries, or
- contact Calgary Cemeteries at 403-221-3660.
For more information email firstname.lastname@example.org or call 403-221-3660. Queens Park Cemetery administration building office hours are Monday to Friday from 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Prairie Sky Cemetery administration building office hours are by appointment only.
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The Georgia Strategic Plan and Federal Indicators for Students with Disabilities
Goal 1 – Increase high school graduation rate, decrease drop-out rate, and increase post-secondary enrollment rate.
SPP 1 – Increase the percentage of students with disabilities who earn a regular high school diploma
SPP 2 – Decrease the percentage of students with disabilities who drop out of school
SPP 14 – Increase the percentage of students with disabilities who transition to employment or post-secondary education
What is TRANSITION?
The successful transition of students with disabilities from school to post-school environments requires support from multiple sources so the student and his or her family can make choices, develop connections, and access services.
Here are some additional state and federal resources that support post-secondary transition for students with disabilities.
Georgia Department of Education Special Education Services and Supports – Transition information for Georgia students with disabilities.
National Secondary Transition Technical Assistance Center – NSTTAC is a national technical assistance and dissemination center funded by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP, CFDA# 84.326J11001) from January 1, 2012 – December 31, 2014.
National Center on Secondary Education and Transition – Creates a venue for participants to learn from each other about how to ensure that ALL youth with disabilities, including youth with intellectual disabilities, have the opportunity to prepare for and participate in postsecondary education.
Many regions in Georgia have active Interagency Transition Councils. The purpose of ITCs is to coordinate post-secondary services for K-12 students via community, agency, and business stakeholders. Parents and students may request support of local ITCs by contacting them.
Georgia public schools provide educational opportunities for all students with disabilities to receive a high school diploma.
Students with disabilities have available supports to transition into their community and pursue employment or college.
Here are some resources for students and parents regarding college enrollment for individuals with disabilities:
Georgia Department of Education – Graduation, Testing, and College Planning information
Rights and Responsibilities for Post-Secondary Students with Disabilities – The Office of Civil Rights has available a guidance document to outline expectations of college students with disabilities and educational institutions.
College Board – Guidance for students to apply for accommodations with the PSAT, SAT, and AP exams.
College Planning Simplified – This free website offers current step-by-step procedures for navigating college enrollment.
Princeton Review – This guide to college admissions offers a blog specific to students with learning disabilities and/or ADHD.
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
Assistive Technology can be the tool that allows for success! It can be as simple as a keyboard with larger keys to a communication device. Consider all tools and resources when planning for the transition from school to the adult community for your son/daughter with special needs.
The resources below offer a variety of types of employment possibilities for your son/daughter with special needs. Knowing all the possibilities allows you and your son/daughter with special needs to plan for the desired employment outcome.
INDEPENDENT LIVING RESOURCES
PARENT TRAINING & INFORMATION CENTER
PTI’s were established under IDEA 2004 and is under the oversight of the US Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). Georgia’s PTI is Parent to Parent of Georgia which serves families from birth through 26 with a full range of disabilities.
PERSON CENTER PLANNING RESOURCES
The principle of person centered planning is to put the individual in the center of all that is needed for success and happiness! The dreams and needs of the individual are the prime focus that drives the supports to achieve them!
Georgia State University, Center for Leadership in Disability – Stacey Ramirez firstname.lastname@example.org, Director of Individual & Family Supports
Parent to Parent of Georgia – Karen Burns email@example.com , Training Services Supervisor
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION RESOURCES
Keep an open mind to the possibilities of post secondary education for your son or daughter with special needs. Education has focused on least restrictive environment and with this focus our children with special needs have become more aware of the possibility of post secondary opportunities. Traditional college with supports might be all he or she needs. However there are many more options now that offer a variety of non-traditional educational opportunities! Do some research and allow yourself and your son/daughter to DREAM….
RESOURCES FOR SEARCHING GRANTS & SCHOLARSHIPS
STATE & NATIONAL RESOURCES
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Using Network Services in Mac OS X
This lesson takes approximately 2 hours to complete.
Use Server Admin to configure one or more valid DHCP subnets
Use Server Admin to configure the DNS and LDAP information that a DHCP subnet will provide
Use Server Admin to configure and monitor usage of DNS services on Mac OS X Server
Use Network Utility to troubleshoot DNS record issues
Set up Mac OS X Server to download software updates from Apple and then serve the updates to computers on the local network
This lesson explains why you need a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server and a domain name system (DNS) server. You'll also learn how to configure DHCP services on Mac OS X Server to provide address, lease and renewal, and directory information. You will then change settings on the client computer to access Internet Protocol (IP) information via DHCP.
In addition, you'll learn how to use Mac OS X and Mac OS X Server tools to troubleshoot DHCP issues on the network. From the client computer, you will review what information can be gathered to assist you in trouble shooting. From the server computer, you will monitor DHCP activity and review log file entries.
For DNS, you will create a basic zone file allowing your server to provide DNS. You'll also learn about the various types of DNS issues, such as problems related to end users who misunderstand your DNS hierarchy and typographic problems within your DNS aliases. A system administrator must be able to determine authoritatively where a DNS entry is being resolved.
Understanding the Different Servers
Like any resource, network resources are limited. When an organization signs on with an Internet service provider (ISP), the ISP provides a limited number of IP addresses and a set bandwidth or maximum amount of network traffic allowed to the organization. To prevent extra charges, the organization must use the allocated addresses and bandwidth intelligently.
A company with unlimited resources could purchase an IP address for each computer on its network. However, this is inefficient because every company has intermittent network users, such as those who use portable computers and visitors. A more efficient approach is to purchase fewer IP addresses and allocate them dynamically as needed using a DHCP server.
Hosting an internal DNS server can reduce network demands and improve performance by locally caching hostname lookups. It can also be used to supplement and extend the domain name that the company purchased.
Another way to reduce bandwidth needs is to host a Software Update server. This allows updates to be served on the local network instead of each computer having to download the updates directly from Apple's website. This also enables a system administrator to make updates available only after they have been tested and qualified.
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You can’t beat a 98% accuracy rate!
When my sister was pregnant with her first baby, she and her husband didn’t want to know if it was a boy or girl. They wanted to wait until delivery.
Along the way, though, she had several premonitions telling her it was a boy:
* She just had “a feeling”. This was her number one explanation.
* She had dreams of having a baby boy.
* Her father in law had a dream it was a boy.
* My favorite: the owner of their favorite chinese restaurant took one look at her pregnant belly, pointed, and said, simply, “boy”.
It turns out, they were all right. At birth, the doctor’s first words: “it’s a boy” was not so surprising after all.
At that time, I read a study about women being able to predict the gender of the fetus in utero. When women wanted to wait until delivery to find out the gender, like my sister, they were asked why. The most common reason, as anyone could have guessed, was they “wanted it to be a surprise.” The second reason given was pure superstition – they would be happy with a healthy pregnancy regardless and thought it was bad luck to learn the gender.
Women guessed the correct sex 55% of the time. In another similar study several years back, women were right 70% of the time. If a woman can predict the sex of the baby, more than a 50/50 chance, how do they tell?
* In this study, women with more than one pregnancy compared the pregnancy to a previous one. If it felt the same, it was the same gender as her first baby. If it was different, it was the opposite gender.
* In first time mothers, the most common single reason was simply intuition – “just a feeling”.
* The way a woman was carrying the baby (high or low) was the next most common way.
* Some women had dreams (only 14% claimed this was their “sign”), or based their guess on fetal activity (10% of women).
As a side not, folklore says if a woman carries the baby high, it is a boy. Women in the study often misapplied folklore though. Some women said they could tell it was a girl because the pregnancy was being carried high. I’m not sure if this counts as random luck they got the sex right, or if it was their intuition being explained by a physical finding.
Routine prenatal care includes an anatomy ultrasound around 18 to 20 weeks. The genitalia, and therefore gender, can be seen at this time. An experienced ultrasonographer will be right 95% of the time … so when your ultrasound shows a boy, but your dream the night before told you it was a girl, I would go with the ultrasound.
Article: Perry, D et al. “Are Women Carrying “Baseketballs” Really Having Boys? Testing Pregnancy Folklore”. Birth 26:3 September 1999
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In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller one. The golden ratio is an irrational mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887. Other names frequently used for the golden ratio are the golden section (Latin: sectio aurea) and golden mean. Other terms encountered include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion, divine section (Latin: sectio divina), golden proportion, golden cut, golden number, and mean of Phidias. In this article the golden ratio is denoted by the Greek lowercase letter phi () , while its reciprocal, or , is denoted by the uppercase variant Phi ().
The figure on the right illustrates the geometric relationship that defines this constant. Expressed algebraically:
This equation has one positive solution in the set of algebraic irrational numbers:
At least since the Renaissance, many artists and architects have proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio—especially in the form of the golden rectangle, in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden ratio—believing this proportion to be aesthetically pleasing. Mathematicians have studied the golden ratio because of its unique and interesting properties. The golden ratio is also used in the analysis of financial markets, in strategies such as Fibonacci retracement.
|List of numbers – Irrational and suspected irrational numbers
γ – ζ(3) – √2 – √3 – √5 – φ – ρ – δS – α – e – π – δ
Two quantities a and b are said to be in the golden ratio φ if:
This equation unambiguously defines φ.
The fraction on the left can be converted to
Multiplying through by φ produces
which can be rearranged to
The only positive solution to this quadratic equation is
The golden ratio has fascinated Western intellectuals of diverse interests for at least 2,400 years. According to Mario Livio:
Some of the greatest mathematical minds of all ages, from Pythagoras and Euclid in ancient Greece, through the medieval Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa and the Renaissance astronomer Johannes Kepler, to present-day scientific figures such as Oxford physicist Roger Penrose, have spent endless hours over this simple ratio and its properties. But the fascination with the Golden Ratio is not confined just to mathematicians. Biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, psychologists, and even mystics have pondered and debated the basis of its ubiquity and appeal. In fact, it is probably fair to say that the Golden Ratio has inspired thinkers of all disciplines like no other number in the history of mathematics.
Ancient Greek mathematicians first studied what we now call the golden ratio because of its frequent appearance in geometry. The division of a line into "extreme and mean ratio" (the golden section) is important in the geometry of regular pentagrams and pentagons. The Greeks usually attributed discovery of this concept to Pythagoras or his followers. The regular pentagram, which has a regular pentagon inscribed within it, was the Pythagoreans' symbol.
Euclid's Elements (Greek: Στοιχεῖα) provides the first known written definition of what is now called the golden ratio: "A straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the greater to the less." Euclid explains a construction for cutting (sectioning) a line "in extreme and mean ratio", i.e. the golden ratio. Throughout the Elements, several propositions (theorems in modern terminology) and their proofs employ the golden ratio. Some of these propositions show that the golden ratio is an irrational number.
The name "extreme and mean ratio" was the principal term used from the 3rd century BC until about the 18th century.
The modern history of the golden ratio starts with Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione of 1509, which captured the imagination of artists, architects, scientists, and mystics with the properties, mathematical and otherwise, of the golden ratio.
The first known approximation of the (inverse) golden ratio by a decimal fraction, stated as "about 0.6180340," was written in 1597 by Prof. Michael Maestlin of the University of Tübingen in a letter to his former student Johannes Kepler.
Since the twentieth century, the golden ratio has been represented by the Greek letter Φ or φ (phi, after Phidias, a sculptor who is said to have employed it) or less commonly by τ (tau, the first letter of the ancient Greek root τομή—meaning cut).
Timeline according to Priya Hemenway.
- Phidias (490–430 BC) made the Parthenon statues that seem to embody the golden ratio.
- Plato (427–347 BC), in his Timaeus, describes five possible regular solids (the Platonic solids: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron), some of which are related to the golden ratio.
- Euclid (c. 325–c. 265 BC), in his Elements, gave the first recorded definition of the golden ratio, which he called, as translated into English, "extreme and mean ratio" (Greek: ἄκρος καὶ μέσος λόγος).
- Fibonacci (1170–1250) mentioned the numerical series now named after him in his Liber Abaci; the ratio of sequential elements of the Fibonacci sequence approaches the golden ratio asymptotically.
- Luca Pacioli (1445–1517) defines the golden ratio as the "divine proportion" in his Divina Proportione.
- Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) proves that the golden ratio is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers, and describes the golden ratio as a "precious jewel": "Geometry has two great treasures: one is the Theorem of Pythagoras, and the other the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio; the first we may compare to a measure of gold, the second we may name a precious jewel." These two treasures are combined in the Kepler triangle.
- Charles Bonnet (1720–1793) points out that in the spiral phyllotaxis of plants going clockwise and counter-clockwise were frequently two successive Fibonacci series.
- Martin Ohm (1792–1872) is believed to be the first to use the term goldener Schnitt (golden section) to describe this ratio, in 1835.
- Edouard Lucas (1842–1891) gives the numerical sequence now known as the Fibonacci sequence its present name.
- Mark Barr (20th century) suggests the Greek letter phi (φ), the initial letter of Greek sculptor Phidias's name, as a symbol for the golden ratio.
- Roger Penrose (b.1931) discovered a symmetrical pattern that uses the golden ratio in the field of aperiodic tilings, which led to new discoveries about quasicrystals.
Applications and observations
See also: History of aesthetics (pre-20th-century)
De Divina Proportione, a three-volume work by Luca Pacioli, was published in 1509. Pacioli, a Franciscan friar, was known mostly as a mathematician, but he was also trained and keenly interested in art. De Divina Proportione explored the mathematics of the golden ratio. Though it is often said that Pacioli advocated the golden ratio's application to yield pleasing, harmonious proportions, Livio points out that the interpretation has been traced to an error in 1799, and that Pacioli actually advocated the Vitruvian system of rational proportions. Pacioli also saw Catholic religious significance in the ratio, which led to his work's title. Containing illustrations of regular solids by Leonardo Da Vinci, Pacioli's longtime friend and collaborator, De Divina Proportione was a major influence on generations of artists and architects alike.
Many of the proportions of the Parthenon are alleged to exhibit the golden ratio.
The Parthenon's facade as well as elements of its facade and elsewhere are said by some to be circumscribed by golden rectangles. Other scholars deny that the Greeks had any aesthetic association with golden ratio. For example, Midhat J. Gazalé says, "It was not until Euclid, however, that the golden ratio's mathematical properties were studied. In the Elements (308 BC) the Greek mathematician merely regarded that number as an interesting irrational number, in connection with the middle and extreme ratios. Its occurrence in regular pentagons and decagons was duly observed, as well as in the dodecahedron (a regular polyhedron whose twelve faces are regular pentagons). It is indeed exemplary that the great Euclid, contrary to generations of mystics who followed, would soberly treat that number for what it is, without attaching to it other than its factual properties." And Keith Devlin says, "Certainly, the oft repeated assertion that the Parthenon in Athens is based on the golden ratio is not supported by actual measurements. In fact, the entire story about the Greeks and golden ratio seems to be without foundation. The one thing we know for sure is that Euclid, in his famous textbook Elements, written around 300 BC, showed how to calculate its value." Near-contemporary sources like Vitruvius exclusively discuss proportions that can be expressed in whole numbers, i.e. commensurate as opposed to irrational proportions.
A geometrical analysis of the Great Mosque of Kairouan reveals a consistent application of the golden ratio throughout the design, according to Boussora and Mazouz. It is found in the overall proportion of the plan and in the dimensioning of the prayer space, the court, and the minaret. Boussora and Mazouz also examined earlier archaeological theories about the mosque, and demonstrate the geometric constructions based on the golden ratio by applying these constructions to the plan of the mosque to test their hypothesis.
The Swiss architect Le Corbusier, famous for his contributions to the modern international style, centered his design philosophy on systems of harmony and proportion. Le Corbusier's faith in the mathematical order of the universe was closely bound to the golden ratio and the Fibonacci series, which he described as "rhythms apparent to the eye and clear in their relations with one another. And these rhythms are at the very root of human activities. They resound in man by an organic inevitability, the same fine inevitability which causes the tracing out of the Golden Section by children, old men, savages and the learned."
Le Corbusier explicitly used the golden ratio in his Modulor system for the scale of architectural proportion. He saw this system as a continuation of the long tradition of Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man", the work of Leon Battista Alberti, and others who used the proportions of the human body to improve the appearance and function of architecture. In addition to the golden ratio, Le Corbusier based the system on human measurements, Fibonacci numbers, and the double unit. He took Leonardo's suggestion of the golden ratio in human proportions to an extreme: he sectioned his model human body's height at the navel with the two sections in golden ratio, then subdivided those sections in golden ratio at the knees and throat; he used these golden ratio proportions in the Modulor system. Le Corbusier's 1927 Villa Stein in Garches exemplified the Modulor system's application. The villa's rectangular ground plan, elevation, and inner structure closely approximate golden rectangles.
Another Swiss architect, Mario Botta, bases many of his designs on geometric figures. Several private houses he designed in Switzerland are composed of squares and circles, cubes and cylinders. In a house he designed in Origlio, the golden ratio is the proportion between the central section and the side sections of the house.
In a recent book, author Jason Elliot speculated that the golden ratio was used by the designers of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square and the adjacent Lotfollah mosque.
The drawing of a man's body in a pentagram suggests relationships to the golden ratio.
The 16th-century philosopher Heinrich Agrippa drew a man over a pentagram inside a circle, implying a relationship to the golden ratio.
Illustration from Luca Pacioli's De Divina Proportione
applies geometric proportions to the human face.
Leonardo da Vinci's illustrations of polyhedra in De Divina Proportione (On the Divine Proportion) and his views that some bodily proportions exhibit the golden ratio have led some scholars to speculate that he incorporated the golden ratio in his paintings. But the suggestion that his Mona Lisa, for example, employs golden ratio proportions, is not supported by anything in Leonardo's own writings.
Salvador Dalí, influenced by the works of Matila Ghyka, explicitly used the golden ratio in his masterpiece, The Sacrament of the Last Supper. The dimensions of the canvas are a golden rectangle. A huge dodecahedron, in perspective so that edges appear in golden ratio to one another, is suspended above and behind Jesus and dominates the composition.
Mondrian has been said to have used the golden section extensively in his geometrical paintings, though other experts (including critic Yve-Alain Bois) have disputed this claim.
A statistical study on 565 works of art of different great painters, performed in 1999, found that these artists had not used the golden ratio in the size of their canvases. The study concluded that the average ratio of the two sides of the paintings studied is 1.34, with averages for individual artists ranging from 1.04 (Goya) to 1.46 (Bellini). On the other hand, Pablo Tosto listed over 350 works by well-known artists, including more than 100 which have canvasses with golden rectangle and root-5 proportions, and others with proportions like root-2, 3, 4, and 6.
Main article: Canons of page construction
Depiction of the proportions in a medieval manuscript. According to Jan Tschichold: "Page proportion 2:3. Margin proportions 1:1:2:3. Text area proportioned in the Golden Section."
According to Jan Tschichold,
There was a time when deviations from the truly beautiful page proportions 2:3, 1:√3, and the Golden Section were rare. Many books produced between 1550 and 1770 show these proportions exactly, to within half a millimetre.
Studies by psychologists, starting with Fechner, have been devised to test the idea that the golden ratio plays a role in human perception of beauty. While Fechner found a preference for rectangle ratios centered on the golden ratio, later attempts to carefully test such a hypothesis have been, at best, inconclusive.
James Tenney reconceived his piece For Ann (rising), which consists of up to twelve computer-generated upwardly glissandoing tones (see Shepard tone), as having each tone start so it is the golden ratio (in between an equal tempered minor and major sixth) below the previous tone, so that the combination tones produced by all consecutive tones are a lower or higher pitch already, or soon to be, produced.
Ernő Lendvai analyzes Béla Bartók's works as being based on two opposing systems, that of the golden ratio and the acoustic scale, though other music scholars reject that analysis. In Bartok's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta the xylophone progression occurs at the intervals 1:2:3:5:8:5:3:2:1. French composer Erik Satie used the golden ratio in several of his pieces, including Sonneries de la Rose+Croix.
The golden ratio is also apparent in the organization of the sections in the music of Debussy's Reflets dans l'eau (Reflections in Water), from Images (1st series, 1905), in which "the sequence of keys is marked out by the intervals 34, 21, 13 and 8, and the main climax sits at the phi position."
The musicologist Roy Howat has observed that the formal boundaries of La Mer correspond exactly to the golden section. Trezise finds the intrinsic evidence "remarkable," but cautions that no written or reported evidence suggests that Debussy consciously sought such proportions. Also, many works of Chopin, mainly Etudes (studies) and Nocturnes, are formally based on the golden ratio. This results in the biggest climax of both musical expression and technical difficulty after about 2/3 of the piece.
Pearl Drums positions the air vents on its Masters Premium models based on the golden ratio. The company claims that this arrangement improves bass response and has applied for a patent on this innovation.
In the opinion of author Leon Harkleroad, "Some of the most misguided attempts to link music and mathematics have involved Fibonacci numbers and the related golden ratio."
Some sources claim that the golden ratio is commonly used in everyday design, for example in the shapes of postcards, playing cards, posters, wide-screen televisions, photographs, and light switch plates.
Adolf Zeising, whose main interests were mathematics and philosophy, found the golden ratio expressed in the arrangement of branches along the stems of plants and of veins in leaves. He extended his research to the skeletons of animals and the branchings of their veins and nerves, to the proportions of chemical compounds and the geometry of crystals, even to the use of proportion in artistic endeavors. In these phenomena he saw the golden ratio operating as a universal law. In connection with his scheme for golden-ratio-based human body proportions, Zeising wrote in 1854 of a universal law "in which is contained the ground-principle of all formative striving for beauty and completeness in the realms of both nature and art, and which permeates, as a paramount spiritual ideal, all structures, forms and proportions, whether cosmic or individual, organic or inorganic, acoustic or optical; which finds its fullest realization, however, in the human form."
In 2003, Volkmar Weiss and Harald Weiss analyzed psychometric data and theoretical considerations and concluded that the golden ratio underlies the clock cycle of brain waves. In 2008 this was empirically confirmed by a group of neurobiologists.
In 2010, the journal Science reported that the golden ratio is present at the atomic scale in the magnetic resonance of spins in cobalt niobate crystals.
Several researchers have proposed connections between the golden ratio and human genome DNA.
However, some have argued that many of the apparent manifestations of the golden mean in nature, especially in regards to animal dimensions, are in fact fictitious.
The golden ratio is key to the golden section search.
The golden ratio and related numbers are used in the financial markets. It is used in trading algorithms, applications and strategies. Some typical forms include: the Fibonacci fan, the Fibonacci arc, Fibonacci retracement and the Fibonacci time extension.
Golden ratio conjugate
The negative root of the quadratic equation for φ (the "conjugate root") is
The absolute value of this quantity (≈ 0.618) corresponds to the length ratio taken in reverse order (shorter segment length over longer segment length, b/a), and is sometimes referred to as the golden ratio conjugate. It is denoted here by the capital Phi (Φ):
Alternatively, Φ can be expressed as
This illustrates the unique property of the golden ratio among positive numbers, that
or its inverse:
This means 0.61803...:1 = 1:1.61803...
Short proofs of irrationality
Contradiction from an expression in lowest terms
- the whole is the longer part plus the shorter part;
- the whole is to the longer part as the longer part is to the shorter part.
If we call the whole n and the longer part m, then the second statement above becomes
- n is to m as m is to n − m,
To say that φ is rational means that φ is a fraction n/m where n and m are integers. We may take n/m to be in lowest terms and n and m to be positive. But if n/m is in lowest terms, then the identity labeled (*) above says m/(n − m) is in still lower terms. That is a contradiction that follows from the assumption that φ is rational.
Derivation from irrationality of √5
Another short proof—perhaps more commonly known—of the irrationality of the golden ratio makes use of the closure of rational numbers under addition and multiplication. If is rational, then is also rational, which is a contradiction if it is already known that the square root of a non-square natural number is irrational.
The formula φ = 1 + 1/φ can be expanded recursively to obtain a continued fraction for the golden ratio:
and its reciprocal:
The convergents of these continued fractions (1/1, 2/1, 3/2, 5/3, 8/5, 13/8, … , or 1/1, 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, …) are ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers.
The equation φ2 = 1 + φ likewise produces the continued square root, or infinite surd, form:
An infinite series can be derived to express phi:
These correspond to the fact that the length of the diagonal of a regular pentagon is φ times the length of its side, and similar relations in a pentagram.
Approximate and true golden spirals. The green spiral is made from quarter-circles tangent to the interior of each square, while the red spiral is a Golden Spiral, a special type of logarithmic spiral. Overlapping portions appear yellow. The length of the side of one square divided by that of the next smaller square is the golden ratio.
The number φ turns up frequently in geometry, particularly in figures with pentagonal symmetry. The length of a regular pentagon's diagonal is φ times its side. The vertices of a regular icosahedron are those of three mutually orthogonal golden rectangles.
There is no known general algorithm to arrange a given number of nodes evenly on a sphere, for any of several definitions of even distribution (see, for example, Thomson problem). However, a useful approximation results from dividing the sphere into parallel bands of equal area and placing one node in each band at longitudes spaced by a golden section of the circle, i.e. 360°/φ ≅ 222.5°. This method was used to arrange the 1500 mirrors of the student-participatory satellite Starshine-3.
Golden triangle, pentagon and pentagram
The golden triangle can be characterized as an isosceles triangle ABC with the property that bisecting the angle C produces a new triangle CXB which is a similar triangle to the original.
If angle BCX = α, then XCA = α because of the bisection, and CAB = α because of the similar triangles; ABC = 2α from the original isosceles symmetry, and BXC = 2α by similarity. The angles in a triangle add up to 180°, so 5α = 180, giving α = 36°. So the angles of the golden triangle are thus 36°-72°-72°. The angles of the remaining obtuse isosceles triangle AXC (sometimes called the golden gnomon) are 36°-36°-108°.
Suppose XB has length 1, and we call BC length φ. Because of the isosceles triangles BC=XC and XC=XA, so these are also length φ. Length AC = AB, therefore equals φ+1. But triangle ABC is similar to triangle CXB, so AC/BC = BC/BX, and so AC also equals φ2. Thus φ2 = φ+1, confirming that φ is indeed the golden ratio.
Similarly, the ratio of the area of the larger triangle to the smaller is equal to φ, while the inverse ratio is 1 - φ.
A pentagram colored to distinguish its line segments of different lengths. The four lengths are in golden ratio to one another.
The golden ratio plays an important role in regular pentagons and pentagrams. Each intersection of edges sections other edges in the golden ratio. Also, the ratio of the length of the shorter segment to the segment bounded by the 2 intersecting edges (a side of the pentagon in the pentagram's center) is φ, as the four-color illustration shows.
The pentagram includes ten isosceles triangles: five acute and five obtuse isosceles triangles. In all of them, the ratio of the longer side to the shorter side is φ. The acute triangles are golden triangles. The obtuse isosceles triangles are golden gnomon.
The golden ratio in a regular pentagon can be computed using Ptolemy's theorem.
The golden ratio can also be confirmed by applying Ptolemy's theorem to the quadrilateral formed by removing one vertex from a regular pentagon. If the quadrilateral's long edge and diagonals are b, and short edges are a, then Ptolemy's theorem gives b2 = a2 + ab which yields
Scalenity of triangles
Consider a triangle with sides of lengths a, b, and c in decreasing order. Define the "scalenity" of the triangle to be the smaller of the two ratios a/b and b/c. The scalenity is always less than φ and can be made as close as desired to φ.
Triangle whose sides form a geometric progression
If the side lengths of a triangle form a geometric progression and are in the ratio 1 : r : r2, where r is the common ratio, then r must lie in the range φ−1 < r < φ , which is a consequence of the triangle inequality (the sum of any two sides of a triangle must be strictly bigger than the length of the third side). If r = φ then the shorter two sides are 1 and φ but their sum is φ2, thus r < φ. A similar calculation shows that r> φ−1. A triangle whose sides are in the ratio 1 : √φ : φ is a right triangle (because 1 + φ = φ2) known as a Kepler triangle.
Golden triangle, rhombus, and rhombic triacontahedron
One of the rhombic triacontahedron's rhombi
All of the faces of the rhombic triacontahedron are golden rhombi
A golden rhombus is a rhombus whose diagonals are in the golden ratio. The rhombic triacontahedron is a convex polytope that has a very special property: all of its faces are golden rhombi. In the rhombic triacontahedron the dihedral angle between any two adjacent rhombi is 144°, which is twice the isosceles angle of a golden triangle and four times its most acute angle.
Relationship to Fibonacci sequence
The mathematics of the golden ratio and of the Fibonacci sequence are intimately interconnected. The Fibonacci sequence is:
- 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, …
The closed-form expression (known as Binet's formula, even though it was already known by Abraham de Moivre) for the Fibonacci sequence involves the golden ratio:
A Fibonacci spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.
The golden ratio is the limit of the ratios of successive terms of the Fibonacci sequence (or any Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally shown by Kepler:
Therefore, if a Fibonacci number is divided by its immediate predecessor in the sequence, the quotient approximates φ; e.g., 987/610 ≈ 1.6180327868852. These approximations are alternately lower and higher than φ, and converge on φ as the Fibonacci numbers increase, and:
where above, the ratios of consecutive terms of the Fibonacci sequence, is a case when a = 1.
Furthermore, the successive powers of φ obey the Fibonacci recurrence:
This identity allows any polynomial in φ to be reduced to a linear expression. For example:
However, this is no special property of φ, because polynomials in any solution x to a quadratic equation can be reduced in an analogous manner, by applying:
for given coefficients a, b such that x satisfies the equation. Even more generally, any rational function (with rational coefficients) of the root of an irreducible nth-degree polynomial over the rationals can be reduced to a polynomial of degree n ‒ 1. Phrased in terms of field theory, if α is a root of an irreducible nth-degree polynomial, then has degree n over , with basis .
The golden ratio and inverse golden ratio have a set of symmetries that preserve and interrelate them. They are both preserved by the fractional linear transformations x,1 / (1 − x),(x − 1) / x, – this fact corresponds to the identity and the definition quadratic equation. Further, they are interchanged by the three maps 1 / x,1 − x,x / (x − 1) – they are reciprocals, symmetric about 1 / 2, and (projectively) symmetric about 2.
More deeply, these maps form a subgroup of the modular group isomorphic to the symmetric group on 3 letters, S3, corresponding to the stabilizer of the set of 3 standard points on the projective line, and the symmetries correspond to the quotient map – the subgroup C3 < S3 consisting of the 3-cycles and the identity fixes the two numbers, while the 2-cycles interchange these, thus realizing the map.
The golden ratio has the simplest expression (and slowest convergence) as a continued fraction expansion of any irrational number (see Alternate forms above). It is, for that reason, one of the worst cases of Lagrange's approximation theorem. This may be the reason angles close to the golden ratio often show up in phyllotaxis (the growth of plants).
The defining quadratic polynomial and the conjugate relationship lead to decimal values that have their fractional part in common with φ:
The sequence of powers of φ contains these values 0.618…, 1.0, 1.618…, 2.618…; more generally, any power of φ is equal to the sum of the two immediately preceding powers:
As a result, one can easily decompose any power of φ into a multiple of φ and a constant. The multiple and the constant are always adjacent Fibonacci numbers. This leads to another property of the positive powers of φ:
If , then:
When the golden ratio is used as the base of a numeral system (see Golden ratio base, sometimes dubbed phinary or φ-nary), every integer has a terminating representation, despite φ being irrational, but every fraction has a non-terminating representation.
The golden ratio is a fundamental unit of the algebraic number field and is a Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number.
The golden ratio also appears in hyperbolic geometry, as the maximum distance from a point on one side of an ideal triangle to the closer of the other two sides: this distance, the side length of the equilateral triangle formed by the points of tangency of a circle inscribed within the ideal triangle, is 4 ln φ.
The golden ratio's decimal expansion can be calculated directly from the expression
with √5 ≈ 2.2360679774997896964. The square root of 5 can be calculated with the Babylonian method, starting with an initial estimate such as xφ = 2 and iterating
for n = 1, 2, 3, …, until the difference between xn and xn−1 becomes zero, to the desired number of digits.
The Babylonian algorithm for √5 is equivalent to Newton's method for solving the equation x2 − 5 = 0. In its more general form, Newton's method can be applied directly to any algebraic equation, including the equation x2 − x − 1 = 0 that defines the golden ratio. This gives an iteration that converges to the golden ratio itself,
for an appropriate initial estimate xφ such as xφ = 1. A slightly faster method is to rewrite the equation as x − 1 − 1/x = 0, in which case the Newton iteration becomes
These iterations all converge quadratically; that is, each step roughly doubles the number of correct digits. The golden ratio is therefore relatively easy to compute with arbitrary precision. The time needed to compute n digits of the golden ratio is proportional to the time needed to divide two n-digit numbers. This is considerably faster than known algorithms for the transcendental numbers π and e.
An easily programmed alternative using only integer arithmetic is to calculate two large consecutive Fibonacci numbers and divide them. The ratio of Fibonacci numbers F25001 and F25000, each over 5000 digits, yields over 10,000 significant digits of the golden ratio.
The golden ratio φ has been calculated to an accuracy of several millions of decimal digits (sequence A001622 in OEIS). Alexis Irlande performed computations and verification of the first 17,000,000,000 digits.
A regular square pyramid is determined by its medial right triangle, whose edges are the pyramid's apothem (a), semi-base (b), and height (h); the face inclination angle is also marked. Mathematical proportions b:h:a of
are of particular interest in relation to Egyptian pyramids.
Both Egyptian pyramids and those mathematical regular square pyramids that resemble them can be analyzed with respect to the golden ratio and other ratios.
Mathematical pyramids and triangles
A pyramid in which the apothem (slant height along the bisector of a face) is equal to φ times the semi-base (half the base width) is sometimes called a golden pyramid. The isosceles triangle that is the face of such a pyramid can be constructed from the two halves of a diagonally split golden rectangle (of size semi-base by apothem), joining the medium-length edges to make the apothem. The height of this pyramid is times the semi-base (that is, the slope of the face is ); the square of the height is equal to the area of a face, φ times the square of the semi-base.
The medial right triangle of this "golden" pyramid (see diagram), with sides is interesting in its own right, demonstrating via the Pythagorean theorem the relationship or . This "Kepler triangle" is the only right triangle proportion with edge lengths in geometric progression, just as the 3–4–5 triangle is the only right triangle proportion with edge lengths in arithmetic progression. The angle with tangent corresponds to the angle that the side of the pyramid makes with respect to the ground, 51.827… degrees (51° 49' 38").
A nearly similar pyramid shape, but with rational proportions, is described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (the source of a large part of modern knowledge of ancient Egyptian mathematics), based on the 3:4:5 triangle; the face slope corresponding to the angle with tangent 4/3 is 53.13 degrees (53 degrees and 8 minutes). The slant height or apothem is 5/3 or 1.666… times the semi-base. The Rhind papyrus has another pyramid problem as well, again with rational slope (expressed as run over rise). Egyptian mathematics did not include the notion of irrational numbers, and the rational inverse slope (run/rise, multiplied by a factor of 7 to convert to their conventional units of palms per cubit) was used in the building of pyramids.
Another mathematical pyramid with proportions almost identical to the "golden" one is the one with perimeter equal to 2π times the height, or h:b = 4:π. This triangle has a face angle of 51.854° (51°51'), very close to the 51.827° of the Kepler triangle. This pyramid relationship corresponds to the coincidental relationship .
Egyptian pyramids very close in proportion to these mathematical pyramids are known.
In the mid nineteenth century, Röber studied various Egyptian pyramids including Khafre, Menkaure and some of the Giza, Sakkara and Abusir groups, and was interpreted as saying that half the base of the side of the pyramid is the middle mean of the side, forming what other authors identified as the Kepler triangle; many other mathematical theories of the shape of the pyramids have also been explored.
One Egyptian pyramid is remarkably close to a "golden pyramid" – the Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu). Its slope of 51° 52' is extremely close to the "golden" pyramid inclination of 51° 50' and the π-based pyramid inclination of 51° 51'; other pyramids at Giza (Chephren, 52° 20', and Mycerinus, 50° 47') are also quite close. Whether the relationship to the golden ratio in these pyramids is by design or by accident remains open to speculation. Several other Egyptian pyramids are very close to the rational 3:4:5 shape.
Adding fuel to controversy over the architectural authorship of the Great Pyramid, Eric Temple Bell, mathematician and historian, claimed in 1950 that Egyptian mathematics would not have supported the ability to calculate the slant height of the pyramids, or the ratio to the height, except in the case of the 3:4:5 pyramid, since the 3:4:5 triangle was the only right triangle known to the Egyptians and they did not know the Pythagorean theorem nor any way to reason about irrationals such as π or φ.
Michael Rice asserts that principal authorities on the history of Egyptian architecture have argued that the Egyptians were well acquainted with the golden ratio and that it is part of mathematics of the Pyramids, citing Giedon (1957). Historians of science have always debated whether the Egyptians had any such knowledge or not, contending rather that its appearance in an Egyptian building is the result of chance.
In 1859, the pyramidologist John Taylor claimed that, in the Great Pyramid of Giza, the golden ratio is represented by the ratio of the length of the face (the slope height), inclined at an angle θ to the ground, to half the length of the side of the square base, equivalent to the secant of the angle θ. The above two lengths were about 186.4 and 115.2 meters respectively. The ratio of these lengths is the golden ratio, accurate to more digits than either of the original measurements. Similarly, Howard Vyse, according to Matila Ghyka, reported the great pyramid height 148.2 m, and half-base 116.4 m, yielding 1.6189 for the ratio of slant height to half-base, again more accurate than the data variability.
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Viewers: in countries Watching now:
In Maya 2011 Essential Training, George Maestri demonstrates the tools and feature set in Maya, as well as the skills necessary to model, texture, animate, and render projects with this deep and robust piece of 3D animation software from Autodesk. This course takes an in-depth tour of Maya's interface, including navigating and manipulating objects in 3D and customizing the workspace. The course also covers object creation and modeling basics, shading and texturing, surface mapping techniques, character rigging, and lastly, rendering and final output. Exercise files accompany the course.
In Maya, applying textures to a polygonal surface is a little bit different process than it is with NURB Surfaces. With polygons, you can actually apply a texture per polygon, so every polygon in your model could actually have a different texture. This gives you a lot of flexibility in the way that you can texture an object. Let me show you some basics. Let's go ahead and just take a simple object and shade it. Now if I want to I could apply a material very simply to this, just by going over the Rendering tab, picking the material and applying it.
Then I can change it to whatever color I want and so on. Now with the polygonal surface what's really nice is that each individual face can have a separate texture. So, for example, if I selected a handful of these faces, I could just apply another material to it and give it its own separate color. So every part, every face of the model can have its own material and its own mapping as well.
So all I'm really doing is just selecting faces and applying maps. So if I selected these faces, I could just right-click over this, select whatever material I wanted, and off we'd go. Now once I've got these materials, they would still show up in the Hypershade. So now that I've got all these different materials, they're all showing up here. Move this down. If I changed them in any way, they'd reflect on that particular model.
So this is a really good way to assign multiple textures to an object. So let's do something a little bit more practical. We are going to go ahead and open a scene in our Chapter 8 folder called Dog_10. This is just our dog finally completely modeled. Now I kind of just went through and added some extra parts. Now we have a separate head, the eyes are separate, the ears, and the arms and gloves are separate. In fact, let's just work on the body.
I am actually going to select the head here and I'm just going to go ahead and do Display > Hide Selection. So all we are working with is the actual body itself. Now if I wanted to, I could texture this by separating everything out like I've done with the arms here. So, for example, if I wanted to have a texture for the arms, I could make a texture say called Shirt, and I could give it a color. Let's say let's make it kind of a purply kind of color, something like this. There we go.
And I could apply that also just by going here, going into the Hypershade, or just right-clicking here and we can find our existing material Shirt. If I want to, I can do them for gloves. So I could even select both of these and apply a material here and we could call that gloves, and let's give him whitish kind of gloves. But then when I get to the body, let's say I wanted to make the shoes and the pants a different color than the shirt.
This is where selecting things out a polygon at a time is really beneficial. In fact, in order to really see these polygons, I am going to hit my number 1 key so that we are not smoothing anything, so I can see exactly what I'm shading here. Let's go ahead and start with the shoes. Let's go ahead and just go right-click over this, go Face, and then in fact it's probably easier in a Side viewport, because I can get an exact-- you can see where the feet kind of come in here. So all I have to do is just Shift+Select that. Make sure I have got all of that selected.
Well, not all. I can select this and this and this and this, and now let's go ahead and make some shoes. So he is going to have kind of shiny shoes. So I am going to put a Blinn on there, which has a little bit of shine to it. Then I just want to give him kind of a dark color. Almost black shoes, not quite black, and there we go. Now I've got this model here and if I go back into Object mode here, you'll see that I've got two materials on this. I've got lambert1, which is the default material, and then I've got this one called blinn2, which was the shoes.
In fact, I need to rename this. Let's called that Shoes. Now let's go ahead and do some more. Let's do the shirt. So I am going to go ahead and right-click over this, go Face, select all of these faces. See if I got them all. Then jump out of here, and let's make sure I've got all of these faces here. I could also use Paint select for this, but this is actually coming together fairly quickly. Here we go.
So you can see how you get very, very detailed here, and select all of these. So once I've got all of these selected, I already have the material I have created for the shirt. That's when I did the arm. So all I have to do is right-click over this, go Assign Existing Material > Shirt. Now that I've got that selected, all I have left are the pants. So then I can just go ahead and select those out and let's go ahead and just do that very quickly.
Let's go ahead and select these polygons here. Okay, and again this is a lot of detail work. So I am just going to do this very roughly, so that way I am not going to waste all of your time here. I am just holding down the Shift key and selecting these. I am just making sure I have got all of those selected, and I can probably-- Oops! There is a big patch that I missed. Okay, so I have got most of this selected here.
Now all I have to do again is just make a material for the pants. Well, I want a Lambert, because I don't want his pants to be shiny. He is not wearing plastic pants or anything like that. Then let's just give it a color. I am going to start with kind of a light blue maybe, something like that. So you can play with that all you want. Now there it is. So if I do a 3, you can see how it pretty much maps. There are a couple of little spots that I need to take care of right here. I can just right-click over that.
lambert3 is what I had for pants. In fact, I can probably rename it. Let's go ahead and rename that pants, and off you go. So as you can see, with polygonal models you can assign a material to the entire model, or you can go down a face at a time and apply materials very, very precisely.
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A few doctors can successfully manage an autoimmune disease – this is a condition when the immune system attacks the body. Researchers reveal that this is considered an epidemic in the present times. Thousands of people are affected by the condition – more than cancer and heart disease combined. As per conventional medicine, the origins of the autoimmune disease are still mysterious and can be traced to the toxins materials which are present in thousands in the environment.
Diagnosis for autoimmunity is never easy. It is known that it takes 5 years for an average person and at least 5 visits to the Doctor, before a diagnosis is received. Though there are several published reviews and scientific studies related to autoimmunity, there are very few doctors, who can actually identify the symptoms related to autoimmunity, screen it and finally treat it.
Autoimmune patients are prescribed anti-anxiety medicines and antidepressants. They are recommended to exercise and lose weight and are often blamed for making up the symptoms. It is known that 75% or more people struggling with autoimmunity are women. This reveals that sexism exists in medicine and can come in the way of improved treatment.
When medical doctors take over the condition with a diagnosis of the autoimmune diseases, it is usually after the disease has destroyed the tissue. The tissue might be in the thyroid gland, a part of the brain or the sheath which coats the nerves. During this point, they are able to offer invasive treatments in the form of chemotherapy drugs, steroids and surgery.
A few autoimmune diseases are vitiligo, Crohn’s disease, Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, lupus, celiac disease, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Though around 100 autoimmune diseases are identified till now, the truth is that there are more than 100 autoimmune diseases which have the capability of attacking any cell of the body.
Autoimmunity – Why is It So Common Now?
Patients suffering from autoimmunity are on the rise: Here are some facts:
- Type 1 diabetes increased 23 % between 2001-2009 in the US
- Crohn’s disease increased 300 % in the last 20 years in the UK
- In Canada, the Inflammatory bowel diseased is increasing at the rate of 7% every year.
- An Israeli study reveals that autoimmune rates are increasing all over the world.
- Studies reveal that autoimmune rates increase the most in the developed countries and in developing countries of the world. They are said to be the least in the least developed countries of the world.
Toxic and ‘developed’ are now quite synonymous. More than 80,000 chemicals are still not tested on the humans, which are present in the environment. In the US, more than 5000 chemicals are added each to the environment every year. Blood sampling has revealed that there are hundreds of chemicals present in our bloodstream. It is actually dependent on how many of these are tested. A study on fetal cord blood has revealed that there are 300 such toxic chemicals in the blood of newborn, across the country.
Other studies have revealed the link between different chemicals and autoimmune disease. For example, mercury is known to trigger lupus while pesticides are directly linked with rheumatoid arthritis.
The increasing rate of autoimmune disease is also traced to increased use of high processed food and unhealthy diet and food less in plant fiber. Gut microbiome is compromised which is closely linked to a poor immunity function.
Low levels of Vitamin D and increasing levels of stress, increased consumption of sugar, imbalances in hormones and a sedentary lifestyle – these are all the reasons for rise in autoimmune disease.
Functional Medicine Approach
If it is about autoimmunity, functional medicine does play an important role.
We will definitely listen to what you have to say. We understand you are not making up stories, you are not lying about your symptoms or you not trying to seek our attention also. We understand that the condition is quite frustrating, its symptoms vary from one person to another and the disease has a real mysterious nature. Yes, we realize that it is quite demoralizing.
Symptoms keep varying and depend on the tissue which is attacked. There are a few symptoms which are quite common and these include brain fog, fatigue, pain, malaise, periods and a feeling of depression. An individual feel like being crushed with low levels of energy and function.
In case of functional medicine, lab tests are used which help in screening multiple autoimmune conditions. It helps in the identification of different autoimmune reactions which are taking place. The condition might not have advanced too much which would cause excessive symptoms. We can help to halt and then to slow down symptoms.
We can carry out tests and find the different triggers in environment, which might cause the attacks. There might be a few foods which you are consuming and which are triggering the condition. Gluten or a few specific chemicals like benzene can be triggers. If you are able to avoid such triggers, you are certainly going to feel better.
If you are thinking about managing autoimmunity successfully, it doesn’t mean you have to think about managing a specific part of the body which is under attack. You need to address the immune system which is causing all the problems. Yes, the immune system is quite complex and needs attention. Thankfully, research has helped us a lot to know about the new strategies which can help in balancing the immunity. It is now possible to slow down autoimmune flares, reduce inflammation and can stop autoimmunity from spreading and causing damage to the body.
Many patients have revealed that the autoimmune disease has helped them in living a balanced and healthy life which they deserve.
Get in touch with my office for additional information and know how you can manage the autoimmune condition.
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Words By: Adyasha Dash - Wingtra
Originally published on xyHt.
A unique drone (the WingtraOne) helps a team meet the environmental challenges of planning a wind farm in the Alps.
At a lofty altitude of 2500m above sea level, 20 wind turbines 100m tall need to be built. These wind turbines will produce 60 GWh per year to power 15,000 households. The engineering challenge is twofold: With the construction site in the middle of the mountains, there are no roads to access it, nor is there any pre-existing data for site planning of the wind farm, which is 800 ha (nearly 2,000 acres) large.
This is the challenge that Swiss engineering company Cavigelli Ingenieure AG faced in the Swiss Alpine valley of Lumnezia. While mapping and 3D modelling large areas with high accuracy is a routine task for geospatial applications, the hilly terrain, high altitude, and quickly changing weather conditions in the mountains brought additional constraints. Keeping in mind the need for flexibility and low cost, the company turned to drone use.
A Combo Solution
Geospatial professionals considering commercial drone solutions often face a dilemma. Difficult terrains and limited spaces necessitate the use of multirotors. However, quadcopters and hexacopters are limited in their coverage area, as they tend to be inefficient in flight. Popular quadcopters can cover an area of only about 100 acres in 25 minutes, for example.
On the other hand, although fixed-wings can fly longer and cover more area, they also complicate flight planning because they need wide-open areas for taking off and landing. Further, as sensors can often get damaged during belly landings of fixed-wings, these drones typically must carry inferior sensors when compared to multirotors.
This gap between usability, long flight range and survey-grade imagery is what Cavigelli needed to bridge. For this application, they chose a WingtraOne carrying a full-frame 42MP Sony RX1RII camera. This VTOL drone takes off and lands vertically like a multirotor but tilts forward in flight to fly like a fixed-wing aircraft. Combining this with the capability to carry heavy sensors means that it can cover areas equivalent to 570 soccer fields in a single flight of 55 minutes.
Collection and Processing
For the wind farm site data collection, the crew started the day with a one-hour hike to the site. They then planned four flights on site to take into account the unique environmental challenges.
All flights were planned at 500m relative altitude, with a GSD of 3.5-4.5 cm/px. The surveyors also used seven ground control points per flight for better accuracy.
Each flight took up to 20 minutes of planning and 30 minutes of flying time. Together, these flights covered an area of 1100 ha (2,718 acres), 200-300 ha per flight.
Aerial data collected from the site was converted to 3D models (using software from Pix4D) that allowed visualization of planned roads and wind turbines in the windmill farm. The entire data collection workflow itself took a mere four hours—a process that could easily take days with traditional surveying methods. Use of high-end sensors ensures survey grade imagery and accuracy—in this particular example, an accuracy of 3-4cm.
“The transport, the flight preparation, the flight planning, the takeoff process, and the data transfer were very easy and convincing,” says Thomas Arpagaus, an engineer at Cavigelli. ‘The aerial survey has shown that it takes only a very short introduction/training for a successful completion of a project.
“Thanks to the use of a drone, we were able to greatly reduce the costs for the surveying and evaluation of the original site for the design work. The tight project planning could be kept due to the fast and flexible data acquisition.”
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
WHAT IS IOGAWV?
Formed in 1959, the Independent Oil and Gas Association of West Virginia, Inc. is a statewide non-profit trade association representing companies engaged in the extraction and production of natural gas and oil in West Virginia, and the companies and individuals which support extraction activities. IOGAWV was formed to promote and protect a strong, competitive and capable independent natural gas and oil producing industry in West Virginia.
WHY IS NATURAL GAS CONSIDERED A CLEAN FUEL?
Natural gas is considered the cleanest fossil fuel because it produces emissions much lower than those of other fossil fuels. Natural gas is efficient, with 92 percent of natural gas produced being delivered to customers as usable energy; on an energy equivalent basis, natural gas emits 45 percent less C02 than coal and 27 percent less CO2 than oil, making it the best fossil fuel source available to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
IS NATURAL GAS A DOMESTIC ENERGY SOURCE?
Natural gas is primarily a domestic energy source. In 2010, 88 percent of the natural gas consumed in the United States was produced in the U.S. The remaining supply came from Canada (10.5 percent), with 1.5 percent imported as liquefied natural gas (LNG).
HOW MUCH NATURAL GAS IS USED IN THE UNITED STATES FOR ELECTRICITY?
Because of its efficiency and environmental benefits, the use of natural gas to generate electricity has increased dramatically during the past 11 years—of the more than 240 gigawatts of net summer electric generation capacity added since 1999, over 87 percent has been fueled with natural gas. Natural gas currently generates approximately 23 percent of total U.S. electricity.
WHAT IS NATURAL GAS USED FOR?
Natural gas serves approximately 65 million homes; 5 million businesses like hotels, restaurants, hospitals, schools and supermarkets; 207,000 factories; and 1,800 electric generating units. On a daily basis, the average U.S. home uses more than 200 cubic feet of natural gas.
WHAT ARE SOME OTHER USES FOR NATURAL GAS?
Natural gas, as it comes out of the ground, may contain several different hydrocarbon components that can be separated from the gas stream at a gas processing or “stripping” plant. Commonly at the stripping plants, propane, butane, raw gasoline and sometimes ethane or other heavier hydrocarbons are removed, which are then available for a multitude of industrial and consumer uses. Natural gas also is a vital ingredient for the production of many alternative and renewable energy sources. It is used to manufacture lightweight steel for fuel-efficient cars and trucks, to produce hydrogen for fuel cells, and as a component of windmill blades for wind energy and to grow the corn needed for ethanol.
HOW MUCH NATURAL GAS IS THERE?
The domestic natural gas resource base is large, estimated to be 2,074 trillion cubic feet, enough to meet current U.S. consumption for another 100 years. According to Dr. Sam Ameri from West Virginia University, there are over 100 trillion cubic feet in West Virginia alone.
IS THE TRANSPORTATION OF NATURAL GAS SAFE?
There are nearly 2.4 million miles of pipeline of varying sizes and pressures that transport natural gas from the wellhead to 70 million industrial, commercial and residential customers throughout the U.S. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, pipelines are the safest form of energy transportation—safer than transportation by truck or rail.
HOW MANY JOBS HAVE BEEN CREATED IN WEST VIRGINIA BECAUSE OF THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY?
The natural gas industry is one of West Virginia’s leading employers of local workers. Currently, the industry makes it possible for 35,000 West Virginia jobs. The industry directly pays yearly salaries of nearly $760 million, with the average yearly wage for the industry being $60,000. With the development of the Marcellus formation, there is the potential for 7,000 new West Virginia jobs. Natural gas is one of the few industries in West Virginia ready to hire West Virginians today.
HOW DOES THE PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS BENEFIT THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA ECONOMICALLY?
Currently, 53 of West Virginia’s 55 counties have natural gas production operations. The natural gas industry in West Virginia is one of the leading growth industries in our state. The development of those wells leads to over $70 million a year in severance taxes and well over $100 million a year in property taxes, from which all West Virginia counties benefit. This money goes directly into our local communities and helps fund our public school systems. During the last year, the natural gas industry spent over $770 million in new capital investments. In addition, the industry put millions back into local county economies through buying supplies, eating at restaurants, staying in hotels, purchasing gasoline and shopping in our local communities.
WHAT IS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING?
Put simply, hydraulic fracturing is a technology used to stimulate the flow of energy from new and existing oil and gas wells. Hydraulic fracturing was first commercially employed in 1948. The well is lined with cemented steel casing. By creating or even restoring millimeter-thick fissures, the surface area of a formation exposed to the borehole increases and the fracture provides a conductive path that connects the reservoir to the well. These new paths increase the rate that fluids can be produced from the reservoir formations.
WHY IS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IMPORTANT?
Hydraulic fracturing is an environmentally responsible way to make the most of our American energy resources, while limiting disturbance to our environment. Without it, wells that would have run dry years ago, or which never would have been productive in the first place, are made viable. Experts believe 60 to 80 percent of all wells drilled in the United States in the next ten years will require fracturing to remain in operation.
WHAT EXACTLY ARE FRACTURING FLUIDS MADE OF?
The main ingredient in fracturing fluid is water. Pure water makes up 99.5 percent of the fluid mixture. Other ingredients each serve a critical purpose in the fracturing process. Sand keeps fractures open, allowing oil or natural gas to reach the well and rise to the surface for collection. Water alone is not the most effective carrier of sand, so the mixture must be made more viscous or gel-like. The most common material used to gel the water is guar, which is made from guar beans (and which you will likely find in many of your favorite processed foods). In addition, nitrogen gas may be added to foam the mixture for better transport down the well. To help in the recovery process, an enzyme or oxidizer breaks the fluid back down from its gelled state to a more liquid state so it can be collected. Other ingredients in fracturing fluid could affect your health—if you were exposed to them in excessive quantities. However, the concentration of these elements during the hydraulic fracturing process is far below the levels necessary to pose a threat
WHAT STEPS ARE TAKEN DURING WELL CONSTRUCTION TO PROTECT DRINKING WATER?
Well construction processes are designed to ensure maximum protection of the water supply and nearby ecosystems. Each well is lined with steel pipe casing that extends below the depth of any shallow aquifers and below an impervious layer of rock that would prevent any migration of fluids up into the drinking water supply. Production casing is used at depths below the surface casing, keeping any fluids or other material in the well bore from entering the surrounding rock formations. To further ensure the protection of the surface water aquifers, state regulation requires a protective cement shield to be installed outside of the pipe to prevent any accidental migration of fluids or gases into the water bearing zones.
HAS HYDRAULIC FRACTURING EVER CAUSED CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER?
No. There has never been a documented instance of water contamination caused by hydraulic fracturing. The engineering practices perfected over the last 60 years, as well as effective state regulation, ensures the integrity of the water supply and the environment. Both the Environmental Protection Agency and the Ground Water Protection Council have released extensive studies declaring the practice safe and the fluids non threatening.
WHAT IS THE JUST BENEATH THE SURFACE ALLIANCE?
The “Just Beneath the Surface” alliance is supported by IOGAWV and will provide the public with facts, debunk false information and offer an in-depth look into our industry. It is our goal to provide a source of factual information and two-way communication on the subjects of economic benefits, environmental standards, and regulations, safety and the future of energy in West Virginia. .
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