text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 7.09k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The 4th graders received their recorders this week. We learned to play our very first note in class together! We learned that good recorder playing requires two things: 1)Steamy Air and 2) Holey Fingers. Ask a 4th grader about birthday candle air versus fogging up a window air.
There is a free website that I showed to the kids in class they can use at home to practice recorder. It makes practice into a game! All you need is a computer with internet connection, a microphone, and a recorder. It's called "Recorder Master" and is available at Joytunes.com You can click the "play for free" button here and play on the website. You can play as a guest without making an account, but your progress is not saved. There is also an app version of the game for the iPad, however, it does cost $1.99.
Here are some pictures of 4th graders putting their recorders together for the very first time. It was sort of like Christmas morning in the music room :) | <urn:uuid:2fcc59ad-ae16-4501-ac23-5e04aa2dd6e8> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.fpdmusic.com/2013/09/4th-grade-recorders.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348517506.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606155701-20200606185701-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.976382 | 220 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Across the US, the coronavirus is in retreat. The pandemic is still raging, mind you, with more than 70,000 new cases still reported each day. But since the post-holiday peak in mid-January, the seven-day average of new cases has fallen by nearly 64 percent. Hospitalizations have plunged too. And with vaccinations accelerating, there is a glimmer of hope that this downward trend might be the start of Covid’s long slide toward containment, at least in the US and other wealthy countries that are hogging the shots.
But retreat does not always mean defeat. And the emergence of several worrisome new coronavirus variants with new tricks for spreading faster or evading immune responses presents another possibility: that the current reprieve will only be temporary. Public health experts are urging governments to prepare for a possible new wave of infections driven by variants like B.1.1.7, which has already been identified in more than 1,200 US cases and in nearly every state, according to data from the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control.
That’s more than double the number reported two weeks earlier. But the real number is likely far higher. How much higher? No one knows. That’s because the only way to tell which version of the coronavirus is causing an infection is to sequence its genome. In this country, that should be easy enough—the US is a sequencing superpower. It has dozens of academic institutions and massive commercial labs with the capacity to crank out genomes at a rapid clip. But the federal government’s response through much of the pandemic didn’t include a plan to mobilize America’s DNA-mappers into a coordinated coronavirus-monitoring corps. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, well, sucked.
At the end of last year, the CDC finally got the green light to roll out additional programs and funding aimed at changing that. Since then, the US has boosted its sequencing from about 3,000 viral genomes per week to more than 7,000. But scientists say it’s still not close to enough. And we’re running out of time to catch up. Because while Congress debates a bill that could provide the necessary infusion of funds for building out the genomic surveillance system the US should have had all along, variants—both the ones scientists know to be worried about and the ones they haven’t discovered yet—are expanding their territory.
“Across the US right now, we’re seeing a doubling of B.1.1.7 every 10 days,” says Karthik Gangavarapu, a computational biologist at the Scripps Institute in La Jolla, California. He’s part of a team of researchers that has been tracking the rapid spread of the extra-contagious lineage, which is still sometimes referred to as the “UK variant,”
In a study posted online earlier this month, the team analyzed more than 200 viral genomes of the B.1.1.7 lineage collected from around the country, and they found that the variant most likely arrived in the US in November, a month before it was first detected here. Then they calculated how fast the variant spread during the months of December and January: between 35 and 45 percent faster than existing US strains. Though it has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, the data provides the first hard evidence bolstering a forecast issued in January by the CDC, projecting that B.1.1.7 would become the dominant variant in the US by late March. | <urn:uuid:9f8ca727-f236-4890-8ae0-6b19555cb3dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.wired.com/story/as-coronavirus-variants-spread-the-us-struggles-to-keep-up/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104432674.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704141714-20220704171714-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.956663 | 741 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- slide 1 of 1
Four Thirds System
The Four Thirds system is a digital camera standard that is currently being used by Olympus (the developer of the standard), Sigma, Leica, and Panasonic. Kodak, while developing sensors for the standard and participating in its development, does not produce cameras or lenses which support the Four Thirds system. This standard is an outgrowth of Olympus researchers' investigations into the unique aspects of the interrelationship between lenses and digital photography and consideration of the optical compromises on which existing DSLR designs were predicated.
Prior to the Four Thirds standard, digital SLR configurations were based heavily on that of their film counterparts, with little or no optimization for the issues associated with digital photography. Since digital cameras revolve around imaging sensors in the same way that film cameras depend on their film, sensor size in this format was chosen to strike a balance between image quality (which prefers a larger sensor) and portability. Concerning size, the image sensor plays a larger role than many realize, since it not only determines the size of the camera body- it affects the size of the lens, as well. Choosing a smaller format results in higher noise levels, but it also allows development of portable long zooms such as Olympus’ Zuiko Digital 70-300mm F/4.0 standard grade lens which, when converted to 35mm equivalent, has a focal range of 140-600mm in a package that is a little over a pound and only 5 inches long. The Four Thirds system design standard has also resulted in the reduction of vignetting (the brightness gradient noticeable in some images) and crosstalk (incoming light hitting adjacent sensors).
At the present time, Panasonic, Olympus, and Leica offer Four Thirds cameras, while both Sigma and Olympus offer a number of lenses for the system. Additionally, adapters are available to allow the use of legacy lenses with Four Thirds cameras. While the standard has not attracted wider corporate interest yet, the Micro Four Thirds format, if successful, may change the playing field by allowing the use of interchangeable lenses on compact cameras, blurring the line between DSLR and point-and-shoot designs and opening a new market for lens manufacturers.
The Four Thirds System - Bringing SLRs into the Digital Age
The history, advantages, and disadvantages of owning a camera from the Four Thirds or Micro Four Thirds system. | <urn:uuid:1a412c50-023d-46de-8005-e7b2c0d0856f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.brighthub.com/electronics/cameras-camcorders/articles/17684.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891886.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123091931-20180123111931-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.942221 | 494 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This page is about the natural and human history of the Grønfjord area and the Isfjord coast further east. There is a dedicated page about Barentsburg. In earlier times, Grønfjord was known as Green Harbour. Both names mean the same.
Grønfjord from above as a snow landscape in March.
Seen from the scheduled flight, view to the northwest.
But the area is, of course, heavily influenced by Barentsburg and the abandoned double settlement of Colesbukta and Grumantbyen. You will find traces of activities related to these settlements, mostly mining, almost anywhere. This is sometimes interesting and sometimes rather annoying, when it comes to industrial waste, often harmful to wildlife, that is just left in the arctic environment.
View over Barentsburg and into Grønfjord: snow landscape in the early winter (October).
Nevertheless, the area has one of Spitsbergen’s richest tundra environments, in Grønfjord, Colesdalen and other large valleys. There and near Grumantbyen it is recommended to boil water thoroughly before drinking it or using it to prepare food or other hygienically sensitive purposes, as there are introduced mice that can spread fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis). An infection is unlikely, but if this kind of disaster happens to strike, then it is extremely dangerous.
The area has good opportunities for summer hiking and winter expeditions, from day hikes – from Bjørndalen to the west or starting in Barentsburg – to longer trips. Hiking from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (or the other way around), including travelling the other way by boat, is an option for a first several-day hiking tour in Spitsbergen. But I have to admit that I prefer the hiking opportunities and the scenery in Dickson Land, which is also reasonably accessible from Pyramiden.
Hiking in Grønfjord. There are plenty of these steeply incised little river valleys in the area, which require time and energy especially when you have to negotiate them
with a heavy bagpack.
The coastal area between Grønfjord and Colesbukta is a frequently used winter route as it is one of two main snow mobile routes between Longyearbyen and Barentsburg. There is another route following some inland valleys (there is a detailed description of this route and other ones in the guidebook Spitsbergen-Svalbard). Both routes may also be used on hiking tours in the summer, but they will include various terrain challenges including river crossings and wet tundra in Colesdalen.
On snow mobile tour in Grønfjord, on the way to Barentsburg.
But the costal route between Colesbukta and Grønfjord – locally often referred to as the Kapp Laila route – is not at all a beach walk or, in the winter, a drive along the coast. The coast itself is mostly a low cliff. And there is a couple of terrain challenges in shape of several deeply incised river valleys which can be difficult to negotiate, now matter how you are travelling. During a snow mobile trip, navigating the slopes around these valleys can be pretty challenging especially for beginners.
Snow mobile tour to Barentsburg: Nordhallet, the slopes south of the Isfjord coast between Colesdalen and Hollendardalen. Looking west, towards Hollendardalen.
A lot depends on the weather during the days before the trip: in case the ground is icy and slippery, the steeper slopes, especially those related to the above-mentioned, can be difficult or even dangerous and impossible. This potentially tricky slope area between Colesbukta and Hollendardalen is called Nordhallet; the area is more of an obstacle than anything else, the most scenic aspect being the wide view over Isfjord. Other than that, there are plenty of other parts of Spitsbergen that are more scenically attractive than Nordhallet. And considering the difficulties and potential dangers, it is certainly recommended to join a guided tour unless you have relevant experience and knowledge, or at least pay good attention to local advice.
The only legally protected area in the region is the Festningen geotope, a geological sanctuary on the Isfjord coast west of Grønfjord. But it does not include access restrictions.
Sandstone cliffs at Festningen at the entrance to Grønfjord.
The bedrock on the west side of Grønfjord consists mostly of steeply tilted sedimentary rocky, mainly fossil-rich limestones from the upper Carboniferous and lower Permian. These layers are running through the mountains Productustoppen, Braganzatoppen and Vardeborg to Kapp Starostin, giving them a special structure and appearance. See section geology (Kapp Starostin) on the page Kapp Linné-Festningen.
Mountain cliffs of hard sediment layers (Carboniferous-Permian) south of Grønfjord.
East of Grønfjord, we find bedrock consisting of mostly horizontal lower Tertiary layers. There are alternating layers of sand-, silt- and claystone; the sandstones are coal-bearing and partly rich in fossils (imprints of leaves like from hazelnut trees etc.). The change from sand- to claystone is due to changing relative sea level and thus of changing depositional environment from deltaic to deeper shelf and can nicely be seen in the slopes, especially when you ascend one of the few mountains towering above the wide-ranging plateau, which is 400-500 metres high. In some of the sandstones, you can find nice ripple marks and other sedimentary structures.
Lower Tertiary sediment layers at Finneset.
The layers are mostly horizontal and tectonically undisturbed, but there are some smaller faults. A thrust cuts the rocks just east of Grumantbyen and is nicely visible from the Isfjord. This fault caused difficulties for the Russian mine in Grumantbyen, which was one of the reasons for closing the mine in 1962.
Recommended book for further, well-digestable (really!) info about geology and landscape of Svalbard.
View from Grønfjordfjellet south of Barentsburg over inner Grønfjord.
The characteristic landscape in most parts of Nordenskiöld Land east of Grønfjord includes plateau-shaped mountains with wide plateaus in an elevation between 400 and 600 metres. Few mountains tower above this plateau and reach a good 1000 metres above sea level; otherwise, the rocks once covering the whole plateau have been eroded. The area is mostly unglaciated and has some large ice-free valleys such as Colesdalen and Grøndalen. The valley bottoms are mostly occuppied by braided rivers, the larger branches of which can be difficult to cross. This also applies to some of the lagoon outlets and meltwater rivers in inner Grønfjord.
Crossing a meltwater river near Grønfjordbreane in inner Grønfjord.
The net-like rivers of these rivers form aestetic patterns, which are especially nice when seen from an elevated position. Another specialty of the large, ice-free valleys are pingos: permafrost phenomena consisting of large, ice-filled cones, up to 30-40 metres high. There are several pingos in Grøndalen.
View over lowermost Grøndalen.
Flora and fauna
The tundra near the coast is amongst the richest tundra areas of Spitsbergen, especially in Colesdalen, but some areas around Grønfjord are also comparatively lush and green. Reindeer are accordingly abundant.
Reindeer antler on the tundra at Sandefjordneset.
Salt marsh tundra near the coast in inner Grønfjord in evening light, late August.
A faunistic specialty in Svalbard, which is otherwise free of rodents, are mice which live in the settlements. Surprisingly, they have survived until today in Grumantbyen, although the settlement was abandoned in 1962. They do spread beyond the former settlement area and there are records of them as far away as Adventdalen, but during the winter, they seem to be restricted to Grumantbyen, at least so far. They may spread parasites (tapeworm), so it is strongly recommended to boil drinking water thoroughly in this area.
Walrus on drift ice floe: both are rare visitors in Grønfjord.
Barentsburg has its own influence on the vegetation and wildlife, for example due to the introduction of new plant species. The Sysselmannen is trying to control or, where possible, eradicate them.
Cat in Barentsburg: not really part of Spitsbergen’s natural environment.
Isfjord was one of the first parts of Spitsbergen to be discovered and used extensively. The name Hollendardalen tells already that Dutch 17th century whalers frequented the area, which was later also used by both Pomors and Norwegian trappers. There are, however, not many visible remains from these early periods, which is in part due to the more recent infrastructure.
At Finneset south of Barentsburg, there was a whaling station in the early 20th century, and a radio station for communication with the mainland. The radio station was in 1933 moved to Kapp Linné because of the topography which was more suitable for radio communication.
As is evident from the name, Barentsburg was originally founded by a Dutch mining company (Nederlandsche Spitsbergen Compagnie = NeSpiCo), but after a few years it was sold to the Russians. It is the only active Russian mining settlement in Spitsbergen, with a growing emphasise on tourism in recent years. See the page about Barentsburg for further information.
Old mine entrance on the south side of Gladdalen directly above Barentsburg.
The first mine in the area, from the Dutch years, must have been in this area.
Grumantbyen was another coal mining settlement, originally British-Russian an later entirely Russian and at some point the largest settlement of Spitsbergen with a good 1000 inhabitants, which is hard to believe when you see the few houses which are left at the steep coast. The mine and consequently also the settlement were abandoned in 1962. Because of the lack of suitable anchoring positions and harbour facilities at Grumantbyen, the coal was shipped from Colesbukta. The old settlement there was the harbour for Grumantbyen.
There is a page about Colesbukta with more information about that place.
Some impressions from the area around Grønfjord. Different kinds of trips, different seasons.
Click on thumbnail to open an enlarged version of the specific photo. | <urn:uuid:df719733-2027-4950-9bb8-74821c007101> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard.com/spitsbergen-information/islands-svalbard-co/isfjord/gronfjord-colesbukta.html?highlight=ritter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363211.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302003534-20210302033534-00189.warc.gz | en | 0.944689 | 2,374 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Film Classification Systems in Québec
Level: Grades 11-12 (Secondary 4 and 5)
Author: Thierry Plante, Media Education Specialist, MediaSmarts
Duration: 2.5 hours
This lesson is part of USE, UNDERSTAND & CREATE: A Digital Literacy Framework for Canadian Schools.
In this lesson students learn about the systems used to classify films, TV programs and video games. Students are asked to take a critical look at the criteria applied to classify these media products, and then take into account and discuss the underlying social and political aspects arising from those systems.
- understand the film classification system of the Régie du cinéma;
- understand TV program and video game classification systems and discuss them with a critical eye;
- understand the legal and ethical issues associated with limiting the access of the population to some media products;
- become aware of the challenges facing film classification regulators in determining “social consensus”;
- understand the following media literacy key concepts in relation to film classification:
- that media products have social and political implications;
- that audiences negotiate meaning;
- that media have commercial considerations
- read an article and answer comprehension questions;
- present and defend an opinion.
If students participate in the optional activity, they will also learn:
- how to assert their opinions;
- how to defend their rights as citizens and consumers.
This lesson and all associated documents (handouts, overheads, backgrounders) are available in an easy-print, pdf kit version. | <urn:uuid:344422b2-00e5-4080-82b3-1b14669170bd> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://mediasmarts.ca/teacher-resources/film-classification-systems-qu%C3%A9bec | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157216.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921151328-20180921171728-00215.warc.gz | en | 0.914752 | 321 | 3.765625 | 4 |
For nearly 100 years since its discovery, scientists have struggled to fully understand how insulin interacts with its receptor, making it difficult to improve the ability of therapeutic insulins to mimic the way insulin works in the body. Now in a new study, researchers have solved a critical piece of the puzzle by showing how insulin interacts with its receptor at a second binding site. The team of scientists from the Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (a satellite of Helmholtz Zentrum München) and the Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at TU Dresden in Germany, together with colleagues from the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Munich, Germany, McGill University in Canada, and the University of Helsinki in Finland, have published their paradigm-shifting findings in the Journal of Cell Biology.
Over the past century, scientists have detailed the central role of insulin as a regulator of blood sugar and demonstrated its involvement in diabetes and other chronic conditions, including neurodegeneration and cancer. The biological actions of insulin are mediated by its receptor, which is localized to the cell surface. Insulin binds outside the cell on the extracellular domain of its receptor and induces a structural change that is transmitted inside the cell to initiate the response.
“When insulin was administered to patients for the first time in the 1920s, it was a real breakthrough in the treatment of diabetes. However, it is still challenging to generate insulins that recapitulate the full spectrum of endogenous insulin action,” explains Ünal Coskun, group leader at the Institute for Pancreatic Islet Research and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (IPI/PLID). “The main reason for this is that we still do not understand enough about how the insulin receptor transmits the signal of insulin binding inside the cell.”
Unlocking the mystery of “site 2”
40 years ago it was established that insulin displays two distinct binding surfaces that interact with the receptor, called “site 1” and “site 2”. While “site 1” interactions with the receptor have been observed, the existence and nature of “site 2” interactions remained, for the most part, a mystery.
Using cryo-electron microscopy, the researchers were able to demonstrate the 3D structure of the insulin receptor ectodomain, which was saturated by insulin. “The key was to examine the outer part, or ectodomain, of the insulin receptor after saturating it with high concentrations of insulin,” explains Theresia Gutmann, co-first author of the study from the Paul Langerhans Institute and the German Center for Diabetes Research.
Co-first author Ingmar Schäfer, from the Department of Structural Cell Biology at the Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry (MPIB) adds, “We recorded over 8000 electron microscopic images and analyzed over 300000 single receptor particles, from which we could generate 2D images of the “T”-shaped complex to reconstruct a 3D image.”
The approach allowed the group to capture the binding of insulin to “site 2” for the first time. Since the receptor consists of two identical parts, each containing two insulin binding sites, up to four insulin molecules were bound by the receptor in total (Figure 1).
In parallel, the scientists used computational modelling and simulation approaches to investigate and validate the dynamics of all contact sites with atomistic resolution. “Computational techniques such as these are becoming increasingly important to analyze complicated dynamic processes in living cells, with the added advantage of allowing drug screens to be performed in silico,” says Ilpo Vattulainen from the Department of Physics at the University of Helsinki.
The identified interactions match well with earlier predictions, including those for “site 2,” and the researchers can now reconcile the findings of earlier studies with the structural data they obtained. These newly characterized “site 2” interactions might be important for the initial contact of insulin with the receptor.
The scientists hope that these details concerning insulin–receptor interactions will ultimately expand the current models of insulin binding to its receptor and inform new approaches to structure-based drug design. “Cryo-electron microscopy is a powerful technique, and we are excited to see how these new insulin binding sites will augment the development of designer insulins with more targeted activity,” says co-senior author, Michael Strauss of McGill University’s Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology.
“Cryo-EM structure of the complete and ligand-saturated insulin receptor ectodomain,” by Gutmann, Schäfer, Poojari, Brankatschk, Vattulainen, Strauss, and Coskun, was published in the Journal of Cell Biology on November 14, 2019. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907210
November 14, 2019 | <urn:uuid:29cf5385-a128-433d-9796-425fd05ce67a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://healthenews.mcgill.ca/new-insights-into-how-insulin-interacts-with-its-receptor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710777.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130225142-20221201015142-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.931189 | 1,023 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Since the smartphone is the hub of the Internet of Things at least for the foreseeable future, keeping that phone turned on is rather critical.
A phone may occasionally fail due to an accident, as anyone who has mistakenly dropped their phone into water is well aware.
A more likely cause of failure is for the battery to die, which they do on a regular basis for a lot of people, based on a new study.
The smartphone battery for more than a third (38%) of consumers dies at least once per day, based on the survey of 500 millennials conducted by goCharge, which makes charging stations for conferences and trade shows.
The good news for most (80%) is that they carry a charger with them at least sometimes if not always, and 43% have asked someone to borrow a phone charger.
As a central control and information point for the Internet of Things, the screen can be expected to be viewed quite frequently, and it is. Here’s how many times on average consumers say they look at their phones in the course of a day:
With almost half (44%) of consumers checking their phone more than 25 times a day, those phone batteries are getting a workout.
Sometimes when the Internet of Thing comes, batteries are not included. | <urn:uuid:febdbd00-427f-4ee4-ba60-07462c2b4798> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/306126/smartphone-batteries-the-weak-link-in-iot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578534596.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422035654-20190422061536-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.971447 | 257 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A proposed mechanism of the gene Ahl for increased susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss.
Davis-RR; Kozel-P; Erway-LC
Abstr 26th Midwinter Res Meet 2003 Feb; 22:131-132
Animals and humans show differing susceptibility to noise damage even under very carefully controlled exposure conditions. This difference in susceptibility may be related to an uncontrolled genetic component. Common experimental animals (rats, guinea pigs, chinchillas, cats) are outbred?their genomes contain an admixture of many genes. About 10 years ago Erway et al (1993) demonstrated a recessive gene associated with early presbycusis in inbred mice: Ahl. A series of studies have shown that mice homozygous for Ahl are more sensitive to the damaging effects of noise. Recent work has shown that mice homozygous for Ahl are not only more sensitive to noise, but also are probably damaged in a different manner by noise than mice containing the wild-type gene. Recent work in Noben-Trauth?s lab (Di Palma et al., 2001) has shown that the wild-type Ahl gene codes for an outer-hair cell specific cadherin. Cadherins are calcium dependent proteins which hold cells together at adherins junctions to form tissues and organs. The cadherin of interest is localized to outer hair and has been termed otocadherin or cdh-23. Reduction in, or missing otocadherin may allow stereocilia to be more easily physically damaged by loud sounds and by aging.
Noise-exposure; Exposure-levels; Noise-induced-hearing-loss; Noise-exposure; Noise; Hearing; Hearing-disorders; Hearing-loss; Laboratory-animals; Animals; Cell-damage; Cellular-reactions; Animal-studies
Abstracts of the 26th Midwinter Research Meeting | <urn:uuid:a7342e78-a740-423f-8713-873e73e6e6c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20041685.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.871341 | 394 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Knights vs samurai essay
Knights and samurai :compare and contrast code of honor feudal responsibilities religion knights lived by a code of honor called chivalry they were expected to. In conclusion, both the samurai and the knight were equally skilled because both would begin their training from an early age they trained with different weapons but could not be defeated because of the skills with those weapons. Knights vs samurai essay who would you like to be a medieval knight or a samurai engrade information about the assignment samurai vs knights-- dbq essay. Claudia breazeale 2-27-15 1st period whap were the samurai and knights really that different as they are both challenging and skilled warriors, a strong. The samurai’s bushido and the european knights chivalry were both codes of honor which consisted of fighting for their earthly lord, but when it came down to committing ritual suicide for their god only samurais were up for the challenge setting them aside from the knights. We are professional supplier & manufacturer of slurry pump, horizontal & vertical slurry pump, fitting pump of pressure filter, horizontal single-case pump, ash-flushing pump etc.
Samurai vs knight many people often see little similarity between the country of japan and europe however, there are actually several similarities between these two countries. This site might help you re: japanese samurai vs european knight i know this gets asked allot on here but who do. Blog this is a fun and interactive page where you can comment on anything you see on the website if there is anything you like or dislike feel free to leave a. Knight vs samurai here is a page on knights vs samurai, explaining the differences and similarities page of videos knights vs samurai here are the differences. Samurai and knights: were the similarities greater than the differences directions: 1 read the background essay it provides a context for answering the question.
Samurai vs knights essays (creative writing columbia mo) summaryanalysisresponse essay turkle, how computers change the way we think dissertation essay help. Similarities between knights and samurai, samurai and knights dbq essay, difference between knight and samurai samurai vs knight, knights and samurai dbq.
Throughout history, many different societies used feudalism as a form of government two such societies that used feudalism for a considerable time were. Dbq essay bryan orozco 9-11-14 4th period there are plenty types of warriors but for now i m only going to write about samurais and knights they both are. European knight vs japanese samurai in medieval europe they had knights, and in medieval japan they had samurai's, both fought in different ways. Samurai and knights essay tagged with any of history why were arrested 2 background essay writing and katana vs samurai and knights mini-q essay.
Knights vs samurai essay
What are some differences and similarities between the similarities between the medieval knight and the samurai i'm trying to write this essay.
- Samurai and knights essaysthe medieval era saw the emergence of two distinct warrior classes in europe and japan these were the samurai's and the knights they were marked in history as a code for courage and sacrifice.
- The greatest similarity between samurai and knights is that they both lived in societies that were built on feudalism samurai and knights were required to.
- Study flashcards on samurai and knights: were the similarities greator than differences at cramcom quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more cramcom makes it easy to get the grade you want.
Knights and samurais essaysmany people often see little similarity between the country of japan and europe however, there are actually several similarities between these two countries. Free essay: samurai vs knight many people often see little similarity between the country of japan and europe however, there are actually several. An essay or paper on comparison between a samurai & knight many people often see little similarity between the country of japan and europe however, there are actually several similarities between these two countries. Essay on surrounding cleanliness list of roland barthes essays define thesis statement essay seuls wajdi mouawad critique related post of samurai vs knight essay. Knights vs samurai essay samurai and knights essay - 3385 words - studymode samurai and knights were different but the similarities were grater essay. | <urn:uuid:71c0dcb3-32ce-4548-9b86-ba4dfbedd9e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://unessayhliu.infra-sauny.info/knights-vs-samurai-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583517495.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023220444-20181024001944-00481.warc.gz | en | 0.965536 | 886 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What is Congenital Syphilis?
Syphilis is a chronic bacterial infection spread through sexual contact and sexual intercourse, making it a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Congenital syphilis (CS) is a disease that occurs when a mother with syphilis passes the infection on to her baby during pregnancy, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CS can affect a child’s health, depending on when a mother was adequately diagnosed and received treatment for the infection. Without a diagnosis or the proper treatment, a baby can be lost through miscarriage or stillbirth, but also be born premature, with a low birth rate and have a small chance for survival after birth due to infection.
The CDC says for babies born with CS, many will have health conditions and severe serious health problems such as: | <urn:uuid:81fd0abd-4701-430d-a0ea-780e6ef67543> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.chicagobirthinjurylawyerblog.com/tag/birth-injury-lawsuits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347410284.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530165307-20200530195307-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.957715 | 165 | 3.640625 | 4 |
So why do some groups remain together over long periods of time? The group members seem to form strong bonds. They stick together. And other groups fall apart. Well, I'm Marlene, and today I'd like to talk about that with you.
I'd like to talk about group cohesiveness and the factors that promote it. Now, group cohesiveness refers to the tendency of members of the group to remain together over long periods of time. And we're going to look at some of the factors that promote that.
But let's start by remembering why we join groups. We're all members of groups. And we join them for many different reasons, most typically because we have something in common with the other people who are in this group. And it's usually a common interest, belief, or value.
And when we join a group, we're looking for some sort of reward and gain. We're attracted to the group because we're going to get something from it. And we feel, also, like we have a sense of belonging with the people in this group. "Ah, they're my kind of people." You've heard that phrase. I feel at home with these people, comfortable. We're alike. We share this interest or value.
So two very strong reasons for groups remaining cohesive or sticking together is this element of attraction. There's a reward or gain here and a sense of belonging. These are my people.
For example, say you're a musician. And you join a band or musical group. And these are other musicians who enjoy the same kind of music, who I want to practice this music, perhaps compose their own music. So there's going to be reward, gain, here by being part of this group.
Or it could be perhaps you are a writer and you join a writers group. And you're looking for reward, gain. These are my people. I belong here.
Now, another reason that this group will stick together is if the experiences and perceptions of all the group members are the same. That we're all getting something from this. We're all feeling like we're similar to one another. And there's a sense of teamwork.
We're working on something together. We have a shared goal. That's what teamwork is.
And perhaps if you're the musician, one of your goals is to learn a new, difficult piece of music and perform it publicly. And so you share that goal. And if you achieve it-- whatever your goal is-- then you experience group success. That you collaborated on something, and you achieved it, which even strengthens the bonds in the group more. So we've got group success.
And you can think about this with any group you belong to. Maybe it's a sports team. Or you played hockey. Or you were a gymnast.
And as a team, you were going for particular prize. You're going to win at a meet. And you do. That group success really does solidify the bond between the team members.
Now, this next element here, "entry difficulty." Now that's sort of an interesting term. And what that refers to is how difficult it is to get into the group. How exclusive is this group? What kind of special positive characteristics do have to have to be part of this group?
The more exclusive or the more you see, yes, not everybody can be in this group, but only those that have this particular characteristic can be here-- whether it's music or writing or some particular sport that you're good at and you're part of that team, whatever it is that's going to strengthen the bond, because you feel it's more exclusive.
It was hard to get in here. I earned my right. I'm a good musician, and I'm part of this band. So entry difficulty is another element here that promote promotes cohesiveness.
Now this last element is external threat, external competition. If you see a threat coming from outside, team members are going to bond together. And we can see this with the military certainly.
Somebody's been a marine, there always a United States Marine. If they served and they have faced a threat and come through it, they and their fellow soldiers feel this bond, which lasts a lifetime. But this just isn't in the military.
It can be any competition. It could be with the sports team. Or it could be with chess. You're part of a chess group, and you go to a championship. And there's the external threat the other team, who's going to win. And you band together with your teammates.
Or it could be a threat, perhaps you feel that there's a threat in the environment. And you want to protect the rainforest. And you're part of a group that's doing that. You're working to preserve natural resources. So you're working against this threat that you see out there to destroy the environment.
So whatever that might be, the external threat, when group members come together, through teamwork they share a goal. And then if they achieve success, that just reinforces the group. Self reinforcement tends to promote a feeling that this is a strong group.
I want to be part of this group. I'm attracted to it. I'm getting the rewards and games that I wanted when I joined this group. And these are my people. These are my people.
So we groups sticking together over years. We see this with religious groups. We see it with political groups. For any number of reasons when these elements and factors are present, it promotes group cohesiveness.
So thank you for joining me. And I look forward to next time.
The perception that one's group members are potential sources of reward or gain.
Perception that one's group is exclusive, requiring particular positive characteristics for entry or membership.
The tendency of a group to remain together (feeling similarity and affective bonds) over time.
Instances when collaboration between group members leads to shared interests being met.
The tendency of a principle or belief to become more strongly held after evidence that holding the belief leads to a positive gain.
Perception that one is safe, comfortable, and valued by members of one's group.
Collaborative effort to achieve shared goals with others perceived as being members of one's group. | <urn:uuid:b053a20c-696b-428c-8fc2-dd36d6471a6e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/group-cohesion-keeping-it-all-together--3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864466.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180521181133-20180521201133-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.978588 | 1,305 | 2.875 | 3 |
Trumpeter Thad Jones was once described by Charles Mingus as “Bartok with valves for a pencil guided by God.” As a trumpeter and bandleader, Jones became one of the most respected musicians of the mid-20th century jazz world, with his compositions and arrangements in particular gaining him critical acclaim.
A Composer Is Born
Jones was born in Pontiac, Michigan in 1923, one of ten children, two others of whom would ultimately become jazz luminaries like Thad himself—older brother Hank, a pianist, and younger brother Elvin, a drummer. Jones arrived on the national jazz scene in the mid-1950s, playing in Count Basie’s orchestra for nearly a decade and recording numerous small-group dates as both a leader and sideman, before going on to form the Thad Jones-Mel Lewis Orchestra in 1965.
Jones is best known for his composition “A Child Is Born,” which has become a modern holiday jazz standard. On this, the first of two eventual Jones songbook programs, we’ll be exploring some of his other written music, which has often been noted for its graceful, intricate structure. In his liner notes for a 2-LP 1970s anthology of the Jones-Lewis Orchestra, jazz critic and producer Leonard Feather wrote that
the textural and harmonic subtleties of Thad’s compositions and arrangements, the shifts of mood, tempo, color and voicings within each chart, often make a virtual concerto out of one or two basic themes.
Writing The Unexpected
As jazz writer Bob Blumenthal has noted, “Jones had his own approach to writing, which employed chord progressions different than those favored by most of his contemporaries,” pointing out that Jones’ original compositions often may sound like standards and then “veer into surprising harmonic directions.” That’s one reason why Jones’ material has remained fresh for modern interpreters, and why his own contemporaries continued to delve into it after his death in 1986. Stan Getz’s sensitive 1989 reading of “Yours And Mine” is one example.
One of the greatest vehicles for Jones’ writing was the Thad Jones-Mel Lewis orchestra, formed by Jones and drummer Mel Lewis in the mid-1960s, initially as a way for New York jazz musicians who were spending much of their time doing professional daytime studio work to play big band jazz, and for Jones to utilize some of the pieces that he had written for Count Basie that had gone unused. The orchestra held down the Monday night gig at the Village Vanguard and quickly began to build a strong reputation that would lead to a 12-year run and numerous studio and concert albums.
That recorded legacy has provided a wellspring of Jones compositions and arrangements. “He writes the unexpected,” his co-leader Lewis once said, “interesting underparts, interesting jumps for the guys who are not playing lead. His placing of notes as opposed to the rests is never obvious. You can’t anticipate his charts. His whole rhythm conception—the way everything falls—his use of space—it’s so beautiful to play from a drummer’s standpoint.” We’ll hear the The Thad Jones-Mel Lewis Orchestra doing Jones’ “Central Park North” and “Consummation.”
This edition of Night Lights closes with a Thad Jones composition that features his brothers Hank on piano and Elvin on drums, recorded seven years after Jones’ death at the age of 63, and originally written as part of an extended-suite tribute to Louis Armstrong. Jones said of the piece, “The Summary,” that he wanted it to be “as honest as Louis was.” In that same spirit, we’ll hear a Jones composition that he recorded in 1966 both with the Jones-Lewis Orchestra and with a small group co-led by fellow Detroit jazz artist Pepper Adams, “Mean What You Say.” | <urn:uuid:2f0810ea-00e4-4018-80e4-e84768601d2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/thad-jones-songbook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424876.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724122255-20170724142255-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.977023 | 837 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The writing Place - Literacy across all the content areas
The Writing Place Web site provides information and resources to facilitate the teaching and learning of writing in the Baltimore County Public Schools. These materials are aligned with the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy in HIstory/Social Studies, Mathematics and Technical Subjects. http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/writing/index.html
Math, Literature, and Nonfiction Connections Series by Marilyn Burns
This seven-book series uses children’s literature and nonfiction as springboards into activities that engage students and motivate them to think, reason, and use their math skills to solve problems. These books include vignettes of lessons and samples of student work.
Download an at-a-glance chart of children’s literature featured in the Math, Literature, and Nonfiction series, listed with grade levels and topics.
- Math and Literature, Grades K–1
- Math and Literature, Grades 2–3
- Math and Literature, Grades 4–6, Second Edition
- Math and Literature, Grades 6–8
- Math and Nonfiction, Grades K–2
- Math and Nonfiction, Grades 3–5
- Math and Nonfiction, Grades 6–8
Writing in the Math Class by Marilyn Burns
How can writing help students think more deeply and clearly about mathematical ideas? Marilyn Burns shares numerous examples illustrating how students sort, clarify, and define their thinking through different types of writing—journal writing, solving math problems, explaining mathematical ideas, and linking creative writing to math. Includes assessment strategies, answers to frequently asked questions, and samples of authentic student work. | <urn:uuid:5c3e74d4-5553-4ee2-b0b5-f36fb89714d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://nicoleshobertoems.weebly.com/writinglitercy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693363.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925201601-20170925221601-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.905413 | 351 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Results 1-3 of 49
8.1 Fields at the Surface of and within a Conductor As was mentioned at the end
of Section 7.7, the problem of reflection and refraction of waves at an interface of
two conducting media is somewhat complicated. The most important and useful ...
If n is the unit normal outward from the conductor and f is the normal coordinate
inward into the conductor, then the gradient operator can be written neglecting
the other derivatives when operating on the fields within the conductor. With this ...
of the conductor. According to Ohm's law, there exists a current density J near the
surface of the conductor: J = aEc = (1 - 0(n x H^-W-<W (8.13) V 6TT The time-
average rate of dissipation of energy per unit volume in ohmic losses is £J • E* ...
What people are saying - Write a review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - barriboy - LibraryThing
A soul crushing technical manual written by a sadist that has served as the right of passage for physics PhDs since the dawn of time. Every single one of my professors studied this book, and every ... Read full review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - aproustian - LibraryThing
"Jackson E&M is about learning how to approximate reliably...the entire book, with few exceptions, is a mathematical discussion on how to solve [the same] 4 problems for different boundary conditions." Read full review
Introduction to Electrostatics
19 other sections not shown | <urn:uuid:707cd049-1a30-43fc-8942-a8f4e19ab0c0> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://books.google.com.au/books?id=QuANAQAAIAAJ&q=conductor&dq=related:ISBN0198510039&output=html_text&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027322160.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825000550-20190825022550-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.9286 | 328 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Exercise: Is It Passion Or Addiction?
You would be hard pressed to find someone who could possibly consider exercising a bad thing. It helps us manage our weight and reduces our risk of disease and illness. Additionally, exercise improves our mental health and cognitive function.
Yep, in the simplest sense, exercise is good.
However, as I am sure most of you know, there are certain scenarios where too much of a good thing, is no longer a good thing. In fact, there are times when too much of a good thing can become an extremely bad thing.
And exercise fits this.
Passion vs addiction
The Collins English dictionary defines passion as ‘a very strong feeling about something, or a strong belief in something’.
To be considered passionate about something, it is commonly accepted that three distinct criteria must be met: The activity must be liked or loved by the individual, they must value the activity highly, and they must enjoy spending time performing the activity (Vallerand, 2008).
There is evidence consistently demonstrating that having a harmonious passion for an activity is related to heightened states of general well-being, increased motivation, and in general, positive life outcomes.
In this manner, passion can fuel both motivation and positive task engagement. It ultimately provides you with a more balanced and meaningful life.
Consequently, the obsessive passion for an activity is related to more negative and less adaptive, outcomes. In this scenario, passion can spill over into compulsion, negative emotion, and rigid persistence (Curran, 2015).
In short, the activity becomes addictive, in which it reaches a point where the individual loses immediate control over their ability to manage its performance.
It becomes an activity that they must perform, or they will experience severe negative mental consequences. This is even in scenarios where the activity is causing them physical and emotional harm in the process.
As you can see, there is a stark contrast between positive harmonious passions, obsessive passion, and addiction (Bureau, 2019).
Related Article: Everyday Tips To Be More Mindful
When does passion become an addiction?
I have already stated that there are two very distinct types of passion, being a harmonious and obsessive passion (Curran, 2015).
Harmonious passion occurs when the activity reflects the qualities that the individual likes about themselves, and then becomes fully integrated into their behavior. This more commonly occurs when an individual is performing an activity within a supportive environment, and the activity is freely chosen because it aligns with their internal beliefs.
The autonomous internalization associated with this type of harmonious passion results in a pattern of behavior that is characterized by wilful engagement, enjoyment, and personal endorsement. The individual engages in the activity out the sense of identity and enjoyment, rather than a sense of compulsion.
Alternatively, obsessive passion occurs when the activity and its outcomes do not fully align with the individual’s identity and conflicts with pre-existing values and goals. This type of passion often originates when the activity is performed in pursuit of a sense of acceptance or self-worth.
In this manner, obsessive passion results in a pattern of behavior that is compulsive and rigid, which serves an end other than performing the activity itself. As a result, while obsessively passionate individuals do indeed love the activity, they feel compelled to engage in it out of a need to self-validate or garner social approval.
In short, they do it for reasons that most would deem unhealthy.
With all this in mind, the type of passion one develops for an activity tends to result from the way in which it comes about, and the reasons for which the activity is performed in the first place.
Now, considering this, obsessive passion can very natural transition into addiction – which is normally indicated by the point in which the activity begins to elicit severe negative social, mental, and health, effects.
What is exercise addiction?
So, given the title of this article, you might be wondering ‘Can you get addicted to working out?’ – in answer, yes you can (Szabo, 2018).
Over the last few years, we have started to see the term exercise addiction appear at increasing intervals within the scientific literature. This severe dysfunction describes the scenario in which individual exercises to the point where they lose control over the pattern and the volume of that exercise.
As alluded to above, exercise then becomes an uncontrollable obligation that results in negative physical, social, and mental consequences.
Exercise addiction vs excessive exercise disorder
It is important to note that when we are discussing exercise addiction, we are not talking about the same thing as excessive exercise disorder.
So, what is excessive exercise disorder?
It essentially describes the scenario in which someone with a pre-diagnosed eating disorder begins to engage in excessive exercise to further contribute to weight management.
This is somewhat different to exercise addiction, as the individual is performing the exercise as a means to an end, and not for the sole purpose of completing that exercise.
What are the warning signs of exercise addiction?
Now, let’s move onto the key exercise addiction signs.
One of the key warning signs associated with exercise addiction is said to be when obsessively passionate exercisers start to spend so much time exercising that it causes them to neglect important life responsibilities (Paradis, 2013).
Those who are developing exercise addiction tend to continuously partake in excessive exercise. They will yearn for additional exercise, between 24 and 36 hours after the completion of their last exercise session. Moreover, they tend to feel a growing sense of guilt and foreboding as they get further and further away from that last training session (Jee, 2016).
Finally, those who are developing exercise addiction begin to feel the need to exercise despite illness, injury, and declines in mental state. In short, they begin to risk their own health for exercising.
Who is more likely to become addicted to exercise?
As this is an extremely new area of research, we are yet to establish a clear cause and effect when it comes to exercise addiction. There are a few exercise addiction risk factors that deserve some consideration.
These exercise addiction risk factors include (Back, 2016):
- Being younger than 35 years in age
- Performing sport at an elite level
- Those who regularly use exercise as a coping mechanism to stress
- Being heavily concerned with physical appearances
- Having a poor self-image
While this is far from a comprehensive list of risk factors, it does certainly give some insight into those individuals who may be at a slightly higher risk of developing this debilitating issue.
Are there any underlying disorders associated with exercise addiction?
At this point in time, there are only a few physiological and psychological disorders that appear to increase your risk of developing exercise addiction.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Eating disorders (such as anorexia and bulimia)
As you can see, it looks as if exercise addiction very much develops in response to certain psychological factors, rather than physiological factors.
Related Article: Three Types of Exercise for Reducing Anxiety
Exercise addiction treatment
One of the key things we actually know about exercise addiction is that it is similar in premise to other addictions. As a result, we do not have a clear treatment per se. However, we do have some approaches that we can use to help facilitate rehabilitation (Jee, 2016).
Since regular exercise has obvious health benefits, we should try and promote an active lifestyle while recalibrating the role that exercise plays in life.
This means reconfirming that the performance of a specific exercise is not what makes an individual who they are. That their identity is so much more than just a runner, or just a cyclist. They can also recognize their value as a human being who contributes to society on a daily basis.
Now, this is much easier said than done. which is why many people with exercise addiction are quickly referred to a psychiatrist for treatment.
It is also recommended that treatment therapies for exercise addicts include the development of healthy eating habits. Exercise addicts need strategies aimed at improving self-esteem and body image and the gradual incorporation of healthy alternative recreational pursuits, which are performed out of the internal joy for that pursuit.
I should note that exercise addiction may take months, or even years, to overcome – so patience is key (as always).
Exercise addiction prevention
Last but not least, I wanted to touch on the prevention of exercise addiction.
As with our treatments, there is very little research within this area. I do believe that we can draw some conclusions from the above sections about how we can prevent the onset of exercise addiction.
First and foremost, it is important to reflect upon the reasons as to why you exercise. Is it because you want to better yourself? Is it because you enjoy the activity? Or because you like the social aspect that comes with it?
Or is it because you feel an innate need to fit in? Because you want people to notice you? Or because it is what you think others want you to do?
Realizing why you exercise can allow you to identify whether you are performing exercise obsessively or harmoniously. You can then adjust accordingly.
Secondly, it’s important to take a step back and acknowledge that exercise is indeed important. This is not because it makes us who we are. Rather, it is one of the many tools you have available to help you live a fulfilling life.
By acknowledging that the exercise you perform is not who you are, you can allow yourself to look to those things that you truly enjoy. Figure out what you get fulfillment from doing and then chase it with religious fervor.
Finally, you should try and find modes of exercise that resonate with who you are and what you want to be. Look for exercise that you enjoy performing simply for the sake of performing it. Exercise that you want to perform because it makes you happy, not because you feel you must.
Tick these boxes and I can assure you that you will be much happier for it.
Take Home Message
Exercise is one of the most important things that you can do for your health. But performing it in an addictive and obsessive manner can actually have the opposite effect. It can impact your health and wreaking havoc with your life in the process.
Take a step back and really analyze why you choose to exercise. Then, make some adjustments to correct if you think it is necessary. It might do you a world of good.
Vallerand, Robert J. “On the psychology of passion: In search of what makes people’s lives most worth living.”. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 49.1 (2008): 1.
Curran, Thomas, et al. “The psychology of passion: A meta-analytical review of a decade of research on intrapersonal outcomes.”. Motivation and Emotion 39.5 (2015): 631-655.
Bureau, Alexander, et al. “Passion for Exercise: Passion’s Relationship to General Fitness Indicators and Exercise Addiction.”. International Journal of Exercise Science 12.5 (2019): 122-135.
Szabo, Attila. “Addiction, passion, or confusion? New theoretical insights on exercise addiction research from the case study of a female bodybuilder.”. Europe’s Journal of psychology 14.2 (2018): 296.
Paradis, Kyle F., et al. “Too much of a good thing? Examining the relationship between passion for exercise and exercise dependence.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14.4 (2013): 493-500.
Jee, Yong-Seok. “Exercise addiction and rehabilitation.” Journal of exercise rehabilitation 12.2 (2016): 67.
Back, Jenny. “Profiles of Exercise Dependence–A person-centred approach to study potential mechanisms.” (2016).
You Might Like: | <urn:uuid:ba696d97-2ec0-4462-8f69-158ec9687a6d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://foreverfitscience.com/exercise-science/exercise-is-it-passion-or-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540487789.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206095914-20191206123914-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.952557 | 2,469 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Peradeniya Botanic Gardens, botanical garden in Peradeniya, near Kandy, Sri Lanka, noted for its rich and varied collections of tropical woody plants. Occupying 59 hectares (146 acres), it has about 4,000 species of plants. The most important specimens of the garden include palms, some of which are planted in impressive avenues. Significant, too, are the collections of orchids, gymnosperms, and flowering trees.
The gardens were founded in 1821 primarily to introduce coffee trees and various other tropical plants of economic importance to the region. Even after it took on a more botanical emphasis in the 1840s, the garden remained a center for horticultural activities. Under the directorship of the botanist George H.K. Thwaites, the garden played a pivotal role in establishing the country’s flourishing tea industry in the late 1870s. Thwaites also brought in and cultivated the Brazilian rubber tree, which became a crop producer vital to Sri Lanka’s economy. The botanical collection has developed into one of the finest in the region. | <urn:uuid:82725d87-5cd9-4a5a-8e8f-3f650f144586> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://visitslpc.com/nature/botanical-gardens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655884012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704042252-20200704072252-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.959382 | 226 | 2.75 | 3 |
One fourth of the Netherlands is below sea level.
Hailed by Dutch press as a “landmark legal case,” this lawsuit was the first European example of a group of citizens attempting to hold a government responsible for inefficient climate policies, and the first time that existing human rights laws have been the basis of a case.
Last month, the court agreed with the citizens organization and ruled in their favor.
No court in the world has ever directly ordered a government to cut carbon emissions, and it its believe by many that this could have implications far beyond the Netherlands.
Dennis van Berkel, an attorney with the Dutch environmental group, Urgenda
An April 2015 story outline the history of the upcoming case: | <urn:uuid:942e967d-51a9-45ff-aca3-fea919dafd6d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://crockett-rodeo-united.com/2015/07/03/dutch-citizens-sue-their-government-over-failure-to-act-on-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.960566 | 148 | 2.515625 | 3 |
St. Theresa Chinese Catholic School
· Identify three barriers that may prevent the provision of optimally healthy meals for the select population.
· Barriers may include
§ Geographic location
§ Health of the population
§ Culture of the population and surrounding community
§ Socioeconomic challenges
§ Available food choices
§ Other barriers, as identified
· Include in-text citations to support barriers. | <urn:uuid:7f4b6a0e-e1df-4edc-88e2-086e9062ad97> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://submitmyhomework.com/2021/10/12/nutritional-assessment-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.86383 | 81 | 2.65625 | 3 |
On Wednesday, Year 1 had a Highland Adventure when Alison from Caterpillar music whisked us away to explore our new topic ‘Brave’. First we had to use our imaginations to travel to Scotland on our magic rollercoaster. We had a go at caber tossing, and some target practise, just like Princess Merida. We cast a spell, just like the witch did, and followed willow the wisps through the woods. We even created our own tapestry to mend the bond between Merida and her mother. We are really excited about our new topic, and can’t wait to start learning about the castle where Merida lives with her family.
KS1 Sports Day
The weather couldn’t dampen our spirits as we got ready to take part in our Sports Day! We had our races on the MUGA because the field was too sludgy – and what brilliant races they were! Everyone really tried their best, and had a great time.
We enjoyed our sunny walk to Langold library, where we shared stories together, and some of us even got to take a book home by using our library cards! Remember - Langold library is open Tuesday and Thursday afternoons 1:30-5:00 and Saturday mornings 9:30-12:30 for you to swap your books for more exciting literary adventures! We LOVE reading in Year 1!
Time Travelling at Southwell Minster
Year 1 had an amazing day at Southwell Minster – we were all in awe at such a beautiful building. We took part in lots of activities, such as talking about prayers and hearing Bible stories. We also did some dressing up – and there were some surprise celebrations! We took part in a Christening, and two members of our class even got married! A wonderful day was had by all.
On Thursday we had a whole school science day! We began by watching an amazing science demonstration from Andy – a real life scientist! He showed us lots of fantastic chemical reactions, which included changing the colour of water, and making elephant toothpaste! It was amazing and we all loved it! Then we went back to our classroom, and carried out an investigation to find out which materials would make the best bubble wand. We tried 3 different materials, and then tested them. We found that the bottles which we cut in half made the biggest bubbles. We now have lots of prospective scientists in year 1!
Armed Forces Day
Today we celebrated Armed Forces Day by dressing in camouflage or red, white and blue, and donating to 'Help for Heroes'. We also took part in lots of brilliant activities. We started by marching, chanting and singing the National Anthem, and then we had a minute's silence to remember those who have been lost whilst serving our country. After that, we had a go on our own assault course!
Tour de Langold
To celebrate Tour de France coming to Yorkshire, we held our own Tour de Langold, where some of us brought our bikes into school and cycled a track of the school, being cheered on by our friends. We also looked at what the different coloured jerseys were for, and designed some of our own!
On the Farm
This half-term we will be learning all about farms, and how they work. We will be finding out about the Farmer’s job, and the animals that live on a farm.
We had an amazing visit to White Post Farm, where we were able to get very close to lots of different farm animals. We fed and stroked sheep, goats, chicks, geese and lamas. We even found some animals we didn’t expect to see on a farm – like meerkats, snakes and giant snails! We had a fantastic time with the animals, and learnt lots about them.
This half term, we will be learning all about China. We will be exploring the culture, and comparing it to the U.K.
Exploring China with Alison Noble
Today we had an amazing first day back finding out all about China! We travelled to China by rollercoaster, which had so many twists and turns we didn’t think we’d ever get there! When we arrived in China, we used ribbons to make patterns to Chinese music. Then we even had a go at Kung Fu and Thai Chi! We performed our very own ‘Dragon dance’ too, which was brilliant fun! Next, we built our own Great Wall of China, making it very long with lots of twists and turns. We found out some information about this too, as we walked along it. After that, we had fun with some games which included a relay race moving biscuits with chop sticks – this was tricky! Lastly, we had a go at writing our names using Chinese symbols, and Alison told us what our names mean in Chinese. What an amazing day!
A taste of China
Today we tasted some Chinese food, and we were able to vote on our favourites because everybody tried everything! Well done Year 1a! We tried spring rolls, prawn crackers, noodles, rice, bean sprouts and soda crackers. We liked noodles the best and bean sprouts the least.
World Book Day
To celebrate World Book Day, the whole school explored a book we had never read before – ‘The Wolves in the Walls’ by Neil Gaiman. It was a bit scary! We wrote our own alternate endings to the story – come and ask us what happened in OUR stories! We also created our own ‘Wolfy Words Wallpaper’ drawing wolves and writing adjectives to describe them. Using a template, we made our own pig puppets, and then decorated a wolf mask. What a brilliant book!
Today we learnt all about Easter! First, we talked about what we thought of when we heard the word ‘Easter’, and we created a spider diagram in groups. Then we re-enacted the story of Jesus being crucified and rising from his tomb. We even had hot cross buns and blackcurrant at our own ‘Last Supper’. Then we moved around different activities which included researching ‘signs of Spring’ on the internet using laptops and iPads, and making a creative Easter card. We also had a foot washing ceremony, and discussed why Jesus washed the feet of others.
Pirates and Princesses
This half term, we will be exploring the past and looking at what real Pirates were like, and how they lived their lives. We will also be using the topic of Pirates and Princesses to inspire our Literacy work.
Today we discovered a magical story tent, where we heard and joined in with some amazing stories!
We all had a fantastic time at the Making it Centre in Mansfield, where we investigated how ideas become reality, and the processes it takes to make products. We also made our own creations - Pirate hats, swords and eye patches, and Princess tiaras and bags!
Maths Investigation Day
Today, we had brilliant fun with lots of different maths activities. We had to apply our maths skills to solve lots of different problems. We are amazing mathematicians! Could you have solved these problems?
Read with Ted
Today we stayed after school to read with our teddy bears. We heard some amazing stories from our teachers, and shared our own stories with our teddies. They were brilliant at listening!
Pirates and Princesses Day
Ahoy me hearties! Today was our pirates and princess day – we had lots of fun! What do you think of our costumes?
Washing our hands
Do you know how to wash your hands? Year 1a do because the school nurse showed us how!
We’re going on a pirate hunt!
In our Literacy work, we have been exploring pattern and rhyme. We took a rhyme that we know really well, and added our ideas. We have also been practising our performing skills, using expression in our voices and actions too!
Silver Olympic Reading Challenge – part 1
To work towards our silver reading medals, we carefully followed a set of instructions to create our own pirate hats out of paper. Then we got creative and decorated them to make them look fantastic! How do you think we did?
Silver Olympic Reading Challenge – part 2
To continue with our Literacy work on non-fiction books, we had another look at instructions. This time, we were asked to follow a recipe to make some play-dough. When we had made it, we moulded the dough into a character from a story. Then we brought our play-dough characters into school to tell our friends the story. Can you tell who our characters are?
Join us as we explore all about the amazing world beneath the sea!
Exploring ‘The Deep’
We had an amazing time visiting ‘The Deep’ in Hull, where we got close to lots of spectacular undersea creatures! We also explored pattern and texture of lots of things which can be found under the ocean.
Today is Anti-bullying day. We have been thinking about what makes a good friend. We have made a video about this.
Do you like our song?
Bronze Olympic Reading Challenge - Part 1
To work towards our Bronze Olympic Reading medals, we created our own undersea boxes which contained some fabulous characters. We then used our boxes as inspiration, to create our own fantasy stories.
Bronze Olympic Challenge - Part 2
Children were asked to create a story cube for their second reading challenge. On each side of the cube should be a different story, so that when the cube is rolled, it will land on a story for us to re-tell. Here are the ones which have been completed so far... | <urn:uuid:df806755-6de3-48c7-8f1e-4ad131dbcf74> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.langold-dyscarr.org/year-1a/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744750.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118221818-20181119003818-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.973495 | 2,018 | 2.625 | 3 |
Causes of Back Pain
Most people are very familiar with how back pain can disrupt daily routines. In fact, severe back pain does not only cause discomfort, it can also hamper a person from doing basic daily tasks such as walking or sitting upright. Truly, nothing more can be a nuisance than having a back that commonly experiences back pain. But what exactly is back pain, and why does it occur? What are the types of back pain?
Upper, Middle, and Lower Back Pain
Reported cases of severe back pain are known to cause three pain types: upper back pain, middle back pain, and lower back pain. Although these pains occur in different places, back pain causes are generally the same. Brittle bones that are deficient in calcium can easily suffer bone breakage. Arthritis can also cause back discomfort. Musco-skeletal conditions such as scoliosis are also known to be a cause. All in all, back pain is not like muscle pain wherein swelling or tired nerves give you a painful sensation. There are underlying factors such as muscle stress, weak bones, and pinched nerves that can all cause the pain most of us are familiar with.
The best tip for back pain prevention is to build a strong, healthy back. Make sure to get enough calcium for your bones so you will not be bothered by osteoporosis when you age. You also have to work on your posture to discourage the development of musco-skeletal conditions. Regular stretching and exercises are also required to build strong muscles that can easily support your back. Remember to do all these exercises for back pain and you will surely not suffer any back pain at all.
Remedies and Treatments
If the cause of back pain is merely muscle stress, a change in posture and stretching can help. However, if there is an underlying musco-skeletal condition, you may need to use a back brace while following a workout that can help strengthen your back. If you are a sufferer of worse conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis, back pain treatment is more complex. You need to work on your treatment plan with your doctor because the best way to relieve back pain with these causes is on a case-to-case basis. | <urn:uuid:f2da4112-2a2c-4a89-b48f-9ddb054b937d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.healthadel.com/how-to-avoid-back-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814801.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223154626-20180223174626-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.952219 | 459 | 2.6875 | 3 |
War Dogs have been a part of the United States Military for Decades. These Military Working Dogs (MWD) over the years have been trained for a variety of jobs and duties, such as; sentry or guard dogs, scout dogs, casualty dogs, messenger dogs, mine-tunnel and booby trap detection, combat trackers, explosive and bomb dogs and also sled and pack dogs. These dogs Love their jobs and Love to work. Their Loyalty and Courage is truly unmatched and they ask for nothing in return but the attention and Love of their handler. Many in the past, while serving Our Country and performing their duties, have made the ultimate sacrifice. Even though they are gone, to the handlers and to the men that were saved by the actions of these brave K9s, will always be considered Heroes and they will never be forgotten. A testament to the true value and importance of the Military Working Dogs is in the number of lives that they have saved and are saving Today. And that number is in the Tens of Thousands.
"The capability the military war dogs bring to the fight cannot be replicated by men or machine. By all measures of performance, their yield out performs any asset we have in our inventory."
General David H. Petraeus
9 February, 2008
Thank You for | <urn:uuid:92d7e07e-d7e8-4eb1-a170-af01c443f715> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.supportourpaws.com/?lightbox=dataItem-iycbf7nh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.960365 | 263 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Technology is an integral part of both modern culture and day-to-day communication. Older adults' relationships with technology are completely different than younger adults' because of the way they have learned to incorporate it into their lives. Past research has shown that certain personality traits can predict technology use in younger adults. The current research hopes to take that finding and see if it applies to older adults, too. Four hypotheses were generated. Participants took a survey that consisted of five different scales and measures. Participants also were asked to answer demographic questions. Independent-sample t-tests and bivariate correlations were run on the data. Results showed that general technology use was not significantly correlated to a participant's age. There were significant correlations between the two age groups and psychological well-being, feelings of attachment to peers, technology use subscales and sensation seeking subscales. Future studies should examine the possible relationship of technology use subscales amongst the older population and their attitudes towards technology.
Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
College of Sciences
Orlando (Main) Campus
Ojalvo, Olivia, "Openness to Experience: A Predictor of Technology Use at Any Age?" (2018). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 431. | <urn:uuid:80320d21-8f57-4310-afdb-bc864dba79a2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/431/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.93447 | 249 | 2.890625 | 3 |
“There has been a lot of coverage of PFASin the news. That’s shorthand for per- and polyfluorinated substances, and it’s a class of chemicals commonly found in stain proof, water-resistant, and nonstick products.
A lot of the news coverage mentions that the chemicals can be harmful to humans. But what exactly does that mean?
Courtney Carignan, an assistant professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Michigan State University, joined Stateside to help us answer that question.
Carignan discussed the chemicals’ effect on the endocrine system and the different ways humans can get exposed to the chemical. She also discussed her own study that reported water supplies for millions of Americans exceeded the government’s lifetime health advisory for exposure to the chemical family.”
Listen to Stateside’s full conversation with Courtney Carignan | <urn:uuid:fccc3210-8f3c-4163-b51f-70aee71d91b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://pfasproject.com/2018/06/15/pfas-and-related-chemicals-are-everywhere-here-are-the-potential-health-risks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875148375.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200229022458-20200229052458-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.944265 | 187 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When experts look back at the early 2000s, they will observe that India embarked on a construction spree to develop its transport infrastructure. The country is emulating what the United States and Europe did in the previous century and what China and East Asia have done more recently. Traditionally, India focused on railways. For the last 20 years, roads have been the priority. Now, the country is also focusing on its 116 rivers and long coastline to develop commercial waterways.
As is well known, various factors contribute to a nations development. The most fundamental is the availability of food and water for the population. Here, India has had some success since its independence in 1947. In health care and education, India can and must do better. India also needs to improve safety and security for its citizens and improve the rule of law. The factor most important for Indias development is perhaps transportation because it has the greatest multiplier effect on the economy. As a result, transportation has the greatest potential to improve the lives of ordinary citizens.
Transportation infrastructure, such as railways, roads, air traffic and waterways, are the arteries of a countrys economy. The German economy was built on the backbone of an outstanding railway system and the legendary autobahn. The US is knit together by a crisscrossing network of freight trains, interstate highways and airports. Advanced economies like Japan, South Korea, Switzerland and the Netherlands are known for their evolved infrastructure.
In recent years, China has set the standard for implementing infrastructure at a scale and speed unprecedented in history. Most economists credit spectacular rates of economic growth to Chinese investment in infrastructure. India is betting that building good infrastructure will boost growth, create jobs and raise the standard of living for hundreds of millions.
According to a 2018 report by NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Indian government, 59% of all freight in India is transported by road, 35% by railways, 6% by waterways and less than 1% by air.
On March 31, 2020, Indias railway track length stood at 126,366 kilometers and, on March 31, 2019, the length of national highways was 132,500 kilometers. Per 100 square kilometers, India has more railway tracks and highways than countries like the US and France. This does not necessarily mean India is doing well. South Korea and Japan have over four times the highway length per 100 square kilometers.
Instead of the density of infrastructure per unit area, density per population size seems to be the more accurate metric. When it comes to infrastructure per million people, India fares very poorly. For instance, Indonesias population is merely 20% of Indias, but its highways are twice as long as Indias. South Koreas population is a tiny 4% of Indias, but its highways are thrice as long as Indias. The top two stars on the infrastructure front are the US and Australia, followed by Japan and France.
Indias highway network is inadequate for the countrys needs. Highways comprise 1.94% of Indias total road networks but carry a staggering 40% of total road traffic. This means that not only do they suffer high wear and tear, but transportation continues to be a big bottleneck for the economy. It is little surprise that India is finally investing in transport infrastructure.
After independence in 1947, India underinvested in infrastructure. Two centuries of colonial extraction had left the country with limited resources and almost unlimited public needs. In its early years of independence, India struggled to feed its masses. There was little money to build railways, roads, ports, airports and transport infrastructure.
India also lacked the expertise to build such infrastructure at scale. Planners, engineers and skilled labor were all in short supply. The nation did not have enough knowledge of transport technology either. There was another challenge in a densely populated democratic country. Infrastructure projects result in the displacement of large numbers of people. Many resist, others negotiate hard and still, others approach their local politicians who start resisting these projects to win votes.
Indias varied geography also imposed daunting challenges for developing infrastructure. Largely flat countries like Australia and France could focus on railways, which run twice as long as their roads. Mountainous countries like South Korea and Japan have built more roads than railway lines. While plains and plateaus in India are crisscrossed by railway lines, roads are the means of transportation in its extensive mountainous regions.
Over the last 20 years, Indias focus has shifted to roads. This began under the coalition National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Although this government lost the 2004 election, NDAs vision set in motion transport infrastructure development. In 2014, the BJP-led NDA returned to power and accelerated the building of highways across the country.
NDA-initiated highway construction was kickstarted by the Golden Quadrilateral, a project connecting Indias four biggest cities: Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. This boosted economic growth. Since NDA returned to power, India has embarked on Bharatmala Pariyojana, an ambitious project to connect the entire country through a network of highways like the fabled interstate highway system of the US. Even remote regions such as the northeast and Jammu and Kashmir will be covered.
In the past, India did not measure highways as per international standards. This meant their growth could not be measured and compared easily. To quote management guru Peter F. Drucker, If you cant measure it, you cant improve it. Since 2018, the measure of highway length in India has been aligned with international standards. While impressive figures on the growth of national highways have been published, their interpretation now is clear and consistent.
There has also been a steady increase in highway construction rates. In March 2021, it reached 37 kms/day. For the 2020-21 financial year Indias financial year begins on April 1 and ends on March 31 road construction averaged 29.81 kms/day. In 2014-15, the rate was 16.61 kms/day. Six years on, the road construction rate has almost doubled and is the fastest India has achieved since independence. The credit goes to Nitin Gadkari, the minister for road transport, one of the star performers of the NDA cabinet. In March, he claimed that India had secured the world record for fastest road construction.
The oldest civilizations have originated and flourished near major rivers for a simple reason. They provide fresh water, a fundamental human need. Rivers also provided an easy way to travel and transport goods before the advent of roads and railways. Even today, commercial transport of goods via rivers, lakes and oceans continues to cost less than via land. While container ships regularly carry goods across the high seas, most countries no longer use their rivers very well. The US, Australia, Japan, Russia and China are among the few countries that use their rivers and inland waterways well.
India has 116 rivers. Potentially, these could provide 35,000 kilometers of waterways and should be tapped. The government set up the Inland Waterways Authority of India in 1986 for development and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. In spite of tremendous cost advantages, waterways commercialization received little attention over the next 30 years. In 2016, the NDA declared 111 rivers across India as national waterways, a quantum leap up from five. By 2020, the government operationalized 12 of these waterways. The journey to suitably develop the remaining 99 will be a long and expensive one. However, this investment will cut logistics costs tremendously in the long run and boost Indias competitiveness.
Gadkari points out that the cost of logistics in India is 18% of the total cost of production. For China, this figure is 8-10%. Notably, waterways account for 47% of total transportation in China, compared to 3.5% in India. As waterways develop, so will commercial activity along their banks and lead to job creation.
India has another major underutilized natural resource. It has a long coastline of 7,500 kilometers spread across 14 states. To develop ports and coastal transportation, the government has launched the Sagarmala project. This could achieve what the Golden Quadrilateral did for roads in the past. By 2025, the government aims to increase the share of waterways transportation from 3.5% to 6%, reducing logistics costs, boosting exports and generating 4 million new jobs.
About 53% of Indias population is under 25 years of age and many of them need jobs. Employed young people are more likely to send their children to school. They are likely to eat better and live longer. So far, Indias growth rate has not exceeded the job creation rate. For social and political stability, the government needs to create jobs.
While Indias economy continues to grow, the pace of growth does not match the employment needs of Indias young population. Building infrastructure is one of the best ways to generate employment because of its massive multiplier effect in an emerging economy like India. The country needs competent ministers and bureaucrats with domain expertise such as Gadkari. Key ministries overseeing power and finance in New Delhi and Indias state capitals should emulate this model.
Along with building infrastructure, India must reform its arcane laws of colonial and socialist heritage to boost economic activity. The government must also reform education and vocational training in collaboration with industry to raise the skills of the workforce, improve employability and increase productivity. This is a tall order, but if India can get its house in order, then domestic and foreign investment would flow in. Then, the country would finally be able to join the Asian tigers as one of the worlds fast-growing economies.
The views expressed in this article are the authors own and do not necessarily reflect Fair Observers editorial policy.
Read the original here:
- High Seas Trading Co.- Hawaiian shirts | Aloha Shirts | USA Made Clothing| - July 8th, 2022
- Romance on the High Seas (1948) - IMDb - July 8th, 2022
- High Seas and High Stakes Communications: Securing the Maritime ... - July 8th, 2022
- Review: 'The Sea Beast' is a high-seas animated adventure with surprising depth - WTOP - July 8th, 2022
- Canada hopes to lure more nations into fighting illicit fishing on the high seas - Canada's National Observer - July 8th, 2022
- Man Accused Of Killing Mother At Sea To Inherit Her Millions Seeks Pre-Trial Release - Oxygen - July 8th, 2022
- 7 new movies and shows to watch this weekend on Netflix, Hulu, Apple TV Plus and more (July 8) - Tom's Guide - July 8th, 2022
- Ubisoft finally shows us Skull and Bones, and it just makes me want to play Sea of Thieves - PC Gamer - July 8th, 2022
- Battling Mountainous Seas Powerless Bulker is Moved to Shelter - The Maritime Executive - July 8th, 2022
- The Metals Company and Allseas - GuruFocus.com - July 8th, 2022
- Taika Waititi Explains His Vision For Representation In Thor: Love And Thunder - Looper - July 8th, 2022
- PierPressure party boat hits Milford's high seas in June - CTPost - May 12th, 2022
- Cruise the Sea in These Luxury Five-Star Pods - The Market Herald - May 12th, 2022
- On the high seas with Engineers Australia's Young Engineering Associate of the Year - Create - create digital - May 12th, 2022
- Are the Great Lakes Really Inland Seas? - Atlas Obscura - April 28th, 2022
- How to Charter a Superyacht: Everything You Need to Know About Booking a High-Seas Vacation - Robb Report - April 28th, 2022
- India and the US Navigate Their Differences - Heritage.org - April 28th, 2022
- Nexxiot equips a significant share of the 3 mio TEU fleet from Hapag-Lloyd with IoT Technology - CSCMP's Supply Chain Quarterly - April 28th, 2022
- New Wrtsil large bore engine will debut in Utopia of the Seas - Marine Log - April 28th, 2022
- Cruising for beginners: Life on Royal Caribbean's Wonder of the Seas - bars, restaurants and activities - RSVP Live - April 28th, 2022
- New Zealand unveils plan to tackle climate crisis by adapting cities to survive rising seas - The Guardian - April 28th, 2022
- Disney On Ice presents INTO THE MAGIC | News - AussieTheatre.com - April 28th, 2022
- HOW I BECAME A PIRATE to Be Performed at The Perry Pavilion - Broadway World - April 28th, 2022
- The present and future of the Philippines-India partnership - The Manila Times - April 28th, 2022
- Joliet native serves aboard USS Hershel "Woody" Williams - 1340 WJOL - 1340 WJOL - April 28th, 2022
- Does the Sinking of the Moskva Matter and Why? - Russia Matters - April 28th, 2022
- Rescued sailor joins RNLI Mayday call as figures reveal busy year for Manx crews - rnli.org - April 28th, 2022
- International waters - Wikipedia - April 14th, 2022
- - High Seas Alliance - April 14th, 2022
- Weather forecast: Showers and rough seas - Dominican Today - April 14th, 2022
- Naval Service on the offensive to enlist more personnel - Irish Examiner - April 14th, 2022
- Meet the Iron Duke-Class: The Most Powerful Battleship of World War I? - 19FortyFive - April 14th, 2022
- Groove Cruise, The World's Largest Floating Dance Music Festival, Announces Its Upcoming Excursion Aboard Newly Remodeled and Award-Winning Ship - PR... - April 14th, 2022
- Costa Rica Directs its Efforts Towards Protecting the Ocean : - The Tico Times - April 14th, 2022
- MAIB: Crew's Comfort With Rough Weather May Have Caused Container Loss - The Maritime Executive - April 14th, 2022
- Sanctioned and Sailing Through Chinese Waters: The Case of the UN-Blacklisted Hoe Ryong - The Diplomat - April 14th, 2022
- World Sailing Speed Record Looks To Be Obliterated By The SP80 Sailboat - Boss Hunting - April 14th, 2022
- Sea Girl Carbon Theatre - The Reviews Hub - April 14th, 2022
- Hawke's Bay rain starts but less forecast than in original warnings - New Zealand Herald - April 14th, 2022
- Sailing the High Seas with Dejeros Cloud-Based Production Tools - TV Technology - October 9th, 2021
- Input wanted on changes to high seas fishing rules - The Bay's News First - SunLive - October 9th, 2021
- 9 crew of Indian vessel stranded on high seas rescued - The Statesman - October 9th, 2021
- Coast Guard rescues 9 crew members of mechanised vessal stranded in high seas - News Today - October 9th, 2021
- In Mumbai rave party bust, NCB carries out first-ever drugs search on cruise liner in high seas - Deccan Herald - October 9th, 2021
- Easy Halloween costume ideas for the continued collapse of society - Tampa Bay Times - October 9th, 2021
- What We Do In The Shadows Recap: The Siren - The Workprint - October 9th, 2021
- Trinidad and Tobago chaos over who actually owns the House of Football - Inside World Football - October 9th, 2021
- Deep seabed mining is risky. If something goes wrong, who will pay for it? - Mongabay.com - October 9th, 2021
- Students win new UH awards to protect oceans | University of Hawaii System News - UH System Current News - October 9th, 2021
- Seabed Mining: The Coast Guard's Deep Future - CIMSEC - October 9th, 2021
- SBI launches NAV-eCash Card. Check features and benefits here - Mint - October 9th, 2021
- Navigating Miocene Ocean Temperatures for Insights into the Future - Eos - October 9th, 2021
- Planning a Cruise? Here's What You Need to Know - NBC San Diego - October 9th, 2021
- National Grid in talks over plan for energy island in North Sea - The Guardian - October 9th, 2021
- A drone survives a sail into a major hurricane and "lives" to show the video - KTVZ - October 9th, 2021
- Listen closely: How sound could help improve the way we manage fisheries and conservation - Dal News - October 9th, 2021
- To solve space traffic woes, look to the high seas - MIT Technology Review - August 24th, 2021
- Who Is Going to Map the High Seas? - Hydro International - August 24th, 2021
- War on the High Seas - The Maritime Executive - August 24th, 2021
- Almost there: One more month until calmer seas, better weather - spacecityweather.com - August 24th, 2021
- Meet Rex, a Regal 417-Foot Expedition Yacht Concept With an Underwater Lounge and Helicopter Parking - Yahoo Lifestyle - August 24th, 2021
- Our first vacation fish, and other standout moments of summer 2021 | Pamelas Food Service Diary - SILive.com - August 24th, 2021
- HAWAII Hawaii County Weather Forecast for August 22, 2021 BIG ISLAND NOW - Big Island Now - August 24th, 2021
- NOAA Just Named 31 Nations That Engage in Illegal or Unregulated Fishing. Here's Why That's a Step in the Right Direction. - Earthjustice - August 24th, 2021
- Henri likely to bring rough seas to the south, possibly heavy rainfall in northern Delaware - delawarebusinessnow.com - August 24th, 2021
- Gather Round Mateys, These Arrrrre The Best Pirate Movies To Watch Right Now - Yahoo Lifestyle - August 24th, 2021
- You have what you voted for - Santa Barbara News-Press - August 24th, 2021
- Annette and a truly weird summer at the movies - Vox.com - August 24th, 2021
- As Henri Nears US Coast, Threat to Long Island Increases - East Hampton Star - August 24th, 2021
- The Fiji Times Skipper's legacy A lover of the sea - Fiji Times - August 24th, 2021
- Chubut imposes strict measures on shrimp landings to protect the fishery - MercoPress - August 24th, 2021
- Jellyfish Found in Greece are the Least Dangerous of All - Greek Reporter - August 24th, 2021
- Indian Ocean: The maritime links of India-Malaysia - Hindustan Times - August 24th, 2021
- Shark Experts Agree, These Are The 5 Best Dive Sites In The World - Forbes - August 24th, 2021
- North Vancouver RCMP remind boaters of rules on the water during education blitz - North Shore News - August 24th, 2021
- Salinity Measurements of the Adriatic Sea Record an Unprecedented Increase - Total Croatia News - August 24th, 2021
- China and the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean - The Diplomat - June 10th, 2021
- Africa must protect the high seas before its too late - Mail and Guardian - June 10th, 2021
- Bringing the High Seas Biodiversity Treaty Into Port - Council on Foreign Relations - June 10th, 2021
- SEACOR Power survivor begged God to 'calm the seas' after being swept overboard - WWLTV.com - June 10th, 2021 | <urn:uuid:b4fce712-66c6-4d33-9402-9a4e5a7646e6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.euvolution.com/futurist-transhuman-news-blog/high-seas/indias-highway-construction-is-in-the-fast-lane-fair-observer.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499871.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131122916-20230131152916-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.933281 | 4,110 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Earlier this year, the city's Department of Buildings began auditing thousands of architectural plans for new and renovated office and residential buildings. The results have been staggering: nine of every 10 have failed to meet the energy code, a set of standards that have been on the books for more than 30 years but are only now being enforced in earnest.
9 of 10 building plans fail basic test
In some cases, the Department of Buildings has even stopped nonconforming projects in their tracks.
"We're very serious about this, and are trying to educate the industry on what is required," said Gina Bocra, chief sustainability officer at the Department of Buildings, which set up a permanent audit unit about eight months ago. "Buildings are the largest source of energy consumption in our city, and how we conserve energy is key to making progress on reducing greenhouse-gas emissions."
As laudable as the motivation might be, some people are fretting about the potential costs of compliance in terms of time and money. Looming additions to the building code over the next year only fan the concerns.
"The energy code can be an effective way to increase efficiency if it remains flexible, but the more mandatory and prescriptive any code is, the more difficult it is to build a building that complies—particularly in New York City," said Angela Pinsky, a senior vice president of management services and government affairs with the Real Estate Board of New York, which is currently consulting with the city on code changes.
Several changes already are under consideration, including a potential requirement for developers to purchase pricey sensors that regulate building systems depending on how many people are present, and another that might require rooms to be more airtight.
The effort began under Mayor Michael Bloomberg last year, when he assigned auditors to pore over 212 randomly selected building to ensure that lighting, heating and air-conditioning systems, walls and windows all met code standards. That pilot program was part of his 30/30 goal of cutting carbon emissions here by 30% by 2030.
This year, under the de Blasio administration and Ms. Bocra, the training wheels have come off, and the team has audited more than 1,200 applications, with plans to eventually quadruple that number annually.
The new scrutiny might take some in the development community by surprise. The first energy code was set in place in the 1970s. Subsequently, the city passed its own version but rarely enforced it.
Not surprisingly, sustainability advocates have hailed the city's new initiative, and noted that the high degree of noncompliance uncovered thus far shows just how crucial the new audit unit will be.
"No one knew what was going on before because no one was checking," said Russell Unger, executive director of the Urban Green Council. "It is very easy to proclaim some policy or write some law, but the hard work comes on the other side when you need someone to implement it."
With a new phalanx of auditors at the city's disposal, Mr. Unger and others expect that designers and architects will pay more attention to the code because violations can hold up an entire project.
That scrutiny even extends to construction sites, with the unit conducting more than 160 random visits this year—compared with zero under the pilot program—to make sure buildings were being constructed according to the approved plans. In one out of five cases, inspectors found problems.
"We are trying to bring both the design and construction sides up to speed," Ms. Bocra said, noting that the campaign is largely educational at this point because many firms were not consciously breaking the rules.
But make no mistake: Flouting the energy code now carries serious risks for developers. The department is drawing up new fines and regulations that will apply specifically to the code.
In a handful of cases, building inspectors have issued stop-work orders at construction sites. And in at least one instance, a random tip called into the department resulted in a developer being investigated and fined for building a structure that was not up to sustainability standards, even though the property had already been occupied.
The new push comes as the state races to meet a looming federal deadline. In 2009, Albany received more than $123 million from the federal government in exchange for ensuring that 90% of new building plans complied with the baseline federal energy code by 2017. The city is part of that effort, and is taking steps now in the hopes that the Department of Buildings will be operating at full steam by the time that deadline arrives.
Already, the crackdown shows signs of making that task easier. Several engineering firms have already volunteered to go through the Department of Buildings' gantlet a second or third time to prevent their plans from being held up in the future.
"It's better for them from a liability perspective," Ms. Bocra said. "We had applicants send thank-you letters."
Mr. Russell's Urban Green Council believes the stricter regulations—and the actual enforcement of them—are sorely needed to solve issues that keep the city's real estate industry too far from the cutting edge.
As an example, he cited a report from the council published earlier this year that showed many typical building walls in New York City are just a few steps up from medieval homes in terms of their ability to retain heat.
"One would need to go back about 1,000 years to find buildings that regularly used as little insulation as these do today," he said. | <urn:uuid:12365cbd-8ee7-43b2-9e43-2803f622d9d3> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20140818/REAL_ESTATE/308179994/9-of-10-building-plans-fail-basic-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145316.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220224059-20200221014059-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.972789 | 1,111 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The decision to quit smoking involves a lot of psychological factors that can lead a person to think that it’s hard to give up, say doctors.
Anita Peters, director of the Cancer Association of AIDS patients who have instructed many to quit smoking, he said. “Smokers are under the impression that smoking can help them get out of the stress and help them relax It is most common among smokers observations dealing with high voltage jobs. To quit smoking, you need to get out of this false representation.”
According to experts, initially nicotine acts as a stimulant, when a person begins to smoke. But for a chronic smoker, the tolerance level shoots up and the brain becomes more susceptible to nicotine encouraging people to smoke frequently.
That’s why doctors are in favor of a smoker who wants to quit smoking; you should start the process gradually.
“Cutting down on the number of cigarettes per day, is the first step on the road to freedom from addiction to smoking. Set the time to fix smoking and spend time with non-smokers, families and children. This will help a person quit smoking in the long term,” said Dr. Harish Shetty, senior psychiatrist, LH Hiranandani Hospital.
Although there are several alternatives — chewing gum nicotine patches to help smokers quit the habit, experts believe that self-examination when smoking is also important.
“Although people smoke for pleasure or passion, some have good reason such as smoking has low self-esteem, lack of confidence, the pressure from parents or teachers or peers and other excuses. Upon introspection is done, it becomes easy to control the habit,” said Dr Parul Tank, a psychiatrist at the hospital in the Fortis Mulund.
- Do not store cigarette packs at home or office.
- Set achievable goals, such as removing one or two packs of cigarettes, cutting a cigarette into half.
- Spend time with non-smokers are more and find support groups to share success stories and their efforts to get kick the smoking habit.
- Seek professional guidance.
As soon as a smoker throws, the body begins to repair the damage almost immediately, initiating a number of useful health changes that will last for many years. | <urn:uuid:bf29f639-b83a-4b7f-afc9-c12833bb30f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://smoking-quit.info/be-firm-in-saying-no-to-cigarettes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323807.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628222452-20170629002452-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.952707 | 461 | 2.609375 | 3 |
When the word “chocolate” is spoken it is typically associated in most minds with “Hershey Bar” even though there are many other chocolate products. A similar situation exists in spine surgery when the word “fusion” is used. It is often simply assumed that this refers to rigid pedicle screw and rod fixation.
This common phenomenon is a narrow-minded exercise as many other alternatives exist for patient treatment. This failure to be informed of the other options is a leading cause of the “Failed Back Surgery Syndrome“. It is important for patients to understand that the word “fusion” has a narrow context and, as such, is therefore often misleading. Because the first fusions were performed only by orthopedic surgeons they thought of it in a manner similar to the setting of long bones where rigid healing (arthrosis) was good and non-rigid healing (pseudoarthosis) was bad. Simply put, the human spine is not a rigid long bone and a non-rigid stabilization, which is more physiologic, is often better therapy for the patient. Canadian Orthopedic Surgeon David Kuntz has expressed it more eloquently.
The intent of the classic bone “fusion” was to create a solid union between vertebral segments in order to correct segmental dysfunction or instability. Due to this unique mind-set the goal of “rigid fixation” has been the credo of most spine surgeons during the 20th century. It was only toward the end of that century that some first began to realize that multi-level rigid fixation (shown on the left) was not always optimal for everyone and that rigid fixation could carry with it a number of important liabilities for the patient. Because rigid fixation is inherently non- physiologic there are always associated stresses placed on adjacent segments.
We know that when individuals are born with congenital fusion of spinal segments this abnormality typically produces stress related degeneration on adjacent spinal segments. Physician created rigid fusions produce the same result. Instrumented rigid fusions consisting of pedicle screws and rods may be optimal for the purpose of stabilization in the treatment of spinal trauma where the risks are small and the benefits are high. What then are the risk factors for multi-level rigid pedicle screw and rod systems?
Fracture of pedicle causing nerve root irritation or injury requiring surgical revision. Screw malposition producing nerve irritation or injury requiring additional surgery. Post-healing need to remove painful instrumentation. Additional surgery or fusion because of stress-related transitional changes. Extensive devitalization of paraspinal tissues. Instrumentation producing artifact and not allowing meaningful follow-up MRI imaging.
These risks are not insignificant. How often is true informed consent provided to these patients? The stress factors produced by rigid instrumentation are so significant that iatrogenically produced fractures of the sacrum and pelvis are known to occur as well as “transitional degeneration.”As one medical student pointed out: some spine surgeons have created their own equivalent of a “full-employment” law where performing a rigid multi-level instrumented fusion almost guarantees a need for additional surgery in the future.
These issues become even more important when multi-level instrumented rigid procedures are employed in individuals with multi-level disc degeneration to start with. Many inappropriate multi-level instrumented arthrodeses are being recommended and performed in patients with genomic spine problems. It is only now that more than a handful of spine surgeons are finally looking at more physiologic answers to the correction of spinal dysfunction and instability. As we enter the 21st century the paradigm of “fusion” is finally giving way to the more appropriate concept of “stabilization.
There are few areas of medical care where William of Occam’s principle of “it is needless to do more when less will suffice” is more needed than in the field of spine care, particularly in spine surgery. Many times front and back surgeries are performed when a posterior approach alone would not only do the job but, also create a better result for the patient. The added risks of an unneeded anterior surgery are many. The anterior dissection often strips away important aortic arterial feeders to the vertebral column increasing the risk of infection and, in males, there is always the possibility of creating problems with erection and ejaculation.
Because medical devices are big business and because spinal fixation systems are very big business in today’s world M2H factors continue to play an important role in directing the type of spinal surgery being performed. Unnecessary instrumentation is costly from many viewpoints. It remains for the discerning consumer to sort through the hype in order to make reasonable and cost-effective decisions regarding their own health. Inherent in this is having a health care system which places the patient in the “driver’s seat” so that that it is the patient’s decision as to whether the treatment being recommended is reasonable and cost-effective and not having this decision be made by uninterested third party whose hidden agenda is financial self-interest.
Types Of Spine Stabilization:
Shown below is the 2004 Edition of the American Medical Association “Current Procedural Terminology” where the word “fusion” has now been relegated to the archaic, achieves and has been replaced by the correct term “arthrodesis” (Athro-joint, Desis-to bind). Arthrodesis refers to the entire spectrum of stabilization including flexible, as well as rigid procedures.
As a means of providing better orientation regarding the forms of spinal “arthrodesis” The various forms of it are outlined below: | <urn:uuid:16688331-6964-4008-a2bf-8a46d3352b3e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.burtonreport.com/InfSpine/SurgStabilWhatIsFusion.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00738.warc.gz | en | 0.948319 | 1,184 | 2.765625 | 3 |
“On a hot day in Virginia, I know of nothing more comforting than a fine spiced pickle, brought up trout-like from the sparkling depths of the aromatic jar below the steps in Aunt Sally’s cellar.” — Thomas Jefferson
Early one clear Sunday morning, a group of us filled Stoodley’s Tavern at Strawbery Banke Museum in Portsmouth, to hear botany professor Judith Sumner bring her vast knowledge of ethnobotany, foodways and historic cookery to the subject of pickling.
Looking back, pickling has long been an essential way of preserving food for storage, especially before the advent of refrigeration. The basics of pickling hasn’t changed much since then — it’s simply the preserving of food in acid (vinegar), brine (salt), or through lacto-fermentation (a bacterial process that produces lactic acid). As for etymology, the word “pickle” is rooted the Dutch one for brine, pekel.
Dr. Sumner examines the history of pickling in America through “receipts” gathered from such early New England cookbooks as Amelia Simmons’ American Cookery (1796), Lydia Child’s The American Frugal Housewife (1833), and Catharine Beecher’s Miss Beecher’s Domestic Receipt-Book (1858). Paging through these, one is struck by the diversity of foods used for pickling. There are instructions for pickling barberries, nasturtium seeds, green walnuts, and something called martinoes or devil’s claw. This distinctive annual was originally brought over from Africa, and its young fruit, when preserved, is said to resemble pickled peaches.
Recipes for pickled mangoes also abound, an outgrowth of early trade in tropical fruit. Rather than just the fruit, it can also refer to a method of pickling. “To mango” consisted of filling a fruit’s cavity — such as melons, peaches or peppers — with spices; tying the two halves back together, then brining. One senses this would have made for a quite special preserve, something to show off in one’s best cut-glass pickle dish when guests arrived.
Many of the herbs and spices associated with pickling are rich in antimicrobial phytochemicals, providing an extra measure of safety as well as flavor, and were chosen according to tradition and availability. Clockwise from upper left: Cinnamon, bay leaves, mustard seeds, allspice and cloves, dried garlic, and turmeric. Other enhancements include nutmeg and mace; ginger, horseradish, onions, dill, and red or black pepper.
Reflecting time and place, pickles were very much a vernacular food, and varied according to locale and family tradition. The sharing of pickling recipes would have been common and, much like that of quilt patterns, passed on from one household to another. The morning ended with a tasting of Judith’s own delicious homemade pickles, a sampling of bread and butter pickles, pickled red onion, sauerkraut, dill pickles, and pickled sweet peppers from her jewel-like jars. With the current revival of interest in these foodways, each bite, as friend and host John Forti reminds us, connects the past with the future, as well as the present.
“Pickles and relishes, so much a part of our heritage, have given a lift to many a homely meal.” — Joy of Cooking, 1964
• Judith Sumner, The Natural History of Medicinal Plants and American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants
• John Forti, The Heirloom Gardener
• Strawbery Banke Museum, Portsmouth, NH | <urn:uuid:e5075eb8-24fc-4ffb-8079-85d2aa468709> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://diaryofatomato.com/2013/04/26/the-science-art-and-lore-of-pickling-and-preservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334591.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925162915-20220925192915-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.943606 | 810 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Certainly, For each student, Class XII is a critical phase. This usually shapes the rest of the student’s career, when students select Career Options after 12th Non-Medical.
Today we will talk about non-medical students and talk about the choices they have following Career Options after 12th Non-Medical.
We will talk about this. Meanwhile, This article is especially for you when you are in class 10th, 11th or 12th because we want you to share alternatives so you can make the right choice during your course choice.
However, The choice of the best profession is one of the most critical decisions you make. The secret addresses your daily desires to prosperity and satisfaction. This career is satisfying if you prepare well in advance. Self-analysis is the easiest of a person’s abilities and interests.
Also, As the name means anything that isn’t safe, is not medical. The options are limitless, and this medium gives various opportunities. There are also so many career choices for science students in addition to engineering.
Firstly If one deliver the interest in only one subject of PCM, there are numerous opportunities in such cases too:
If you only want physics, options for astrophysics, geophysics, molecular physics, nuclear and optical physics are all available.
If you only like maths, the options to excel in maths include applied math, statistics, geometry analysis, and computer math.
Career Options after 12th Non-Medical :
Certainly, Engineering is the most common type Career Options after 12th Non-Medical students who have completed their Matriculation.
Engineering includes scientific and practical knowledge in which the system, device, the machine, and the process has invented, constructed, designed, and maintained.
Furthermore, Students interested in entering an engineering college with B.E., B.technology or B.Arch., must participate in the Joint Entry Exam (JEE) held annually by the CBSE. The results are used to receive admission to different universities of engineering.
BE / B can be studied by students who want to select Career Options after 12th Non-Medical. Electric and electronic engineering technology, mechanical, civil, chemical, environmental, auto-processing, aerospace, architecture, mechatronics, production, mining, oil, offshore, I.T. and software (computer science), telecommunications, electrical power, sound engineering, automation engineering.
Meanwhile, After completing B.Tech as a Master in Engineering (M.E.) or Master in Technology (M.Tech), a postgraduate course in engineering is possible. After completing the Master’s degree, a Ph.D. in Engineering Philosophy can be pursued, which is an advanced engineering research course. It’s three years’ duration.
Career Options after 12th Non-Medical who completed B.Tech :
Some college organizations offer campus placements; jobs are also available for the private and public sector or as an entrepreneur for your enterprise. Indian Engineering Services (IES) examination by the UPSC is the other opportunity for civil services.
However, Private and government industries alike favor candidates at a higher rank. Teaching and research careers are also other options.
Secondly, The second-highest grade after the course is the graduation with B.Architect. The study consists of extensive research of design, design, planning, sculpture and architecture.
Bachelor of Science :
The next most important thing to do is to go for the Bachelor of Science in one of the non-medical topics in the 12th non-medical course. B.Sc graduation followed by M.Sc graduation, and this career has an enormous range. The most recognized and promising areas of B.Sc. include agriculture, horticulture, forestry, information technology, computers, materials, physical engineering, mathematics, electronics, hotel administration, biotechnology, marine sciences, and many others.
Mathematics and Statistics :
Also, Students may pursue a B.STAT (Statistics) or a Bachelor in Mathematics (B.Math) in this study. Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) is one of the leading institutions to be considered for the course. The institute concentrates on teaching, research, and statistical application.
Furthermore, many private and government organizations in the banking, insurance, and financial sectors have career options. They recruit significant mathematics in project development, research activities and trade surveys, and share and stock market numerical analysis.
BBA & MBA Integrated Course:
Meanwhile, When students complete this course, they do not have to apply separately for an MBA, and after five years, they have a dual degree, i.e. BBA and MBA integrated approaches.
Certainly, Education in law is India’s only legal training. Students designate this diploma as lawyers. The Indian Bar Council (BCI) is the leading legal education regulatory body.
Law courses that can take place after 12 classes are: Integrated B.A. The procedure includes a 1 to 2-year master’s degree (Lehemist LL.B.), LL.B., B.Sc. LL.B., BBA LLB, B.Comm LL.B., and Ph.D.
The second option after completing the LLB course stands Integrated MBL-LLM /MBA-LLM.
Computer Application :
However, It is one of the most favorite choices for Career Options after 12th Non-Medical for those who are desperate to be a part of the I.T. industry, can analyze the situation, and use concepts to resolve it quickly and favorably reasoningly.
Furthermore, The career options include software consultants, web designers, technical writers, etc. Web designers. Web designers.
Graduates from significant universities and colleges such as Delhi University, Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies, can complete their BCA and post-MCA degree programs, in computer science.
Hotel Management :
Firstly, The thesis trains students to work in hotels, beaches, air travel, boat trips and casinos. Graduates are studying various tasks such as housekeeping, headquarters, administration and food production.
Students will follow BSC / BA IN Hotel Management for 3-4 years.
After the course completion, the career leads to lifestyle, hotel business management, cooking.
National Defence Academy :
Certainly, The National Defense Academy consists of cadets from three military-Army, Naval, and air forces branches, and are much professional in their respective domain.
However, The age limit is 19 years to become a member of NDA. One must take the written test of the National Defense Academy twice a year, in March and August, and interview, medicine, and everything must be explained (Service Selection Board). Acceptance grade includes a merit-based decision.
The length of the course is three years. Cadet has six teaching terms and studies to complete. Cadets get approval to move ahead after passage to the respective training institutes according to the Division of the Armed Forces.
Therefore, For one year study, Army applicants are sent to IMA (Indian Military Academy) and are then graded as Officer Lieutenants and enter the Indian Army.
Technical Entry Scheme(TES) :
Firstly, As a Technical Entry Scheme(TES) soldier, class 12 can also represent a soldier by Indian Army students other than NDA. The news was made public in May / June or October / November. Requests are published—the 19-year age limit.
Following SSB’s proposal interview with the medical test, qualified applicants has evaluated, and a list of criteria has announced.
Selected candidates have been qualified for five years. Following the degree, the grade is given according to the specification of a lieutenant and joins the Indian Army officers.
Alternate Training Scheme Shipping job:
However, This is an approved course for an engineer officer responsible for a control system.
This course involves severe research and hard work. The approach is very rigorous.
Certainly, Students with a deep interest in marine engineering should apply only as a career.
This research focuses on machinery on ships, vessels or yachts and makes an individual a shipbuilder. As a result, The courses differ according to different phases.
1 year’s advanced preparation. In this step, the course completes in one year.
Meanwhile, Seafarers get trained with instruction on board as engineer cadets for nine months.
Twelve months of training in the academy covering the part of the curriculum again. For all subjects to be studied, the Mercantile Marine Department-Government of India allows the cadets to undergo an exam.
Seagoing services for six months on Watch as Assistant Engineer Officer.
Medical first aid for approximately three months. Preparatory course-engine room simulator Another test, as part B, has been the requirement after the Engineer Officer.
Commercial Pilot Training:
Twelve non-medical students can choose to work as a commercial pilot in civil aviation. To be eligible and trained, students must undergo a Pilot Aptitude Test and medical exam. CPL preparation is pretty pricey, however.
Nautical Science :
This thesis relates to the necessary information essential for the safe functioning of a vessel. The research consists of sea management and navigation. Shipboard equipment and tools used for seamanship.
Duration: 3 years and six semesters. Duration: The general authority approves the course of Shipping under the Ministry of Shipping, Government of India.
Marine engineering makes a person a ship engineer, while marine science is an individual’s training as a deck officer.
Certainly, The practice of planning, producing, running, creating and using aircraft is aviation.
Topics, such as air rules, flight protection, and crew management include air traffic control, atmosphere and aircraft, aircraft and engine protection, and aviation safety.
As a certified pilot, over a 19-24 month program, a certificate may be issued. Get a three-year qualification Aircraft Repair Engineer Certificate. Often, the Air Traffic controller, land operating officers, inventory handling, and ticket staff are more job opportunities.
Ethical Hacking is a computer genius who hacks and helps improve the weaknesses and vulnerabilities that could be exploited by a malicious hacker on a security or computer system owned by an organization.
These days, ethical hackers have great demand in marketplace. The prominent corporations and key I.T. businesses are working in both the public and private sectors.
This thesis encompasses strongly numerated and qualified applicants in mathematics and statistics. Also Experts who has trained through education and experience in this study are called actuaries.
This research provides students with scientific risk analysis in diverse fields and offers technical and industry advice to the existence, health care and general insurance, financial resources, business and finance.
Finance. In conclusion, The assessment gets performed using statistical, numerical, and mathematical methods.
Students can join professional bodies and become fellow students in the IAI following their degree. U.G. & P.G. courses are available as well.
Hospitality Management :
Management of hospitals in the direction of hospitals administration. It offers related services between health care and those providing the resources to health care. For entry exams like CAT, MAT, students must appear.
The candidates are eligible for Bachelor-3, Master-2, and Ph.D./M. Phil. Studies. Management of the hospital.
Creative Career Options after 12th Non-Medical :
A variety of innovative career opportunities are available for students in line with their interests:
The media study, advertising, journalism, the entertainment industry, illustration, animation, architecture (Bachelor of craft), the visual Arts (Music, Dance, Painting, etc.), further divided into apparel design, leathercraft, design knitwear, garment design, interior design, accessories design.
Travel and Tourism :
This company enhances its status as the country’s largest foreign exchange employee and gives applicants a variety of work positions.
Students should have a detailed awareness of tourism destinations, commercial strategies and social brands.
In this sector, there are graduate, postgraduate, diploma and certificate courses.
If you have completed your job, you can, of course, find work opportunities in both public and private sectors-with the owners, the tourist office, travel agent jobs, hotels, airlines, transport companies, etc.
In conclusion, It should be remembered that Career Options after 12th Non-Medical, engineering is not the only alternative.
There are even more job opportunities that you also have to pick according to your ability and expertise.
You should still choose a job that gives you happiness and not just money. Some of the other possibilities are air hostess, visual contact, media and literature, sociology and literature, dining, networking and tools, healthcare courses, etc. | <urn:uuid:54c7b9e6-2667-4c69-af25-7eb50e16489c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestwebskill.com/what-are-the-best-career-options-after-12th-non-medical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571086.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809185452-20220809215452-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.945969 | 2,649 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There are many examples to illustrate this, but none is as sharp as the debate on emissions trading. It used to be no more than a smart idea to limit pollution in an efficient manner, but it has evolved into a political minefield where the Left sees it as a sell-out to Wall Street, whereas the Right sees it as a communist takeover of the economy. The idea is simple: we limit emissions to, say, 100 units, and so we distribute 100 units of emission rights among polluters. Want to pollute more? Then buy rights from another polluter, who will then have to take additional emission reduction measures. You bet he will only agree to that transaction if you pay him more for his right to pollute than it costs him to reduce his pollution by one additional unit. Moreover, you will only agree if the price you pay for the right is lower than it benefits you to increase your pollution. In other words, you can have a voluntary transaction that makes both parties better off without further damaging the environment. This is a way of achieving what economists call allocative efficiency: we shuffle around resources and other inputs to achieve the maximum output at minimum costs, where costs include environmental damage as well as wages and all. An economist would say: we have the same environmental quality, but we increase welfare - what's not to like?
A lot, an ecologist would say. Besides issues with regard to enforcement, windfall profits, etc., an ecologist would also have objections of a moral nature. Here are a few of the objections I've heard from students and researchers:
- How can you give somebody a right to pollute? Nobody should have any right to pollute the environment.
- Under such schemes companies can just pay some money and go about their dirty business. They should give a good example to others.
- It's immoral to commodify the environment.
- Tradable emission permits are a modern version of medieval indulgences.
Beneath the economist's allocative approach lies the philosophy of utilitarianism. In a nutshell, utilitarians argue that an action is morally right whenever it maximizes the sum of all happiness. This also means that utilitarians judge an action purely by its consequences, whereas other moral philosophies (also called deontological ethics) judge the action itself.
In other words, economists take a consequentialist approach to environmental problems, whereas ecologists tend to be more on the deontological side. Note that the moral objections to emissions trading listed above focus on the trading itself rather than its consequences. The economist's reply will always point to the consequences.
Maybe it is due to my economics training, but I'm more on the consequentialist/utilitarian side. The deontological argument can become self-defeating, for instance when opposition to hunting leads to habitat degradation. If we have to choose between an ailing population of an endangered species without hunting and a thriving population that pays for its own conservation through hunting, I'd choose hunting anytime. | <urn:uuid:3696aa42-1669-453a-a1b1-10c533fb66ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://grow-fins.blogspot.com/2012/05/why-economists-argue-with-ecologists-3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948527279.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213143307-20171213163307-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.958473 | 612 | 2.671875 | 3 |
My mom just sent me an email which claimed that on August 27th, mars will be in opposition to the Earth and as a result will appear the same size as the full moon.
The truth is, around this time is when Mars is closest to Earth and will appear like the undisputed champion of the sky in terms of brightness.
The truth also is that if one eye was in a consumer telescope and the other open toward the moon the two orbs would appear to have a similar diameter.
Mars will pass more than 55 million miles from Earth, which the email also referred to (with different but similar numbers), but could it appear the same in size? Let's do the math.
The moon's diameter is 3,474 miles.
The moon's distance from Earth is 238,857 miles.
Mars' diameter is 6,749 million miles.
In order for Mars to "appear" the same size as the moon, it's distance would have to be calculated like this: MarsDistance = MarsDiameter * ( 1 + (MoonDistance / MoonDiameter))
The result would require Mars' distance from Earth to be 473,919 miles from earth.
In short, since Mars is roughly double the size of the moon, its distance would have to be roughly double from the earth to appear the same size as the moon.
The email was right that the Moon would pass closest around August 27th, and that it would be more than 55 million miles from Earth. Where it is wrong is that it would appear the same. It would need to come 54,500,000 miles closer than that to even come close.
I am no specialist, but I would imagine we would have all kinds of gravimetric issues on Earth if anything the size of Mars ever passed that close to us. But that is just my speculation.
When you Google this it's clear that this email started innocently (that the telescope and naked eye would make the Moon and Mars similar in size) but was lost as it was passed along. The email can be traced back to 2003.
Nonetheless, don't miss out on looking for Mars this month – it's the big red star (not to be mistaken for the moon)! | <urn:uuid:bd063d20-4fde-44cf-b5af-8bae1b3336b2> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://jerrynixon.blogspot.com/2007/08/mars-as-big-as-moon-rediculous.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155413.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918130631-20180918150631-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.971992 | 459 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Nyingchi in brief
With the lowest location in Tibet, Nyingchi Prefecture is known to Chinese as "south regions of the Yangtze River in Tibet" and "the Switzerland in Tibet" with dainty idyllic scenery, and known to the world with the deepest canyon in the world- the amazing Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon. Embraced by the Himalayas and the Nyainqentanglha Range which resemble two huge dragons stretching from west to east in parallel and joining the Hengduan Mountains in the east, Nyingchi is located in the southeast of Tibet. Its name, Nyingchi, is an imaginative Tibetan word which means the throne of the sun, just as it is the locality that the sun rises everyday in Tibet area. With a total population of 173 000, Nyingchi administrates 7 counties, borders Yunnan Province and Chamdo Prefecture to the east, Nagqu Prefecture to the north, Lhasa and Lhoka to the west and India and Burma to the south. In the lower reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River, it has a sharply-changed terrain and a large discrepancy in elevation with an average altitude of 3100 meters but the lowest altitude of only 900 meters, which contributed to a moist climate and pleasing landscape.
History of Nyingchi- a mythic location with mysterious ethnic groups
Called Kongpo in ancient time, Nyingchi Prefecture is dated back to 5000 years ago with discovered human remains and graves belonging to the Neolithic age. On the base of the archaeological studies, human beings had a slash and burn agriculture as well as the fishery by the river at that time. Concerning to the recorded history of Nyingchi, it is in the inscriptions on precipices located nearby the Yongzhongzeng Village. Though caved 1200 years ago, these scripts are still distinct describing the legend about the first head of the Yanaon Tribe, who had moved from Bowo and commenced his leading career of the Yanaon tribe on the holy mountain of Kongpo. From the 13th century, Nyingchi was in the sphere of influence of the Karma Kargyu, Tibetan Buddhism. It was the habitation of Monpa people and Lhoba People; it reserves rich traditions of their characteristic habits and customs. The old tales, unsophisticated folkways, clan’s totemism and religious myths integrate and add primitive and mysterious shades to these ancient ethnic groups.
Nyingchi Nowadays- a rare pure land attracting more and more adventurers
Nyingchi is one of the rarest pure lands in the world that seldom interrupted by humans until in recent years, and also a holy land attracting scientists and adventurers though it has a poor transportation especially the section to Medog, which is known as the hardest part that still unopened to traffic. However, enjoying the title Natural Museum and Natural Green Gene Pool, here offers well-preserved primitive landscape with lofty plateau cypress, Himalaya fir, flora living fossil-tree fern, and over hundred of species of azalea; it has the highest river in the world, the Yarlung Zangbo River and the deepest canyon in the world, the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon with more than 20 ancient ethnic tribes living around, the vertical landform with the largest difference of level which contributed to extraordinary lavish vegetation and wildlife resources; crowned as "the father of iceberg", the peak of Namcha Barwa, which has a altitude of 7782 meters, serves as a perfect health resort with numerous hot springs at the mountain foot; and in addition, the Medog, where the lotus blooms, is the holiest land to Tibetan Buddhists providing surprising beauties.
Hot Tours 2017
- 3 Days Zhangjiajie Tour from Guangzhou
- 4 Days Beijing and Xi'an Highlights Budget Tour
- 8 Days Beijing, Huangshan & Shanghai Combo
- 10 Days Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai Budget Tour
- 13 Days Classic China Budget Tour with Yangtze Cruise
- 10 Days Cuisine Feast Tour with All the Major China Cuisines
- 16 Days Yangtze Historical and Picturesque Tour
- 28 Days Fantastic China Highlights One Month Tour | <urn:uuid:5ab0930c-7cc1-4e4b-a6ec-86a6e14b085f> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.visitourchina.com/nyingchi/intro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190181.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00166-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937229 | 877 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A Topographical Dictionary of England. Originally published by S Lewis, London, 1848.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved.
Ross (St. Mary)
ROSS (St. Mary), a market-town and parish, and the head of a union, in the hundred of Greytree, county of Hereford, 14 miles (S. E.) from Hereford, and 120 (W. N. W.) from London; containing 3773 inhabitants, of whom 2523 are in Ross-Borough, and 1250 in Ross-Foreign. Tradition reports this place to have been founded from the ruins of the Roman town Ariconium, which stood at a short distance. It was made a free borough by Henry III., and in the 33rd of the reign of Edward I. sent members to parliament; but this privilege was relinquished, on the petition of the inhabitants, the following year, and has never been resumed. The Duke of Hereford, afterwards Henry IV., passed a night here on his way to Monmouth, to see his wife, at the time his son and successor was born; and the unfortunate Charles I. slept here in 1645, on his way from Raglan Castle. The bishops of Hereford, who were lords of the manor, had a palace at Ross, but it has been long demolished, and the prison belonging to them was pulled down about a century since. An old stone cross here, called Cob's Cross, a corruption of Corpus Christi Cross, is supposed to be commemorative of the ravages of the plague in 1635 and the two subsequent years.
The town is situated on an eminence, at the foot of which runs the river Wye in a meandering course, through a richly cultivated and beautiful country. It consists chiefly of two narrow streets, crossing each other, and the houses generally are old and ill-constructed, though the town has of late years been much improved, and some good buildings have been erected. The inhabitants are well supplied with water, raised by an engine from the Wye. Pleasure-boats are kept for the accommodation of parties making excursions down the river to Monmouth and Chepstow. An horticultural society has been established, by which 300 prizes and 30 silver medals are annually distributed; there is an annual display of the works of artists, and a mechanics' institute and four reading societies have been formed. Ross had once a considerable trade in iron, which has long since declined; at present, cider and wool are the principal articles of produce. An act was passed in 1845 for a railway from Monmouth, by way of Ross, to Hereford. A market was granted by King Stephen to Bishop Betun, to be held on Thursday; it is well supplied with cattle and provisions: there are fairs on the Thursday after March 10th, on Ascension-day, June 21st, July 20th, the Thursday after October 10th, and on December 11th. A sergeant-at-mace, four constables, and subordinate officers, are chosen at a court leet and baron, held about Michaelmas; and the petty-sessions for the hundred are holden here. The powers of the county debt-court of Ross, established in 1847, extend over the registration-district of Ross.
The parish comprises by measurement 3012 acres. The living is a rectory and vicarage united, valued in the king's books at £38. 16. 3.; net income, £1284; patron, the Bishop of Hereford. The incumbent's tithes have been commuted for £790, and the glebe consists of 98 acres; £63 are paid to the bishop, and £27. 10. each to the dean and the precentor of Hereford. The church is an irregularly built though handsome edifice, with a lofty and well-proportioned spire, in an extremely beautiful situation; the east window is ornamented with stained glass, and contains a figure of Thomas de Cantelupe, Bishop of Hereford, in the act of giving benediction. There are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends, and Independents; also a Roman Catholic chapel at Courtfield. In the churchyard was formerly a free school called St. Mary's, founded, and endowed with £10 per annum, by Lord Weymouth, in 1709; having fallen into decay, two large rooms were built on the site in 1806, for a national school. The Blue-coat school was established in 1709, by Dr. Whiting, Lord Scudamore, and others, and was endowed in 1786 with £220 per annum, by Mr. Walter Scott, who had been educated in it. An hospital for seven parishioners was founded by Mr. Webbe, a native of the town. The poor-law union of Ross comprises 30 parishes or places, of which 27 are in the county of Hereford, and 3 in that of Gloucester, altogether containing a population of 16,763. This is the birthplace of John de Ross, a celebrated doctor of law, who was established by the pope in the bishopric of Carlisle, without any election, in 1318. The benevolent John Kyrle, Pope's "Man of Ross," died here in 1724, aged 88, and lies buried in the church, where a rich monument, with a medallion, was erected to his memory in 1776.
ROSS, a township, in the parish and union of Belford, in Islandshire, N. division of Northumberland, 3 miles (N. E.) from Belford; containing 56 inhabitants. It is situated in the southern part of Islandshire, and comprises an extensive rabbit-warren, stretching along the coast, in a kind of promontory, to Holy-Island harbour.
Rossendale, Forest of.—See Lancashire.
ROSSENDALE, Forest of.—See Lancashire.
Rossington (St. Michael)
ROSSINGTON (St. Michael), a parish, in the union and soke of Doncaster, W. riding of York, 4½ miles (N. W. by N.) from Bawtry; containing 344 inhabitants. This place was for many generations the seat of the Fossard and Mauley families, and in the reign of Henry VII. was granted by that monarch to the corporation of Doncaster, from whom the manor was purchased in 1838, by James Brown, Esq., of Harehills Grove, Leeds. The parish comprises by computation nearly 3000 acres, of which about 280 are woodland and plantations; the soil is fertile, the surface undulated, rising into hills of considerable elevation, and the scenery is pleasingly diversified. The village is situated on the south side of the vale of the river Torne, over which are several bridges; one of them, on the great north road, called Rossington Bridge. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £11. 1. 5½., and in the gift of Mr. Brown: the tithes have been commuted for £600, and the glebe comprises 65 acres. The church was rebuilt by Mr. Brown, in 1843-4; in the churchyard are several handsome monuments.
Rostherne (St. Mary)
ROSTHERNE (St. Mary), a parish, in the union of Altrincham, chiefly in the hundred of Bucklow, but partly in that of Macclesfield, N. division of the county of Chester; containing 3953 inhabitants, of whom 386 are in the township of Rostherne, 3½ miles (N. by W.) from Knutsford. The parish comprises the chapelries of High Legh and Peover-Superior; the townships of Marthall with Little Warford, Mere, Millington, Rostherne, Snelson, Tabley-Superior, and Tatton; and part of the townships of Agden and Bollington. In Rostherne township are 1377 acres, of which the soil is sand and clay; about one-fourth is under the plough, the remainder being cultivated for dairy purposes. The living is a vicarage, valued in the king's books at £10; net income, £131; patron, W. Egerton, Esq.; appropriators, the Dean and Canons of Christ-Church, Oxford. The church is much admired for its beautiful situation on the margin of an extensive lake or mere; it contains several ancient monuments, and in the chapel of the Egerton family is a sumptuous one by Bacon to Samuel Egerton, Esq., who died in 1780. There are two incumbencies at High Legh, one at Marthall, and one at Peover-Superior.
Roston, in the hundred of Appletree, S. division of the county of Derby.—See Norbury.
ROSTON, in the hundred of Appletree, S. division of the county of Derby.—See Norbury.
Rothbury (All Saints)
ROTHBURY (All Saints), a market-town and parish, and the head of a union, in the W. division of Coquetdale ward, N. division of Northumberland; containing 2555 inhabitants, of whom 881 are in the town, 30 miles (N. W. by N.) from Newcastle, and 300 (N. N. W.) from London. The name of this place, anciently Roberie, Rathbury, and Routhbyrig, may be derived from the British Rhuthr, an attack; or from the Saxon Ruth, red, expressive of the colour of the river and its bed. The situation of the town, though low, is very beautiful, in a sequestered and romantic glen watered by the Coquet. This river abounds in trout, and is celebrated as a fishing stream; it is crossed on the south side of the town by an old stone bridge of four ribbed arches. Upon the west the vale opens gradually to the view, almost encircled by hills, and ridges of broken rocks, interspersed with trees; a few goats feed among the crags, and their milk and whey are in considerable request by the valetudinarians who resort hither during the summer season. The town, which is wide and airy, consists of three streets irregularly built, diverging from the market-place; the inhabitants are supplied with water from several springs. The market is on Friday, but has almost fallen into disuse: fairs for horses, cattle, and sheep, are held on Whit-Monday, October 2nd, and November 1st; and a statute-fair for hiring servants on the Friday in Easter-week. The powers of the county debt-court of Rothbury, established in 1847, extend over the registration-district of Rothbury.
The parish consists of 33,770 acres, and comprises the townships of Bickerton, Caistron, Cartington, Debdon, Fallowlees, Flotterton, Hollinghill, Hepple, HeppleDemesne, Hesley-Hurst, Lee-Ward, Mount-Healey, Newtown, Paperhaugh, Raw, Rothbury, Snitter, Thropton, Great Tosson with Ryehill, Little Tosson, Trewhitt, Warton, Whitton, and Wreighill. The Duke of Northumberland is lord of the manor, and proprietor of a large portion of the parish. The haughs by the river side are good alluvial soil, but the rest of the land is generally covered with stones or heath. The parish contains an abundance of limestone, sandstone, and ironstone, and though there are no mines at present worked, yet, from the large accumulations of scoria, it is evident that the ironstone must have been extensively wrought at a very ancient period, and most probably by the Romans: in many parts, the water is so strongly impregnated with iron, as to be used medicinally. The ancient Forest of Rothbury, occupying a tract seven miles long and five broad, has been divided under the authority of an act of parliament passed in the year 1831.
The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £58. 6. 8.; net income, £1106; patron, the Bishop of Carlisle. The church is a ruinous cruciform structure in the early English style, with a square tower: against a pillar near the south door is the effigy in stone of a man in armour; and the font, which is very antique, bears a rudely-sculptured representation of the Redeemer sitting in Judgment. The Independents have a place of worship. Near the church is a free school, with a dwelling-house and garden for the master, to the erection of which the Rev. Mr. Thomlinson, rector, in 1720 gave £100, with £20 per annum as an endowment, to which have been added some other benefactions, producing £252. 18. per annum. The poor-law union of Rothbury comprises 71 parishes and townships, containing a population of 7297. There are numerous British stations in the neighbourhood. About a mile to the west of Rothbury is a circular intrenchment, with a triple ditch and earthen rampart: at the distance of a quarter of a mile to the north-east of this, is another; on Tosson hills, two miles to the south-west, a third; and about the same distance to the south-east, on Whitton hills, a fourth. The last is still very perfect, and of great extent: the plan of one of the serpent temples of the Druids may be clearly traced; the stones, placed side by side, yet remain, and the visiter may pass into the inclosure by the original entrance. These stations were doubtless connected; they all stand upon abrupt and lofty elevations, commanding extensive views of the surrounding country and of each other. Dr. John Brown, vicar of St. Nicholas' in Newcastle, and author of some essays, poetical pieces, and dramatic writings, was a native of the parish. Bernard Romney, an ancient Norman bard and musician, lived and died here.
Rotherby (All Saints)
ROTHERBY (All Saints), a parish, in the union of Melton-Mowbray, hundred of East Goscote, N. division of the county of Leicester, 5½ miles (W. S. W.) from Melton-Mowbray; with 142 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, consolidated in 1823 with that of Hoby, and valued in the king's books at £8. 8. 4.
ROTHERFIELD, a tything, in the parish of East Tisted, union of Alton, hundred of Selborne, Alton and N. divisions of the county of Southampton, 4½ miles (S. S. W.) from Alton; containing 21 inhabitants. It is situated on the road between Alton and Gosport, and contains the hamlets of Heards and Holtham. Rotherfield House, rebuilt some years since, is a fine seat.
Rotherfield (St. Denis)
ROTHERFIELD (St. Denis), a parish, in the union of Uckfield, hundred of Rotherfield, rape of Pevensey, E. division of Sussex, 8 miles (N. E.) from Uckfield; containing 3036 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on the road from Tonbridge-Wells to Lewes, comprises nearly 16,000 acres; the soil is generally clay, and the surface diversified with hills, of which Crowborough Beacon is one of the highest in the county. There are about 500 acres of hop plantations. On the south side of the hill on which the village is built, the river Rother has its source. A market for corn is held every Monday, and there are fairs for cattle. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £27. 12. 6., and in the gift of the Earl of Abergavenny: the tithes have been commuted for £1514. 10., and the glebe comprises 110 acres. The church is in the early English style, with later additions, and has a square embattled tower surmounted by a spire; the roof is of chesnut wood, and the ancient font is elaborately carved. A chapel was founded at Crowborough in 1732, by Sir Henry Fermor, who endowed it with £3000 for the maintenance of a chaplain; the income is £260 per annum. There are places of worship for Baptists and Wesleyans. Berthwald, Duke of the South Saxons, about the year 800 founded a monastery here, subordinate to the abbey of St. Denis, in France.
ROTHERFIELD-GRAYS, a parish, in the union of Henley, hundred of Binfield, county of Oxford, 2¼ miles (W.) from Henley; containing 1535 inhabitants. This place derives the suffix to its name from the family of De Grey, of whose baronial residence there are still two towers at Greys Court, a venerable and interesting mansion surrounded with richly varied scenery. The parish comprises 2600 acres, of which about 400 are woodland: the soil is gravel, alternated with flint and chalk; the prevailing trees are beech. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £10. 12. 8½.; net income, £714; patrons, the President and Fellows of Trinity College, Oxford. The church contains a font of singular shape. In the chancel is a brass effigy of a warrior, in good preservation, under a tabernacle, with a Latin inscription in old letter, to the memory of Robert de Grey, Lord of Rotherfield, who died in 1387; and in one of the aisles is a splendid monument of the period of James I., to Sir Francis Knollys, his lady, and their numerous progeny. Two schools are supported by subscription.
Rotherfield-Peppard (All Saints)
ROTHERFIELD-PEPPARD (All Saints), a pa rish, in the union of Henley, hundred of Binfield county of Oxford, 4½ miles (W. by S.) from Henley; containing 439 inhabitants. The parish takes the suffix to its name from the family of Pipard, to whom it belonged in the time of Henry II. It is bounded on the east by the river Thames, and intersected by the road from Henley to Reading, also by the road from Nettlebed to Reading; and comprises by measurement 2293 acres, of which 1390 are arable, 265 meadow and pasture, 177 woodland and plantation, and 180 beech-wood. The soil is fertile, producing excellent wheat and other grain; the surface is pleasingly undulated, and the substrata are chiefly chalk and flint. In the village are a large flour-mill, and a paper-manufactory. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £9. 9. 4½., and in the gift of Jesus College, Oxford: the tithes have been commuted for £522, and the glebe comprises 57 acres. The church is supposed to have been built in the time of Edward I. or II. There is a place of worship for Independents. About 500 yards from the church is a remarkably fine spring, which supplies the neighbourhood during the driest seasons.
Rotherham (All Saints)
ROTHERHAM (All Saints), a market-town and parish, and the head of a union, in the N. division of the wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, W. riding of York; comprising the chapelries of Greasbrough and Tinsley, and the townships of Brinsworth, Catcliffe, Kimberworth, Orgreave, Rotherham, and part of Dalton; and containing 13,385 inhabitants, of whom 5505 are in the town, 49 miles (S. S. W.) from York, and 159 (N. N. W.) from London. This place, which derives its name from the Rother, is bounded by that river on the west, and on the north-west by the river Don: it is situated partly on the acclivities of an eminence, and partly in a vale near the confluence of these streams. The houses are in general of stone, and many of them are low and of mean appearance, but great improvements have been made within the last twenty years; in the immediate neighbourhood, several substantial and respectable dwellings have been recently built, and at the east end of the town are two elegant mansions called Clifton and Eastwood. The streets are mostly narrow and irregularly formed; the place is paved, lighted with gas, and amply supplied with water. It is connected with the suburb or town of Masbrough, which is of nearly equal extent, by an ancient bridge over the Don, of five pointed arches, on the central pier of which is an old chapel of elegant design, now used as the town prison. The environs abound with varied scenery; and within a short distance, on the road to Barnsley, is Wentworth House, the magnificent seat of Earl Fitzwilliam. A public subscription library, containing several thousand volumes, is liberally supported.
The district abounds in mineral wealth; coal and iron ore are found in great profusion, and have been wrought from a very remote period. The town was formerly celebrated for its manufacture of edge tools; and in 1160, there were mines of ironstone, smelting-furnaces, and forges in the neighbourhood. But the most extraordinary establishments of this kind, of late years, were the iron-foundries belonging to Messrs. Walker, in which immense quantities of cannon of the largest calibre were wrought for government during the war, till the works were given up by the original proprietors, and let out to small capitalists. The spinning of flax affords employment to about 200 persons; there are manufactories for rope and for starch, a large malting establishment, two large ale and porter breweries, several oil and chemical works, and a glass-house. Some other manufactories and works are noticed in the article on Masbrough. The Don, which is navigable to Sheffield, communicates with the river Aire on the north-east, with the Stainforth and Keadby canal on the east, with the Dearne and Dove canal and the Barnsley canal on the north-west, and consequently with the river Calder; by which means Rotherham enjoys a facility of communication with all the principal towns in the great manufacturing districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. In 1836 an act was passed for making a railway to Sheffield, with a branch to the Greasbrough canal and coal-field; it was opened on the 31st of October, 1838, and the distance is about six miles. The Rotherham terminal station is situated in Westgate, and occupies about an acre and a half. There is also a station at the Holmes, whence a branch diverges to join the Midland railway at Masbrough. The market is on Monday, for corn, cattle, and provisions: on alternate Mondays is a celebrated market for fat-cattle, sheep, and hogs, numerously attended by graziers from distant parts of the country; and fairs take place on Whit-Monday and December 1st, for cattle. A court leet is held annually, at which constables and other officers for the internal regulation of the town are appointed. The powers of the county debt-court of Rotherham, established in 1847, extend over the registration-district of Rotherham. The adjourned Midsummer-sessions for the West riding are held in the court-house, a handsome stone building in the Italian style, erected at an expense of £4000.
The living is a discharged vicarage, valued in the king's books at £16. 8. 6.; net income, £170; patron and impropriator, the Earl of Effingham. The church is situated on an elevated knoll near the heart of the town, and is a capacious and venerable cruciform structure in the later English style, with a central tower and spire enriched with panels, canopies, and crockets. The exterior is profusely but correctly ornamented with sculptures of beautiful design, the doorways are richly moulded, and the sides of the building strengthened with panelled and crocketed buttresses; the south porch, of appropriate character, is highly enriched. The interior is lofty, and finely arranged; the roof of the nave, which is of oak elaborately carved, is supported on piers of graceful elevation, and the windows, with a very few exceptions, contain tracery of elegant design. The chancel is separated from the nave by a screen of excellent workmanship. In the transepts are some good monuments; and near the altar is a beautiful one of marble to the memory of Samuel Buck, Esq., a native of the town, and recorder of Leeds, who died in 1806. At Greasbrough, Kimberworth, and Tinsley are other incumbencies. There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents, Wesleyans, and Unitarians. The free grammar school was founded in 1584, by Lawrence Woodnett and Anthony Collins, of London, who endowed it with a small portion of land; the endowment was subsequently augmented by a grant of £10. 15. 4. per annum, from the revenue of the crown lands. The school, in conjunction with those of Pontefract, Leeds, and Wakefield, is entitled, in failure of candidates from Normanton school, to two scholarships founded in Emmanuel College, Cambridge, by John Frieston, of Altofts. A charity school was founded by Mr. Scott, and the funds for its support are now under the superintendence of the feoffees of the common lands; the income, increased by subsequent benefactions, is about £97 per annum. Rotherham College, for the education of young men intended for Independent ministers, was removed hither from Heckmondwike, where it had subsisted for nearly 40 years, in 1795: the premises are handsomely built, and occupy a healthy and pleasant eminence. The dispensary, a stone building erected by subscription at an expense of £2000, contains on the ground-floor, in addition to the offices requisite for the institution, a spacious room for the grammar school, and on the upper story an apartment for the library, and a newsroom. The union of Rotherham comprises 27 parishes or places, 26 of which are in the West riding of York, and one in the county of Derby; the whole containing a population of 28,783. In 1480, Thomas Scott, Archbishop of York, usually called Thomas of Rotherham, who was then Bishop of Lincoln, founded a college in the town for a provost, five priests, six choristers, and three schoolmasters, and dedicated it to the Holy Jesus: of this structure, which subsisted for nearly a century, there remain the inn in Jesus' gate, and the opposite buildings now used as stables. Dr. Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln, an eloquent preacher in the time of Charles II., was a native of the town.
Rotherhithe (St. Mary)
ROTHERHITHE (St. Mary), a parish, in the E. division of the hundred of Brixton and of the county of Surrey, 1 mile (S. E.) from London; containing 13,917 inhabitants. This place, corruptly called Redriff, was anciently a village and marsh south-eastward of London, to which it now forms an extensive suburb, on the south side of the river Thames. The trench cut by Canute, in order to besiege the metropolis, reached from Vauxhall to this parish; and the channel through which the river was turned in 1173, for the rebuilding of London bridge, is supposed to have taken a similar course. In the reign of Edward III., a large naval armament was fitted out here preparatory to an invasion of France by Edward the Black Prince and the Duke of Lancaster. During the commotions in the reign of Richard II., respecting the poll-tax, that monarch came hither in his barge, to pacify the malcontents; but his refusal to land so enraged the rioters, that, with their leader John Tyler, alias Jack Straw, and Wat his brother, they broke open the Marshalsea and King's Bench prisons, liberated the inmates, and proceeding to the house of the Duke of Lancaster in the Savoy, destroyed it, and all the valuable furniture and jewels, by fire. In 1785, a dreadful fire broke out, which in a few hours consumed 206 houses, and did other extensive damage.
The situation of Rotherhithe, on the river, has induced numbers of seafaring men, watermen and others, to reside here; and its inhabitants are now almost exclusively engaged in pursuits connected with shipping. In that part of the parish which forms the bank of the Thames are eleven dockyards, for building East India ships and small merchant-vessels; also some boat and lighter builders' wharfs; seven timber-wharfs, three deal-yards, and a mast-yard; besides anchor-wharfs, ship-breakers' wharfs, and numerous warehouses for rigging and victualling the navy. The rest of the parish is occupied by the residences of masters of ships, seafaring people, and the tradesmen whose interests are dependent on navigation. The principal docks are the Commercial docks, the several basins of which are capable of containing upwards of 200 ships of burthen. The Grand Surrey canal terminates here, and is formed into two docks, called the outer and inner. In 1837 an act was passed for making wet-docks and other works, to be called the Grand Collier docks. The business connected with the place in general has been much circumscribed since the opening of the London, the East and West India, and St. Katherine's docks, on the opposite side of the river. The manufactures comprise the works carried on in the ordnance department at the three government wharfs employed in making gun-carriages, &c.; extensive iron-works, chiefly for the construction of bolts out of old iron hoops and other materials; and the king's mills for grinding corn, some years ago occupied by the London Flour Company. The Croydon railway diverges from the London and Greenwich line at Corbett's-lane, in the parish; and a lighthouse has been erected near the spot, with a powerful gas lantern for security against accidents by collision. The Thames Tunnel, one of the termini of which is at Rotherhithe, is noticed under the head of London.
The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £18; net income, £772; patrons, the Master and Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge. The present parochial church was erected in 1715, and is a neat edifice of brick with stone quoins, having a square tower, upon which is a stone spire supported by Corinthian columns. In the churchyard is the tombstone of Prince Lee Boo, son of Abba Thule, king of one of the Pelew islands; who died of the small-pox in 1784. Three district churches have been built under the auspices of the rector, the Rev. Edward Blick. The church of the Holy Trinity, situated in Trinity-street, and consecrated on the 6th of November, 1838, is a spacious structure of white brick, erected at an expense of £4698. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Rector, with a net income of £150. Christ-Church, erected at an expense of £4373, on a site in Paradise-row given by Sir William Gomm, who also presented the communionplate, is a neat structure in the early English style, with a low embattled tower, strengthened by buttresses and crowned with pinnacles; the roof is supported by open frame-work of oak. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Trustees of Hyndman's Bounty, with a net income of £167. The church dedicated to All Saints, situated on the lower Deptford road, and for which the site was also given by Sir W. Gomm, was consecrated on the 29th of June, 1840; it is a neat structure of white brick, with a tower surmounted by an octagonal spire. The living is a perpetual curacy; net income, £150; patron, the Rector. An episcopal floating chapel is maintained for the use of seamen; and there are places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyans. The parish, under the PoorLaw Amendment act, is separately assessed for the support of its own poor, who are under the care of fifteen guardians.
Rothersthorpe (St. Peter and St. Paul)
ROTHERSTHORPE (St. Peter and St. Paul), a parish, in the union of Hardingstone, hundred of Wymmersley, S. division of the county of Northampton, 4 miles (S. W.) from Northampton; containing 274 inhabitants. It comprises about 1219 acres, and is intersected by the Grand Junction canal and the London and Birmingham railway. The living is a discharged vicarage; valued in the king's books at £5. 9. 4½.; net income, £112; patrons and impropriators, the Misses Drought. The tithes were commuted for land and a money payment in 1809.
ROTHERWICK, a parish, in the union of Hartley-Wintney, hundred of Odiham, Odiham and N. divisions of the county of Southampton, 4 miles (W. by S.) from Hartford-Bridge; containing 416 inhabitants. The parish comprises about 1702 acres, of which 947 are arable, 334 meadow and pasture, 260 woodland, and 160 common land. Tylney Hall, here, the ancient seat of the Tylney family, has been taken down some years, but the park is still preserved. The living is a perpetual curacy; net income, £50; patron, the Earl of Mornington: the tithes have been commuted for £396. 15. 6., of which £11. 15. 6. are payable to the incumbent. The church contains some monuments to the Tylney family. A school-house was erected in the year 1713, by Frederick Tylney, who in 1716 endowed it with a rent-charge of £10.
Rothley (St. Mary)
ROTHLEY (St. Mary), a parish, in the union of Barrow-upon-Soar, chiefly in the hundred of East Goscote, but partly in that of West Goscote, N. division of the county of Leicester, 1½ mile (S. by E.) from Mountsorrel; containing, with the chapelries of Keyham, Wartnaby, Chadwell, and part of Mountsorrel, 2179 inhabitants, of whom 1055 are in Rothley township. This place formed part of the possessions of the Knights Templars, to whom it was granted by Henry III., and who had a preceptory near the village, afterwards given to the Hospitallers, and of which, at the Dissolution, the revenue was returned at £87. 13. 4. The present mansion of Rothley Temple was erected on the site of the monastery, of which some portions are still remaining. The manor and soke are the property of Thomas Babington, Esq., who is invested with a peculiar jurisdiction, both civil and ecclesiastical, and whose commissary holds visitations and a spiritual court twice a year, the jurisdiction of which not only extends over the parish, but to several other parts of the county, in which this is the most extensive manor, enjoying the privileges of court leet, court baron, and oyer, terminer, and gaol delivery, independent of the rest of the county. The living is a vicarage, with the living of Gaddesby annexed, valued in the king's books at £11. 0. 5.; net income, £466; patrons, the family of Babington: the tithes of the parish were commuted for land in 1771. The church, a spacious and ancient structure, contains some interesting monuments; and in the churchyard is the shaft of a stone cross. There are chapels of ease at Chadwell, Keyham, and Wartnaby; and a chapel at Mountsorrel. The Wesleyans and General Baptists have places of worship. A Roman pavement, with foundations of walls, was discovered in 1722.
ROTHLEY, a township, in the parish of Hartburn, union of Rothbury, W. division of Morpeth ward, N. division of Northumberland, 11 miles (W. by N.) from Morpeth; containing 143 inhabitants. So early as the 13th century this place was in the possession of the convent of Newminster; and John Butler, abbot of that establishment, built a tower here, which in 1542 is styled a "lytle towre in measurable good reparations," but which was demolished by the Blackett family, into whose possession it came in 1691. Rothley Crags are a range of precipitous rocks fronting the west, and on the western verge of Rothley Park; they are of granitic sandstone, rising in fine and various forms, and richly coloured. Near their brink, on ground about 800 feet above the level of the sea, stands Rothley Castle, which, though erected by the late Sir W. C. Blackett, has all the appearance of an ancient residence. The township comprises about 2728 acres. In the park are two large lakes, in one of which the river Font has its source. A fold for cattle formerly situated here was attacked during the border warfare, by the Scots, who were defeated with great loss, and the slain buried at a place called Scots' Gap.
ROTHLEY-TEMPLE, an extra-parochial liberty, in the union of Barrow-upon-Soar, hundred of West Goscote, N. division of the county of Leicester, 1½ mile (S.) from Mountsorrel; containing 42 inhabitants, and comprising 459 acres.—See Rothley.
Rothwell (St. Mary Magdalene)
ROTHWELL (St. Mary Magdalene), a parish, in the union of Caistor, wapentake of Bradley-Haverstoe, parts of Lindsey, county of Lincoln, 2¾ miles (E. S. E.) from Caistor; containing 290 inhabitants. The living is a discharged rectory, valued in the king's books at £7. 10. 10.; net income, £250; patron, the Earl of Yarborough. The tithes were commuted for land, under an act of inclosure, in 1765.
Rothwell (Holy Trinity)
ROTHWELL (Holy Trinity), a parish, and formerly a market-town, in the union of Kettering, hundred of Rothwell, N. division of the county of Northampton, 4 miles (N. W. by W.) from Kettering; containing, with the chapelry of Orton, and hamlet of Thorpe-Underwood, 2939 inhabitants, of whom 2808 are in the town. This place, which is situated on the southern side of a rocky hill, is supposed to have been much more extensive in former days than it is at present, and to have been surrounded with a strong wall. According to tradition it was a favourite residence of William the Conqueror; and a small priory of nuns of the order of St. Augustine was founded here, probably by some of the Clare family, which at the Dissolution had a revenue estimated at £10. 10. 4. The market has fallen into disuse, except for earthenware, which is still exposed for sale on Monday: the ancient market-house, begun by Sir Thomas Tresham, but left in an unfinished state, is a curious ruin. One of the largest cattle-fairs in the county is held on Trinity-Monday and several following days. Considerable employment is afforded to the population by silk, velvet, and plush spinning and weaving, and the manufacture of shoes. The township is on the road from London to Leicester, through Bedford; and comprises by measurement 3460 acres, of which 1480 are meadow and pasture, 25 woodland, and the remainder arable.
The living is a discharged vicarage, valued in the king's books at £7. 18. 11.; net income, £145; patrons, W. T. Smyth, Esq., and two others; impropriators, the family of Turville. The tithes were commuted for land and a money payment in 1812. The church, which appears to have been built about the reign of the Conqueror, has an embattled tower at the west end, and is enriched with a fine door in the early English style; underneath is a crypt, containing the bones of several thousand men. There are places of worship for Independents and Wesleyans. The free school was founded prior to the time of Edward VI., and was further endowed in the 36th of Charles II., when some commissioners of charitable uses applied St. Mary's chapel in Rothwell to that purpose, and directed that Queen Elizabeth's endowment to the chapel, of £3. 4. 11., received out of the crown rents, should be paid to the master. Jesus' Hospital was established, and endowed with the manor of Olde, its mansion-house and lands, and the tithes of Overton and Thorpe, by Owen Ragsdale, in the 33rd of Elizabeth; it affords accommodation to twentyfour almsmen and a principal, and the income is about £430 per annum. Six small tenements for widows were founded and endowed by T. Ponder, in 1714; and funds to the amount of £64 are yearly distributed among widows, arising from bequests by Agnes Hill, in 1728, and Edward Hunt. Here are two springs, one of which is of a strong petrifying quality.
Rothwell (Holy Trinity)
ROTHWELL (Holy Trinity), a parish, in the Lower division of the wapentake of Agbrigg, W. riding of York; containing, with the townships of Lofthouse with Carlton, Middleton, Oulton with Woodlesford, and Thorpe, 7462 inhabitants, of whom 2988 are in Rothwell township, 4½ miles (S. E.) from Leeds. This place was originally part of the parish of Morley, from which it was separated before the Conquest. Soon after that period it was granted as a dependency of the castle of Pontefract to the Lacys, who had a baronial residence here, of which evident vestiges may still be traced, and by whom its church was appropriated to the priory of Nostal. The parish comprises by computation 8612 acres, of which 3186 are in the township of Rothwell with Rothwell-Haigh and Royd's Green; the surface is varied, and the district abounds with coal of excellent quality, of which several mines are in operation, large supplies being sent to Leeds and other places. Some quarries of good stone are likewise worked here. The manor of Rothwell-Haigh, including Thwaite, comprises about 1000 acres of land, the property of Lord Stourton. The Midland railway passes through the parish. The village is pleasantly situated in a fertile vale watered by a small rivulet, and is very ancient, and irregularly built: the inhabitants are employed chiefly in the collieries and in agriculture; there are establishments for the manufacture of rope and twine, and a woollen-mill. The debtors' prison, for the honour of Pontefract, is a spacious building. The living is a discharged vicarage, valued in the king's books at £19.12. 11.; net income, £843; patron, the Rev. R. H. Brandling, who, with others, is impropriator. The great tithes of the township of Rothwell and Rothwell-Haigh have been commuted for £436, and the small for £351: there is a vicarial glebe of 5 acres. The church is a neat structure in the later English style, with a square embattled tower: it was repaired and enlarged in 1826, and has lately undergone extensive improvements; three modern galleries have been removed, and a beautiful oaken roof, of the 14th century, has been uncovered. At Oulton, Lofthouse, and Middleton, are other incumbencies. There are places of worship for Wesleyans and Primitive Methodists. | <urn:uuid:bb546aaf-da9c-4ce0-9b68-8b7e7f7ca800> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp697-703 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514570830.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915072355-20190915094355-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.96883 | 9,557 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How To Write A Bibliography
Almost all academic and professional research papers are required to have an annotated bibliography.
However, there is a lot of general confusion as to exactly what a bibliography comprises, and how it should be formatted.
The term "bibliography" is often used as a generic term referring to some sort of list of "information sources" to be included at the end of a paper or article.
The two main standards that are used for preparing research papers and articles are:
MLA Style or Format (Modern Language Association of America);
APA Style or Format (American Psychological Association).
Interestingly, neither one of these writing standards actually refers to its "list of sources" as a "Bibliography".
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (5th ed. [New York: MLA, 2001]) states, "Bibliographies are lists of related publications and materials." (7)
MLA refers to its "list of sources" at the end of a paper as a "list of works cited" or a "works cited list". The MLA Handbook... goes on to state that in a list of works cited "You must indicate to your readers not only what works you used in writing the paper but also exactly what you derived from each source and exactly where in the work you found the material." (204)
For more on MLA Style and the MLA "List of Works Cited" click here.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th. Ed [Washington, DC: APA, 2001]) states "... a bibliography cites works for background or for further reading and may include descriptive notes… APA journals require reference lists, not bibliographies." (215)
The APA Manual...states "The reference list at the end of a journal article documents the article and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Authors … must include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article." (215).
For more on APA Style and the APA "Reference List" click here.
Copyright © writinghelp-central.com. All
[MLA] [Writing] [About] [Contact] | <urn:uuid:c2f4036e-c3ba-4adb-910b-9affde535b5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.writinghelp-central.com/bibliography.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.908255 | 452 | 3.75 | 4 |
THE WAY OF HORSES
The ancient Greeks traded salt for slaves – hence the saying “worth his salt”.
Early Roman soldiers were partially paid in salt (salarium argentum, which is where the word “salary” originated).
A severe salt deficiency can cause your horse to die.
Napoleon had thousands of soldiers die during his retreat from Moscow when wounds would not heal due to a “salt deficiency”.
Salt is an essential nutrient – the body needs it, but cannot manufacturer it. Salt must be provided in the diet.
Salt consists of sodium and chloride (NaCl).
Sodium is an electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged particles called ions. These ions can be lost through sweat. They are necessary for cellular metabolism, a balanced cellular system and the production of energy using calories. Sodium helps maintain hydration and is important to muscle contraction and nerves.
Chloride is an electrolyte. It has a negative charge while sodium has a positive charge. The balance between the two helps maintain healthy blood cells.
Blood is self-regulating (homeostatic). It will go to great lengths to maintain its normal stability – even to the point of robbing nutrients from other organs. If salt is not available through diet, the blood will steal the salt present in urine and sweat. But urine and sweat production cannot be stopped and the blood returns the salt to the kidneys and sweat glands. The body tries to maintain itself by diluting the urine and sweat with more water to try to keep from robbing the salt from the blood and excreting it. The body’s tissues become dehydrated while the blood tries to maintain its normalcy.
An average sized horse (1100-pounds), at rest, needs about two ounces of salt per day. Four – five ounces may be needed on hot days and during strenuous exercise when sweat is being produced.
Approximately six teaspoons equals one ounce.
There is some salt in commercially produced feeds. If the product is fed according to the feeding directions an ounce of salt per day may be provided by the feed. This is not enough salt.
Salt must be provided in some form…block or loose.
I do not like salt blocks. Blocks of salt were designed for cattle. Cattle have rough tongues. That is why many horses bite and destroy the blocks…they are trying to get the needed salt.
I recommend loose white granulated salt – it looks just like table salt. Feed stores will have it in 50-pound bags. It will be more economical than the blocks. You will get more salt for your money.
Horses that are salt starved must be introduced to salt slowly. Salt poisoning is possible if salt is suddenly available. Symptoms of salt poisoning are digestive upset and cramps.
Salt is the only mineral which horses know they need. Horses can be deficient in copper or any other mineral and not consume the needed amounts when they are available. But horses will eat salt if their body needs it.
Along with salt, horses need water. Water is the most important nutrient. Increased consumption of salt will increase water intake. A full salt feeder next to a fresh clean bucket of water is required in all horse areas – at all times.
Salt and water…it’s simple and it’s cheap…and your horse is worth it. * Earn Professional Certification as Horse Trainer, Stable Manager or Riding Instructor. All courses are online. Visit www.equinestudiesinstitute.org for information. | <urn:uuid:78004316-95df-4c68-be3d-24f6c4c6c3e8> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://ridemagazine.com/is-your-horse-worth-his-salt-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178373241.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305183324-20210305213324-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.952246 | 731 | 3.234375 | 3 |
TECHNOLOGY to help diagnose infectious diseases has received funding to be developed at the University of Glasgow.
Almost £60,000 has been invested by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde to support work to create a portable sensor which will quickly and accurately determine the cause of an infection.
The device, which will be developed by Professor Jon Cooper, Wolfson chair of bioengineering at the university, and colleagues at NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, will use ultrasound and mechanical energy to carry out diagnostic tests at a molecular level while using a low-cost disposable platform.
The sensor will help to diagnose genital ulcer disease, a condition which affects millions of people worldwide and can greatly increase the risk of HIV infection.
The final product will have the potential to be used for various medical conditions, such as home kits for sexual health and GP tests for respiratory disease.
Professor Jon Cooper said: "The sensors we're developing have a great deal of potential for delivering healthcare in the developed and developing world, as well as field-testing for food standards, veterinary health and environmental biomarkers."
Prof Cooper will be joined on the project by Dr Julien Reboud and Dr Rab Wilson of the biomedical research division of the university's School of Engineering, Dr Andrew Winter of NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde's Sandyford sexual health service and Dr Rory Gunson of the West of Scotland Specialist Virus Laboratory.
Dr Winter said: "This is an exciting collaboration between bio-engineers, clinicians and molecular virologists to bring sensitive modern laboratory tests to the bedside.
"It has real potential to transform the way we diagnose sexually-transmitted infections and other infectious disease, both here and abroad."
The project will begin this month and is expected to be complete by January 2014. | <urn:uuid:bd45ee7d-3e60-4873-a800-e721df5ebbf3> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/health/disease-sensor-receives-60000-funding-1719844 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131298387.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172138-00058-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946342 | 356 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Worldchanging has an entire category called “leapfrog nations” – the phenomenon of developing countries making technological leaps forward without the burden of making the mistakes other countries made in their evolution. If Evan Mills’ work at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab pans out, then LED lighting may be the next great leapfrog technology (press release). LEDs are supremely efficient light sources that are getting cheaper and more powerful by the day. With a market as vast as the developing world, the business potential is an enormous as the potential to light people’s worlds:
Commercially available 1-watt WLEDs require 80 percent less power than the smallest energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps and can be run on rechargeable batteries charged by a solar array the size of a paperback novel… Such LEDs could actually deliver more light to tasks than even 100-watt light bulbs. | <urn:uuid:9855484f-89d3-4d56-8125-5e38904bad27> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.triplepundit.com/2005/06/more-led-potential-for-developing-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982932747.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200852-00121-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930543 | 177 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Get information from local schools
HVACBuilding Systems, Construction, and Manufacturing
The Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC) training program at Fortis prepares students for entry-level employment as an HVAC Technician. In the field, HVAC Technicians are also known as HVAC mechanics or HVAC installers. The HVAC program at Fortis includes training in computerized diagnostics so students will be able to service and repair today's complex systems for commercial refrigeration, gas heat, heat pumps, and air conditioning.
Medical AssistingMedicine and Health Care
As medical technology continues to advance, doctors are increasingly relying on medical assistants to help with various patient care needs. Most medical assistants work in the offices of physicians while others work in public and private hospitals, inpatient and outpatient facilities, the offices of other health practitioners such as chiropractors and optometrists, and in nursing and residential care facilities.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of medical assistants is projected to grow much faster than average nationally, which ranks medical assistants among the fastest growing occupations over the 2008-2018 decade, and job prospects for skilled medical assistants should be excellent.
Medical Assisting with Basic X-Ray OperationMedicine and Health Care
Doctors use x-rays to produce anatomical images of a patient's body to provide diagnostic information to allow them to diagnose and treat illnesses, injuries or abnormalities. The objective of the Medical Assisting with Basic X-Ray program at FORTIS is to provide students comprehensive instruction to prepare for entry-level employment primarily in a doctor's office operating radiographic equipment and performing medical assisting duties. The program is designed to respond to the dynamic and evolving nature of the healthcare community. It emphasizes excellence in patient care that is respectful of others, including the use of safe radiation practices and development of critical thinking skills.
The FORTIS curriculum prepares students to perform limited numbers and types of X-ray procedures that are typically performed in a doctor's office or walk-in medical clinic along with basic medical assisting skills. The X-ray training includes use of screen/film and digital image receptor systems, procedures used in the darkroom for film processing, formulating X-ray techniques, performance of X-ray procedures, and radiation safety measures. Students learn front desk and medical assisting skills such as taking vital signs and EKG readings, performing exam set up and maintaining electronic health records.
A person holding certification as a basic X-ray machine operator may perform limited general diagnostic radiographic procedures. This position is an important member of the healthcare team, and works under the direct supervision and control of a licensed practitioner to provide patient care.
Surgical TechnologyMedicine and Health Care
The Surgical Technology program at Fortis provides students with the knowledge and skills to work with and under the supervision of surgeons and registered nurses. If you are looking for a school in Florida, Louisiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas or Virginia at which to get an education to become a Surgical Technologist then you look no further than Fortis. At Fortis surgical tech schools, our program allows students to train to become a member of the operating room of the team that provides care to patients during the crucial periods of surgery.
Upon graduation from our surgical tech program, students will be prepared to pursue positions as a member of an operating room team, which includes surgeons, surgical assistants, anesthesiologists, and nurses. Surgical Technologists work in hospitals, surgical centers, delivery rooms, and medical clinics.
Associate Degree in NursingNursing
If you want to train to be a Registered Nurse (RN), Fortis conveniently offers an associate degree nursing program at select campuses. The Fortis nursing curriculum provides the knowledge and skills to prepare students to sit for the NCLEX licensure exam and pursue a career as an entry-level registered nurse in a variety of clinical and hospital settings upon passing their licensure exam after graduation. The nursing associate degree at Fortis educates students in response to society's continuing healthcare needs while developing lifelong learners.
The Practical Nursing program at Fortis provides the theory, laboratory and clinical experiences to prepare students to sit for the NCLEX licensure exam and pursue an entry-level position in Practical Nursing. Nursing theory guides clinical practice. The clinical portion of the PN nursing curriculum includes hands-on experience providing nursing care to diverse patient populations in hospitals and other health care agencies. In addition, the clinical portion of the PN program will enable the student to observe first-hand the behaviors that are crucial to employability. Upon completion of the practical nursing (PN) program, students must apply to take the NCLEX-PN examination to obtain licensure as a practical nurse.
For consumer information, visit http://compliance.fortis.edu/. | <urn:uuid:03297958-f62b-4e60-9bf9-86a130d8ff89> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://careerschoolnow.org/colleges/fortis/columbus-oh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801154943-20210801184943-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.94287 | 990 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In the past, a random disease could infect an isolated tribe and kill them all off before the virus spread beyond their borders. Today, a backpacker could pick up a contagious disease in Papua New Guinea and be back home in Chicago coughing on people three days later.
Take SARS, for example. Acute Respiratory Syndrome first appeared in Asia in February 2003. Just a few months later the disease–which can only be transmitted by close, personal contact–had spread across the globe infecting people in more than 25 countries.
Such a rapid epidemic was only possible because of the massive proliferation of international flights crisscrossing the globe. One infected person in a single airplane landing at Heathrow could spread a disease like SARS around the globe within a day. This is scary stuff, folks!But hold on a minute. Diseases have piggybacked their way around the globe long before planes took to the sky–it just took a lot longer in those days.
In fact, a controversial report published last Monday seeks to finalize the debate that that it was none other than Christopher Columbus and his crew who were responsible for spreading syphilis around the globe. Researchers believe that members of the crew contacted the disease (probably a variation of tropical yaws) in South America and then returned home to spread it throughout Europe in 1495 and ultimately, the world.
Although the evidence is not yet conclusive, it does lend credence an old, popular saying: Columbus, did in fact, sail the ocean blue.
Har, har, har… | <urn:uuid:cb3daf59-4818-46ca-a8fd-f4fc1a400ea9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://gadling.com/2008/01/17/christopher-columbus-travels-the-new-world-spreads-syphilis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426629.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726202050-20170726222050-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.966912 | 314 | 3.546875 | 4 |
A sustainable tourism is a responsible tourism which works in balance with the environment and responds to the actual requirements of the guests and communities, promoting and
amplifying this opportunities in the future.
It is thus based in the management of the necessities and economic, social and environmental resources, having in consideration the culture, local traditions and natural environment, with the need to protect and improve, in order that the new generations may enjoy of equal possibilities and conditions.
This is a process of consistent management of all resources that entitles accomplishing several requirements, assuring simultaneously the continuity of the cultural and social integrity, of the ecological processes, biological diversity and the life sustainable systems.
The implementation of sustainable environment practices was made with the support of Escola Superior de Biotecnologia da Unviersidade Católica in a project financed by FEDER
The photovoltaic system implemented in Paço de Calheiros allows for the transformation of the direct light into electric energy, through solar cells. The system works connected to the electric network.
The micro-hydro power had the main purpose the use of a renewal energy locally available. It is in operation in the old watermill, being necessary for its integration the revitalization of the mil, promoting the preservation and valorization of the builded heritage.
The photovoltaic and hydric micro production allowed to lower the electricity outlays, taking advantage of the natural resources.
FitoETAR – Water treatment and reutilization
Wastewater production in tourism units located in rural areas undergoes through high oscillations in terms of effluent quality and quantity, due to variations in guest occupation along the year, negatively affecting the performance of conventional treatment systems. The costs of implementation and operation of conventional systems for hotels or small communities is prohibitive in many situations, mainly in rural and mountain areas where there are no systems for collecting and processing waste water.
The use of Constructed Wetlands as main functional unit, for example in domestic wastewater treatment, or as a complementary treatment system, enables possibilities for water reuse.
What is a Constructed Wetland?
It is a man-made biological system that intents to mimic the biogeochemical processes that occur in natural wetlands in order to promote water depuration.
How does it work?
The wastewater coming from the primary treatment is forward to the Constructed Wetland and passes through the biological system, with horizontal subsurface flow, promoting its
depuration. The main components are the plants, substrate and microorganisms. The substrate is an expanded clay that besides other functions acts as support to different
ornamental plant species: Canna flaccida, Canna indica, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Agapanthus africanus and Watsonia borbonica. With the application of the integrated system of the Constructed Wetland followed by a small pond it is possible to reuse the produced wastewater for irrigation.
Puddle of Peirão
Poça do Peirão is a permanent pond that has been implemented in Paço de Calheiros, being integrated in the strategy of water management. Is characterized by the abundant presence of amphibious and emergent plants.
The water coming from the Constructed Wetland is forward to this water reservoir acting as a strategic point for its retention, promoting also the biodiversity and natural resources
Within the scope of the program “Charcos com Vida”, a range of activities related with dissemination of good practices, scientific research and pedagogic materials are periodically
carried out. The intention is to mobilize the guests, the community and schools for the preservation of the ponds as reservoirs of biodiversity and living laboratories. Please access
the Portuguese Pond Inventory in: www.charcoscomvida.org
The Paço de Calheiros organizes events and awareness actions related to the dissemination of good practices, concerning the environmental performance, implemented in Quinta do Paço de Calheiros, including the Eco Circuit.
In this actions, the intention is to sensitize and inform the community and guests for the social and environmental values. The Eco Circuit urges from the necessity of ecosystem preservation and sustainable resources management, comprising two main strands: sustainable management of the resources at an energetic level (photovoltaic systems and micro-hydric) and at hydric level (wastewater treatment through a constructed wetland and followed by a small pond).
Please contact us to book a visit or participate in an event. | <urn:uuid:363c71ea-34c8-4533-b970-431d34905960> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.pacodecalheiros.com/sustainable-tourism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710941.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203212026-20221204002026-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.923726 | 948 | 3.125 | 3 |
Teaching literacy with reading and writing skills is no easy feat. There is so much to cover and very little extra time to search for and find great resources to help you cover these skills. Join Paula Naugle as she shares free web tools that you can use in your classroom tomorrow. In addition to showcasing these literacy tools, she will share tips and examples of how she uses them. Come discover tools that will help your students become better readers and writers and that will help you to create engaging and differentiated lessons!
Students love the fastest way to learn, teachers love motivated students, parents love the rapid progress, and admins love the reporting.
With its revolutionary Touch Curriculum, the K-8 Science module teaches through manipulatives based on over 24 cognitive skills. Students learn and master science through discovery.
This site is full of tween friendly rich content produced by the Smithsonian Institute. Use your smart phone to assign literacy homework and readings to your students. Assigning class and homework has never been easier! The lesson plans refresh themselves with new stories, questions and quizzes posted everyday.
Each also includes links to the Common Core standards that apply and are aligned with Texas STAAR and Virginia SOL.
Paula Naugle has an MEd in Educational Technology Leadership from Southeastern Louisiana University and received her BS in elementary education from York College of Pennsylvania. She has taught for 36 years, and is currently teaching 4th graders math and social studies at Bissonet Plaza, a suburban public school just outside New Orleans. Paula is an Edmodo certified teacher, a Microsoft Innovative Educator, a PBWorks certified teacher, a Promethean trainer at her school, a member of the DEN (Discovery Educator Network) Leadership Council of Louisiana, a moderator for #4thchat on Twitter and one of the organizers for #edcampLouisiana. | <urn:uuid:ed9f2ff9-e25a-4f18-b400-1578ecb5e021> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.simplek12.com/reading-writing/literacy-tech-tools-that-teachers-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886758.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116224019-20180117004019-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.947857 | 379 | 3 | 3 |
Lack of sleep linked to high, worsening BP in middle ageJune 9th, 2009 - 1:21 pm ICT by ANI
Washington, June 9 (ANI): A new study has shown that middle-aged adults who sleep fewer hours are more likely to have high blood pressure and to experience adverse changes in blood pressure over time.
Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the body’s stress response. Over time, this activation could contribute to high blood pressure.
“Identifying a novel lifestyle risk factor for high blood pressure could lead to new interventions to prevent or reduce high blood pressure,” the authors said.
“Laboratory studies of short-term sleep deprivation have suggested potential mechanisms for a causal link between sleep loss and hypertension,” they added.
For the study, Kristen L. Knutson, Ph.D., of the University of Chicago, and colleagues examined 578 adults who first had their blood pressure and other clinical, demographic and health variables measured between 2000 and 2001.
In 2003 and 2005, sleep duration was measured using surveys and wrist actigraphy, in which a sensor is worn on the wrist to record periods of rest and activity. Blood pressure, demographic and self-reported sleep information were measured again in 2005 and 2006.
Participants slept an average of six hours per night; only seven averaged eight or more hours of sleep.
After excluding patients taking medication for high blood pressure and controlling for age, race and sex, the researchers found that individuals who slept fewer hours were significantly more likely to have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
The study is published in the June 8 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. (ANI)
- Short and long sleep ups blood pressure in third trimester of pregnancy - Oct 02, 2010
- Too much TV, computer screen time can up high BP risk in kids - Aug 04, 2009
- Sugar-sweetened drinks linked to higher BP - Mar 01, 2011
- Weight loss program improves hot flushes in obese menopausal women - Jul 13, 2010
- Too little or too much sleep linked with cognitive decline - May 02, 2011
- Poor sleep hits potency of vaccines - Aug 02, 2012
- Poor sleep linked to worse health outcomes in diabetics - May 03, 2011
- First born babies put strain on parents' relationship - Jun 09, 2010
- Parenthood linked to lower BP - Jan 15, 2010
- Kid's BP, body mass index may predict diabetes development years later - Jan 05, 2010
- Lowering BP in middle-aged women cuts heart disease risk - Jan 25, 2011
- Cut back on sugary drinks to lower BP - May 25, 2010
- Sudden BP drop tied to greater chances of heart failure - Mar 20, 2012
- Sleep deprivation can cause night-time urination in kids - Feb 02, 2012
- Hour of daytime sleep can lower blood pressure - Mar 01, 2011
Tags: actigraphy, archives of internal medicine, causal link, high blood pressure, hypertension, interventions, jama, knutson, laboratory studies, lack of sleep, lifestyle risk, middle age, risk factor, six hours, sleep deprivation, sleep loss, stress response, sympathetic nervous system, systolic and diastolic blood, systolic and diastolic blood pressure | <urn:uuid:9b6ee855-eb64-40af-89fe-38d0a397eeb7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/lack-of-sleep-linked-to-high-worsening-bp-in-middle-age_100202589.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281332.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919621 | 705 | 2.75 | 3 |
While recent scientific studies have shown no evidence that pre-exercise stretching reduces injuries, warming up the body is a different issue, because it maximizes blood flow to the muscles and makes the tendons more flexible. In fact, overstretching before yoga may actually defeat good intentions by tightening muscles and making them more prone to injury.
However, the need to warm-up prior to class really depends on the yoga style and the instructor. Some yoga styles, like Bikram, are performed in heated rooms, which helps loosen muscles. Also, the teacher may begin with more gentle poses and gradually ease into advanced asanas after the body has had the chance to properly prepare. In these cases, warming up is not necessary. However, if a need is felt, here are some simple steps to warm the body.
A good warm-up is exactly that: a warming of the body by increasing circulation. If walking, bicycling, or in-line skating to class is an option, take advantage of the opportunity, or climb a few flights of stairs to get the heart pumping. Be sure to find something that's simple and enjoyable, because it's far more likely to become a habit. Begin with at least five minutes of activity and increase it to 10 to 15 minutes, long enough to elevate the heart rate and warm the skin.
"I try to have our students elevate their core temperature before yoga by doing another type of workout, such as running, cycling, getting on a treadmill, or even taking a hot shower," says yoga teacher Argie Ligeros, of Yoga for Athletes in Avon, Colorado.
Take advantage of yoga's inherent focus on gradually increasing individual awareness and apply it outside the studio. The best way to prevent overuse injuries to the muscles and joints is to build a warm-up's intensity slowly, so tissues become conditioned to stresses and then respond to them with increased strength and flexibility. | <urn:uuid:9f8d29fd-f395-403c-9da5-b2dfa24b4c92> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.yogajournal.com/practice/warming-trend | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107876307.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201021093214-20201021123214-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.963261 | 392 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This might come as a surprise to those who regard it as settled that addiction is ‘a chronic relapsing brain disease’, but this is not the unanimous view of scientists, academics and professionals interested in addiction. There is a dissatisfaction with the ‘official’ portrayal of addiction and a desire for a more realistic, genuinely scientific account of this ubiquitous human problem.
Two polarised views of addiction, and the seemingly endless dispute between them, go way back. The ‘moral’ view, emerging from pre-industrial times, is that what we would now call addictive behaviour represents a free choice, similar to all the other apparently autonomous choices people make every day and are fully responsible for. Although most clearly associated with a pre-scientific mode of thinking, the moral view of addiction also finds expression in the work of scientists, an influential example being the The Myth of Addiction by my friend John B. Davies (who died while this article was in press – see obituary). At the opposite extreme is the disease view, beginning in the early 19th century and culminating in its latest manifestation, the brain disease model of addiction. This conceptualises addictive behaviour as completely involuntary and against the will of the person: addicts do not ‘use’ because they choose to, but because they are compelled to. This characterisation of addiction is now so common among scientists and professionals that to challenge it seems heretical. But, as we shall see, there is a mountain of evidence against the view that addictive behaviour is compulsive in any straightforward sense.
A recent collection of essays I edited with Gabriel Segal (Heather & Segal, 2017) explores the ‘middle ground’ between completely free choice and no choice. The overall message is the need for a third stage, superseding the moral and disease stages, in our understanding of addiction. An interdisciplinary mix of contributors from philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry and the law hold out the promise that these ostensibly different perspectives might one day converge on a unifying model of addiction. However, the contribution of philosophers is central to the task of rethinking. As Daniel Dennett wrote in Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, ‘ there is no such thing as philosophy-free science; there is only science whose philosophical baggage is taken on board without examination’ (p.21).
Towards a ‘sticky’ definition
Any task of rethinking must begin with a fundamental definition. For some time now, laypeople and academics alike have extended the use of the term beyond substance addictions to a wide range of repetitive activities, to the point where it often seems to mean little more than ‘something people spend a lot of time doing’. There are indeed good grounds for seeing some forms of repetitive and harmful non-substance behaviours, like problem gambling, as ‘behavioural addictions’ – but we need a criterion for distinguishing those behaviours usefully thought of as addictions from those that are not. We need a litmus test.
My proposed test is: ‘A person is addicted to a specified behaviour if they have demonstrated repeated and continuing failures to refrain from or radically reduce the behaviour despite prior resolutions to do so.’ The resolutions in question can be more precisely defined by adopting Richard Holton’s phrase, ‘contrary-inclination-defeating intentions’. That is, the resolution is made ‘in the attempt to overcome contrary desires that one believes one will have when the time comes to act’ (Holton, 2009, p.77).
The definition covers what nearly all clinicians in the field would regard as the main difficulty in treating addiction – that an initial change in behaviour is relatively easy to achieve, but the major problem lies in maintaining that change over time. In other words, the hallmark of addiction is its relapsing nature. It might be objected that research shows the majority of individuals meeting formal criteria for addiction, such as those in diagnostic systems like DSM or ICD, succeed in resolving their problem without treatment. This is true, but research also shows that these natural recoveries are typically marked by persistent relapse. For example, research by Ron Borland and colleagues reported in Addiction in 2012 found that about 40 per cent of smokers in four English-speaking countries reported making at least one quit attempt each year. Their data suggest that, by the age of 40, the average smoker may have made as many as 25 failed quit attempts. It is a valid part of the folk wisdom on addiction that, while many eventually succeed, addictive behaviours are very difficult habits to break. As Mark Twain said, ‘Giving up smoking is the easiest thing in the world. I know because I’ve done it thousands of times.’
This doesn’t mean that I regard other accepted features of addiction – craving, preoccupation with the object of desire, failure to carry out major role obligations, acquired tolerance and physiological withdrawal, and other ‘symptoms’ found in DSM or ICD categorisations – as unimportant or uninteresting. I only claim that the leading question that should capture our theoretical attention is why addiction is so ‘sticky’, why addicts find it so hard to change their behaviour.
Is addictive behaviour compulsive?
The crux of the disease view, that addictive behaviour is carried out against the will of the addicted individual, leads to the conclusion that addicts should not be blamed or punished for the transgression of legal and social norms associated with their addictive behaviour. Instead, they must receive compassion and treatment. This message is, of course, the basis of longstanding communications to the general public and policy-makers and, despite the origins of the disease theory of addiction at least 200 years ago, is still promoted as a mark of up-to-date, enlightened opinion: addiction really is a disease and sufferers from it can’t help behaving the way they do.
But is it true that addictive behaviour is compulsive? Is there evidence that bears on this question? There certainly is (and the interested reader is referred to Heather, 2017a, for more).
A series of laboratory experiments in the 1960s and 70s showed conclusively that the drinking of even the most chronic and severe alcohol addicts found in institutional settings was operant behaviour that was largely determined by its consequences. Rather than being qualitatively different and compelled, alcohol addicts’ drinking behaviour is subject to the same general laws that govern normal, goal-directed, voluntary behaviour of any sort.
More recently, a demonstration of the power of alternative reinforcers to modify cocaine use in experienced cocaine smokers recruited from the community was carried out by Carl Hart and his colleagues (outlined in his book High Price). What is remarkable about these findings is that, among individuals who in the mainstream media and in many conventional scientific and professional circles would be regarded as hopelessly addicted to crack cocaine, a relatively small amount of money could be effective in persuading them to reject the choice of cocaine.
Indeed, as shown by a large number of randomised controlled trials, the most efficacious method of treatment for addictive behaviours is contingency management (CM). This evidence further supports the conclusion that addictive behaviour is not impervious to its consequences. Studies of CM programmes with physicians, airline pilots and other professional groups have reported truly remarkable results, but similarly high rates of recovery have been obtained among much less privileged groups (see DuPont and Humphreys’ editorial in a 2011 edition of Substance Abuse).
The idea of compulsion also implies that addictive behaviour is inflexible, stereotyped and unreflective but, in her qualitative study of drug users (mostly heroin) in Scotland, Joanne Neale found a very different picture. Rather than helpless victims of forces over which they had little or no control, Neale’s respondents were typically self-respecting and self-determining individuals ‘who actively confronted and purposefully responded to external constraints and life opportunities’.
If addiction entails compulsive behaviour, it is reasonable to expect that addicts would take a long time to recover, if they ever did. In a 2009 book Gene Heyman and colleagues examined data from four large-scale, longitudinal surveys of the general population in the USA carried out at various times since 1980. Among all respondents who had ever met DSM criteria for substance dependence in their lifetime, between 76 per cent and 83 per cent were in remission (i.e. showed no evidence of dependence in the past year). For the great majority of respondents, remission was achieved without benefit of treatment. It is surely incompatible with the notion of a compulsive, chronic disease that over three quarters of those who had ever suffered from it no longer did so, and despite never having received treatment.
One of the most sensational pieces of evidence bearing on the nature of addiction comes from a follow-up of veterans of the Vietnam War. Towards the end of the war, the US government became alarmed about reports that a large proportion of American servicemen in Vietnam were addicted to heroin or other drugs. A team of researchers led by Lee N. Robins was commissioned to interview a large sample of men in Vietnam to determine the extent and characteristics of their drug use, and then to follow them up on their return to the US after discharge in 1971. Against all expectations, the great majority had simply ‘given up’ addiction. In the first year after return, only 5 per cent of those who had been addicted in Vietnam were addicted in the US; and despite reports of withdrawal symptoms, 88 per cent had not resumed regular use of opiates at a three-year follow-up. This did not occur because drugs were unavailable after return home; interviewees reported that they knew how to obtain heroin and some had occasionally, but not regularly, used.
Now, there may be senses in which it is valid to describe the phenomenology of addiction as if compulsive, but the evidence flatly contradicts any notion of compulsion in the strong sense of automatic behaviour elicited involuntarily by drug-related cues independently of the person’s motivational status at the time it occurs. Compulsion may have some traction in a weaker sense of the addict’s experience of feeling unable to resist powerful temptations to use, but this is not a sufficient condition for relapse to occur, as shown simply by the fact that addicts do occasionally successfully resist. It is true that some addicts don’t change their behaviour before irreversible damage has been done, but to say that this shows they are compelled to continue using and can’t change is a fine example of circular reasoning.
Unfortunately, rather than try to accommodate the evidence above, neurobiological theories of addiction, based on the assumption that addiction is compulsive due to a chronic brain disease, simply ignore it. This is the main reason for accusing such theories of being unscientific. Despite the obvious trappings of science – colourful pictures of the brain based on expensive neuroimaging techniques, intricate diagrams illustrating complex neurological circuits held to be involved in compulsive behaviour, innumerable experimental manipulations of the brains of rodents – there seems to be no interest in linking hypothesised brain mechanisms with the large body of observations of the behaviour of human addicts in the real world.
Towards a dual-systems theory
Equally unfortunately, the evidence in question has misled some, as we have seen, to dismiss the concept of addiction itself and to regard it as a myth. Although addictive behaviour is not ‘against the will’ in any simple sense, it is still a disorder of some kind and there is still something in the addict’s supremely irrational behaviour that requires a special explanation.
One possibility is that addiction is a disorder of temporal inconsistency, a view articulated by Neil Levy. Though addicts respond to incentives and are free to choose to engage in behaviour or not at any one time, their autonomy is impaired when their pattern of choices is considered over time. Someone makes a strong resolution to refrain from behaving in a certain way but fails to carry out that resolution; when that happens repeatedly and distressingly, we can describe this pattern of behaviour as addiction. If we identify the addict’s resolution with their will, on the ground that this reflects ‘that set of considerations which (the addict) – in a cool and non-deceptive moment – articulates as definitive of the good’ (see Gary Watson’s Free Will, 2003, p.105), it is in this sense that addictive behaviour is against the will. In other words, in respect of their addictive behaviour, addicts cannot effectively extend their will over time. In Levy’s words, in a 2006 Canadian Journal of Philosophy article: ‘It is because addiction undermines extended agency, so that addicts are not able to integrate their lives and pursue a single conception of the good, that it impairs autonomy’ (2006, p.427)
This is consistent with another view of addiction that sees it primarily as a disorder of self-regulation. As we have seen, the crucial task in the study of addiction is to account for the breakdown of a resolution at the point at which the addict succumbs to temptation. What are the key determinants of this breakdown? Conversely, how do we ever succeed in persisting with our resolutions in the face of strong contrary inclinations? These are ancient questions but the suggestion here is that they must continue to be given prominence in scientific inquiry into addiction.
Seeing addiction as a disorder of choice or of self-regulation can be subsumed under the more general proposal that addiction can be explained within the framework of a dual-systems theory of human behaviour and experience, a proposal that is by no means new (see, for example, references in Chapter 25 of Heather & Segal, 2017). Though there are different versions of dual-systems theory, they all provide an account of how behaviour can be the result of one of two different systems for information processing and of their interaction – one dealing with implicit, automatic and mainly non-conscious processes and the other with explicit, controlled and mainly conscious processes.
In addiction, the balance between the two systems has become disturbed. Automatic processes, like cue-elicited urges, attentional bias, automatic approach tendencies, implicit memory associations and cognitions promote the maintenance of addictive behaviour, while poor goal-directed planning, limited self-control capacity and distorted judgements and evaluations undermine attempts to resist it. The ‘final common pathway’ of overt behaviour has become biased in favour of automatic processes.
In sum, a dual systems theory of addiction is an attempt to understand what Ron Borland, in his 2014 book Understanding Hard to Maintain Behaviour Change, calls ‘the constraints on and the potential of volitional attempts to change behaviour patterns that are under the moment-to-moment control of non-volitional processes’. The crucial point, however, is summarised in a 2015 editorial in Addictive Behaviors by Marcantonio Spada and colleagues thus: ‘…the exercise of volition is not lost to the automaticity and irresistibility of addictive responses, but rather…can be employed to decide whether to comply and satisfy, or to deny and abstain’.
Brains aren’t addicted, people are
No sensible observer would discount the contribution that neuroscience has made, and will continue to make, to the understanding of addiction. But there are severe and inherent limitations to what neuroscience alone can tell us about the disorder. No theory consisting of descriptions of the activity of neurotransmitters, synapses and neural pathways can ever amount to an adequate account of addiction. To believe otherwise is to subscribe to what Dennett has called ‘greedy reductionism’, the kind that believes more basic levels of explanation, such as the neuronal, can make redundant higher levels couched for example in psychological and social terms.
This is the most general reason for believing that regarding addiction as a disease of the brain, like Parkinsonism, epilepsy or Alzheimer’s disease, is a fundamental mistake. Distinguished neuroscientists themselves share this view. Harold Kalant (2010) has shown that the postulation of neural mechanisms given causal roles in the portrayal of addiction as a brain disease caused by chronic exposure to drugs has not been experimentally or clinically supported. Recently, in his 2015 book The Biology of Desire, Marc Lewis has argued that the brain changes all the time and that the changes brought about by chronic drug ingestion are similar in kind to learning any new habit or way of behaving. Lewis presents a developmental-learning model of addiction in which recovery, rather than representing a return to some previous level of stability or homeostasis, marks a stage of growth beyond addiction.
A defence of the brain disease model of addiction (BDMA) was provided in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2016 by Nora Volkow, the current Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in the USA, and her colleagues. However, critics of the BDMA fall roughly into two camps: those who maintain that addiction is not just a brain disease, implying that if the psychological, social and cultural influences on addiction were fully recognised, the notion of brain disease would be acceptable; and those who argue that addiction is not best regarded as a brain disease of any kind. I am in the latter camp. Addictive behaviour is volitional at the time it is carried out; addicts are agents who make choices. This doesn’t sound like a ‘disease’: whatever disagreement there may be about the meaning of the word, a disease is surely something that happens to us, not something we do. It may be useful to describe automatic processes involved in addiction at the lower system level as representing a disease – the drug withdrawal syndrome, for example, is obviously a disease – but it does not follow that the interplay between volitional and non-volitional processes that constitute the addict’s predicament is usefully described as a disease.
What are the consequences of all this?
The dispute about whether or not addiction is a disease should eventually be resolved by examining the consequences of holding one view or the other. I have tried to show that one consequence of the disease view is that it limits the chances for an adequate understanding of addiction. There are more practical consequences too.
A claim frequently heard from supporters of the BDMA is that its promotion is the only way the public can be persuaded to withhold blame and punishment from addicts, the only way to combat the stigma they suffer. It follows that a rejection of the BDMA is equivalent to promoting the idea that addiction signifies a moral failing on the addict’s part. This is an entirely spurious claim (see Heather, 2017b).
It is obviously possible to develop a scientific account of addiction which is neither a disease nor a moral model but which the public could understand. There is good evidence that public acceptance of the disease concept is largely lip-service and that the claim the BDMA removes stigma among public or professionals is untrue. That someone’s aberrant behaviour is caused by a disease of the brain is surely one of the most stigmatising things one can believe. There may be difficulties in communicating a morally neutral, non-brain disease account of addiction to the public but, if we are to make progress in understanding and responding to the disorder, there is no alternative.
On the other hand, there are clear disadvantages to promoting the BDMA. The main practical advance anticipated by its supporters is the development of new pharmacological substances and other medical procedures to correct the putative brain malfunction responsible for the disease. There is no question that pharmacotherapy has a role to play in addiction treatment, mainly by making possible a period of stability in which problems in relationships, accommodation, livelihood etc., may be addressed. But this essential period of stability leaves the more lasting problem of the self-regulation of behaviour largely untouched; any long-lasting solution to this problem can only be achieved by learning ways to strengthen control over addictive behaviour, whether by cognitive-behavioural therapy, mindfulness training, membership of a mutual aid group, or any other relevant method. By contrast, the argument to the public and to governments put by BDMA advocates that the development of new medications for the brain disease of addiction is the only way forward is likely to result, not in any miracle cure, but to an increase in the over-medicalisation of personal and social problems many of us fear. As Wayne Hall and colleagues (2015) have argued, it is also likely to result in a continued neglect of what is the best way forward – the application of public health policies aimed at reducing harmful drug use in the general population, and ways of increasing access to cheap and effective treatments that already exist.
Another important disadvantage of the BDMA is that it may reduce addicts’ chances of recovery by telling them that they are powerless to change without special help. This is based on the assumption that people’s belief in their capacity to change is the single greatest factor in bringing that change about, and this is, of course, an underlying principle of modern cognitive-behavioural therapy, repeatedly shown to be the most empirically well-supported modality of treatment for behavioural disorders. It seems likely that the language of irreversible brain disease and of compulsion is a strong disincentive to self-change and to the success of treatment aimed at helping people change. We therefore need a radical transformation in communications to the public about addiction, one in which they are persuaded to believe that breaking free from addiction is possible and told what we know about how this can be successfully accomplished.
About the author
'Most of my research career has been focused on improving the effectiveness of treatment and brief interventions for alcohol problems, and I was fortunate enough to receive the 2017 Jellinek Memorial Award for this work. However, I have always had an interest in the theory of addiction and how the way it is understood in society affects how it is manifested and responded to. After my retirement from the NHS in 2003, I was able to devote more time to reading and thinking about this fascinating area.’
A 2014 editorial in Nature prompted 94 academics and researchers to protest against its ‘one-dimensional’ view of addiction. Derek Heim and I then set up a Google group, the Addiction Theory Network, to coordinate criticism of the brain disease model and to develop alternative ways of understanding addiction. See tinyurl.com/hn7f3qs and apply to join the network.
- Nick Heather is Emeritus Professor of Alcohol and Other Drug Studies in the Department of Psychology at Northumbria University
Illustration by Nick Oliver
Hall, W., Carter, A. & Forlini, C. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: Misplaced priorities? Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 867.
Heather, N. (2017a). Is the concept of compulsion useful in the explanation or description of addictive behaviour and experience? Addictive Behavior Reports, 6. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2017.05.002
Heather, N. (2017b). Q: Is addiction a brain disease or a moral failing? A: Neither. Neuroethics, 10(1), 115–124. Available at tinyurl.com/lbn7qzl
Heather, N. & Segal, G. (2017). Addiction and choice: Rethinking the relationship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heyman, G.M. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kalant, H. (2010). What neurobiology cannot tell us about addiction. Addiction, 105, 780–789.
Levy, N. (Ed.) (2013). Addiction and self-control: Perspectives from philosophy, psychology and neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wiens, T.K. & Walker, L.J. (2015). The chronic disease concept of addiction: Helpful or harmful? Addiction Research & Theory, 23, 309–321.
Wiers, R.W. & Stacy, A.W. (Eds.) (2006). Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
BPS Members can discuss this article
Already a member? Or Create an account
Not a member? Find out about becoming a member or subscriber | <urn:uuid:35348462-a0eb-464f-975b-bc57901889b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-2018/january-2018/rethinking-addiction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867417.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526131802-20180526151802-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.946273 | 4,977 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Blackleg in cattle12 March 2007
By Dr Sarah Robson Regional Animal Health Leader, Animal & Plant Biosecurity, Wagga Wagga and J.M. Wilson Former District Veterinarian, Rural Lands Protection Board and published by NSW DPI
IntroductionBlackleg is a fatal disease of young cattle. It produces an acute local infection, and the resulting blood poisoning leads to rapid death.
The name ‘blackleg’ derives from the fact that the site of infection is often a leg muscle, and that the affected muscle is dark in colour.
Occurrence of blacklegAlthough the disease is widely distributed in New South Wales, most losses from blackleg occur in the eastern half of the state. In some areas the disease may appear on several properties, while in other areas only isolated farms are affected. Sometimes, only part of a property is affected.
Susceptible animalsAlthough blackleg has been found in cattle as young as 2 months old, most losses occur in cattle between 6 months and 2 years of age. Occasionally, losses are seen in adult cattle.
Generally, the best conditioned animals are affected, with most losses occurring where there is an abundance of feed.
Blackleg can occur at any time of the year, though more losses are seen during hot, humid weather or following the sudden onset of cold periods.
CauseBlackleg is produced by spore-forming bacteria. The organisms most commonly responsible are Clostridium chauvoei and, less frequently, C. septicum. Spores produced by the clostridia can lie dormant in the soil for years without losing their potency.
Method of infectionBacterial spores are eaten in contaminated feed or soil. The spores then enter the bloodstream and lodge in various organs and tissues, including muscles. Here they lie dormant until stimulated to multiply, possibly by some slight injury to the animal. The injury reduces blood flow to the area, thereby reducing the supply of oxygen to the tissues. In the absence of oxygen, the spores germinate and multiply. As they grow, the bacteria produce toxins which destroy surrounding tissues. The toxins are absorbed into the animal’s bloodstream which makes the animal acutely sick and causes rapid death.
Signs of the diseaseBlackleg should be suspected if an animal aged between 6 months and 2 years:
- becomes lame with swelling of a muscle;
- stops grazing;
- appears sick and quickly goes down.
However, these signs are usually of such short duration that they may be missed. More frequently, a thrifty calf or yearling is simply found dead. Gas is detectable under the skin and this produces a crackling sensation when the skin is rubbed with the hand.
|Figure 1.Diseased skeletal muscle|
If the skin over the affected area is removed, excess bubbly bloodstained fluid can be seen, and the muscle immediately below will be dark in colour. However, when the affected muscle is inside the carcass, such as when the heart muscle is affected, no external evidence of the disease is found.
Figure 1 shows diseased skeletal muscle from a heifer that died suddenly from blackleg. The muscle tissue is dark red and has a dry appearance due to gas formation.
|Figure 2. Diseased heart muscle
Photos: Roger Cook, NSW DPI
Because the disease is accompanied by rapid decomposition, the post-mortem changes may be masked by gas formation, especially if examination of the carcass is delayed for more than a few hours.
The only effective means of controlling blackleg is by vaccination. Several makes of multivalent vaccine (‘5 in 1’ or ‘7 in 1’) are available commercially and care should be taken to follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Always read the label
Users of agricultural or veterinary chemical products must always read the label and any Permit before using the product, and strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of any Permit. Users are not absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or the conditions of the Permit by reason of any statement made or not made in this publication.
- Calves should receive two doses of blackleg vaccine. Two vaccinations 1 month apart are essential to provide the best protection.
- A booster vaccination 12 months later should provide lifelong immunity to blackleg.
- It is desirable to give the initial two doses of vaccine before young cattle reach their most susceptible age of six months.
- To await the occurrence of blackleg before vaccinating is unwise, as vaccines take 10–14 days before they begin to provide immunity.
If store cattle are purchased in blackleg areas, it is wise to vaccinate all newly bought young cattle.
The vaccine should be delivered just under the skin – not into the muscle. Draw up a pinch of skin and insert the needle between the skin and the muscle. The loose skin of the neck is convenient for this. (See Primefact 431 Beef cattle vaccines for correct vaccination technique.)
Do not save unused parts of bottles or containers of vaccines for future use, as they can become contaminated with undesirable organisms and/or lose their potency. Destroy any vaccine not used within 24 hours of opening.
Vaccination breakdownsModern vaccines are produced under conditions of strict quality control by reputable manufacturers. Occasionally, reports are received of apparent failure of vaccines. When investigated, most of these alleged vaccination failures are due to:
- incorrect dosing;
- faulty technique;
- using time-expired vaccine;
- using material from partly used containers;
- vaccine having been subjected to high temperatures during storage or transportation.
Abscesses or large swellings at the site of vaccination are usually the result of:
- lack of hygiene;
- injecting into muscle rather than beneath the skin.
If all these factors can be ruled out, and breakdown is suspected, seek veterinary advice.
TreatmentThe speed with which blackleg kills usually makes individual treatment useless. In some cases, however, animals treated early with antibiotics may survive, although they often suffer permanent deformity due to partial or complete destruction of muscles.
Carcass disposalCarcasses of animals known to have died from blackleg should not be opened. Opening the carcass can liberate bacteria which will form spores that will contaminate the ground and subsequently infect other cattle.
Also, do not drag carcasses along the ground. If possible, burn or deeply bury the carcasses where they lie.
- Blackleg is almost entirely preventable by vaccination .
- Read – and heed – the directions on the vaccine labels.
- If in doubt about the cause of deaths in cattle, consult your veterinary practitioner, district veterinarian or veterinary officer . | <urn:uuid:abd38d78-607a-46e8-8c45-a690a8460efd> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.thedairysite.com/articles/843/blackleg-in-cattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096504.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00177-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941904 | 1,375 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Title: Rhododendron Garden Jigsaw Puzzle
About: The plants in the Rhododendron genus are shrubs and small to large trees, evergreen or deciduous, found mainly in Asia, although it is also widespread throughout the Southern Highlands of the Appalachian Mountains of North America. Rhododendrons are valued in landscaping for their structure, size, beautiful flowers. It is the national flower of Nepal.
Puzzle of the day on: 25-Apr-2016
Image Credit: Public Domain
Copy/Paste the HTML code below to link to this puzzle from your website or blog. | <urn:uuid:760ed2dd-07a6-4790-9aec-0ff16b4aba31> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.dailyjigsawpuzzles.net/flower-jigsaws/rhododendron-garden_1647.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125719.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00336-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918234 | 125 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Is it harmful to inhale baby powder?
Inhale enough of it often enough Yes.
Any amount inhaled is harmful:
Tricalcium Phosphate when inhaled is harmful. Here is the proof. This is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) which states:
"The substance is toxic to lungs, mucous membrane."
Frequent exposure may cause particulates to lodge in the lungs. One case showed crystallosis in the lymph glands of a woman who used dental powder containing Tricalcium Phosphate. Beta TCP has been banned, in some forms, for use as a bone filler.
Use only pure cornstarch as baby powder, if you use anything. Rotate the bottle with your wrist intsead of shaking the bottle. The powder will tumble through the holes gently. Never shake the powder. ANY particulate can be unhealthy when inhaled.
The only options you have after inhaling baby powder is to blow your nose several time (not too hard) because the hairs inside the nose are there to catch particles. You can also sip warm water and spit it out if you feel you got some of the baby powder in your mouth. Baby Powder has been questioned as not being safe for babies and another good alternative is simple baking soda. | <urn:uuid:ee8f8106-17c7-4e6c-a26a-62963df9054a> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.answers.com/Q/Is_it_harmful_to_inhale_baby_powder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660231.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015182235-20191015205735-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.926985 | 262 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When putting money in a bank and managing accounts, it can be helpful to understand the differences between checking and savings accounts. Most banks and credit unions offer both types of accounts, and they serve different purposes. There are also special rules and regulations that govern each type of account. Most depositors find it beneficial to have at least one checking and savings account.
What is a Checking Account?
When most people put money in their bank, they are using a checking account. A checking account allows a depositor almost unlimited access to the funds they put in the account, and they are generally the most useful account type. Checking accounts are designed to handle frequent deposits and withdrawals without penalizing the depositor. Most debit or ATM cards are linked to a checking account. True to the account’s name, paper checks also link to a checking account.
Financial institutions primarily offer checking accounts as a service to customers. Banks don’t generally make any money from checking accounts, and some banks may charge service fees for having a checking account. From the bank’s perspective, a checking account is a way to attract customers to the bank in hopes that they will use other services like savings accounts or loans. Since the bank considers funds in a checking account to have low reliability, they generally do not offer interest on the money because they will not use it to back loans.
A checking accounts is extremely useful for everybody. It keeps money secure and allows for easy electronic access to funds. Many banks also provide customers with free tools to track savings and spending, which can help with managing a budget. Having a checking account also makes it easier to get paid. Most employers today prefer to pay through direct deposit rather than traditional paper checks. Direct deposit is difficult or impossible without a checking account.
What is a Savings Account?
A savings account is a different kind of deposit account that allows a person to save money in a secure place and take advantage of interest the bank may pay on that money. Savings accounts generally have higher minimum balances and are not designed to be used for frequent withdrawal. In fact, most banks have strict limits on the amounts of withdrawals that can be made from a savings account per month and will begin penalizing a depositor who goes beyond this limit.
If a person needs money from his or her savings, it is better to move a large amount of it into a checking account once and then spend from the checking account. Savings accounts are also frequently used as overdraft protection funds for checking accounts. If a depositor overdrafts their checking account, it triggers an automatic transfer from savings and prevents penalties and charges associated with overdrafts.
Banks consider savings accounts to be a slightly more secure deposit investment compared to checking accounts. For this reason, banks are willing to provide a small amount of interest payment to a savings account as an incentive to keep larger balances in the account. The bank my then use some of these funds to back loans. Keep in mind that even if the bank is using the funds to back a loan, this has no direct effect on the depositor or the account balance. It is merely the bank’s internal workings.
Savings accounts are generally good ways to keep money saved and far more secure than using physical cash or a safe. Depositors interested in making more interest, however, may want to consider moving their money to a deposit account with a higher yield. Sometimes high-yield savings accounts can be used but they have much higher minimum balances. A certificate of deposit is a similar type of account, but unlike a savings account the money placed there cannot be accessed for a certain period of time. The advantage is that the interest for a CD is much higher.
Money Security in Banks
Some depositors fear that they may lose control of their money if it is held by a bank. There is actually very little risk of this. All types of deposit accounts, including checking and savings accounts, are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Company or FDIC up to a certain amount—currently $250,000. If a person begins to hold a balance beyond this limit, they can always open another account because each account is insured independently.
This insurance is a government service designed to increase consumer confidence in banks. If the bank is robbed or even if the bank itself collapses, the government will pay out the value of accounts held at that bank. This has never happened on a large scale, but the existence of the FDIC helps to increase depositor confidence.
Anyone 18 years old or older can legally open a checking and savings account in their name. It is a good idea to have such an account when you get a job or begin saving money. | <urn:uuid:531a705d-f379-4ee1-8774-d0d7caa314dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://preventingharm.org/checking-vs-savings-accounts-whats-difference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172017.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00220-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945831 | 951 | 2.765625 | 3 |
More women – more peace. Studies show that the full and equal participation of women in peacebuilding processes contributes to better and more sustainable peace and security in society. On 12-14 December, Sweden invited women activists from all provinces in Afghanistan to participate in a training on dialogue and mediation skills in peace processes.
“The citizens of Afghanistan, man and woman, have equal rights and duties before the law”, states article 22 of the Afghan constitution. Afghanistan has made a lot of progress on women’s rights over the past 15 years, and the adoption of the Afghan national action plan for UNSCR 1325 on women, peace and security last year was the result of years of advocacy by women activists and support by the international community. Resolution 1325 stresses the importance of increasing women’s participation in the prevention, management, and resolution of conflict as well as in all matters related to peace and security.
In spite of progress made, however, Afghanistan of today is still a long way from achieving gender equality. Across the country, women face resistance, violence and threats within their communities when they strive to actively participate in society or be part of any process designed to end violence and conflict.
No lasting, sustainable and inclusive peace can be built without the meaningful engagement by women in the process. Women’s inclusion in society is not merely a matter of fairness and justice – it is smart politics. But empowering women requires allowing them acces to the skill sets necessary to become actors for bringing peace and security to the country.
12-14 December the Embassy of Sweden hosted the initial phase of a Dialogue and Mediation training for Afghan women, conducted by experts from the Folke Bernadotte Academy in Sweden together with Afghan facilitators. The overarching goal is to strengthen the skills and professional capacity of women peace activists to engage in conflict prevention and conflict resolution at the local, provincial and national level in Afghanistan.
Participation from every corner of Afghanistan
Women from every province in Afghanistan were invited to attend the training. Participants include representatives from Provincial Peace Councils (PPCs) and the Department of Women’s Affairs (DoWA), but also teachers and journalists. The criteria for selection was that participants have some previous level of experience in working for peace, strengthening civil society, or in some other way are in a position where enhanced mediation skills would make them better equipped in their daily work. In the end, participants from an astounding 32 out of 34 provinces made it to the training’s initial phase.
The training will be conducted in three phases over the course of a year. The first three-day session focused on basic communication and active listening as well as trust building. A particular focus was put on discussing the roles of women in conflict resolution in Afghanistan as well as unpacking social, cultural and religious concepts that relate to conflict resolution.
The opening of the training was attended by Afghanistan’s First Lady Rula Ghani.
“Your role is key to end the violence in your societies. You are strong and you can bring change” said the First Lady as she addressed the participants.
“Before coming here I had almost never met women from other provinces – now I realize that women in other provinces are facing the same kind of problem that I face. I am not alone” said one participant.
“We are always dealing with the conflict in one way or another, and trying to resolve these issues we often find ourselves losing control. This course has taught us how to deal with these issues with compassion, and to listen even when we think what the other person is saying is wrong. We look forward to learning more during the next two modules” said another participant from Farah province.
The second phase of the training will be conducted in late spring 2017.
Text: Zuhra Sahar and Veronica Nordlund, Embassy of Sweden in Kabul | <urn:uuid:de548a38-3e64-44c3-bc25-dc6ef833f369> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.swemfa.se/campaign/afghan-women-trained-in-mediation-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000306.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626114215-20190626140215-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.961293 | 792 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Download Full Text (11.4 MB)
Maine Geological Survey (Department of Economic Development), Bulletin 10 (Special Geologic Studies Series 3). Describes stratigraphy and origin of clay deposits and discusses physical, chemical, and thermal expansion properties of clay. Plates include clay distribution map of Sandy River area.
Maine Geological Survey
Surficial Geology Reports
Caldwell, Dabney W., 1959, Glacial lake and glacial marine clays of the Farmington area, Maine - Origin and possible use as lightweight aggregate: Maine Geological Survey (Department of Economic Development), Bulletin 10 (Special Geologic Studies Series 3), 48 p., 12 figs., 5 tables, 3 app., 3 plates. Maine Geological Survey Publications. 137. http://digitalmaine.com/mgs_publications/137
No Copyright - United States. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. | <urn:uuid:0b481181-e402-4ae4-a53f-b744fc54a66a> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://digitalmaine.com/mgs_publications/137/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814036.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222061730-20180222081730-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.820138 | 275 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In design, close attention is paid to the external view of each class (messages, parameters, public data, and public processes) and the internal view (private data and private processes).
OO Design Approach:
A pre-written, pre-tested library of reusable classes (modules) which can be inherited (utilized) by multiple programs which are developed within the common framework.
The data and the processes or functions (program code) which manipulate the data are encapsulated into stand alone object called a class.
A higher level class can contain other lower level classes. In this situation, the higher level derived class inherits and utilizes all of the data and processing (program code) contained in the lower level objects (parent classes). General functions in parent class, custom functions in the sub-classes.
An operator or function can perform one way when used within one class but perform differently when used by another class. The system builder defines these multiple behaviors based on the requirements of the object. This allows the objects (classes) to be reused with operational changes without rewriting the program code.This makes inheritance possibilities more flexible.
Objected Oriented Design encourages disciplined and forward focused planning as each new class (module) is created. Care should be taken on the part of the designer to insure a high level of reusability. The advantage is not just the elimination of redundant data but also the elimination of redundant processes. | <urn:uuid:328c9566-2934-404c-b8e0-1fb5935921d4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://itmweb.com/methd07e.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418101243-20190418123243-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.887989 | 288 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Animal health matters: Aftermath of skunk fight hinges on rabies vaccination
You’re working on a planter in the middle of a sunny spring day.
All of a sudden, you hear a loud, snarling commotion out back of the machine shed. Racing around the corner, you’re confronted with the sight of a skunk lunging and biting at your old, friendly black lab. There’s no quit to this skunk – biting your dog’s legs, jumping at his neck. Old Duke is dividing his strategy between trying to get away and biting back, to no avail.
You run to grab your 12 gauge, hoping you can get a clean shot off in the melee. But as you round the corner with your weapon, you notice the din has subsided. You’re greeted by old Duke, slow and bloody but still managing a few weak tail wags. Returning to the scene of the fight, you’re surprised to find … nothing. The skunk is gone, apparently having slunk off under the barbed wire fence into the adjacent pasture.
Now what do you do? What should you be worried about?
First, Duke’s wounds. Hopefully they’re just some punctures and scrapes and nothing requiring surgical repair. If so, the old fellow could probably benefit from an aspirin for the pain (never give a dog ibuprofen or acetaminophen).
The circumstances of this domestic animal-wildlife encounter should, however, spur consideration of a much more serious possibility: rabies.
In South Dakota and surrounding states, any skunk encounter is a possible rabies exposure. In nature, the rabies virus maintains itself in the skunk population. Not every skunk harbors the virus, but those with drastic behavioral changes (a normally nocturnal animal being out in the middle of the day, attacking without provocation) are very likely rabid.
To know for sure, you could have killed the skunk and had it tested. This would be more important if the wildlife encounter was more questionable: a nighttime attack or encounter with a different species of critter.
Knowing the skunk was rabid, now we worry about whether Duke was exposed to rabies virus. In a rabid animal, the only way the virus is released from the body is in the saliva. To infect another animal, saliva needs to be introduced into muscle or nerve cells. This almost always means a bite wound. Simply being slobbered on by a rabid animal isn’t a true exposure unless that saliva gets into an existing wound. Having observed the altercation and the dog’s wounds, we know – Duke’s been exposed to rabies.
Rabies exposures sometimes aren’t that obvious. If Duke and the skunk were found simply sniffing each other without an obvious fight, testing the skunk would be more important in sorting things out. Often, the wild animal isn’t available to test and we assume the worst case scenario.
Now that exposure’s been established, we need to worry about whether he will contract rabies himself. The answer to this question is critical. Rabies is fatal in animals that catch it. What’s more, the affected animal can transmit the virus to other animals and humans.
The effective answer to the question is surprisingly simple. It comes down to whether Duke has been vaccinated for rabies. Rabies vaccine is possibly the most effective animal vaccine there is. The number of properly vaccinated animals who have caught rabies is extraordinarily tiny.
If Duke’s been vaccinated for rabies, the next step is simple. You take him in for a booster dose to give his already-primed system an extra leg up in fighting the virus. You’ll need to keep a closer-than-normal eye on him for the next 45 days to watch for that very rare situation where the vaccine didn’t work. Otherwise, Duke’s happy life continues as normal.
The alternative is a heartbreaker. If Duke hasn’t been vaccinated, he will need to be euthanized. The likelihood he’ll contract rabies with such an exposure is very high. (A strict 4-month quarantine to a kennel may be an alternative, but this is exceptional). Adding to the tragedy is the fact that a simple, inexpensive vaccine could have made this story turn out much differently.
So, how does Duke’s story turn out? It’s completely under your control. Is rabies vaccine for your dog something you figured was an unnecessary hassle? Or did you get Duke vaccinated, keeping him up-to-date according to your vet’s recommendations?
In this case, it’s a life or death decision.
Russ Daly, DVM, is the Extension Veterinarian at South Dakota State University. He can be reached via e-mail at email@example.com at 605-688-5171. | <urn:uuid:dc5d65c2-e0e6-4f35-a8fc-795ac99fb627> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.farmforum.net/story/news/columnists/2021/05/05/animal-health-matters-skunk-fight-hinges-rabies-vaccination/4928163001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057504.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924050055-20210924080055-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.946219 | 1,039 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Five thousand years ago, early farmers took a special interest in sunflowers. Through its continued cultivation since that time, the sunflower has evolved into an essential crop that permeates human life, whether in beautiful bouquets, as salty snacks, or as a primary source of cooking oil in many parts of the world. This lecture will examine how the sequencing of modern and archaeological genomes by Berkeley researchers is shedding new light on the biological and cultural history of the sunflower’s transformation through domestication. In addition, recent work revealing how and why sunflower stems track the sun will be discussed.
Speaker: Benjamin K. Blackman Assistant Professor, Plant and Microbial BiologyCurrent research in the Blackman Lab focuses on how plants respond to predictable seasonal and daily fluctuations in the environment and how these responses evolve during adaptation and domestication. In 2017, Benjamin K. Blackman was honored with the Botanical Society of America’s Emerging Leader Award. He is the current faculty advisor to the genetics and plant biology major and to Cal’s new undergraduate plant biology club, Planty Social. He received his Ph.D. at Indiana University, Bloomington and has taught at University of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:3bc0a788-bc9c-4338-b358-9dcef729b527> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://nature.berkeley.edu/events/2019/08/surprises-sunflower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370515113.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403154746-20200403184746-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.952269 | 244 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Fieseler Fi 98 was a dive-bomber designed in response to the same RLM specification as the Henschel Hs 123, but that never progressed beyond the prototype stage. That specification was issued on 11 February 1934 and called for a robust aircraft capable of serving as a dive-bomber and ground attack aircraft. Fieseler produced a design for a biplane with staggered slightly unequal wings - the upper wing had a wider span than the lower wing. The cockpit was placed behind the trailing edge of the lower wing. The most unusual feature of the Fi 98 was its dual horizontal control surfaces, with the moving parts mounted low on the tail and a second, smaller, fixed surface mounted at the top of the fin. The fuselage of the Fi 98 was built with an all-metal shell, while the wings and tail surfaces consisted of a metal framework with fabric covering.
The Fi 98 made its maiden flight early in 1935, by which time it was clear that the Henschel Hs 123 was going to be chosen as the 'first phase' dive-bomber and work had already begun on the 'second phase' monoplane dive-bombers, amongst them the Junkers Ju 87. Fieseler had been awarded a contract to produce three prototype Fi 98s, but only the first had been completed when work on the project stopped in 1936.
Engine: BMW 132a nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engine
Wing span: 37ft 9in
Length: 24ft 3in
Height: 9ft 10in
Empty Weight: 3,197lb
Loaded Weight: 4,762lb
Max Speed: 183mph at 6,560ft
Cruising Speed: 168mph
Climb rate: 1min 7sec to 3,280ft
Service Ceiling: 29,530ft
Range: 292 miles
Armament: Two forward firing 7.9mm MG 17 machine guns
Bomb-load: Four 110lb bombs | <urn:uuid:f6ef6136-6559-47a9-9092-677dae8930e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_fieseler_fi_98.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982953863.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200913-00172-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956569 | 408 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Reduction of blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, and atherosclerosis by elevated endothelial nitric oxide.
In the vascular system, nitric oxide is generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). NO has pleiotropic effects, most of which are believed to be atheroprotective. Therefore, it has been argued that patients suffering from cardiovascular disease could benefit from an increase in eNOS activity. However, increased NO production can cause oxidative damage, cell toxicity, and apoptosis and hence could be atherogenic rather than beneficial. To study the in vivo effects of increased eNOS activity, we created transgenic mice overexpressing human eNOS. Aortic blood pressure was approximately 20 mm Hg lower in the transgenic mice compared with control mice because of lower systemic vascular resistance. The effects of eNOS overexpression on diet-induced atherosclerosis were studied in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Elevation of eNOS activity decreased blood pressure ( approximately 20 mm Hg) and plasma levels of cholesterol ( approximately 17%), resulting in a reduction in atherosclerotic lesions by 40%. We conclude that an increase in eNOS activity is beneficial and provides protection against atherosclerosis.
Pubmed ID: 12364322 RIS Download
Aged | Animals | Arteriosclerosis | Base Sequence | Blood Pressure | Blotting, Western | Cholesterol | DNA Primers | Humans | Immunohistochemistry | Male | Mice | Mice, Transgenic | Nitric Oxide Synthase | Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II | Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III | <urn:uuid:f4549972-2446-4905-87f3-e3e2bb92d4cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://scicrunch.org/12364322/resource/nif-0000-34000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00260-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918308 | 341 | 2.734375 | 3 |
New research show that sponges, which lack muscle cells, have some proteins found in muscle cells. The finding moves back our estimates of exactly when muscle cells evolved.
Sponges have a very old evolutionary lineage in the animal kingdom. They are also relatively simple animals; they lack the bilateral symmetry, true tissue layers, and other bodily systems characteristic of most other animals including the circulatory, muscular, nervous or digestive systems. Also, most sponges do not move, and as a result many students believe they are not even alive. Yet despite their simple structure, researchers have now found some proteins that are typically found in muscle cells. The new findings were published online on 27 June in the prestigious science journal Nature.
With the evolution of neuromuscular systems, requiring communication between neurons and muscular cells, animals acquired the capacity for articulated movement, which in turn allowed them to develop complex patterns of behaviour. While the structure and function of vertebrate muscle cells have been studied in great detail, its evolutionary origins have until now remained obscure.
An international team led by evolutionary biologist Professor Ulrich Technau, of Vienna University, have reported for the first time that sponges carry proteins typically found in skeletal muscle of higher organisms. These findings contradict previous assessments of muscle evolution. "Hence, the origins of musculature lie much further back in time than we suspected," says Professor Gert Wörheide, of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität's (LMU) GeoBio-Center in Munich. Members of his research group contributed significantly to the new findings, particularly Humboldt Fellow Claire Larroux who did much of the work on the sponges.
How the jellyfish got its stripes
These newly discovered muscle-related proteins are probably responsible for regulating the circulation of water throughout the sponges. One of these proteins, known as Type II myosin heavy chain, or myHC, is essential for the function and the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers in higher organisms. "This specific form of myosin was previously known only from true muscle cells," says Prof. Technau. "But it probably evolved long before the first multi-cellular animals arose."
The new findings suggest that myHC, in addition to other basic muscle proteins, provided the basis for the evolution of muscles. The musculature of higher animals is the result of a process of duplication and diversification of genes that encoded early molecules. Muscle development, therefore, did not require the wholesale invention of new genes. Jellyfish, for example, are likely to be over 600 million years old, and possess striated muscles. The Jellyfish's striated muscles also contain the ancient 'muscle myosin' protein but lack several essential components that are characteristic for the structure and function that are present in the striated muscles of 'higher animals'.
The new discovery confirms that there are very ancient elements found in simple cells providing the foundation for the evolution of more complex structures. Further implications of this work include showing that striated muscles of cnidarians and higher organisms most probably evolved independently of each other.
Plans for the future
Currently the Munich group is in the process of sequencing the genome of Tethya wilhelma, which is a sponge that they have been able to successfully grow in a lab. This is a significant accomplishment given that marine sponges are quite difficult to culture in a lab. This technical advance provides the basis for future studies looking into the early evolution of the molecular components of bilaterian key-traits, such as the nervous system, or even cancer-related genes.
Independent evolution of striated muscles in cnidarians and bilaterians. doi:10.1038/nature11180 | <urn:uuid:b7792161-4284-45ed-9098-77c33ea45816> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://themunicheye.com/news/Sponges-shed-new-light-on-muscle-evolution-1612 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865679.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523141759-20180523161759-00359.warc.gz | en | 0.950317 | 769 | 3.90625 | 4 |
A season of burn study was initiated in 1973 on the Escambia Experimental Forest, near Brewton, Alabama. All study plots were established in the 14-year-old longleaf pine (Pinus palustris
) stands. Treatments consisted of biennial burns in winter, spring, and summer, plus a no-burn check. Objectives of the current study were to determine composition and structure of understory plant communities after 22 years of seasonal burning, identify changes since last sampling in 1982, and assess the structure of the communities that stablized under each treatment regime. There were 114 species on biennial winter-burned plots, compared ot 104 on spring- and summer-burned and 84 with no burning. The woody understory biomass (<1 centimeter diamter at breast height) increased with all treatments compared with 1982. Grass and legume biomass increased with winter and spring burning. Forb biomass decreased across treatments.
Kush, John S.; Meldahl, Ralph S.; Boyer, William D. 2000. Understory Plant Community Response to Season of Burn in Natural Longleaf Pine Forests. In: Moser, W. Keith; Moser, Cynthia E., eds. Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture and vegetation management. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 21. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 32-39 | <urn:uuid:c5533a79-d9e6-4db5-9ee5-88c79c638571> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/2298 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652569.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606114156-20230606144156-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.89298 | 334 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Vocational training program
- Publication Data ：
- Last updated：2020-06-19
- Count Views：1565
Vocational training aims to develop inmates' job skills and diligence to achieve relaxation of inmates. It is not only an education method but also a way to exercise inmates' mental and physical health. Inmates learn skills that will enable them to obtain jobs after they leave the prison and deter them frombreaking the law again. As inmates undergo frequent transfers, differ in intellectual capacities and have difficulties in soliciting business, vocational training is based trades with simple practicality and market needs.
The House has one workshop and a female quarter. Processed items include handicrafts, paper goods, toys, and miscellaneous tools. Thetechnical training workshop has a professional training staff that specializes in the following: laundry handling, woman's hair styling, and pastry production. It is hoped that through training the inmates will learn skills for life and develop greater diligence. | <urn:uuid:7a394075-8bed-46aa-bd74-f9343a3abb0c> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.cyd.moj.gov.tw/282469/282470/282481/282488/516937/post | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738888.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812083025-20200812113025-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.941344 | 203 | 2.53125 | 3 |
How are cryptocurrencies different from physical currency
Cryptocurrencies are in the news again, this time due to the government’s plan to ban all private cryptocurrencies in India.
Bitcoin, one of the best known among the 1,500+ cryptocurrencies, has become increasingly popular in the past few years, especially since the pandemic when it saw a 1,000 percent appreciation in its value. Companies like Microsoft, Visa, PayPal, and Teslaare either accepting Crypto or plan to accept it as a valid payment. At the time of writing this article, one Bitcoin was trading at $56,000.
Despite questions concerning security, money laundering, decentralisation, and regulations, millions of dollars continue to flow into the crypto market. However, many factions of the government are still not convinced about the credibility of these cryptocurrencies.
The demand for regularisation has led to the speculation of an outright ban, leaving millions of Indian crypto traders and investors in limbo, not to mention the thousands of employees of Indian crypto companies who are at risk of losing their jobs.
What is cryptocurrency?
Simply put, cryptocurrency is a digital currency, which like any physical (or fiat) currency can be used to pay for goods and services or be traded for a profit. But, it is not just the digital nature that makes crypto different. Money transactions through banking websites also make physical money ‘digital’. So, here are the main differences between cryptocurrency and traditional physical currency:
- Use of blockchain technology: Unlike physical currency, cryptocurrency is built on a technology called Blockchain that enables it to use an incorruptible digital ledger to maintain transaction records. Because of its incorruptible nature, the ledger itself acts as a source of truth and eliminates the need for a trusted third party, like banks.
- Decentralised nature: Crypto is not controlled or issued by governments and hence is unregulated. In other words, it is not under any centralised control.
The popularity of crypto coins can be attributed to the notion among its supporters who see it as the currency of the future. Moreover, many crypto holders support decentralisation and removing banks from the transaction chain.
Since these currencies are not regulated by governments, their value is based on the perception of their traders. Therefore, these currencies are volatile and can see huge jumps and sharp drops in a matter of minutes.
Bitcoin.comand gold — the two sides of the same coin?
One is a virtual currency, another is a precious physical metal, yet their stories are not so different. Both gold and Bitcoin have been termed as the two sides of the same coin, and the debate is getting louder. While they may differ in their medium of storage and transfer, and they are both traded on their perceived value rather than a set value.
It is all a state of supply vs demand and both these assets are ‘mined’ in their respective forms before they can be traded off. Many long-time gold investors have also started shifting to Bitcoin, betting on the currency’s future.
China leading the regularised digital currency race
As India gears up to launch its own centralised blockchain-based digital coin under the RBI, a test run is already underway in China. While COVID-19 has slowed down China’s economy, over 50,000 residents of Beijing received digital ‘red envelopes’ that held 200 digital yuan that can be used for shopping online or offline. This is a step forward to internationalising their currency and reducing the dependency on cryptocurrencies. Many more test runs are being conducted, and the People's Bank of China has distributed over 100 million digital yuan so far.
A similar bid is expected to be seen in India, where a blockchain-based digital currency will be rolled out for people to use in their daily transactions, both online and offline.
Despite a slow start almost a decade ago, cryptocurrencies have now become a norm in the modern world. Accelerated growth, fast transactions, decentralised and optimal security are among the many reasons people have started trusting cryptocurrencies.
Prominent celebrities, business people, and investors have backed them as the trend of the future. But as we wait for the Indian government’s definitive decision on the future of crypto in India, it will have far-reaching consequences on the country’s crypto ecosystem.
(Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of YourStory.) | <urn:uuid:5e23243a-cad7-4aa7-9c5f-e3bd97dfacf3> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://yourstory.com/2021/03/cryptocurrencies-different-physical-currency/amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057199.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921070944-20210921100944-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.950902 | 908 | 2.875 | 3 |
The truth is out there
Andrew K Fletcher
andrew.k.fletcher at naturesway.demon.co.uk
Thu Nov 26 05:12:41 EST 1998
Hi Frank, Hi Ken,
The flow of water in plants and trees is relevant to this discussion, it was
my interest in this that led directly to my working with spinal cord injury,
ms and other neurological conditions.
Frank, could you please summarise the content of 'this wonderful process'
referred to in your posting and its relationship with how water reaches the
leaves of trees.
The flow of cerebrospinal fluid as described in Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology is as follows.
The entire central nervous system contains between 80 and 150 ml (3 to 5oz)
of cerebrospinal fluid, colourless fluid of watery consistency. Chemically
it contains, proteins, glucose, urea and salts. It also contains some
With regard to its circulatory function, cerebrospinal fluid delivers
nutritive substances filtered from the blood to the brain and spinal cord
and removes wastes and toxic substances produced by brain and spinal cord
It then goes on to illustrate the path of the circulation of CSF.
The flow of cerebrospinal fluid as described in Advanced Human Biology: J.
Simpkins, J.I.Williams, is as follows.
CSF is produced from and returns to the blood passively in response to
pressure differences between the blood and CSF. The effects of increases in
blood pressure distending intercranial vessels can thus be reduced as more
CSF is produced.
Page 125 The beating of the cilia cells sets up currents in the
cerebrospinal fluid, thus helping the circulation of metabolites. Astrocytes
are connected to the bases of ependymal cells which may assist exchange of
metabolites between CSF and neurons in the central nervous system.
Fig 14.43, page 285 shows a simple drawing which illustrates the circulation
of fluids by arrows from the choroid plexus down one side of the spine and
up another side, it also shows a flow over the the surface of the brain,
indicated by an arrow on both sides.
I did read an article, which was a reprint of text from another physiology
book, which I can't find, that stated something along these lines.
Circulation in the CSF occurs due to respiration, postural, and circulatory
Ken Collins wrote:
I've not studied it, but I expect the cerebrospinal fluid flows through
dynamics... when it's produced, it goes into the ventricles, more is
what was produced earlier flows to "get out of the way" of what's just been
produced. I don't know where the "drain" is... expect it's a distributed
too. ken Collins
>>Could someone therefore sum up the accepted mechanism for circulation
>>cerebrospinal fluid, so that we have an independent benchmark for
>>discussions? Only then will we see if this road leads us to any
>- - - - - -(snip) - - - - - - -
>F. Frank LeFever, Ph.D. wrote.
>I won't comment on his itemizing the forces by which water could be
>lifted up into trees and then demanding to know how this happens.
>(Incidentally, I found treatment of this wonderful process in Murchie's
>"The Seven Mysteries of Life" fascinating; too bad he got spooky on the
>last 2-3 mysteries...)
>However, I too am interested in CSF, and attended a satellite
>conference (sponsored by NSF, prior to the Society for Neuroscience
>meeting early this month) on CSF as a communications system. Among
>other things, problems of its circulation were considered.
>F. Frank LeFever, Ph.D.
>New York Neuropsychology Group
More information about the Microbio | <urn:uuid:c394103e-4574-4449-b43c-f595a5afe026> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/microbio/1998-November/014146.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.937467 | 856 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Book Description HTML
The Internet of Things (“IoT”) refers to the ability of everyday objects to connect to the Internet and to send and receive data. It includes, for example, Internet-connected cameras that allow you to post pictures online with a single click; home automation systems that turn on your front porch light when you leave work; and bracelets that share with your friends how far you have biked or run during the day. The Internet of Things is already impacting the daily lives of millions of Americans through the adoption of health and fitness monitors, home security devices, connected cars and household appliances, among other applications. Such devices offer the potential for improved health-monitoring, safer highways, and more efficient home energy use. | <urn:uuid:0c72336e-a352-4a62-b977-1de720dfb071> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.free-ebooks.net/computer-internet/The-Internet-of-Things-Activities-in-the-U-S-Government | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883961.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704011041-20200704041041-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.935706 | 152 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Date of publication: 2005
Stories op die wind: ‘n Handleiding vir opvoeders van Noord-Kaapse volksverhale
Schools’ Oral History Project (SOHP) has worked with learners in at least two of the nine provinces in South Africa. At the beginning of almost every workshop the project has facilitated in the past five years, learners have said that the past is best left undisturbed and forgotten. They give various reasons. Some say that the past, which is imbued with decades of violence and destruction, will only open old wounds. Others call for an end to the ‘blame game’. Then there are those who correctly say that more than a mere knowledge of the past is needed to counter the growing gap between the rich and the poor.
From these views, one can see that our youth is grappling with the future, its shape and their role in shaping it. Rather than viewing these sentiments negatively, the Schools Oral History Project recognises this open invitation to contribute to the critical thinking processes that our youth is evidently engaging with.
The opportunity for young people to converse with ordinary people regarding the struggle against apartheid will not only enable hidden, neglected or distorted histories to be exposed, but will also contribute to a more socially conscious and democratic view of history. | <urn:uuid:1a83109a-8fc6-4c2e-9833-6dc9e9ff3832> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.ijr.org.za/portfolio-items/stories-op-die-wind-n-handleiding-vir-opvoeders-van-noord-kaapse-volksverhale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.933755 | 271 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Wi-Fi just got a little less secure – though not by as much as some headlines might lead you to believe.
Two computer scientists in Japan say they’ve figured out a way to crack the WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) encryption system in wireless routers in under a minute.
Details are scarce, but the attack, developed by Toshihiro Ohigashi of Hiroshima University and Masakatu Morii of Kobe University, builds off a theoretical attack against WPA revealed in November 2008.
That attack turned out to be … well, not as huge a deal as it may have sounded. Ars Technica has a good explanation here, but in essence the attack was of limited use and didn’t crack the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which means it didn’t allow the hacker to recover the keys used to encrypt the keystream. So while the attack could be used for something like DNS poisoning or spoofing, it didn’t let hackers take over a router or intercept the traffic running through it.
The November 2008 attack also took about 15 minutes. The new hack claims to be a more practical approach that shortens the attack to less than one minute by adding a physical element – namely, a relay between the client and the AP. Otherwise, it’s essentially the same hack, but faster.
Should you worry? Not as far as I can tell. Sysadmins can render both attacks useless by either using really long network keys or by simply upgrading their router encryption – if they haven’t already – from WPA (which uses TKIP) to WPA2 (which supports AES-CCMP).
Not that people aren’t working on theoretical attacks on AES. We’ve seen several papers already this year proposing theoretical AES attacks. But switching to AES should keep your Wi-Fi network safe. For now. (source: telecomasia.net) | <urn:uuid:442bc4db-25da-40d9-846b-3ac67cc50e3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://sroestam.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/network-security-for-wifi-networks-a-suggested-solution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171775.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00294-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955465 | 400 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Title: "Editorial: Iraqi Nuclear Threat." The US finds Iraqi explanations for not allowing UN inspectors to fully verify Iraqi arms control compliance unacceptable, as are Iraqi
attempts to attain a nuclear capacity, and the US is deadly serious when it comes to preventing Iraq from developing nuclear weapons. (910715)
07/15/91 HEDITORIAL: IRAQI NUCLEAR THREAT (460)
N(Following is an editorial, broadcast by the Voice of America July 13, reflecting the views of the U.S. government.)
TAggressive governments and nuclear weapons are an extremely dangerous combination. Vice President Dan Quayle warned of this danger shortly after Iraq's unprovoked invasion of Kuwait last August. He said, "Imagine how different today's crisis would look if Saddam Hussein's already formidable arsenal of mass destruction also included nuclear weaponry."
Fortunately for the rest of the world, Iraq did not have nuclear weapons to use in its unsuccessful attempt to maintain its illegal occupation of Kuwait. Kuwait is now liberated, and much of Iraq's capacity for waging aggressive war has been destroyed. In order to ensure that Iraq would never again be a threat to its neighbors, the United Nations demanded that Iraq dispose of all of its weapons of mass destruction. U.N. Security Council Resolution 687 calls for the destruction, removal or rendering harmless of all chemical, biological and nuclear weapons in Iraq, as well as ballistic missiles that could be used to deliver them. The resolution also covers materials that could be used to make nuclear weapons, and research and production facilities associated with such materials.
Several teams of international inspectors have already visited Iraq, but the Iraqi government has not fully cooperated with them. In the most blatant case, Iraqi forces fired shots into the air to discourage inspectors from photographing the movement of suspected nuclear materials. After the U.N. Security Council condemned the Iraqi actions, the Iraqi government submitted a letter in which it admitted that equipment had been hidden from the inspectors. But the letter claimed that the Iraqi nuclear program was for peaceful purposes only.
The United States finds the Iraqi explanation unacceptable. Iraq had an unsafeguarded, covert uranium-enrichment program that it failed to declare to international authorities and which it hid from inspectors. This constitutes a clear violation of U.N. Security Council Resolution 687, as well as a violation of Iraq's obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Furthermore, the extent of Iraq's program, along with information from numerous sources, indicates that Iraq has a program to develop nuclear weapons. It is imperative that Iraq declare all of its nuclear weapons-related activities and prove immediate, complete and unconditional access to international inspectors.
This week, President George Bush made it clear that the United States will remain alert "and not be lulled by some letter or some very belated offering from Saddam Hussein that he is now willing to do that which he should have done a long time ago." When it comes to preventing Iraq from developing nuclear weapons, said President Bush, the United States is "deadly serious." NNNN
File Identification: 07/15/91, TX-103; 07/15/91, AX-108; 07/15/91, AR-111; 07/15/91, PX-103; 07/15/91, EU-127; 07/15/91, AS-105
Product Name: Wireless File; VOA Editorials
Product Code: WF; VO
Keywords: IRAQ-US RELATIONS; NUCLEAR WEAPONS; UNITED NATIONS; ARMS CONTROL VERIFICATION; IRAQ/Defense & Military; MILITARY CAPABILITIES; INSPECTIONS
Document Type: EDI
Thematic Codes: 1NE; 1UN; 1AC
Target Areas: AF; AR; EA; EU
PDQ Text Link: 190494; 190262 | <urn:uuid:16762a71-473c-4e03-8c11-c8fcadde3ca1> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.fas.org/news/iraq/1991/910715-190494.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115862441.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161102-00116-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936839 | 802 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By Yaĝé Enigmus
For most people, the word “garnet” is synonymous with the colour red. In truth, red is merely one colour that garnet gemstones are known for. Now the contemporary Western birthstone for the month of January, the term “garnet” is the name for a group of related minerals, rather than a single stone. These minerals occur in a myriad of colours other than red, proving a vast array of gemstones from which to choose.
Garnet gemstones of various hues. Image: GIA
Red garnets are the most plentiful garnet gemstone and have the longest history of use; in the ancient world, dark red gemstones were known as “carbuncle” with this term being used to refer to garnet in the majority of cases. Carbuncle gemstones have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs, and legend has it that carbuncle was one of the precious gemstones given to King Solomon by God in the Old Testament. The contemporary English word “garnet” is thought to be derived from the Old English word for dark red, “gernet”, which itself is linked to the Old French “grenate”, the same root for the contemporary French word for pomegranate. Cinnamon-coloured Hessonite garnets were also known in the ancient world, particularly in South Asia, and these were called by the name “gomed”, but such stones did not become well known in the west until more recent times.
A ring featuring a faceted red garnet gemstone. Image: GIA/Tino Hammid
Following advances in the science of mineralogy, it was discovered that red garnets would vary substantially in chemical composition and that the gomed stones of South Asia were also chemically similar to red garnets. These stones were related by shared components of their chemical structures, and this became the basis for characterizing what is now known as the “garnet group”. Members of the garnet group all have a chemical makeup that follows the pattern X3Z2(TO4)3 where the X site is occupied by a divalent element, the Z site is occupied by a trivalent element, and the T site is most commonly occupied by silicon (Si), but arsenic (As), vanadium (V), aluminum (Al), tellurium (Te), or iron (Fe) may also occupy this site; today there are over twenty species of garnet that have been documented, but only six are utilized in jewellery, with all six of these species possessing chemical formulas that are based around silicon - i.e. X3Z2(SiO4)3 - and falling into the mineral category of “nesosilicates”.
Many garnet minerals occur as multiple gemstone varieties; Image: GIA
Every gem species of garnet has slightly different colour capabilities, with the six major garnet minerals as a whole exhibiting nearly every colour in the rainbow. These six minerals are pyrope garnet, almandine garnet, spessartine garnet, uvarovite garnet, grossular garnet, and andradite garnet. Red garnets can be one of multiple different garnet minerals and in some cases may even be a mixture of multiple species, but typically these stones are almandine garnet and/or pyrope garnet; the other four major garnet species cover a wide variety of hues, with some garnets even being colourless or appearing to change colour in different lighting conditions.
An antique hairpin featuring rose-cut pyrope garnet gemstones. Image: GIA/ Chip Clark
In the next installment of this series, learn more about pyrope garnet, almandine garnet, and spessartine garnet.
Here are some beautiful pieces of jewellery from Skyjems, featuring red garnets! | <urn:uuid:5a922e78-f3fb-4968-841c-db8b15f647b0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://skyjems.ca/blogs/news/the-colours-of-garnet-part-1-what-is-garnet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499634.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128121809-20230128151809-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.952859 | 831 | 3.09375 | 3 |
A Little Background on MIDI
The Musical Instruments Digital Interface (MIDI) was conceived in the early 1980's as a method to efficiently represent music for use in a variety of applications. While MIDI sequences are not replicas of original music tracks, MIDI sequences have many advantages over digitized music, such as AIFF audio files, and compressed audio formats such as MP3.
In addition, MIDI is designed to connect (interface) between a variety of devices capable of supporting the standard -- everything from keyboards to sythesizers to computers. This means that a composer can use a MIDI-capable keyboard, for example, to record notes and easily transfer the information into a computer where it can be assembled into multi-track recordings and arrangements.
For more detailed information on the MIDI standard, please review the Tutorial on MIDI and Music Synthesis. It contains a thorough overview of the standard and its technical makeup.
MIDI vs. MP3 & RealAudio
MIDI tracks require far less computer overhead than an MP3 file, both in bandwith and processing power. Anyone who has tried to download an MP3 track over a modem can tell you how frustrating it is to wait for a half an hour to download a single music track, only to have the internet connection drop before the entire file downloads, or find that the track is not one you want to listen to.
By contrast, even the slowest modem connection can download an entire MIDI file in less than a minute. MIDI sequences are many times smaller than any form of digitized audio track. A typical MP3 track runs approximately 1,000K of disk space for every minute of music. Even the lowest quality RealAudio stream can run over 100K per minute. But an entire MIDI track seldom runs over 40K -- 95% smaller than an MP3! And the quality never degrades.
MIDI sequences are so much smaller because they do not contain a recording of the music. Instead, they are similar to a player piano, in that they are simply a set on instructions that tell a MIDI-enabled device what notes to play. This information also includes other information, such as the pitch, tempo, and instruments to represent.
MIDI sequences also have considerably more modest system requirements than the various digitized audio formats. Playing RealAudio and MP3 files requires a mid-range Pentium class PC or PowerPC-based Macintosh computer. MIDI files can easily be reproduced on 10 year old computers!
MIDI sequences' compact form makes them ideal for applications where space and computer system overhead are at a premium. For example, video game soundtracks, music for websites, and background accompaniments on synthesizers are all excellent applications for MIDI.
Also, since each instrument in a sequence is represented by steams of information, it is possible for the listener to control which instruments are played, the tempo and the pitch. Conductors can even experiments by changing instruments. This makes MIDI an excellent tool for music instructors, or for individuals or bands learning a new arrangement.
MIDI Backing Tracks and Sequences by Dan Bergstrom and Monster Tracks
The key to MIDI is the experience and talents of the arranger. Dan Bergstrom has created literally thousands of MIDI backing tracks and sequences, both originals and adapted versions of favorites spanning five decades, keeping true to the original artists' sound and feel. His attention to detail is unmatched. In most cases, with the appropriate sound equipment, you'll swear you're listening to a real audio track!
If you have questions about our products and services, please drop us an e-mail at | <urn:uuid:c9726868-58dc-463a-8709-c334df0777e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://monster-tracks.com/aboutmidi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.935001 | 758 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Two devices are said to be equivalent, for a particular measurement technology, if it is proven that all of the hardware and firmware components used in the determination of that measurement are identical for both devices. Components may differ, provided that they are also proven to be equivalent.
The most complete guidelines on how to prove equivalence were drawn up by the Health Technology and Cosmetics department of the European Commission . In simple terms, this involves devising a checklist of everything involved in a device used to measure some medical value. This list is split into two sets, all the items directly involved in the measurement and all of the other items. The list can be filled in for any device and, once this is done, those devices can be compared.
If all of the items directly involved in the measurement match each other then, as far as taking that measurement is concerned, the devices are said to be equivalent and it doesn't matter which device is used. All devices that are proven to be equivalent to each other form a "family" of devices. Equivalence has major consequences because it means that the results, good or bad, of any validation of the measurement technology must be applied to all equivalent devices. It must be proven and peer-reviewed in the same way as any scientific procedure [2, 3].
The comparison does not just end at equivalence – it has another important function in identifying how any pair of equivalent devices actually differ. They are, after all, being sold as being different. This is found by comparing "all the other items". Sometimes one device has a few extra features than another device, like more memory or more analysis of the results. Sometimes they differ in use, like portable and table-top versions. Sometimes the only difference is in the branding but this too is important to prove, as it protects against fake copycat designs.
Devices that are listed as being derivative of other models have been approved for addition to these lists on the basis of information supplied to the BIHS by the manufacturer. This information has not been rigorously tested but has been accepted in good faith.
The term "derivative" is used by some societies as a synonym for equivalence. The BIHS accepts declarations, in good faith, on information supplied on, a short form, by manufacturers [4, 5]. Hypertension Canada require sworn affidavits. The DHL approve devices that are technically identical to another already validated device ("technisch baugleich mit einem bereits validierten anderen Messgerät") but information on how that is determined and on which validated devices are involved is not disclosed . The ESH accept both BIHS and DHL listings but not those of Hypertension Canada .
From a scientific perspective, the declaration, is just the first step in the process [2, 3]. This is no different, in principle, to any validation. No manufacturer is going to send a device for validation unless they believe it to be accurate and have likely tested it thoroughly already in their own internal quality control procedure, often in a dry run of the validation. Indeed, these internal checks are often accepted by regulatory authorities. The problem, of course, is that there are also fake claims by unscrupulous companies – which are often impossible to trace. Genuine errors can also be made. This is why the scientific community requires independent peer-reviewed proof [2, 3] and why the EU has moved to require it also from mid 2020 . The World Hypertension League has called on the private sector and on governmental organisations to ensure that the only automated BP devices that are and that can be sold are those that have been tested independently .
This is why Medaval puts a question watermark (Query-mark) over devices that have not been proven scientifically to be accurate. From a scientific perspective, based on published recommendations, we cannot accept that two devices are equivalent just on the say-so of the manufacturer. However, we recognise where the first step in the process has been taken, and accepted as the complete process by some societies, so we have created an assessment category named "Equivalence awaiting proof".
Medaval has also drawn up, with the assistance of renowned experts, a protocol for comparative-equivalence (emphasising the two important aspects of the checks) in compliance with MEDDEV 2.7/1 rev 4 and EU 2017/745 . Every feature is compared [2, 3] – for instance there are 306 items to be compared for blood pressure monitors at present (the list increases to incorporate new innovations). A full analysis of the two sets of items, with each being divided into three subsets, is carried out and an extensive report is produced for provision to a notary body (for regulation purposes) and a summary report, without sensitive proprietary details, for publication. These are peer reviewed [2, 3].
Validation is not included in the comparative-equivalence procedure, as this is dependent only on the device hardware and firmware. However, once equivalence is proven, a short report is written applying any existing validations to the technology to all devices sharing that technology. Similarly, all subsequent validation information is applied to all devices sharing the technology.
From January 2020, Medaval only accepts equivalences to MDR standards [1, 9]. During this period of transition to MDR standards, devices with declared equivalence/derivative to another device, with published evidence of validation, are indicated as having possible MDR equivalence and are not shown with a Query-mark.
- European Commission – Health Technology and Cosmetics. MEDDEV 2.7/1 rev.4: Guidelines on Medical Devices – Clinical Evaluation: A Guide for Manufacturers and Notified Bodies under Directives 93/42/EEC and 90/385/EEC. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission; June 2016 (65 p). Available from:http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/17522/attachments/1/translations/
- O'Brien E, Stergiou GS. The pursuit of accurate blood pressure measurement: A 35-year travail.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).2017 Aug;19(8):746-752. doi:10.1111/jch.13005. Epub 2017 Apr 21.PMID: 28429879.
- O'Brien E, Stergiou GS, Turner MJ. The quest for accuracy of blood pressure measuring devices. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018 Jul;20(7):1092-1095. doi: 10.1111/jch.13279. PMID: 30003703.
- British and Irish Hypertension Society. BP monitors, Derivative Devices. [Internet] Leicester, UK: BIHS; 2017/2018.https://bihsoc.org/bp-monitors/.
- British and Irish Hypertension Society. Process for Listing of Validated Blood Pressure Monitors. [Internet] Leicester, UK: BIHS; 2017/2018.https://bihsoc.org/bp-monitors/process-for-listing-of-validated-blood-pressure-monitors/.
- Hypertension Canada. Blood Pressure Devices Recommended by Hypertension Canada. [Internet] Markham, Ontario, Canada: Hypertension Canada; 2018.https://hypertension.ca/hypertension-and-you/managing-hypertension/measuring-blood-pressure/devices/.
- Deutsche Hochdruckliga e.V. DHL [German Hypertension League]. Geprüfte Messgeräte 2001-2018 [Tested measuring instruments 2001-2018]. [Internet] Heidelberg, Germany: DHL; 2002-2018.https://www.hochdruckliga.de/messgeraete-mit-pruefsiegel.html.
- Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Myers M, Palatini P, Parati G, Shennan A, Wang J, O'Brien E; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability. Improving the accuracy of blood pressure measurement: the influence of the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol (ESH-IP) for the validation of blood pressure measuring devices and future perspectives. <i>J Hypertens</i>. 2018 Mar;<b>36</b>(3):479-487. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001635. PMID: 29384984
- The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2017 on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC (Text with EEA relevance).Official Journal of the European Union.2017 May 05;60(L 117):1-175. Available from:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0745.
- Campbell NR, Gelfer M, Stergiou GS, Alpert BS, Myers MG, Rakotz MK, Padwal R, Schutte AE, O'Brien E, Lackland DT, Niebylski ML, Nilsson PM, Redburn KA, Zhang XH, Burrell L, Horiuchi M, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, Ramirez AJ, Schiffrin EL, Touyz RM, Wang JG, Weber MA. A Call to Regulate Manufacture and Marketing of Blood Pressure Devices and Cuffs: A Position Statement From the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Supporting Hypertension Organizations.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016 May;18(5):378-80. doi: 10.1111/jch.12782. Epub 2016 Feb 8.PMID: 26852890. | <urn:uuid:acb403ea-d44c-4ecb-aa7c-e2cbf05777ac> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://medaval.ie/device-equivalence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703529331.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122113332-20210122143332-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.897889 | 2,108 | 2.578125 | 3 |
WASHINGTON (AP) - A "Lost World" of undiscovered species of birds,
fish and an unknown dagger-horned mammal has survived a half-century of war and expanding
civilization in Vietnam, wildlife experts say.
If it proves to be a new species, the U.S. and British scientists said the creature-locally
referred to as a "forest goat"-would be one of only a handful of large
mammals newly recorded in the last hundred years.
A recent survey of the relatively untouched Vu Quang Nature Reserve by a team from
the Vietnamese government and the World Wildlife Fund documented preliminary evidence
of two previously unknown bird species, at least one new fish, an unknown tortoise
with a striking yellow shell, and the goat-like mammal.
"The horns are quite unlike those of other goats previously recorded,"
said British scientist John MacKinnon, who led the World Wildlife Fund expedition
in May. He said it could be another kind of bovid, or hooved animal.
"It's in a lost world that modern science had never before looked at,"
With most of Indochina heavily populated and so ravaged by wartime herbicides and
bombing, stepping into Vu Quang is "like opening a door into a lost and neglected
place," MacKinnon said. "Biologically it's not like the rest of Indochina."
Officials of the World Wildlife Fund said the relatively untouched Vu Quang area
spreads over 182 square kilometers along a steep stretch of land near the Lao border,
a 10-hour overland trip from Hanoi. The wildlife group is urging Laos to establish
a reserve in the adjacent area, Hulse said.
The Vu Quang area originally was set aside and protected as a cultural reserve because
it provided refuge for a local hero who had rebelled against the French, MacKinnon
"This is the first time that anyone has looked at it biologically," he
said. The Wildlife Fund said Vietnam has a large system of protected areas, including
national parks and forest reserves. The local government overseeing Vu Quang and
the national Ministry of Forestry have agreed to ban logging in the area and expand
the nature reserve, he said. | <urn:uuid:d36f17e2-b919-42fb-b3d2-77803d5b47a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/scientists-find-new-species-vietnam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867417.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526131802-20180526151802-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.953296 | 465 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The English language has evolved over the centuries. It incorporates new words, and phases old words out of common use. Variants that had previously been considered inferior rise to prominence, and come to be accepted.
Language shift can be a beautiful thing. English is constantly changing, which can make it difficult for writers who are just starting to hone their craft, and new speakers of English, to find their footing.
Empathetic and empathic, two words for the same concept, are an excellent example of this evolution. Neither was widely used until the 20th century, at which point empathic quickly became the preferred term. In recent years, empathetic has gained some standing, and may someday overtake empathic in the race for acceptance.
For now, though, empathic remains the accepted term. Continue reading to discover why.
What is the Difference Between Empathic and Empathetic?
In this article, I will compare empathic vs. empathetic. I will include example sentences containing both of these words. Plus, at the end, I will also reveal a useful trick to remember if you can’t decide whether to use empathic or empathetic in your writing.
When to Use Empathic
What does empathic mean? Empathic is an adjective. It means having the ability to take another’s perspective. In common usage, it also usually entails a sensitivity to other people’s emotions.
- Julie is a very empathic person.
- An empathic nature may not confer an advantage in all professions.
- Typical children develop a theory of mind using skills accumulated in the first five years of life, at which point they begin to show rudimentary empathic abilities.
- But, when it came to winning rewards for others, those who were more empathic were quicker learners. –The Guardian
When to Use Empathetic
What does empathetic mean? Empathetic is a variant of empathic. It likely found popularity as an analogy to the word sympathetic. It has never been as widely used as empathy. You can see the usage of empathic vs. empathetic in the graph below.
This chart isn’t scientifically exact. It only draws from books written in English since 1800, ignoring other print sources like newspapers, journals, and other periodicals. Even so, it is still useful for identifying a long term trend. As you can see, empathic has been preferred since the early 20th century, when both of these words first gained popularity.
Trick to Remember the Difference
Here is a helpful trick to remember empathetic vs. empathic.
For now, you should always choose empathic. Empathetic is less common, and while there may come a day when it becomes the preferred variant, this switch hasn’t happened yet. Empathic is the correct word to use in all contexts today.
Remembering to choose empathic is easy, since empathetic contains the word pathetic, and you should try not to be pathetic. This is a very blunt mnemonic. It may come across as overly harsh, but it’s also more memorable as a result.
Is it empathic or empathetic? Empathic and empathetic are adjectives, and are two words for the concept of being able to adopt another person’s perspective and emotions.
- Empathic has been, and still is, the accepted variant.
- You can remember to avoid empathetic since it contains the word pathetic, and you should try not to be pathetic in your writing.
If you need help remembering whether to choose empathetic or empathic, you can always refer back to this article for a refresher. | <urn:uuid:e923ef7b-b427-4d58-a1ad-0aad64a657e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://writingexplained.org/empathic-vs-empathetic-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704820894.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127024104-20210127054104-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.942284 | 765 | 3.53125 | 4 |
A glance at a traditional map shows neatly printed names and sharp lines dividing countries from one another. When the view switches to satellite imagery, human political boundaries usually disappear. But sometimes the political realities of a country are written into the landscape, and never was that more clear than in this image of the Mexico-Guatemala border.
Produced in 1988, the Landsat image above starkly shows a line between forest clearing in Mexico and untouched forest in Guatemala. It became the driving force behind the protection of 4 million acres of land in Guatemala and cooperative conservation efforts across the border in Mexico.
It was a fortuitous accident that anyone saw the deforestation at all. In the late 1980s, local authorities were planning to dam the Usumacinta River for hydroelectric power. However, a number of ancient Mayan cities were tucked into that river valley, and conservationists and archaeologists wanted to make sure that they were preserved. The National Geographic Society partnered with NASA to document both the known and undiscovered archeological sites before the damming of the river.
As part of that effort, archeologist Tom Sever put together two Landsat scenes: the western portion of the river as seen from Landsat 4 on May 20, 1988, and the eastern part from Landsat 5 on April 14, 1986. Mexico’s relative politcal stability had led to agricultural development and clearing of the forest. At the same time, Guatemala’s ongoing civil war saw rebels living in the Petén and, as a side effect, limiting development of the forest.
The border image, published in National Geographic’s October 1989 issue, started a discussion about conservation between the presidents of Guatemala and Mexico that led to cooperative planning of parks in both countries. According to Sever, President Cerezo told Sever and colleagues that the border image was the deciding factor that led to the Guatemalan Congress approving his creation the Maya Biosphere Reserve in 1990.
Read more about this story here. | <urn:uuid:999562b5-7616-4d33-9070-80ba06c64037> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=78600 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998844.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618223541-20190619005541-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.967613 | 399 | 4.0625 | 4 |
How parents can help
As a parent, it is a pleasure to get involved in your five-month-old baby's development. Parents play a critical role in promoting infant development socially and physically. At this age, learning and play are inseparable. Hence, spend time with your baby to help them reach their developmental milestones
Communication and language development
Talking to your baby
You can promote your child’s development by
- Asking questions to your child.
- Responding to your child’s coos and gurgles.
- Describing what you see, hear and smell to your child.
- Using simple words such as baby, cat, go, hot, walk and cold.
Read to your baby
Reading to your baby develops speech and thought.
- Make sounds while reading, so that your child mimics them.
- Use large, brightly-colored picture books.
- Point to and name some common objects.
Physical or motor development
You should often change the baby's position by laying them on their abdomen for a few minutes while you supervise them. While the baby lies on their abdomen
- Hold a colorful toy to make noises to encourage your baby to lift their head.
- Hold your baby’s hand and gently pull them up to a standing position.
- Once your baby’s ready, try a sitting position. Make sure to place pillows for support or hold the baby while they sit.
Play favorite games
Try playing favorite games with your baby to develop their physical and motor skills.
- Play peekaboo with your child.
- Hide one of your baby’s toys with the corner of a blanket and encourage them to find it.
- Ask your child playfully, “Where are your toes?” then touch your child’s toes and say, “Here are your toes!”
Offer simple toys
Babies at this age often enjoy colorful toys, especially those that make sounds. You can
- Try a musical toy, rattle with a handle, softball or wooden spoon.
- Put out only one or two toys at a time for your baby to focus on.
- Place one toy out of reach to encourage your baby to stretch and creep.
- Shake a rattle behind your baby’s head and let them turn and grab it.
Social and emotional development
Take time to cuddle
Give your baby all the cuddles and love that they deserve. Also, do not forget to
- Give gentle caresses and tender kisses to make your baby feel safe and secure.
- Hold or rock your baby and talk slowly or sing soothing songs.
- Cuddle, talk and play with your baby while feeding, dressing and bathing.
- Hold, talk to and smile at your baby.
Let the child set their pace
- Give your baby a break when they are upset or fussy.
- Try to understand their unique personality, temperament, likes and dislikes.
- Respond to your baby’s needs to build trust. | <urn:uuid:c7409608-362c-46a3-87a8-7515d9589cfe> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.rxlist.com/how_can_i_help_my_5-month-old_babys_development/article.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.923637 | 641 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Children and adults alike look forward to Easter breaks with great gusto. After the Christmas holiday, the springtime celebration of Easter is a time of great joy and provides a welcome break for all.
In this article, we will discuss the tradition of Easter breaks in the UK and how they help with the stress experienced by students and working people. We will also look at how CBD helps in countering the everyday stresses of life.
When Is Easter Celebrated in the UK?
Easter is a major religious occasion for Christians and is celebrated with great fervour. The holiday revolves around the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Unlike other holidays like Halloween and Christmas which fall on fixed dates, Easter can fall on a Sunday anytime between March 22nd and April 25th.
In the UK, schoolchildren usually get around two weeks off for the Easter break. College and University students also get a welcome break from their stressful studies. In the weeks leading to the break, children participate in activities at schools such as Easter egg hunts and take-home art projects that represent Easter.
They make flowers that symbolize the start of spring, Easter eggs that signify new life and Easter bunnies that express fertility. People usually celebrate with their families by eating chocolate eggs and traditional foods.
The Stress Factor- College Students
The Covid-19 pandemic has led to increased stress levels for people in all walks of life. College students who already have challenging academic studies have to now adapt to a system of online learning. This isolated learning and increased workload have caused a lot of mental health suffering.
The Easter break offers a chance for students to unwind. During the Easter break, students can take a break from continuous online classes and relax with their families. The Easter break also helps reduce stress by giving students a chance to explore new activities. They can:
- volunteer with charitable organisations
- plan trips to explore the countryside
- indulge in some spring cleaning!
- improve their physical fitness by joining a gym
- sit back and relax with friends.
The list is endless, but the main thing is that Easter break (with its never-ending supply of chocolate), does help in reducing stress.
Stress For School Teachers
Easter provides a welcome break for stressed schoolteachers too. Teachers of late had to resort to remote learning. Planning and delivering lectures online and managing the student workload has led to increased stress levels experienced by teachers.
With the pandemics showing no signs of abating anytime soon, working from home has become the new norm. Stress seems like a constant companion for all working people in 2021. Working or studying in isolation too brings its own set of problems. From internet access problems to difficulties juggling multiple tasks, the daily routine gets stressful.
Holidays such as Easter break provide a welcome opportunity for schoolteachers and all working professionals to unwind. They get to spend uninterrupted time with families and relax with their favourite hobbies. However, breaks are not the only thing that can help reduce stress. Products containing CBD can help reduce anxiety and stress levels.
CBD For Stress
CBD can be a useful way to help calm stress, anxiety, and depression. Some studies show that CBD can alter the serotonin signals in your body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays an important part in governing your mental health. CBD oil and capsules are some of the best ways to introduce cannabidiol in your daily routine.
Cannabinoid oil or CBD oil is made from the stems and leaves of hemp plants. It is non-psychoactive and does not induce a ‘high’ feeling. There are several ways stressed students and working professionals can take CBD oil. You can put a few drops directly under your tongue, mix it in your favourite food or drink or inhale it by using CBD vapes.
All these different forms offer their advantages, but the bottom line remains the same. Students and working professionals alike can calm their stress down by using CBD oil before exams or important presentations.
CBD capsules offer an easy and discreet way to consume CBD at any time. You can keep track of your dosage as each capsule come pre-portioned. They are also easy to swallow and carry around in a bag or purse.
Working professionals such as schoolteachers can take them inconspicuously before giving a lecture to reduce stress. Students can take CBD capsules before an important exam to calm themselves.
Everyone needs a break now and then to escape from their hectic lives. Students and teachers alike face a tough academic year and Easter break come as a welcome opportunity to destress. However, you can always look at CBD to help reduce stress.
CBD products can help you relax during your ongoing semester or while working away in an office. They can even help you relax during the Easter breaks. After all, who doesn’t want something to counter the holiday stress? | <urn:uuid:09e1c7cb-6b81-40e1-9af5-9894f7d5b928> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.candidmagazine.com/using-cbd-to-relieve-holiday-stress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057508.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924080328-20210924110328-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.961932 | 996 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Lumad are a group of Austronesian indigenous people in the southern Philippines. It is a Cebuano term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for Katawhang Lumad (Literally: "indigenous people"), the autonym officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog, Kidapawan, Cotabato, Philippines. It is the self-ascription and collective identity of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao.
|Regions with significant populations|
| Philippines |
|Manobo languages, Chavacano (in Zamboanga region), Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Filipino, English|
|Christianity (Roman Catholic, Protestant) and Animist|
|Related ethnic groups|
|Bajau people, Moro, Visayans, Filipinos, other Austronesian peoples|
- 1 History
- 2 Ethnic groups
- 3 Languages
- 4 Musical heritage
- 5 Social issues
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
The name Lumad grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the martial law regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations which formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao’s main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had the express goal in the past.
Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the three major groups of the T'boli, the Teduray. The choice of a Cebuano word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other common language except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of the Moros and different from the migrant majority and their descendants.
The Lumad are the un-Islamized and un-Christianized Austronesian peoples of Mindanao. They include groups like the Erumanen ne Menuvu', Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo, Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Bukidnon, Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan, Subanen, Tasaday, Tboli, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas.
The term lumad excludes the Butuanons and Surigaonons, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their Visayan ethnicity and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The Moros like the Maranao, Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing, since the word lumad literally means "native" in the Visayan languages.
The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the Bukidnon plateau of Mindanao. Bukidnon means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands. The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire province in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the collective name of the permanent residents in the province regardless of ethnicity.
The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in Malaybalay city's Kaamulan Festival, with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, the Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and the Tigwahanon).
The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct and should not be confused with a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively called Bukidnon.
The Higaonon is located on the provinces of Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Camiguin (used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in Iligan City, and Lanao del Norte. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is the most important economic activity.
The word Higaonon is derived from the word "Higad" in the Higaonon dialect which means coastal plains and "Gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains. Taken together, Higaonon, means the people of the coastal plains that ascended to the mountains. Higaonons were formerly coastal people of the provinces as mentioned who resisted the Spanish occupation. Driven to the hills and mountains these people continued to exist and fought for the preservation of the people, heritage and culture.
Also spelled "Kalagan" or (by the Spanish) "Caragan", is a subroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the Kalagan language. They are native to areas within Davao del Sur, Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte (including Samal Island), Davao Oriental, and North Cotabato; between the territories of the Blaan people and the coastline. They are closely related to the Tagakaolo people and are sometimes grouped together. The Caraga region is named after them. Their name means "spirited people" or "brave people", from kalag, ("spirit" or "soul"). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270.
The Mamanwa is a Negrito tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from Leyte, Agusan del Norte, and Surigao provinces in Mindanao; primarily in Kitcharao and Santiago, Agusan del Norte, though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland living Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones.
These peoples are traditionally hunter-gatherers and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from tropical rainforest. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito" phenotype with dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature. The origins of this phenotype (found in the Agta, Ati, and Aeta tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia.
However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago.
Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies in each Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use such as cell phones, televisions, radio, processed foods, etc.
The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and are expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a Tambayon, usually takes over the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies. They believe in a collection of spirits, which are governed by the supreme deity Magbabaya, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities/populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produce excellent winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers.
Mamanwa (also spelled Mamanoa) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words man (first) and banwa (forest). They speak the Mamanwa language (or Minamanwa). They are genetically related to the Denisovans.
"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first," and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river," and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in Compostela Valley (formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province).
Manobo is the hispanicized spelling of the endonym Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form it means 'person' or 'people'. It is believed that it is derived from the rootword tuvu which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus Man[t]uvu would be "[native]-grown" or "aboriginal").
The Manobo are probably the most diverse ethnic groups of the Philippines in the relationships and names of the groups that belong to this family of languages. The total current Manobo population is not known, although they occupy core areas from Sarangani island into the Mindanao mainland in the regions of Agusan, Davao, Bukidnon, Surigao, Misamis, and Cotabato. A study by the journal NCCP-PACT put their population in 1988 at around 250,000. The groups occupy such a wide area of distribution that localized groups have assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping such as the Bagobo or the Higaonon, and the Atta. Depending on specific linguistic points of view, the membership of a dialect with a supergroup shifts.
The term "Mansaka" derives from "man" with literal meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend," and means "the first people to ascend mountains/upstream." The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur. Specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan, Maragusan, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.
Bukidnon groups who are found in the Tigwa-Salug Valley in San Fernando in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the Davao River)". Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct sub-group.
The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the Sangihe and Talaud Islands (now part of Indonesia) and parts of Davao Occidental (particularly in the Sarangani Islands), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and North Cotabato. Their populations (much like the Sama-Bajau) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the colonial era. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to Protestant Christianity due to proximity and contact with the Christian Minahasa people of Sulawesi. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to Islam due to the influence of the neighboring Sultanate of Maguindanao. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both Manado Malay and Cebuano are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the Sangirese language. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown, but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.
The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters.
History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.
Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in Mindanao. Their traditional territories is in Davao Del Sur and the Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province.Tagakaulo means living in mountain. The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the gulf of Davao and south of Mt. Apo. a long time ago.
The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate hoax, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed.
The Teduray/Tiruray people live in the municipalities of Datu Blah T. Sinsuat, Upi, and South Upi in southwestern Maguindanao Province; and in Lebak municipality, northwestern Sultan Kudarat Province. They speak the Tiruray language, which is related to Bagobo, B'laan, and T'boli. Coastal Tirurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tirurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring Muslims and Christians people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.
The Tboli are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They term themselves Tboli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the literature; some publications present the Teboli and the Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The Tbolis, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Alah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim and Kiamba. In former times, the Tbolis also inhabited the upper Alah Valley floor.
The Lumad peoples speak Philippine languages belonging to various branches. These include:
Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of Agung ensembles – ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad controlled an area which now covers 17 of Mindanao’s 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and Sulu. Significant migration to Mindanao of Visayans, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programmes, turned the Lumad into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%.
Lumad have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that ‘a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of unoccupied land within the communal territory.’ Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land and the mineral resources below the land.
Unlike the Moros, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in armed struggle against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests. However, the Moro armed groups and the Communist-led New People’s Army (NPA) have recruited Lumad to their ranks, and the armed forces have also recruited them into paramilitary organisations to fight the Moros or the NPA.
For the Lumad, securing their rights to ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros’ quest for self-determination. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a T'boli leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the MNLF, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice … we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands."
The Lumad are people from various ethnic groups in Mindanao island. Residing in their ancestral lands, they are often evicted and displaced due to the Moro people's claim on the same territory. The Lumad have lost parts of their ancestral land due to a failure to understand the modern land tenure system. Some NGOs have established schools in their communities, purportedly to supply essential knowledge for the tribe members that would protect their rights, property and culture. However, the Lumad communities are located in mountains that are distant from urban areas. These areas are also the location sites of armed conflict between the New People's Army (NPA) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Caught in the conflict, the Lumad people's education, property, and security are endangered because of the increasing amount of violent confrontations by the armed parties. In Surigao del Sur, a barangay was evacuated to shelter sites in Tandag City due to increasing military and NPA activity.
Manila-based activist groups claim that the Lumad territory were being militarized by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and that community leaders and teachers were being detained by the military on suspicion of being rebels. They also say that alternative schools within the communities (aided by NGOs and universities) face concerns of closing down or demolition of their property, with some buildings converted by the military for their use. They have staged demonstrations to gain the public's attention, calling for the halt of the alleged militarization of Lumad communities. Groups like the Manilakbayan supported the movements through recruitment and the handing out of national situationers to students to spread awareness about the Lumad's dilemma. The Philippines' Commission on Human Rights (CHR) has been investigating the incidents in regard to the 2015 murder of Lumad leaders and a school official by a paramilitary group called Magahat/Bagani (in line with the idea of CAFGU) created by the AFP to hunt for NPA members. The AFP denies the allegation and attributes the killings to tribal conflict. However, the AFP has admitted that CAFGU has Lumad recruits within its ranks while asserting that the NPA has also recruited Lumad for the group. There is also delay of a decision on the CHR investigation due to the noncooperation of the Lumad group after the interruption of the investigation by the spokesman of Kalumaran Mindanao, Kerlan Fanagel. Fanagel insists that the group need not have another 'false' dialogue with the CHR since CHR has yet to present the results/findings of the investigations from the past months when Lumad leaders were killed. Because of the lack of data, CHR decided to postpone the presentation of their initial report to the second week of December 2015.
However, these accusations were refuted by some Lumad leaders who instead claim that it is the NPA who are responsible for the killings and that none of the alleged "militarization" is actually happening. Datu Malapandaw Nestor Apas of the Langilan Manobo people in Davao del Norte said, "There are no armed government forces in the community. The NPA rebels are the ones occupying our area to control indigenous peoples and seize ancestral lands." They also accuse protesters in Manila of pretending to be Lumad by wearing Lumad clothing, denying that the Lumad participating in rallies in Manila were members of Lumad tribes. They have also held anti-NPA rallies in Mindanao. There have also been several assassinations on Lumad leaders sympathetic to the government blamed on NPA members. Some of which are acknowledged by NPA members.
In 2018, Duterte threatened to shut down or destroy NGO-funded community schools because of suspicions that they radicalize Lumad students into joining the NPA communist rebels. This was supported by some Lumad leaders, who also felt that they were being infiltrated by the NPA and their children being exploited.
In August 9, Lumad evacuees in Surigao del Sur formally returned to their homes after days to months in evacuation camps.
- Ethnic groups in the Philippines
- Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
- Manobo languages
- Filipino people
- Davaoeño people
- Moro people
- Sama-Bajau peoples
- Tagalog people
- Kapampangan people
- Ilocano people
- Ivatan people
- Igorot people
- Pangasinan people
- Bicolano people
- Visayan people
- Moro people
- Rodil, Rudy B. "The Tri-People Relationship and the Peace Process in Mindanao". Archived from the original on 5 August 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- 31 October 2006, Kidapawan City, Philippines. Contributed by Pependayan, LMPF Secretary General from 1988–1999
- B’laan women record dreams in woven mats – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- "Bukidnon". Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- Bukidnon heritage kept alive, Dr. Antonio Montalvan II Archived 25 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine", inq7.net (accessed through seasite.niu.edu on 3 February 2010)
- Kaamulan Festival Archived 10 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Bukidnon.gov (accessed 3 February 2010)
- "CARAGA Region History and Geography". National Nutrition Council. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "It's Kagan, not Kalagan, new city ordinance says". SunStar Philippines. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Peoples of the Philippines: Kalagan". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "mazing History about Camiguin Island". Bintana sa Paraiso. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- Anthropology Museum: Mamanwa
- Omoto K. 1989. Genetic studies of human populations in Asian-Pacific area with special reference to the origins of the Negritos. In: Hhba H, Hayami I, Michizuki K, orgs. Current Aspects of Biogeography in West Pacific and East Asian Regions. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Nature and Culture: 1.
- Barrows DP. 1910. The negrito and allied types in the Philippines. Am Anthropol 12:358-376.
- The HUGO Pan-Asian Consortium. 2009. Mapping Genetic Diversity in Asia. Science. 326:1541–1545. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5959/1541.short
- Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Kayser, Manfred; Stoneking, Mark (2013). "Genome-wide data substantiates Holocene gene ?ow from India to Australia". PNAS. 110 (5): 1803–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211927110. PMC 3562786. PMID 23319617.
- https://ucsc.academia.edu/EmeraldSnow/Papers/187939/Life-history_reproductive_maturity_and_the_evolution_of_small_body_size_The_Mamanwa_negritos_of_northern_Mindanao[permanent dead link]
- Cashdan, E. A. (1980), Egalitarianism Among Hunters and Gatherers. American Anthropologist, 82: 116–120. doi:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100/abstract
- "Agusan-Surigao Historical Archive". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- "Mamanwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- Reich, D.; Patterson, N.; Kircher, M.; Delfin, F.; Nandineni, M.R.; Pugach, I.; et al. (2011). "Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 89 (4): 516–528. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC 3188841. PMID 21944045.
- Sevilla, Ester Orlida (1979). A Study of the Structure and Style of Two Manuvu Epic Songs in English Translation. University of San Carlos. p. 13.
- "Binantazan nga Banwa / Binantajan nu Bubungan, Philippines". ICCA Registry. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- Felix, Leny E. (2004). "Exploring the Indigenous Local Governance of Manobo Tribes in Mindanao" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Public Administration. 48XLVIII (1 & 2): 124–154.
- Fuentes, Vilma May A.; De La Cruz, Edito T. (1980). A Treasure of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 2.
- "Matigsalug". Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- "Peoples of the Philippines: Sangil (Sangir/Marore)". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- "Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency". sp2010.bps.go.id. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- Shinzō Hayase (2007). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96. ISBN 97-155-0511-2.
- Basa, Mick (9 March 2014). "The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao". Rappler. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
- http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rop3=109689&rog3=RP Joshua Project – Bagobo, Tagabawa of Philippines Ethnic Profile
- "Tagakaolo". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- "Talaandigs". Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- Shaping and Reshaping the Tasaday: A Question of Cultural Identity—A Review Article, AA Yengoyan – The Journal of Asian Studies, 1991
- Invented Eden: The Elusive, Disputed History of the Tasaday, Robin Hemley. U of Nebraska Press, 2007
- "Tiruray". Ethnic Groups of the Philippines.
- "Tigwahanon". Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- "Manobo, Umayamnon in Philippines". The Unknown. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- "Umayamnon". Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
- Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings. Retrieved 25 February 2006.
- Mindanao, Land of Promise Archived 28 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- Acosta, J. R. Nereus O. Loss, Emergence, and Retribalization: The Politics of Lumad Ethnicity in Northern Mindanao (Philippines). N.p.: n.p., 1994. Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/. Dissertion Committee, May 1994. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Oona Paredes (2015) Indigenous vs. native: negotiating the place of Lumad in the Bangsamoro homeland, Asian Ethnicity, 16:2, 166-185, doi: 10.1080/14631369.2015.1003690
- FIANZA, MYRTHENA L. "Contesting Land and Identity In The Periphery: The Moro Indigenous People of Southern Philippines." https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu. PSI-SDLAP, n.d. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Pangandoy: The Manobo Fight for Land, Education and Their Future. Dir. Hiyasmin Saturay. Perf. Manobo, Talaingod Manobo. Salugpongan Ta' Tanu Igkanogon, 2015. Documentary.
- Labrador, Kriztja Marae G. "Shelter Sites for Lumads Congested." Www.sunstar.com.ph. Sunstar Davao, 10 December 2014. Web. 6 November 2015.
- Cruz, Tonyo. "#StopLumadKillings: What You Need to Know." Tonyocruz.com. N.p., 4 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Reyes, Rex R.B., Jr. "ON THE MILITARIZATON AND IMPENDING CLOSURE OF LUMAD SCHOOLS IN MINDANAO." NCCP. National Council of Churches in the Philippines, 5 June 2014. Web. 5 November 2015.
- PULUMBARIT, VERONICA. "Italian priest the third from PIME murdered in Mindanao? gmanetwork.com. GMA NEWS, 17 October 2011. Web. 05, November 2015
- Mateo, Janvic. "Lumads Demand End to Violence." Philstar.com. Philstar, 27 October 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Templa, Mae Fe. "STATEMENT: Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquino's Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan." MindaNews STATEMENT Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquinos Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan Comments. Minda News, 5 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- "NPA Created the Conflict in Lumad Tribes - Office of The Army Chief." Philippine Information Agency. Republic of the Philippines, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Romero, Alexis. "AFP Denies Forced Recruitment, Extrajudicial Killings of Lumads." Philstar.com. Philstar, 4 November 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- BOLINGET, WINDEL. "'Lumad' Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict." Inquirer Opinion Lumad Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict Comments. Inquirer, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
- Ramirez, Robertzon. "Lumads Refuse Dialogue with CHR." Philstar.com. The Philippine Star, 29 October 2015. Web. 6 November 2015.
- "Karapatan asks UN to probe Lumad killings in Mindanao". Philstar.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- Leonen, Julius N. "Militant group seeks UN probe on Lumad killings". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- Romero, Alexis (15 September 2015). "Lumad leaders blame NPA for Mindanao killings". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Uson, Mocha. "NPA killing Lumads?". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (17 October 2018). "Lumad leaders meet with PNP chief; deny joining NPA". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Crismundo, Mike (11 December 2018). "Lumads, tribal leaders hold anti-NPA rally". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Manos, Merlyn (9 February 2018). "Lumad leader killed by NPA in Surigao del Norte — military". GMA News Online. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Nawal, Allan; Magbanua, Williamor (10 April 2018). "NPA rebels admit killing 'lumad' leader". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Basa, Mick (14 February 2018). "NPA congratulates fighters for killing Lumad father, son". Rappler. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- "IPs on Lumad killings: the war isn't ours, but why are we the ones suffering". News5. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- "Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools". ABS-CBN News.
- Colina, Antonio L., IV (4 December 2018). "Lumad group condemns CPP-NPA and release of Talaingod 18". MindaNews. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Gagalac, Ron (6 December 2018). "Some Lumad leaders call for Red-tagged schools' shutdown". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- Andrade, Jeanette I. (7 December 2018). "'Lumad' leaders want schools shut". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- "Lumad evacuees go back home". The Philippine Star. | <urn:uuid:42cbd463-9b4d-424c-8a96-6f0384afd526> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaya | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670601.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120185646-20191120213646-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.918767 | 7,853 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Prophets, priests, scientists and environmentalists have been gleefully predicting the end of the world for several millennia but it wont happen. One of the reasons that the human species has been so successful has been our ability to adapt to changing environments, enabling us, like viruses, to colonise almost every part of the planet, and make use of every available resource.
But there is a problem – we have made use of every available resource, and while some, like silicon make up 25.7% of the Earth’s crust by weight and are to all intents and purposes inexhaustible, many others such as indium are not. The problem is compounded by many of the scarcer elements being a small cog in a large wheel, so while materials such as aluminium, steel and many plastics can and are recycled, recovering the small amounts of indium from broken touch screens is neither feasible or cost effective.
So what can we do with increasingly scarce resources? The problems with elements, as opposed to compounds, is that as fundamental building blocks we cannot create more material, and nor is there an abundant source of material containing the elements in question. If we need hydrogen or oxygen they can be simply made from water, but there are few abundant compounds containing rare earths. As a result we need to find a new solution, and quickly. | <urn:uuid:e6a3e8f0-5c21-4687-9cca-894615700e39> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.cientifica.com/research/white-papers/sustainable-technologies-for-the-next-decade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297831.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00105-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966801 | 272 | 3.09375 | 3 |
ABU BAKR ابو بكر
Of the origin of his name, there are various explanations. Some think that it means “the father of the maiden,” and that he received this title because he was the father of ‘Ayishah, whom Muhammad married when she was only nine years old. His original name was ‘Abd ‘l-Ka’bah (which the Prophet changed into ‘Abdu ‘llah) Ibn Abi Quhafah. He was the first Khalifah, or successor of Muhammad. [SHI'AH] Muslim writers praise him for the purity of his life, and call him as-Siddiq, the Veracious. He only reigned two years, and died August 22nd, A.D. 634.
Based on Hughes, Dictionary of Islam | <urn:uuid:c513d9bf-4c01-49cc-ac3a-63fd14a6c299> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.juancole.com/library/dictionary-of-islam-hughes/abu-bakr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136963.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00225-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990673 | 180 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- Historical event:
- 11 May 1888
- Admiral Willis A. Lee was a cousin of the famous American General Robert E. Lee - the leading Confederate commander from the time of the Civil War. Out of seven Olympic medals, Admiral Lee won five gold, one silver, and one bronze.
On this day in 1888, Admiral Willis A. Lee was born as a cousin of the famous American General Robert E. Lee – the leading Confederate commander from the time of the Civil War.
In his youth, Willis A. Lee attended the famous United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, near the U.S. capital Washington, DC. The academy at Annapolis is for the Navy what West Point is for the Army. So, the most distinguished officers are educated there, and later often become admirals.
After graduating at the Academy, Willis A. Lee served as a naval officer on American battleships and destroyers. During World War II, Willis A. Lee was promoted to the rank of admiral.
It is particularly interesting that Willis A. Lee won as many as seven medals for the United States at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp.
Of these, five were gold, one silver, and one bronze. The medals were won in shooting events, which he was passionate about since his youth.
During World War II, Admiral Willis A. Lee made an interesting use of his shooting experience at sea battles. In fact, he looked at the big guns on battleships through his knowledge of the laws of ballistics. He now had a chance to try it out in practice.
Namely, at the Battle of Guadalcanal in 1942, he commanded two heavy battleships – the USS Washington and USS South Dakota. With his flagship USS Washington, he targeted the Japanese battleship Kirishima, which was under the command of Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondo.
With his ship’s gunfire, Willis damaged the Japanese ship to that extent that the Japanese were forced to abandon and scuttle it. It was the only time in World War II that someone sank an enemy battleship in a one-on-one battle.
Unfortunately, the sunken ship took the bodies of approximately 300 Japanese with her to the bottom.
Admiral Lee did not live to see the end of the war. He died of a heart attack about a week before the Japanese surrendered. | <urn:uuid:6c412de2-9db1-4ed5-af41-c47db3f84951> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://history.info/on-this-day/1888-willis-a-lee-the-admiral-who-won-seven-olympic-medals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104512702.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705022909-20220705052909-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.984699 | 493 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Clinton’s Historical Gaffe Has a History. Just Check Her Record.News at Home
tags: Hillary Clinton, election 2016, Clinton
Martha S. Jones is Presidential Bicentennial Professor at the University of Michigan where she is a members of the faculties in History, Afroamerican and African Studies, and Law. She is editor of Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women (UNC Press 2015) and the Birthright Citizens: A History of Race and Rights in Antebellum America, forthcoming from Cambridge University Press.
Hillary Clinton’s debate gaffe on the history of Reconstruction was not unexpected. In 2008 her error about the anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman nearly undermined Clinton’s endorsement of Barack Obama. Eight years ago, just as she stepped up to support the Democratic party nominee, Clinton perilously confused fiction with history.
Many had characterized the 2008 primary contest between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama as pitting women’s interests against those of black Americans. Primary candidate Clinton had avoided questions about the influence of race and sex on presidential politics. But as the Democrats galvanized behind Obama, the once reluctant Clinton seized the question. She took the stage at the Democratic National Convention in August with one aim: Persuading women supporters to back Obama in the general election.
Clinton’s speech offered a vision for reconciling the party’s race-gender divide. And history was her principle tool. She began by invoking the Nineteenth Amendment’s 88th anniversary: “I’m a United States Senator because in 1848 a group of courageous women and a few brave men gathered in Seneca Falls, New York … to participate in the first convention on women’s rights in our history. 88 years ago on this day the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote was enshrined in our constitution.” Somewhat predictably, Clinton allied herself with the early history of the women’s movement.
What about race? Clinton continued, still leaning on history: “How do we give the country back to [courageous Americans who defy the odds?] By following the example of a brave New Yorker ….” At this point, listeners expected Clinton to invoke Frederick Douglass, who spent many years in up-state Rochester, New York. But Clinton surprised listeners as she continued: “…a woman who risked her life to bring slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad. On that path to freedom Harriet Tubman had one piece of advice. If you hear the dogs, keep going. If you see the torches in the woods, keep going. If they’re shouting after you, keep going. Don’t ever stop, keep going. If you want a taste of freedom, keep going.”
It was inspired political theater and the convention hall roared. Clinton offered a resolution to the race-sex divide and it came in the form of a black women. Indeed, Clinton’s implicit pairing of two histories – that of women rights and antislavery – through the example of Tubman suggested to the party that a dichotomy between race and sex was false: Not all Democratic women were white, nor were all black Democrats men.
The following day commentators scrutinized Clinton’s remarks. Most knew of Tubman’s courageous leadership among fugitive slaves. Still, questions emerged about the veracity of Clinton’s words. ”Did Harriet Tubman Really Say That?” queried the New York Times. The answer, unfortunately for Clinton, was “no.” Clinton had relied upon a fictionalized Harriet Tubman rather than the woman herself. Historian Milton Sernett puzzled over Clinton’s quote. Tubman had not been a literate person, he explained, and so most of what is attributed to her is mediated through others. Clinton’s specific quote, Sernett went on, approximated a four-line quatrain often repeated in children’s literature. There was no evidence that Tubman ever uttered such words. Historian Kate Larson agreed. Clinton had relied upon fictional accounts of Tubman’s life written more than a half-century earlier. Both Sernett and Lawson attempted to prop Clinton up. As Larson put it, the words were in the spirit of Tubman who “encouraged black and white women to stick together” to win the battle for the right to vote. But no such gesture could cover up how research had gone wrong behind the scenes of Clinton’s campaign.
Hillary Clinton is not the only candidate to wield history and this week’s gaffe over the history of Reconstruction is a cautionary tale. Leadership requires more than history as parody or fiction. Let’s hope, before next invoking the nation’s past, the Clinton team does their homework. | <urn:uuid:9ba827d1-2174-450f-a68c-ce9a7eefae98> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://b.marfeel.com/amp/historynewsnetwork.org/article/161886 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320224824-20180321004824-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.950871 | 1,003 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The notion that intelligence is a very basic form of energy (a particular pattern of light) that suffuses the universe is moving through the minds of the world’s most advanced thinkers as surely as a warming wind moves through cool trees in the springtime. To see intelligence as a force in the universe – an actual component of the cosmos – is not the same as ascribing intelligence some simply-defined design function or necessary teleology. Instead, intelligence is seen as something that occurs naturally in an energetic system. An intelligent process, at its most basic level, exhibits attributes of nascent awareness.
One of the most basic ways in which elementary particles, such as photons, exhibit these proto-conscious attributes is demonstrated by the phenomenon of entanglement. Entangled photons can be said to possess a rudimentary awareness of each other’s existence. In the absence of any other way to describe their absolute connectedness, entanglement is consciousness. In other words, there is no other set of concepts that can be sensibly used to describe their connection across the space-time continuum. The only form of communication that can be described as non-local is knowledge. In this sense, an entangled photon can be said to have instantaneous knowledge of the existence and states of its partners – no matter where or how distant they may be across the universe.
In the universe at large, this minimal atomistic form of awareness (knowledge of specific state) is multiplied trillions of times both internally and across the environment among the entangled systems of living matter. What emerges from these indescribably intricate patterns of entangled energy that are encompassed by living systems is best described as self-awareness or consciousness: complex patterns of information enfolded as forms of life.
Next: Our entangled lives
Image: “Entanglement,” by Tullio DeSantis, digitally transformed image, 2010.
YouTube Video: “Quantum Entanglement – The Weirdness of Quantum Mechanics”
YouTube Video: “Quantum Entanglement Answered” | <urn:uuid:bab1aae4-e88a-4918-a00a-3dab94c6a82f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://tulliodesantis.net/2010/08/02/entangled-universe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592475.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721090529-20180721110529-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.929808 | 417 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Science in the Media
Science in the Media
There is nothing like reading a good book or watching a great movie for a little escapism and entertainment. With all of the television channels available and easy access to the internet, you can watch just about anything you want at any time. Earlier in the course you discussed the science involved with technology, but in this Assignment, you will turn the tables and delve into how the media portrays science.
How does a pop culture portrayal of science and scientists impact the average person’s view of what science is and how research is conducted? Can what is presented by the media affect how the general populace views a particular research field? What might the long-term impacts of such a depiction be? These are just a few questions that you will reflect upon in this Assignment.
For the Unit 9 Assignment, you will complete a reflective essay to address the following questions:
1.When you hear the word “scientist” what do you envision?
A.Discuss at least three characteristics of your vision of a scientist.
B.Which famous people or characters from the media come into your mind?
C.What characteristics do they have in common?
2.Has your image of what a scientist does and how they look changed over time? If so, how has this changed and what influenced you?
3.Are fictional scientists usually the heroes, villains, or a combination of the two? Provide at least two detailed examples to support your position.
4.How is science portrayed in fictional media (i.e., television shows, movies, music, books, etc.)? Is it seen as a positive, negative, or neutral force in the world? Give specific examples supporting your position.
5.Do you think the portrayal of scientists in the various forms of media influences how society views people in this profession? Why, or why not?
6.Can the portrayal of science in media influence how certain research and technology is viewed and accepted by the general public (e.g., cloning)?
Read this resource from the Writing Center on how to write a reflective essay: https://kucampus.kaplan.edu/MyStudies/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingCenter/WritingReferenceLibrary/WritingTypesAndTools/WritingAReflectiveEssay.aspx
You are expected to use outside resources for this essay. Cite outside sources in proper APA format. You can find numerous APA resources in the Writing Center Writing Reference Library on the Research, Citation, and Plagiarism page. https://kucampus.kaplan.edu/MyStudies/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingCenter/WritingReferenceLibrary/ResearchCitationAndPlagiarism/Index.aspx
Your essay should include a highly-developed purpose and viewpoint; it should also be written in Standard American English and demonstrate exceptional content, organization, style, grammar, and mechanics. There should be no evidence of plagiarism. If you are unsure about what constitutes plagiarism, please review the plagiarism policy. https://kucampus.kaplan.edu/MyStudies/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingCenter/WritingReferenceLibrary/ResearchCitationAndPlagiarism/KaplanUniversitysPlagiarismPolicy.aspx
Basic Writing Expectations:
1.A minimum of 1,500 words not including the title or reference pages.
2.At least three reliable academic resources utilized.
3.Per APA include a title page, double space, font size 10 or 12.
4.Include a highly-developed viewpoint/thesis, purpose, and exceptional content. 5.Demonstrate superior organization: use logic.
6.Free of grammar and spelling errors.
7.No evidence of plagiarism. Note: no more than 10% of your paper should be direct quotes.
8.Use APA style for all in-text citations, references, and body of paper.
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.Read more
Each paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.Read more
Thanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.Read more
Your email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.Read more
By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more | <urn:uuid:599badb6-79a0-478e-a2e9-fa67b49b7909> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://accuratewritings.com/2022/05/14/science-in-the-media-english-homework-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649302.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603165228-20230603195228-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.914531 | 1,040 | 3.328125 | 3 |
There’s no use denying it — autonomous cars are coming. Experts says that partially autonomous cars will be on the road by 2017, and that within a decade, fully autonomous vehicles will be zooming on highways and through our neighborhoods.
When this day comes, though, what will become of the two car garage? It may not be needed anymore, according to a new study from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
The study essentially posits this: if autonomous cars become the norm, they could be shared by two people in the same household. Say Jack and Diane are married and live in the center of a medium-sized city, one where there is no major public transportation to speak of. Their self-driving car could take Jack to his job in the suburbs, then return to the apartment, where Diane would get in and be shuttled to her job in another part of town. The two no longer need their own vehicles to get to work, and can share the one autonomous car without having to deal with car pooling or going out of their way.
“This reduction in ownership and an accompanying shift to vehicle sharing within each household, in the most extreme hypothetical scenario, could reduce average ownership rates by 43% (from 2.1 to 1.2 vehicles per household,)” the report says.
As noted, though, this is just the most extreme possibility. Brandon Schoettle, the lead writer of the study, said the actual reduction in car ownership could be much less than that, depending on a few factors. For instance, states may pass laws that prohibit such an arrangement by requiring autonomous cars to only operating with a human inside.
And even though driverless cars are starting to creep into the mainstream, don’t expect this change to happen overnight. Schoettle said turning over the existing fleet of cars would take time, so any reduction in the number of cars on the road could take “decades.” | <urn:uuid:737a72f2-f155-4fe0-951f-339f5932ef68> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.fortunechina.com/business/c/2015-03/03/content_237381.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361723.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228175250-20210228205250-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.755022 | 401 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Lesson #1 |
Watching FireworksI supposed I'm getting jaded by the annual impressive fireworks displays. Towns used to put on a ten-minute show of fairly simple pyrotechnic devices. Now, every town seems to compete to put on the most spectacular show, which now last about half an hour.
In any case, during this half-hour, sometimes my mind wanders. I start thinking. How high do the big ones go? How far away are they? Stuff like that.
Self-Sufficiency - Many Suggestions|
Public Services Home Page
Recently, I watched a display where the sound got to me consistently 2 seconds after the flash. That means it was about 2,200 feet away from me when it exploded. (I was fairly far away from this show.)
In that recent display I saw, the flash was just above my palm. My hands are large, and my spread finger span is 10 inches, so just past the palm represented about 7 inches above the bottom fingertip. My hand was about 28 inches from my eye as I held it out.
Can you figure out the height? If you have an idea, try it before
OK. Remember any Geometry? Similar triangles? Well, we have a situation with two similar right triangles in our problem. The small one is: a horizontal imaginary line from your eye to your bottom finger (28 inches long); a vertical imaginary line in your hand (the 7 inches); and a hypotenuse connecting the ends. The big one is: a horizontal line from your eye to the launch point; a vertical line (the height that we want to know); and a hypotenuse connecting the ends (about 2200 feet).
OK. I'm about to make some approximations. You always need to be careful about any assumptions you make about such things. My thinking: My triangles are pretty long and flat, where the horizontal leg is much longer than the vertical. This should allow me to estimate that the horizontal leg is only a little shorter than the hypotenuse. I decide that about 2,000 feet is reasonable. Now we're in business.
My little triangle had legs of 28 inches and 7 inches, in other words 4 to 1. This same proportion must also be true of the similar large triangle. Since it's long leg is 2,000 feet, its short leg must be 500 feet. So this is the approximate height of the firework explosion.
For this method, we need one of those nasty EQUATIONS that Physics has so many of. This one is the relationship of distance and acceleration. D = 1/2 * A * t2. A is the acceleration due to gravity, which is 32 ft/sec/sec. t is the time interval (5 seconds). So D = 0.5 * 32 * 5 * 5 or 400 feet. Just counting the time from when it left the ground until it got to the top of its path, was enough to figure out how high it went!
That's not the same as the more accurate value of Method One (due to the assumption mentioned above), but it's reasonably close, considering the crudeness of the data collection methods. In any case, we have confidently determined that the height was about 400-500 feet, which we determined pretty easily (and probably even without paper!)
Before you did this, you might have concluded that you were not capable of figuring this out, or if you could, you would need a lot of accurate equipment and involved data collection. NOT TRUE!!
Our Answer (yours might be different!)
You could pace off the length of the tower's shadow on the flat (HORIZONTAL) ground. Of course, you must then know the average length of your pace. (When walking fast, mine is very close to three feet; when walking slower, it's about two and a half.) Now you have the shadow length in feet.
Stand straight up and see where the end of YOUR shadow is. Measure it (approximately) with your paces or hand lengths or lengths of a sheet of paper or shoe lengths or with anything else that you can measure the length of.
You now have a small similar right triangle, and you know both its leg lengths (your height and the length of your shadow). Since you know the horizontal leg of the tower triangle (its shadow), you can easily get the other leg (the tower's height)!!!
This is the case primarily because no one (and no textbook) showed them the incredible usefulness a moderate knowledge of Physics can be.
This series of lessons is meant to correct that situation. Students in High School or College Physics should be able to benefit from and EVEN ENJOY (!!) these Physics lessons. The lessons should help clarify the usages of a lot of those dry subjects and equations the teacher or professor tries to ram down your throat. These lessons are freely made available to teachers and professors for use as they desire, either on the InterNet or in the classroom.
(The preceding paragraphs appears in each lesson, in the event that someone happens to find a single lesson from this series as a result of a search-engine search.)
The High School Physics Lessons - Practical A of this series is:
C Johnson, Theoretical Physicist, Physics Degree from Univ of Chicago | <urn:uuid:667fab7d-a0b9-40e8-8c86-30fd31a26e24> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mb-soft.com/public/phys1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00427-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948859 | 1,097 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Movies Scientists at Rice College in Texas used a lifeless spider as a motor for the tip of a robotic arm – a feat they are saying launched the sphere of “necrobotics”.
“People have relied on biotic supplies — inanimate supplies derived from residing organisms — since their earliest ancestors wore animal skins as clothes and used bones as weapons,” the authors wrote of their paper, Necrobotics: Biotic Supplies as Prepared-to-Use. Actuators. The article additionally notes that evolution has improved many designs that might be helpful in robots, with spiders being significantly attention-grabbing. The legs of spiders “don’t have antagonistic muscle pairs, however as a substitute solely flexor muscle mass that compress the legs inwards, and the strain of the hemolymph (i.e., blood) produced within the prosoma (the a part of the physique linked to the legs) lengthens their legs. out.”
The authors hypothesized that if they may generate and management a drive equal to blood strain, they may transfer a lifeless spider’s legs out and in, greedy objects and releasing them once more.
In order that they killed the wolf spider “at freezing temperatures (about -4°C) for 5-7 days” after which injected the spider’s prosoma with glue with a syringe.
By leaving the syringe in place and pumping or eradicating the glue, the researchers had been capable of contract the spider’s legs and maintain them. This is a video of the necrobot turning off the lights.
The article states that this can be a a lot simpler solution to make a gripper than standard robotics, which require varied boring and design efforts.
The Necrobot gripped exhausting. “The necrobot gripper can maintain objects of irregular geometry and as much as 130 % of its mass,” the article states. Different virtues embrace biodegradability and wonderful camouflage when used outside. The draw back is that all of it comes out, as proven within the video under, which depicts one lifeless spider carrying one other.
The article discusses the ethics of breeding spiders, however notes that “the literature presently lacks clear pointers for the moral sourcing and humane euthanasia of spiders.”
Due to this fact, the authors “bought our spiders from a scientific merchandise provider and used euthanasia methods described in earlier work.”
However they do not know if these strategies are acceptable as a result of they’re designed to protect spiders for examination beneath the microscope. The authors don’t consider that these strategies are the easiest way to protect spiders to be used as necrobots. The proposal requires additional analysis.
“Our work right here gives step one on this new line of analysis, which we count on to increase the vary of movement of necrobots by independently shifting every spider’s leg,” the authors conclude – which does not sound like a nightmare in any respect. . Additionally they wish to work on “biotic supplies derived from different organisms with related hydraulic traits.”
Considerations in regards to the rise of the machines appear odd, now that we’ve the rise of the machines supporting zombie spiders. ® | <urn:uuid:0bfbbc92-8eb2-45d1-9a0f-2d117d5e91cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ferschltubeform.co.uk/scientists-invented-necrobot-a-dead-spider-that-can-be-caught-register/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572220.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816030218-20220816060218-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.935339 | 693 | 2.875 | 3 |
Research underway at Scotland’s University of Aberdeen is poised to provide a new model for corrosion assessment to enhance oil and gas safety.
The goal is to shed light on how corrosion develops spatially on steel pipelines and vessels, to improve replacement decisions and integrity management. Researchers say this type of corrosion research is breaking new ground and will give deeper insights into the deterioration of oil and gas systems.
|“The deterioration of assets through corrosion damage is a critical problem for the industry,” says Dr. Neill Renton.|
The petrochem industry is stepping up attention to monitoring and maintaining aging assets. Last year, the UK launched the KP4 initiative, which provides guidelines for the inspection and maintenance of aging installations.
Determining Pipeline Life
Many existing failure models allow for the inclusion of one active corrosion defect in the assessment. While these calculations can incorporate variability in the engineering problem, they do not take into account the effect of multiple areas of corrosion, researchers say.
The current research provides new understanding of how the spatial variability of corrosion can impact these systems, said Dr. Neill Renton, head of chemical engineering within the School of Engineering.
“The deterioration of assets through corrosion damage is a critical problem for the industry,” Renton said. “The determination of remaining pipeline or equipment life and the ability to plan suitable maintenance and inspection programs has a key part to play.”
He added: “Spatial correlation between areas of corrosion is not typically addressed in standard assessments. The methodology we are developing will extend existing models and provide new ones which can help engineers make timely decisions on replacement and shutdown.”
New Testing Technology
The project is using a new-technology testing tool developed by UK-based CorDEX Instruments Ltd., which has a base in Aberdeen. CorDEX is an ISO 9001:2008-certified manufacturer of hand-held inspection and non-destructive testing devices for use within hazardous (potentially explosive) environments.
The research team is using CorDEX’s new UT5000 Intrinsically Safe Ultrasonic Tester, which measures metal thickness for NDT and predictive maintenance on pipelines and fixed equipment in hazardous locations.
The system includes CorDEX’s CONNECT program, which uses RFID and software to tag measurements with their location, then organizes the data, giving the engineer a view of the pipeline at any specific location.
“It was crucial for us to have the most precise readings possible to provide a robust foundation for us to base our findings on,” said Renton. The equipment “has allowed us to gain exact readings to verify our research.”
The research is part of a wider corrosion project funded by the National Subsea Research Institute (NSRI). | <urn:uuid:39e8712d-4837-4cfd-9deb-b0fe3850cc7d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://paintsquare.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=6256 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699113041/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101153-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915615 | 573 | 2.515625 | 3 |
March 16, 2020
Understanding and controlling the spread of antimalarial resistance is a major challenge for malaria elimination. Mathematical models, synthesising existing data collected from both individual and population scale, are particularly useful and efficient tools to study the dynamics of drug resistance and make predictions about optimal control strategies.
Supported by the ACREME Seed Grant scheme, Dr Pengxing Cao and colleagues have developed a data-informed multiscale model of malaria transmission which now serves as a platform to further study the emergence and spread of antimalarial resistance. The novelty of the model lies in the establishment of a sophisticated within-host model of malaria parasite infection calibrated and validated based on novel human volunteer infection trial data and the integration of the predictive within-host model into population-level transmission dynamics. The within-host model has been published in eLife (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49058) and the transmission model is in development. | <urn:uuid:cdc66c44-753b-482a-acf0-aa158747099a> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.acreme.org.au/developing-a-multiscale-model-combining-both-within-host-and-population-level-information-to-predict-the-emergence-and-spread-of-antimalarial-resistance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735909.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805035535-20200805065535-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.918207 | 196 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How to Solve Business Issues With the Help of CATWOE Analysis?
What is the global aim of design methods? We suppose it to be the problem-solving.
But before solving any problem it’s useful and sometimes crucial to explore the problem roots and all the factors that relate to it. Knowing the problem, stakeholders can make a decision how to take further actions.
In this article, we’d like to describe the insight into the problem (without planning to solve a particular problem). The solution that helps to highlight this insight is CATWOE analysis.
What is CATWOE Analysis? CATWOE definition
To say briefly, CATWOE is a problem-solving checklist.
CATWOE technique was developed by David Smyth in 1975. He defined 6 elements for problem solving that were combined together into the acronym CATWOE.
How to solve business problems with CATWOE?
The analysis is used to explore the system or processes through highlighting their roots that involve converting the inputs into outputs. Each element has its own goal.
Why do we need CATWOE analysis for problem solving?
Often we even do not know where to start before implementing any project. A primary analysis of problems may become the initial link in the chain that will lead to a successful project.
After applying CATWOE analysis, you can easily start writing a project brief template and systemize all the needs. In order to visualize project’s progress and all the necessary tasks, you can use effective online Gantt charts for project management.
So, how the CATWOE methodology can help you to get better results? You can achieve them and avoid additional problems through defining the following elements:
Six elements of CATWOE to solve problems
What is C?
The first element in this structure is clients – the users of the process or system.
The first stage of CATWOE analysis is to define these people and understand how the process or system will affect them.
When identifying your customers, it’s helpful to answer the following questions:
Who will receive the message? What problem do they have? What will be their reaction? Who are the winners and losers?
Doing your business you should think about your customers every day and every minute.
There are good examples of stores, which are known for their low prices. If they start to raise prices over a period of time, their clients do not appreciate it and start to rebel. Then store managers decide to go back to lower prices just because they have no other choice.
What is A?
A is actors. The key people who take part in the implementation of the changes in the system or process. They will be affected by the decisions your company makes.
Here you should pay attention to the following problems:
What is the impact on them? And what will be their reaction?
Knowing your team members well you can choose the right people for different objectives.
What is T?
T is transformation. It is any change that the system or process brings.
Every time you make a decision which is related to your business process, you have to ask what systems are going to be affected. Each decision will affect another area of your business.
What is W?
A Worldview can be considered as the big picture and the wider impact of the transformed system or process. In this case, you should think about what the big picture is and what particular issues are going to take place.
Systems or processes are analyzed to come up with the positive and negative impact on the business.
This stage of CATWOE analysis can be defined as the most crucial as different stakeholders have their different approaches to the same issue.
What is O?
O is the Owner and decision maker who has the power to control the system. He decides whether this system will be implemented or not.
The responsibility of the owner is to control how to lead the whole system to solve problems.
What is E?
Environmental constraints are restrictions that may halt operating of the system.
Laws, ethical issues, financial regulations and resources are included here.
If these elements are difficult to remember, focus on the following video, which will remind all the basic features for problem solving:
The analysis clarifies the issues that are uncertain. CATWOE makes explicit what each stakeholder tries to get.
The CATWOE analysis combines the perceptions of different stakeholders in a common platform.
With the help of this analysis, stakeholders can test their assumptions, positions, and assertions.
Let’s assume that a company engaged in cargo transportation, is looking for new ways to advertise clients’ products on their trucks. Today, it is a quite successful location for advertising.
What do we have?
- Clients: small business, advertising, and marketing agencies
- Actors: drivers, engineers, designers, crew members
- Transformation: advertising is demonstrated on trucks while driving
- Worldview: income increase in cargo carriage business
- Owners: CEO and shareholders
- Environmental Constraints: local laws of the countries, road rules, regulation problems
In the next example, the University of Utrecht tests the abilities to add advertisements to lectures.
When the analysis has been successfully applied and the brief has been designed – it’s a high time to start scheduling your project.
And here you can recall GanttPRO with friendly Gantt Charts and free Gantt chart template that will help you to plan and schedule business objectives, calculate time and set deadlines, define a critical path project management, measure all tasks and delegate them to team members.
Thus, we can say that CATWOE analysis and brief creating are two important milestones that should precede project realization.
Have you ever tried to apply CATWOE analysis to your problems solving? What do you think about its usefulness? Feel free to share your thoughts! | <urn:uuid:25624808-ba35-4559-8a44-ef7e8335aee2> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://blog.ganttpro.com/en/catwoe-analysis-soft-systems-methodology-and-root-definitions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210074242-20221210104242-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.945255 | 1,223 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Stress an Underlying Problem
Stress may very well be the root cause of your, and many people’s problems, whether you recognize it or not. You may be “under too much stress” and not handling it well, while others may be under the same amount but seem to be coping well. Or the reverse could be true. Either way, how can some withstand more stress than others? Let’s try to answer this question and some others such as, what exactly is stress and is stress always a bad thing?
All Stress is Accumulative
When you hear the word stress you may think of stress as inherently bad, but this isn’t always true. Just as bones and muscles need physical exercise (a stressor) to stay strong, we need other types of stress, in certain amounts, to stay healthy. To determine which types of stresses are good and how much of them we need we need to know what stress does to our body. Stress is perceived or interpreted by the key control systems of the body – limbic/emotional, hormonal, visceral, nervous, musculoskeletal, and other subsystems. Important to understand that all stressors, even though I’m going to break them apart, are funneled together and processed by the nervous system to create an overall stress burden on the body.
External & Internal Stressors
There are two main types of stress external and internal. External stressors are things that stress the body from the outside, such as sunlight, physical pain (injury or other external forces), emotional trauma and toxic chemical exposure. Internal stressors arise from within the body and are most often the reaction to external stressors. For example, if you’re repeatedly exposed to toxic chemicals, cancer or other diseases may develop. Even if the toxic chemicals (external stressor) are removed, cancer (internal stressor) will continue to stress the body systems. like to break stressors down into six major categories, each of which can have positive and negative effects. Below are the first 3 major categories that stress is broken down into.
Physical stress in the form of movement or exercise is very beneficial. The actual stressor in this situation is gravity, which loads our muscles and bones under its influence. Adequate movement and exercise also helps us to maintain an optimal metabolic rate (the rate that all physical and chemical processes take place within the body), keeping us from becoming overweight. Considering that less than 5% of adults participate in 30 minutes of physical activity each day1 and only one in three adults receive the recommended amount of physical activity each week.2
Over-exercising can be just as bad as not exercising enough. This primarily because over-exercising can over stress the immune system, which will cause immune system suppression.3 Leading to an increased incidence of upper respiratory infection, chronic fatigue, and a multitude of other maladies. Another form of adverse physical stress is poor posture resulting from over-exercising, especially with improper form. Posture has significant influence on breathing, muscle function, joint health, circulation, and internal organ support.4 When the body structure is out of balance, the rest of system follows.
Our bodies are full of naturally produced chemicals that are essential for health. The work that goes into producing these key chemicals is a necessary stress for the body. Take exercise as one example, when out bodily systems are working correctly, exercise results in chemical adaptations in the form of hormonal changes that alter your biochemistry to increase protein synthesis, energy production and a myriad of other chemical reactions. Another example is sunlight, the action of sunlight on the skin results in production of vitamin D and the regulation of hormones melatonin and cortisol (both chemical reactions).
Today we are bombarded everyday with thousands upon thousands of chemicals that were not around one hundred years ago.5 Most of these chemicals are synthetic, and our bodies are not adequately equipped with the mechanisms to neutralize them. Synthetically manufactured medical drugs, including aspirin, are among the most common forms of unfavorable chemical stress.
One of the most powerful forms of good electromagnetic stress is sunlight. As without sunlight we wouldn’t be alive. Another source of electromagnetic stress is the earths electromagnetic field. This invisible field aids the sun in controlling the rhythm of our hormones and other physiological functions.6
Sunlight can also be a form of bad electromagnetic stress. This is due to over exposure to sunlight, resulting in sunburn. Most are already aware that overexposure to radiation such as experienced during medical x-rays can also be harmful to health. But often overlooked is the extremely low frequency (ELF) pollution emitted by electronic devices such as computers, cellphones, microwaves, TVs, and even electric blankets. Overexposure to these forms of stress are insidious, causing dysfunction in your hormonal and autonomic nervous system.7
Quote of the week
“Sooner or later your health is going to be your #1 concern”
- Paul Chek | <urn:uuid:9488bd58-85d8-4a4e-bbd9-0e5d1dc9d962> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://kinetik-fitness.com/show-all/1420/stress-affects-health-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039745522.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119084944-20181119110944-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.935374 | 1,025 | 2.953125 | 3 |
These are the differences between Play, Game & Sport.
PLAY is a term employed in psychology and ethology to describe a range of voluntary, intrinsically motivated activities normally associated with recreational pleasure and enjoyment.
GAME is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements.
SPORT is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree of skill, especially at higher levels. | <urn:uuid:bbe420e0-265d-4b49-b668-23b3f6b54348> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://harris-apek.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.965099 | 151 | 3.375 | 3 |
- How to?
- When should the network frames be compressed?
- How to use the compression of frames?
Compressing frames (DSL, 3G, Edge, VPN, ...)
Available only with this kind of connection
A frame is a packet ot data that flows through the network.
HFSQL Client/Server, like all the DBMSs, is using the frames to establish the communication between the Server and the Client computer.
The response speed of a server depends on the circulation speed of the frames through the network and on the size of these frames.
In local network, the speed is so high that the size of the frame is not very important.
For a remote access (ADSL, 3G, VPN, ...), the size of the frame is more important. In this context, a reduction of the size of the frames increases performance. In a context of remote communication, the compression of the frames is very important especially if the connection speed is slow and if the invoicing depends on the volume of transmitted data.
The principle for compressing the frames is as follows:
- The data to transmit is compressed on the server (or on the client).
- The compressed data is transmitted to the client (or to the server).
- The data is decompressed on the client (or on the server).
The benefit brought by the data compression depends on the configuration used. For example, if the client computer is a powerful computer that uses a slow connection, it may be interesting to compress the frames: the time spent for the compression/decompression will be insignificant compared to the time saved when transmitting data.
When should the network frames be compressed?
The choice must be based on 3 parameters:
- the speed of the network used,
- the CPU performance of the client computers
- the type of the transmitted data.
The importance of each parameter depends on the two other ones so no standard formula is available. However, you will find some tips that help you make this choice:
If the speed of the network used is greater than 10 Mbits/second, there is no need to compress the frames.
If the network used (GRPS, EDGE or 3G type) is invoiced according to the amount of transmitted data, we advise you to compress the frames in order to reduce the cost.
If an important amount of data (binary memo) is transmitted (images, video, zip sound, etc.), the compression of frames will be useless.
In all the other cases:
- on client computers equipped with high-performance processors and if text or text memo data is used by your application, it may be interesting to compress the frames.
- on client computers equipped with low-performance processors, it may be very interesting to compress the frames if the transfer rate is quite slow.
It may be interesting to perform comparative measurements by using the performance analyzer.
can be used as a last resort to compare the performance of compressed and uncompressed connections.
How to use the compression of frames?
The compression of frames is a property of the connection.
To use the compression of frames:
- if the connection is defined in the data model editor, you have the ability to modify the characteristics of the connection:
- on the "Analysis" tab, in the "Connection" group, click "Connections".
- Select the desired connection.
- display the "Advanced" tab and check "Compress the data".
- if the connection is defined through programming, several methods are available:
This page is also available for… | <urn:uuid:93bdb627-a461-42ba-bbc8-b1def5d8bc97> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://doc.pcsoft.fr/en-US/?1000017306&name=compressing_frames_dsl_3g_edge_vpn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.872804 | 775 | 3.125 | 3 |
What is meant by affectional and gender minorities?
Affectional and gender minority clients is a broad umbrella category for individuals who self-identify as LGBTQ+. We can think of this in two broad subcategories: gender identity and sexual orientation.
Gender identity refers to how someone feels or identifies their gender. It is sometimes congruent with one’s sex assigned at birth. For example, an individual who is assigned female sex at birth and identifies as a woman, would be regarded as cisgender. Someone who is assigned a sex at birth that does not match their gender identity, may identify as trans, non-binary, or more generally “queer” (please note, while queer was previously used as a derogatory term against the LGBTQ+ community, there has been recent movement towards reclaiming this term).
Gender identity may be expressed in a variety of ways – through clothing, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, etc. It may or may not align with someone’s identity. That is, someone who identifies as a woman, but has a male sex assigned at birth, may not feel comfortable or safe enough to express their feminine identity. Similarly, some individuals may identify as cisgender women, but may express themselves in more masculine fashions. Gender expression can come in a variety of ways and can also vary day-to-day.
Sexual orientation can be broken down into one’s emotional or affectional orientation towards others, as well as into sexual attraction. Emotional attraction refers to who you have a mental and affective connection to. Sexual attraction refers to who you have a physical attraction to.
Some key terms explained:
Gay – male-identified people who are attracted to other male-identified people
Lesbian – female-identified people who are attracted to other female-identified people
Bisexual – individuals who are attracted to both male- or female-identified people
Asexual – individuals who do not have a sexual attraction to other individuals, but might be emotionally attracted to others.
Pansexual – individuals who are attracted to others regardless of their gender identity, gender expression, and/or sex assigned at birth.
Sexual orientation is not always linked with sexual behaviors. For example, someone can identify as a straight (heterosexual) male, who is attracted to women, and also has sex with men. In short, identity is just that – how someone identifies themselves, not based off of their actions, behaviors, or other-imposed categories.
What types of barriers might SGM individuals face when entering therapy?
Research has shown that LGBTQ+ individuals enter therapy at higher rates than heterosexual and cisgender individuals (King, Semlyen, Killaspy, Nazareth, & Osborn, 2007). This is likely due to the high rate of discrimination, traumatization, depression and dysphoria, and anxiety that is experienced, in addition and in response to situational factors such as homelessness, unemployment, inadequate social support, etc.
However, LGBTQ+ individuals also report a great deal of dissatisfaction with health services centered on believing that their practitioners lack knowledge or education (Rispel, Metcalf, Cloete, Moorman, & Reddy, 2011), feeling that their therapist had a lack of empathy or did not fully understand them (Gu, Lau, Wang, Wu, & Tan, 2015), or was non-affirming of their intersectional identities (Victor & Nel, 2016).
Therapists may exhibit both implicit and explicit biases towards clients. These implicit biases (i.e., beliefs that are outside of our awareness) and explicit biases (i.e, beliefs that we are aware of consciously), can have clear and resounding impacts on LGBTQ+ clients, even if the focus of treatment is not on their sexual orientation or gender identity, in the form of micro and macro aggressions.
Having empathy is an important factor in shaping our biases. However, one study found that having previous contact with LGBTQ+ individuals was a more robust predictor of one’s implicit attitudes than empathy, in a sample of over 4400 heterosexual-identifying medical students (Burke et al., 2015).
Five Things Therapist Can Do When Working SGMs
1. Be open and welcoming.
- Beginning with your website and emails, which are often the first lines of communication with clients, consider including your pronouns (he/him/his; she/her/hers; they/them/theirs). By introducing yourself with your pronouns (I’m Amy, I use she/her/hers), it leaves the door open for anyone who is not cisgender to feel comfortable identifying themselves by their pronouns. We often make assumptions based on someone’s gender expression that we know what their gender identity is. There’s only one way to know for sure – to hear it from them. Putting your pronouns out there sends a clear message that the space you’re practicing from is one that is inclusive.
- Consider visual cues in your waiting room that can alert clients to their being in a safe space. Some ideas are hanging up pride flags or safe space stickers; if your practice includes pictures of families or individuals, ensuring that there are also inclusive photographs that consist of various constellations of families.
- Ensure that your intake paperwork is inclusive by incorporating open-ended questions such as: “Pronouns?”; “How would you describe your sexual orientation?”; “What is your gender?”; “What is your preferred name?”
- Avoid gendering language. Instead of greeting someone as “Mr. Smith?”, simply saying their preferred name listed on intake paperwork.
2. Use client’s language and identities.
- Follow your client’s lead in terms of their self-described identity. If someone describes themselves as queer, it would be acceptable for you to use this word as well. It would not be appropriate however, if someone said that they were gay, and for you to then refer to them as queer.
- One place where this might not apply is when clients present with internalized homophobia (the belief that being LGBTQ+ is wrong or immoral). If a client, who identifies as gay, states that they are a “queer” and it is meant in a derogatory fashion, this might not be appropriate to mirror back. Instead, this can be a place for exploration of this belief system (is this belief yours, society’s, a family member’s or friend’s, etc.) and validation of discrimination and stigmatization that is present in LGBTQ+ persons lives.
3. Incorporate a Motivational Interviewing-spirit.
- Motivational Interviewing can be an incredibly important and useful tool given its client-centered and affirmative style approach.
- Motivational Interviewing refers to maintaining an empathic and collaborative approach.
- It also emphasizes clients determining what their problem areas are, rather than it being clinician-led.
- Clinicians focus on how a client is implementing change in their life, and also aims to foster this change talk through open-ended questions, genuine concern and interest, and shared decision-making.
- As an example, if a client who identifies as male and gay is engaging in unprotected sexual activity, the therapist who avoid directing the conversation and pointing out that this is wrong or immoral, nor would they offer input that the client should start using condoms. Instead, they would approach the situation with an open discussion, wondering about the client’s intentions in bringing this up in therapy, what their feelings are behind it and examining if there’s any anxiety or concern around these behaviors, and evaluating the pros and cons of continuing to engage in the risky behavior.
4. Stay educated on factors that foster minority stress.
- Minority stress refers to the social, cultural, and political influences that are placed on individuals because of their minority status. Individuals who are in multiple minority categories (e.g., a black older adult transman) are at even higher risk for discrimination and stigmatization. This leads to issues in the domains of employment, housing, healthcare, and legal concerns. Minority individuals are also at higher risk for hate crimes (in fact, LGBTQ+ individuals experience hate crimes at higher rates than other minority populations; Park & Mykhyalshyn, 2016).
- Minority stress is also experienced in the form of needing to remain aware and hypervigilant of one’s surroundings due to hate crimes, or the need to “pass” as straight or cisgender due to intolerance, or the need to educate and advocate due to ignorance, can all place extreme stress on an individual.
- Practitioners should stay up to date on current legislature, social and political events, and other community stressors. This also includes understanding the impact of historical stressors (e.g., how the Orlando, FL pulse shooting affected the community as a whole), as well as day-to-day experiences of being judged, stigmatized, ignored, or made to feel “less than.”
5. Don’t assume; it’s always okay to ask
- While it is not our clients’ responsibilities to educate us, we also should not presume that we know everything about a population of individuals.
- Understanding the various minority stressors’ impact on individuals who identify LGBTQ+, we must also ask our clients about their unique experiences and beliefs.
- Rather than saying, “I don’t know what demisexual means – can you define that?” consider saying, “How do you feel about identifying with demisexuality?” or “Say more about how you feel this captures your identity.” And then, be certain to do some research on your own time about demisexuality (an individual who does not experience sexual attraction without first having an emotional attraction/connection).
A 2011 report suggested that 3.5% (that is, 9 million people) in the U.S. identify as LGBT (Gates). Thus, whether individuals come to therapy to specifically work on issues surrounding their sexual orientation or gender identity, we must stay educated and aware of the systemic, social, and political influences on this community, while also fostering collaborative therapeutic relationships with our clients who may identify as members of the LGBTQ+ community.
Cite This Article
Ellis, A. E., & Cook, J. M. (2019, November). Five things therapists can do when working with LGBTQ+ individuals. [Web article]. Retrieved from http://www.societyforpsychotherapy.org/five-things-therapists-can-do-when-working-with-lgbtq-individuals
Burke, S. E., Dovidio, J. F., Przedworski, J. M., Hardeman, R. R., Perry, S. P., Phelan, S. M., … van Ryn, M. (2015). Do contact and empathy mitigate bias against gay and lesbian people among heterosexual first-year medical students? A Report from the medical student CHANGE study. Academic Medicine, 90(5), 646-651.
Gates, G. J. (2011). How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf
Gu, J., Lau, J. T. F., Wang, Z., Wu, A. M. S., & Tan, X. (2015). Perceived empathy of service providers mediates the association between perceived discrimination and behavioral intention to take up hiv antibody testing again among men who have sex with men. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0117376. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117376
Park, H. & Mykhyalyshyn, I. (2016, June). L.G.B.T. People are more likely to be targets
of hate crimes than any other minority group. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/16/us/hate-crimes-against-lgbt.html
Rispel, L. C., Metcalf, C. A., Cloete, A., Moorman, J., & Reddy, V. (2011). You become afraid to tell them that you are gay: Health service utili- zation by men who have sex with men in South African cities. Journal of Public Health Policy, 32(Suppl. 1), S137–S151. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1057/jphp.2011.29
Victor, C. J., & Nel, J.A. (2016). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients’ experience with counselling and psychotherapy in South Africa: implications for affirmative practice. South African Journal of Psychology, 46(3), 351–363. | <urn:uuid:c14ffa4b-91b9-4eb8-9f78-5afccb7bb387> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/five-things-therapists-can-do-when-working-with-lgbtq-individuals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540499439.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207132817-20191207160817-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.940271 | 2,711 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Renaissance in Venice (c.1400-1600)
to Venetian Art
Venice, another centre of Renaissance
art, is a shimmering, dream-like city of canals, which for centuries
has been Italy's link with the exotic East. From her earliest days, the
city provided a place of refuge for the inhabitants of nearby towns like
Padua at such times as the Gothic and Lombard invasions of the fifth and
sixth centuries CE. Ruled in the sixth and seventh centuries by the Byzantine
emperors, the city was placed under the religious and temporal protectorship
of the exarch of Ravenna. Ravenna was at that period a city of splendid,
mosaic-filled churches (for details, see: Ravenna
Mosaics) and an important, prosperous seaport, more important than Venice
herself. By the ninth century, Venice was a developing power and had become
a centre for the exchange of luxury goods such as spices and silks from
the East for Italian lumber, grain, and wine. It was, like other Italian
cities of the time, the hub of a growing network of trade routes that brought
her in contact with Europe and the East - even the Far East. Venice's cultural
development, however, was largely uninfluenced by what was happening in
other Italian cities. This is in part explained by her situation on the
Adriatic Sea and her long association with the Byzantine Empire and its
Byzantine East and Gothic West met in Venice, and the fine art painting, sculpture and architecture produced during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries reveal the intermingling of the two great cultural forces. The facades of St. Mark's and the numerous palazzi that were built by the growing merchant aristocracy combine the pointed arches and vaulting system of Gothic architecture with Byzantine mosaic art and multicoloured marbles. (Read about the great Venetian architect: Andrea Palladio (1508-80), famous for his church facades and villas.) This synthesis resulted in architecture of remarkable lightness and richness, whose brilliance is dazzlingly enhanced by shimmering reflections in the many canals of the city. For more about Christian art in Venice during the late Renaissance period, see: Venetian altarpieces (c.1500-1600).
The intermingling of East and West so characteristic of Venetian architecture was also characteristic of her population. A growing colony of foreign merchants from northern Europe established warehouses and built themselves palaces on the Grand Canal, and from at least the fifteenth century on, the city's population was also increased by a considerable migration from the Christian East. Of the many Greek immigrants to Venice, the most famous is probably the painter Domenikos Theotocopoulos, who studied in Venice with the great master Titian (c.1485/8-1576) and later earned his own fame in Spain, where he was called El Greco (1541-1614), after his homeland. The migrations from the East bronght to Venice both merchants and an intellectual elite. The city became, especially after the Moslem domination of the Near East, the guardian of Greek art and culture and a vital center for oriental studies - most notably medicine and geography, in which the Arabs excelled. Although literature seems to have played a fairly small role in the city's intellectual life, she was rich in art and architecture. Certainly from the sixteenth century on, the city was regarded as an essential stop-over by merchants, artists, and pleasure seekers from all of Europe. Her beauty was celebrated in plays and in paintings, while the magical name of Titian earned a reputation for painting that rivaled that of the Florentines Leonardo (1452-1519), Raphael (1483-1520), and Michelangelo (1475-1564).
The sea not only brought the city her prosperity, but provided painters with extraordinary raw material. From Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1455-1525) on, Venetian painters have been inspired to record the dazzling effects of light on the buildings and bridges that line the canals. They have depicted the bustle of the canal traffic, the gondolas decorated for secular festivals or religious processions, and in large paintings like Carpaccio's "Legend of St. Ursula" series, they have even represented the high-masted merchant vessels that carried luxury goods to the city from all parts of the world.
With the beginning of the quattrocento (15th-century), Venice embarked on a policy of strengthening her position on the Italian peninsula. She conquered the neighboring cities of Padua, Verona, and Vicenza and established strong diplomatic and economic contacts with Milan and Mantua. In 1424, when the Venetian Senate wished to find a mosaicist capable of restoring some of the wall decorations in St. Mark's, they sent for the Florentine master Paolo Uccello to supervise the efforts of local artists. Uccello's coming ended the artistic isolation of Venice. Soon the influential but short-lived Andrea del Castagno (1420-57) and the sculptor Donatello (1386-1466) followed him to the city.
At the time of this new contact with Florentine artists, the most noted representatives of Venetian painting were the three members of the Bellini family, Jacopo (c.1400-70), and his sons Gentile (c.1429-1507) and especially Giovanni (c.1430-1516), who became known as the Father of Venetian painting.
Jacopo had been a pupil of Gentile da Fabriano
and was one of the first Venetian Old Masters
to evidence an interest in linear
perspective. His sons were quick to learn their father's perspective
technique, and their development was strongly influenced by him. The Bellini
workshop was immensely popular, besieged by commissions for large ceremonial
altarpieces like Gentile's "Procession of the True Cross on the Piazza
San Marco", or portraits like Giovanni's marvellous likeness of Doge
Leonardo Loredan. Gentile had spent a year in Constantinople at the Sultan's
court, and he produced magnificent sketches of the exotic personages who
graced the crowded streets of that city.
Venice was the first modern state to commission a group of portraits of her chief administrators. Giovanni Bellini's painting of Doge Leonardo Loredan is an impressive and forceful example of this type of portrait art. Like many Northern European painters, Giovanni abandoned the early Renaissance formula of the profile portrait in favour of a three-quarter view of the sitter. The Doge, in the ceremonial attire of brocade coat and cap, is pictured behind a short, dark ledge that acts as a spatial barrier between the viewer and the sitter. Giovanni has captured the textures of the garments and the taut, thick skin of the Doge's face. His head stands out sharply against the dark blue background, and the total impression is scarcely less three-dimensional or sculptural, than those portraits painted by contemporary Florentines, such as Filippino Lippi's "Portrait of a Youth" and Botticelli's portrait "Giuliano de' Medici".
Giovanni Bellini was among the first Venetian artists to take up oils, partly due to his reaction to the Sicilian Antonello da Messina (c.1430-1479) who made a visit to the city in 1475-6. Antonello had become acquainted with Northern Renaissance art in Naples and as a result was one of the early Italian pioneers of oil painting - a method he passed on to his Venetian hosts. Although he was only a short while in Venice, his art made a powerful impression. His concentrated paintings, reduced to the most important essentials, united Italian physiognomy with Dutch realism and made full use of oil techniques used by Northern Renaissance artists in the creation of glow and depth. Giovanni Bellini had a huge impact on Venetian artists - both during his lifetime and later - like Giorgione, Titian, Lorenzo Lotto (1480-1556), Sebastiano del Piombo (1485-1547) and others.
The first artist to introduce the Venetians
to the Florentines' interest in nature and the classical past was Andrea
Mantegna (1430-1506), who first worked in the nearby university town
of Padua and subsequently at the court of the Duke of Mantua, who was
devoted to art. The pupil of a local master in Padua named Francesco
Squarcione, Mantegna displayed such unusual talent that he attracted
the interested attention of Jacopo Bellini. Later in life, Mantegna formed
not only an artistic alliance with the Bellini, but a family alliance
as well, when he married one of Jacopo's daughters.
When he was barely twenty, Mantegna produced a series of fresco paintings in the Church of the Eremitani ("Hermits") in his native town, Padua. The paintings describe the life of St. James; they stand among the most amazing achievements of the early Renaissance in their simulation of extraordinary depth and in their scholarly emulation of classical art forms. To prepare himself for these and other similar works, Mantegna made incredibly detailed drawings of surviving classical statues and buildings he had seen in the north of Italy and, later, in visits to Rome. Many of these drawings served as the basis for compositions that he later engraved and that were widely circulated as prints. Today Mantegna enjoys the reputation of being one of the greatest exponents of graphic art that Italy has ever produced. Mantegna became so well-known as a classical scholar that Pope Innocent VIII was to invite him to visit Rome in the 1480's.
In 1459, Mantegna accepted an invitation
by the Duke of Mantua to join his service. He remained connected to that
court - with brief absences for trips to Venice, Rome, and Verona-for
the rest of his life.
A far simpler work, but even more affecting in its communication of human emotion, is Mantegna's "Judith with the Head of Holofernes". The work is done in tempera, the technique in which a mixture of coloured pigments with a viscous substance such as egg yolk is applied to a treated wooden panel. This painstaking process was used long before the development of oil painting on wood or canvas; it results in brilliant pure colours, and conveys an appearance of smoothness of surface. In this composition Mantegna has combined careful observation and depiction of naturalistic detail with an awareness of the classical rules of bodily proportion to produce figures of rare beauty. Although the work is full of stark realism - note the particularly jarring detail of the foot of the dead man on the bed in the background - Mantegna still conveys an impression of poignant sadness. Especially touching is the pathetic gaze of Judith as she avoids looking at the grisly severed head of the Assyrian general Holofernes, whom she has slain in order to protect her countrymen, the Israelites. As she hands the head to her attendant, Mantegna's Judith could easily be mistaken for the heroine of a classical Greek tragedy.
Vittore Carpaccio (c.1465-1525/6) was probably a pupil of Gentile Bellini. His paintings are enriched with a wealth of naturalistic detail that may have been influenced by his study of Northern painters, particularly the Flemish masters like Jan Van Eyck. Like the members of the Bellini family, he depicted panoramic views of Venice, but he displays an even greater sensitivity than theirs to the particular quality of atmospheric light.
Among Carpaccio's greatest series of paintings are the large altarpieces he produced around 1496 for the Brotherhood of St. Ursula, depicting scenes from that saint's life. The altarpieces were destined for a chapel in the School of St. Ursula, a small building now incorporated into the large museum of Venetian painting called the Accademia. In relating the various moments in the young martyr's life, Carpaccio tells her story against city backgrounds that are reminiscent of the cities of Cologne and Rome, among others. His work is vibrant with the bustle of the crowded streets of contemporary Venice, and he particularly delights in parading before the viewer all of the exotic trappings of the visitors from the Near East whom he observed in the city. In his "Disputation of St. Stephen", he takes a similar delight in the particularized rendering of costumes and of specific racial and national character types; however, the viewer is even more impressed with his creation of the illusion of a deep, generous space with foreground, middle and background clearly and logically indicated.
While the early
Renaissance artists in Florence had created harmonious compositions
by achieving a balance between line and light and shade, and while the
Renaissance in Rome was mastering
the art of the dramatic, the Venetians perfected the subtle use of colour.
Among the most important exponents of Venetian colourism was Giorgio da
Castelfranco, called Giorgione
The "Concert Champetre" ("Concert
in the Countryside") may have been one of the artist's last pictures.
It too explores the atmospheric effects of light and subtleties of relating
figures to one another. The charming pastoral scene, like that of the
earlier "The Tempest," may reflect a classical poem; it was
a common convention of some classical poets to set events in the countryside,
with principal characters portrayed as simple shepherds. As in the earlier
work, there is a contrast between clothed male figures and nude women.
There is, however, no mutual awareness: the youths play and converse without
acknowledging the presence of the lovely young women. Perhaps Giorgione
is fancifully portraying a moment when the singers, enchanted with the
beauty of nature and composing songs of love to classical deities, have
actually been visited by the divine spirits whom they celebrate.
A religious history painting illustrates Titian's mastery of landscape art: his "Noli me tangere" shows the risen Christ warning Mary Magdalene not to touch Him, because He has not yet joined His Father. The background, like those in Giorgione's paintings, shows soft, rolling hills, farm-houses, and grazing sheep. However, what is very different is the scale of the figures and the dramatic and intimate relationship established by their gestures, in contrast to the ambiguous, distant melancholy of Giorgione's compositions. Striking too, is the new intensity of Titian's colour painting - the vibrant warm scarlet of the Magdalene's dress and the lush green of the vegetation. See also his Giorgione-esque female nude Venus of Urbino (1538, Uffizi).
Even before Raphael died, Titian was seen as an extraordinary talent - witness his awesome altarpiece Assumption of the Virgin (c.1518). After Raphael's demise, Titian became the most celebrated portraitist of his time. Among his best portrait art is his portrait of the painter and critic Pietro Aretino and a wonderful self-portrait. Both the painting of Aretino, done in about 1555, and the self-portrait, executed about 1563, thirteen years before the artist's death, reveal his mastery of the oil painting technique. In each, the sitter emerges from a dark background, and his thoughtful face is presented in a three-quarter view, partially obscured by qualifying shadows. A warm, golden light pervades each canvas and animates the rich textures of the sitters's clothing. When compared with the "Woman in Furs", done about twenty years earlier, the brush stroke of Titian's later portraits seems much freer and the effect more spontaneous. See also: Venetian Portrait Painting (c.1400-1600).
The increasing freedom of brush stroke
or painterly quality that marks Titian's late style can also be noted
in his group 'portrait Pope
Paul III with His Grandsons, which might be compared to Raphael's
portrait of Pope Leo X and his nephews. In contrast to the highly finished
surface of Raphael's work, Titian's canvas seems almost incomplete: slashes
of paint are visible, and parts of the canvas are left virtually untouched,
while in other areas the pigment is applied heavily and globules of glistening
oil almost seem to cling to the surface.
As his style developed, Tintoretto's paintings
seemed to increase in drama and movement. This is visible in his painting
"The Transportation of the Body of St. Mark", one of three scenes
relating the legend of the Venetian patron saint painted by the artist
between 1548 and 1566 for the Scuola di San Marco. In this work, the diagonal
movement into space is even more exaggerated than in "Christ with
Martha and Mary," and the distortions of colour have been intensified
as well. The entire psychological atmosphere of the painting is heightened,
due mostly to the eerie and threatening quality of light, which tends
to rob forms of their three-dimensionality. The viewer senses that he
is witness to an extraordinary event - the recovery and return of the
body of the dead St. Mark from its burial place in Alexandria to the city
of Venice - for the event is depicted in the most emotional and dramatic
manner. In fact, the body of St. Mark was stolen from Alexandria by two
adventurous Venetian merchants in 828, and it was this event which inspired
the Doge Giustiniano Partecipazio to erect a church to shelter the holy | <urn:uuid:20fa7846-4a8c-45d0-ad09-093fbebf8200> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/renaissance-in-venice.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775404.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00162-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962787 | 3,773 | 3.90625 | 4 |
We often hear that Christmas is "pagan," given the date of December 25
because that date is that of the Winter Solstice.
Well, wrong. The Winter Solstice is December 21. But even if the
Solstice were on the 25th, what difference would it make? There are 365
days in a year, and something has happened or does happen on each and
every one of them.
Then we're told that the Church "chose" December 25 because of the
Roman Saturnalia. Wrong again. The Roman Saturnalia took place December
17 to the 23rd. That's not the 25th.
Now, there used to be a festival celebrated in Rome on December 25
-- Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
("Birthday of the Unconquered Sun") -- but it wasn't made a holiday
until the mid-4th century, hundreds of years
after Jesus was born, during the reign of Julian the Apostate -- a
Christ-hater who quashed Christianity and tried to rebuild the Jewish
Temple. So who was copying whom?
If you ask me, though, I'd think it
highly appropriate that the Lord of Lords would be born on a day that
the Romans, inhabitants of the greatest empire of the world at that
time, were celebrating "the Unconquered Sun" even if the feast had
been around when Christ was born. But it wasn't.
In any case, for many good reasons, December 25 is seen as the date on
was born, and pagan holidays have not a thing to do with it. Consider
the date of John the Baptist's birth relative to the
Temple schedule. From 30
Italian Catholic publication:
December 25 is
an historical date," Professor Tommaso Federici, Professor at the
Pontifical Urbanian University and a consultant to two Vatican
Congregations, has stressed.
In an article in the Osservatore
Romano on December 24, he wrote: "December 25 is explained as the
'Christianization' of a pagan feast, 'birth of the Sol Invictus'; or as
the symmetrical balance, an aesthetic balance between the winter
solstice (Dec. 21-22) and the spring equinox (March 23-24). But a
discovery of recent years has shed definitive light on the date of the
As long ago as 1958, the Israeli scholar Shemaryahu
Talmon published an in-depth study on the calendar of the Qumran sect [Ed.
based , in part, on Parchment Number 321 -- 4 Q 321 --
of the Qumran Dead Sea Scrolls, see picture at left], and he
reconstructed without the shadow of doubt the order of the sacerdotal
rota system for the temple of Jerusalem (1 Paralipomenon/Chronicles 24,
7-18) in New Testament times.
Here the family of Abijah, of which
Zechariah (Zachary) was a descendant, father of John the herald
and forerunner (Luke 1, 5), was required to officiate twice a year, on
the days 8-14 of the third month, and on the days 24-30 of the eighth
This latter period fell at about the end of September. It is not
without reason that the Byzantine calendar celebrated 'John's
conception' on September 23 and his birth nine months later, on June
24. The 'six months' after the Annunciation established as a liturgical
feast on March 25, comes three months before the forerunner's birth,
prelude to the nine months in December: December 25 is a date of
Or, to sum up:
end of September
(Zechariah), father of St. John the Baptist, "executed his priestly
function" (Luke 1:8) according to
his class. His wife, Elizabeth, conceived around this time (the Church
holds St. John's conception to have taken place on 23 September) just
as St. Gabriel said (Luke 1:24), and then hid herself away for 5 months.
Feast of the Annunciation
In the sixth
month of Elizabeth's pregnancy (Luke 1:26),
St. Gabriel appears to Mary
to tell her she is to have a child.
|The date of
Christ's conception by the Holy Ghost -- after a novena of days from
March 25 when Mary
uttered her fiat to God (and the date of His Crucifixion in A.D. 33).
There followed a normal 266 day pregnancy 'til His Nativity on December
24 June, the
Feast of St. John the Baptist
after the Annunciation, St. John the
Baptist was born, at a time when the days were becoming
after the Annunciation, and the conception of Christ, Jesus was born,
time when the days were
Then there's the ancient "integral age" tradition -- the
belief that the Prophets died on
the same day they were conceived, and all evidence points to Our Lord
having been crucified on April 3, A.D. 33.
With the Annunciation at 25 March,
His Conception would've taken place a novena of days later on April 3,
Nativity would've taken place some 9 months after that, on 25 December
(266 days, or 267 days inclusive. Note that the average pregnancy lasts
for 268 days -- 38 weeks and two days).
Now, some think that Christ couldn't have been born in
December because the shepherds were out in their fields, and it
would've been too cold for them to be there. This is untrue. First, the
average Winter temperature in Israel is 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Second,
the shepherds would have been with their sheep in the fields because
the sheep in Israel give birth then, not in the Spring. The breed of
sheep that is most commonly found in that area of the world is the
Awassi sheep, who give birth in
December-January. From the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (link will open
in a new browser window):
The Awassi ewe
displays few outward signs of oestrus. Pro-oestrus is short and rather
indefinite and the onset of oestrus abrupt, while the cessation is
gradual. In Iraq, the principal lambiing season of Awassi ewes is in
November, and in Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Israel in
this, too, from the
Anglican scholar, Alfred Edersheim, in his "The Life and Times of Jesus
And yet Jewish
tradition may here prove both illustrative and helpful. That the
Messiah was to be born in Bethlehem, was a settled conviction. Equally
so, was the belief , that He was to be revealed from Migdal Eder, 'the
tower of the flock.' This Migdal Eder was not the watchtower for the
ordinary flocks which pastured on the barren sheepground beyond
Bethlehem, but lay close to the town, on the road to Jerusalem.
A passage in the
Mishnah leads to the conclusion, that the flocks,
which pastured there, were destined for Temple-sacrifices , and,
accordingly, that the shepherds, who watched over them, were not
ordinary shepherds. The latter were under the ban of Rabbinism, on
account of their necessary isolation from religious ordinances, and
their manner of life, which rendered strict legal observance unlikely,
if not absolutely impossible. The same Mishnaic passage also leads us
to infer, that these flocks lay out all the year round, since
they are spoken of as in the fields thirty days before the Passover --
that is, in the month of February, when in Palestine the average
rainfall is nearly greatest.
Thus, Jewish tradition in some dim manner apprehended the
revelation of the Messiah from that Migdal Eder, where shepherds
watched the Temple-flocks all the year round. Of the deep symbolic
significance of such a coincidence, it is needless to speak.
It was, then, on that ‘wintry night’ of the 25th of December,
shepherds watched the flocks destined for sacrificial services, in the
very place consecrated by tradition as that where the Messiah was to be
first revealed. Of a sudden came the long-delayed, unthought-of
951: Shek. vii. 4.
fact the Mishnah (Baba K. vii. 7) expressly
the keeping of flocks throughout the land of Israel, except in the
wilderness - and the only flocks otherwise kept, would be those for the
Temple-services (Baba K. 80 a).
is Tradition. December 25 is the date on which the Church has
celebrated the birth of Christ for two thousand years. That's good
enough for me. | <urn:uuid:5f6c6dcc-a081-4ba0-acee-dabe00511361> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.fisheaters.com/customschristmasnotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.951891 | 1,930 | 3.15625 | 3 |
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a disease that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose). If you have type 2 diabetes, this means your body doesn’t make enough insulin, or it can’t use the insulin it has.
Our bodies use glucose—or sugar—for energy. Insulin allows the cells in our body to process glucose. If your body doesn’t have enough insulin, glucose can collect in your blood. This causes high blood sugar.
There’s no cure for type 2 diabetes. People with this disease will need to manage it with medication, diet, and exercise for the rest of their life. The reason doctors call diabetes a “chronic” disease is because it is a long-term health problem that can’t be cured or prevented with medication.
Type 2 diabetes is also called adult onset diabetes. It’s also the most common kind of diabetes.
Find a Diabetes Specialist
Type 2 Diabetes Causes
Doctors and researchers don’t know exactly causes type 2 diabetes. Some families have higher rates of the disease. But lifestyle factors like poor diet, obesity, and not exercising enough increase your chances of developing the disease. Some medications also may increase your chances of getting it.
Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes
A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a certain kind of disease. There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This means that if you have or do any of these things, you have a higher chance of getting type 2 diabetes.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include the following:
- Having a history of diabetes in your family
- Being overweight
- Age. People who are older than 45 have a higher chance of developing diabetes.
- Not getting enough exercise
- Being pregnant
- Race and ethnicity. Hispanic Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians have higher chances of developing type 2 diabetes than white Americans.
- Having a baby who weighed more than nine pounds when he/she was born.
- Being a smoker
- Having a high triglyceride level
- Having low levels of HDL. HDL is high-density lipoprotein, also known as the “good cholesterol”
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Symptoms can be different for each person. Symptoms may include the following:
- Being more thirsty than normal
- Having frequent bladder or skin infections that take a long time to heal
- Urinating (peeing) frequently
- Losing weight even though you’re hungrier than usual
- Having blurry vision
- Being nauseous or vomiting
- Feeling very weak and tired
- Feeling irritable
- Having changes in your mood
- Having dry, itchy skin
- Losing feeling in your hands or feet or having tingling
Type 2 diabetes can be hard to detect because some people don’t have any symptoms. Other people have only mild symptoms that are barely noticeable. In the US, half of people who have diabetes don’t even know they have it.
People can also mistake symptoms of type 2 diabetes for other health problems. Be sure to see your doctor for a correct diagnosis.
How is Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed?
Doctors use many tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes. It’s best if you retake the tests a second time to make sure your diagnosis is correct.
Hemoglobin A1C. This test measures your average blood sugar levels during the last two to three months. If your A1C is more than 6.5%, you have diabetes.
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG). FPG checks your blood sugar levels after you haven’t eaten for eight hours (called fasting). Most people take this test before eating their first meal of the day. Doctors call this test your fasting blood glucose level. If your fasting blood glucose is higher than or equal to 126 mg/dl, you have type 2 diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Doctors measure your blood sugar level before and two hours after you have a sugary drink. The OGTT test lets your doctor know how well your body uses glucose. If your blood sugar level is 200 mg/dl or more after you had the sugary drink, you have type 2 diabetes.
Random glucose test. Doctors can give you a random glucose test during any time of the day. If your blood sugar level is 200 mg/dl or more, and if you have hyperglycemia symptoms or hyperglycemic crisis, then you have type 2 diabetes.
Doctors think about several things when developing a treatment plan for patients with diabetes. To find the best treatment for you, your doctor will consider the following things:
- Your age
- Your overall health and health history
- Your reaction to medications, procedures, or treatments
- Your opinions and preferences about treatment
The goal of any type of diabetes treatment is to make sure blood sugar levels stay close to normal. It’s important that blood sugar levels don’t dip too low or raise too high. To keep blood sugar levels as normal as possible, you will need to:
- exercise regularly,
- eat a healthy diet,
- and get regular check-ups.
Some people can control their type 2 diabetes without medication by losing weight, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Other people will need to take oral or injection medications or take insulin.
You will also need to be sure to check your feet a few times a week.
Making healthy changes to your lifestyle can go a long way in managing your diabetes. Exercise plays an important role. Be sure to get at least 150 minutes of exercise each week—and don’t let more than two days go by without exercising. Losing just five to seven percent of your body weight can help keep your blood sugar levels more healthy.
If you sit for long amounts of time, stand up every 30 minutes to get some light activity.
Medications & Insulin
Your doctor may recommend oral medicines, medicines by injection, or insulin replacement therapy. It’s important to take the medication your doctor recommends.
Different medicines can treat type 2 diabetes. Patients can choose from many different kinds of oral medicines (usually pills). Each type works in a different way to lower blood sugar. Some doctors recommend that patients combine medications to better control their blood sugar. If oral medicines stop working, you may need insulin injections.
Blood Sugar Level Monitoring
Doctors recommend that people with type 2 diabetes test their hemoglobin A1C levels at least once every six months if blood sugar level is stable and is in a healthy range.
If your blood sugar level is unstable, you should check your A1C levels more often.
Long-Term Health Problems
Type 2 diabetes can lead to serious health problems if you don’t get treatment or if you don’t manage your diabetes by following your doctor’s recommendations. The disease can affect important organs and systems in your body.
Type 2 diabetes can cause problems with your:
- blood flow,
- and/or feet.
Over time, health problems in these parts of your body can cause:
- kidney failure,
- or amputation.
It’s very important that you closely follow your doctor’s health plan for treating and managing your diabetes.
Important Things to Know
- Type 2 diabetes happens when your body doesn’t make enough insulin. People can also get type 2 diabetes if their body can’t effectively use insulin.
- Insulin allows the cells in our body to process glucose. Our bodies use glucose—or sugar—for energy.
- There is no cure for type 2 diabetes. It’s a chronic disease, meaning it lasts longer than three months.
- It’s the most common form of diabetes.
- Doctors don’t know exactly what causes type 2 diabetes. If anyone in your family has diabetes, you have a higher chance of getting it at some point in your life.
- People with diabetes need to make their sure blood sugar levels stay close to normal. It’s important that blood sugar levels don’t dip too low or raise too high.
- People living with type 2 diabetes need to control their blood sugar (glucose) levels. You can do this by watching your blood sugar, exercising regularly, having a healthy diet, and getting regular checkups.
Finding out you have type 2 diabetes can be stressful and overwhelming. Before you visit a doctor to talk about your condition, keep these tips in mind:
- Before your appointment, write down any questions you’d like your doctor to answer.
- Know why you’re making the appointment and what you want to gain from the appointment.
- Bring a family member or friend to your appointment. Your friend can help you ask questions and remember what your doctor tells you.
- During your appointment, write down the names any new diagnoses the doctor gave you. Also, write down the names of any new medications, tests, or treatments the doctor wants you to get.
- Your doctor may give you special instructions on how to manage your type 2 diabetes. Be sure to write these instructions down during your appointment.
- If your doctor is prescribing a new medicine or treatment, know why. How will this medicine or treatment help you? Be sure to find out if the medicine has any side effects.
- Ask if you can get other types of treatment for type 2 diabetes.
- If your doctor is recommending a special test or procedure, know why. Be sure to learn about what the test results will tell you.
- Know what could happen if you don’t take medicine or get the test or procedure your doctor is recommending.
- If you will have a follow-up appointment, be sure to write down when and where the appointment will be. Write down why you need that follow-up appointment.
- Know how to contact your doctor’s office after business hours. It’ll be important to contact your doctor after hours if you get sick, have questions, or need help. | <urn:uuid:00f36acd-433e-491b-910c-b3cda5063324> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://healthcare.utah.edu/utahdiabetescenter/type-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.904573 | 2,145 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Bush-era EPA § 404 veto survives judicial review
The Yazoo Pumps project was an anachronism, even by pre-environmental era standards. (This brief history of the project is based on the court’s opinion.) In the 1940s, Congress authorized a flood control project which would protect populated and agricultural areas at elevations more than 90 feet above sea level from flooding. Lower-lying areas, which were deemed unsuitable for agriculture, were not to be protected.
But farmers didn’t stop trying to drain wetlands, or demanding that the government protect their ill-conceived investments in doing so. By the 1980s, the Corps of Engineers was recommending that the project be revamped to dry up additional lands. Construction on those modifications actually began in 1986, but was halted when the federal government demanded that locals share 25% of the costs. That sensible decision was reversed in 1996 (can you say “pork barrel”?), but by then EPA had started to think about ways to manage flood plains without destroying the environment or encouraging conversion of marginal lands to agriculture.
EPA’s veto wasn’t heavy-handed, nor did it come out of the blue. EPA engaged in protracted negotiations with the Corps of Engineers over ten years, trying to reach agreement on a less environmentally damaging alternative. Finally in 2008, after inviting comment, holding a local public hearing, informing members of the state’s congressional delegation, and consulting one last time with the Corps and local officials, EPA vetoed the Corps’ approval of the project. It was the first veto since 1989, delivered by an administration not exactly known for rabid environmentalist leanings.
The basis of EPA’s veto was a conclusion that the project would cause unacceptable (and unnecessary) environmental damage. EPA found that it would
significantly degrade the critical ecological functions provided by approximately 67,000 acres of wetlands in the Yazoo Backwater Area, including those functions that support wildlife and fisheries resources.
The Board of Mississippi Levee Commissioners challenged EPA’s veto, but not its conclusions about the extent or avoidability of environmental harm. The legal claim was based on an obscure provision of § 404 which exempts from regulation any “Federal project specifically authorized by Congress” if an environmental impact statement detailing the effects of the project is submitted to Congress before the authorization. In other words, the Levee Board was arguing that no permit was ever required because Congress approved the project with full information about the consequences. After reconstructing in detail the project paper chase from the 1980s, the reviewing court determined that the EIS prepared for the pumps project was not submitted to Congress. and therefore the exemption did not apply.
Based on a quick Westlaw search, this decision brings EPA’s record to a round 4 – 0 in cases challenging vetoes of § 404 permits. Not a bad record, considering there have only been 13 vetoes. All of these cases are different, of course, but maybe there’s a general message here that EPA doesn’t need to be looking over its shoulder for lawsuits when it decides whether or not to exercise its veto. And maybe plaintiffs challenging the most recent veto, of the Spruce Mine mountaintop removal permit, shouldn’t count on a litigation victory. | <urn:uuid:e5d9d558-5c5b-4da5-9145-fa2aef4d7503> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://legal-planet.org/2011/04/05/bush-era-epa-404-veto-survives-judicial-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.957779 | 676 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the history of science writ large, the scientific revolution has deeper roots than we once thought. Although it would have been difficult to imagine even two generations ago, scholarly consensus now acknowledges the medieval foundations of early modern science. It appreciates not only the central role of the universities in anchoring science in European culture after 1200, but also their fundamental debt to advanced Islamic science. Against this backdrop, the adjective “Central Asian” in Christopher Beckwith’s title is a bombshell that believers in method will love. But first the nutshell.
Beckwith anoints two features of late medieval Europe as key to its “full scientific culture”: the college and the “recursive argument method” (his name for the scholastic method), typically considered indigenous. Beckwith, however, argues that they developed in 1st-2nd century AD Buddhist Bactria/Gandhara, passed into 11th-century Islamic civilisation (where they remained scientifically marginal) and then thrived in the Latin world, setting European science on the path it still treads. Impressive for its scope and detailed analyses, Beckwith’s argument is necessarily a long chain, which he constructs from formal resemblances (less transitive than one might wish) linked by transmission. After forging the initial Central Asian links himself, Beckwith joins them to Arabic studies scholar George Makdisi’s prior linkage of the Islamic madrasa/college and disputation with Europe, and shakily extends that controversial argument to science.
But as a key to the developing medieval Latin scientific culture, the college thesis is unconvincing. Whether rooted or not in the Buddhist vihara or the madrasa, and whatever their later role, privately endowed colleges between 1200 and 1500 housed a small minority of students. It was the universities’ faculties of arts that did the statistically significant work of introducing Graeco-Arabic science to hundreds of thousands of students and fighting to give it an institutional home. Although he is aware of the distinction, Beckwith sometimes blurs it with Makdisi’s “college-university” (a hyphen that looks set to snap).
What about that other juxtaposition of nouns with distinct meanings, the “recursive argument method” (hereafter RAM)? For Beckwith, it names a genre - neither dialogue nor treatise - that is characterised by the recursive pattern of argument, sub-argument, sub-sub-argument, and so on. Instantiated in Buddhist legal disputations, the Central Asian polymath Avicenna’s natural philosophy and the great Latin summae, it becomes the “medieval scientific method”. Indeed, the book’s conclusion finds that structure even in modern scientific articles.
Behind these formal resemblances, Beckwith sees transmissions. After encountering remnants of pre-Islamic legal disputation, Avicenna (who died in 1037) emulated the RAM, which first entered the Latin world cloaked in the 12th-century translation of his commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima.
Here some asymmetries emerge. At the Western end of his argument, Beckwith’s stringent criteria for the RAM exclude all antecedents before the Latin Avicenna; ergo it was imported. Yet his criteria relax noticeably when linking the Central Asian disputation with Avicenna. Now the structure becomes: question; responses to the question; objections to the responses. But do not many earlier texts exhibit and repeat this pattern, from book 1 of Aristotle’s Physics to the Bible’s Book of Job?
The pressures of abstraction necessary for separating form and method from content sometimes squeeze the lifeblood from the subject, and so can excessive generalisation. Although it is widespread in natural philosophy, the RAM is rare in the mathematical sciences. Making it “the medieval ‘scientific method’” bypasses such highly successful theoretical and quantitative efforts as optics and astronomy, Arabic and Latin. More distressing, by judging the RAM and the college to be essential to medieval Latin science but “not integrated into Islamic culture”, Beckwith’s thesis restores to the latter its long discredited role of marginal and passive receiver. Since Islamic science was vastly richer than this, Beckwith’s content-free symptoms of success have clearly missed something awfully important.
Warriors of the Cloisters: The Central Asian Origins of Science in the Medieval World
By Christopher I. Beckwith
Princeton University Press
Published 16 October 2012 | <urn:uuid:53f7c5a9-105d-41b0-81d7-bda9bf0aca4a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/book-reviews/warriors-of-the-cloisters-the-central-asian-origins-of-science-in-the-medieval-world/422159.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118552.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00236-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914917 | 942 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Electricity generation companies often take long term leases of land for electricity generation purposes. Power generation plant and equipment will be constructed and installed on the land. This plant and equipment is often referred to as 'the kit'. This article considers the question: who owns the kit? The answer is relevant to a number of issues.
The general rule is that a party will continue as owner of property until that property is sold or transferred. However, this may not be the case if the property has become a 'fixture' at law.
A 'fixture' is an item of property which is fixed to land and becomes land, providing it satisfies the requirements for characterisation as a fixture at common law. Items of kit that are fixed to land, for example wind turbines, power generators, and transmission lines, could potentially all become fixtures.
Whether property has become a fixture turns on the intention with which it has been fixed to land (ie the 'object of affixation'). If property has been fixed to land with the intention that it remain in situ permanently, and not merely temporarily, then usually it will be a 'fixture'.
Surrounding circumstances are relevant to assessing intention, including:
- the degree to which the property is fixed to the land, including the ease or difficulty of its removal;
- the level of damage that would result to the land by removal of the property;
- whether, upon its removal from the land, there is a re-sale market for the property;
- whether the property was fixed to the land for the better enjoyment of the land, or the better enjoyment of the property itself;
- the length of time for which the property is to remain fixed to the land; and
- the status of the person fixing the property to the land, e.g. tenant, mere licensee etc.
Other circumstances may be relevant.
Is the kit a 'fixture'?
Each case will turn on its own facts. For example in the Uniqema case1 it was held that some items of a co-generation facility were not fixtures. The items were required to be removed by the tenant, and installed solely to produce electricity for the landlord (and not to benefit the land). By contrast, another case found that certain co-generation plant was a fixture.2
It is recommended that each item of kit be considered separately to determine if it is a fixture. Whether it is so is directly relevant to ownership.
Ownership of the kit
Generally, electricity companies will own the kit until they elect to dispose of it. However, if items of kit have become 'fixtures' then, subject to any statutory exceptions, ownership will pass to the owner of the land on which the kit is located.3
There may be specific statutory exceptions to this rule. In Victoria, a tenant retains ownership of fixtures it installs on rented premises subject to any agreement to the contrary.4 An electricity company entitled to rely on that legislation would retain ownership of kit it installs on leased premises in Victoria despite its characterisation as a fixture. However, this provision only deals with leasehold land. It does not address, for example, ownership of transmission lines located on easements.
State electricity industry legislation may also preserve ownership to electricity companies. For example, section 36A of South Australia's Electricity Act 1996 has the effect that 'electricity infrastructure' installed on land remains owned by the relevant 'electricity entity'. Examples of electricity infrastructure include electricity generating plant, power lines and metering equipment.
You might ask: why does ownership matter, so long as the tenant has a contractual right to remove the kit?
Ownership of the kit, and whether it is properly to be characterised as a fixture, will be relevant to a number of issues.
Specific issues may arise in the context of a restructure or sale of electricity company assets. In one case, duty was imposed by a state commissioner on the sale of power generation assets (ie kit) on the basis that they were fixtures and comprised an interest in 'land'.5 Although the commissioner was ultimately unsuccessful, the case is a useful reminder that duty consequences can flow from the kit being characterised as a fixture.
Rates and taxes
Often, generation companies will assume responsibility for any rates, taxes or levies attributable to the kit.
Certain rates, taxes and levies are assessable by reference to the "capital improved" value of land. If the kit is not "land" or is not owned by the freehold owner, the capital improved value ought not to include the value of the kit.
This delineation can have a significant impact on the sums
lawfully recoverable by authorities.
Municipal valuations of land could be inflated if value is attributed to the kit on the basis that it is a 'fixture' and thus land. Electricity companies could find themselves liable for higher rates and levies imposed on the basis of such valuations if, under the relevant lease, they are liable to reimburse statutory outgoings imposed on the land.
Restructure or sale
Ownership of the kit also affects the requirements for a valid sale or transfer of the kit. If ownership of the kit has passed to the landowner, then the landowner's consent would be required to any sale or transfer of the kit.6 In the authors view, a good approach is to include a clause in the relevant lease that the landowner consents to the kit being disposed during the term of the lease.
Absent consent in those circumstances, the best that can be conveyed on sale is the right under the lease to use the kit and to sever the kit from the land (together with the entitlement to the severed chattels that arises on severance).
It is important for electricity companies to seek advice on who owns the kit and whether the kit is to be properly characterised as a fixture. With early consideration and appropriate drafting of the relevant lease, potential complications can be avoided. The treatment of kit constructed on easement land will be the subject of a separate instalment.
1Uniqema Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue VSC 157; Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) v Uniqema Pty Ltd VSCA 82.
2Origin Energy Power Limited and Commissioner of State Revenue WASAT 302.
3This is so regardless of whether the owner has provided any valuable consideration.
4Section 154A, Property Law Act 1958 (Vic). See also Vopak Terminals Australia Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue VSCA 10; Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) v Uniqema Pty Ltd VSCA 82.
5TEC Desert Pty Ltd & Anor v Commissioner of State Revenue HCA 49.
6See also in Vopak Terminal Darwin Pty Limited v Natural Fuels Darwin Pty Limited (Subject to Deed of Company Arrangement ) FCA 472 at paragraphs to .
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. | <urn:uuid:aaa98b9e-418e-407d-a8be-e6d45b5607ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/269098/Oil%2BGas%2BElectricity/Who%2Bowns%2Bthe%2Bkit%2BPart%2B1%2BOwnership%2Bof%2Bpower%2Bgeneration%2Bplant%2Band%2Btransmission%2Binfrastructure%2Baffixed%2Bto%2Bleased%2Bland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300799.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00114-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949444 | 1,457 | 2.75 | 3 |
Social Engineering refers to any method of gaining illicit access to secured systems that relies not on technical skill, but rather on social and interpersonal skills for its success.
In practice, most social engineering "attacks" involve using misinformation or misdirection to cause people in positions of authority or responsibility to mistakenly provide attackers access.
At one end of the spectrum, phishing is a kind of high-volume social engineering attack with which most contemporary users are familiar. In phishing, a malicious actor impersonates someone else in an email, relying on brand recognition and authority to fool users into clicking on links to malware or to similarly false websites where they unknowingly surrender their credentials. Phishing uses no special technical methods at all, but rather is simply a matter of fooling credulous users.
At the other end of the spectrum, individual impersonations by telephone are a classic form of social engineering in which a malicious actor calls a help desk or other privileged party within an organization, often claiming to have been referred by a colleague or to be a user who has been locked out of their account. With the right manner, background knowledge, banter, and congeniality, the helpdesk worker or privileged party can often be fooled into granting access or providing secure credentials, which they imagine will help someone out. Instead, by providing access, they have enabled a malicious actor to enter a secured system without applying any particular computing techniques whatsoever. | <urn:uuid:25f3a5e1-87fe-400b-9672-28525cb83334> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://plurilock.com/answers/social-engineering-what-does-social-engineering-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304287.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123141754-20220123171754-00410.warc.gz | en | 0.932452 | 298 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Our Synergy team is at the halfway mark, time wise, of the semester. For the past 9 weeks we have been recording images, questions, and thoughts in our observation journals. We use a common space, a Posterous group, to communicate, collaborate, and connect ideas.
The challenge now upon us…What data mining strategies should we employ to uncover community issues that, as a team, we want to study, investigate, problem-find and problem-solve? We have over 300 posts. It seems daunting, almost overwhelming to sift through our data.
Via his talk at TEDGlobal 2010, “How complexity leads to simplicity,” Eric Berlow was our “guest expert” to help us think about and learn that “complex doesn’t always equal complicated.”
A couple of key insights that stuck with us include:
[Use] the simple power of good visualization tools to help untangle complexity to just encourage you to ask questions you didn’t think of before.
The more you step back, embrace complexity, the better chance you have of finding simple answers and it is often different than the answer that you started with.
Here is a quick trailer and then approximately 4 minutes of video from Monday’s Synergy learning experience to show one of our attempts to find simplicity on the other side of our complex task of data mining for new projects.
- If you facilitate project-based learning, how do you empower students to determine the team projects?
- What other methods would you recommend to us for putting students in “that driver’s seat?”
- How does assessment for learning change when immersed in PBL?
- How would you assess the various learning demonstrated in the video?
We would love your feedback.
[Cross-posted at It’s About Learning] | <urn:uuid:3712db85-56b5-458d-a9e8-9fba89980d8c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://jplgough.blog/2011/10/27/synergy-complexitysimplicity-collaboration-brainstorming/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662540268.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521174536-20220521204536-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.95352 | 386 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- The symptoms of throat
If the adenoids are swollen, what diseases like?
What are the adenoids?
Palatine tonsils that I see both sides of the back of the throat when a wide-mouthed so-called "amygdala" is. In contrast, called the adenoids at the pharyngeal tonsil, the end of the back of the nose and throat ie (pharynx), top (nasopharynx) located. Adenoids are usually not visible from the mouth. Palatine tonsils and adenoids as well, also in the immune organs, but also infected organ. Moreover, its magnitude changes with age but also the adenoids, enlarged its peak is 5-6 years old said.
What happens with the larger adenoids?
A child is physiologically adenoids grow and become larger than a certain extent, can cause a variety of pathological symptoms. Adenoids are too large, it becomes filled the back of the nose, the nose makes it harder to breathe. I also participated, such as enlargement of the palatine tonsil hypertrophy of the adenoids, mouth breathing because the air passage is narrowed, mouth open or turned, causing your snoring and apnea during sleep The.
Relationship between otitis media and adenoid
The location of the adenoids may lead to the back of the ear canal. "Eustachian tube" is referred to as the throat and middle ear behind the eardrum of the ear (throat) and has been in touch. Climb a mountain, when you enter the tunnel, "filled ears" and the feeling, I have experience eased by drinking the spit Toka yawn. It is working for change in the ear canal and middle ear pressure with the outside world, because me and the regulation of middle ear pressure. However, there is inflammation of adenoid hypertrophy and in the near the eustachian tube, eustachian tube will not function well, accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, "otitis media" is said to be one of the causes of.
In addition, the adenoids are infected organ is not always the settled bacteria, some relationship with the Eustachian tube, inflammation of the adenoids can also affect the middle ear. To make matters worse, in recent years, "drug-resistant bacteria," known as the bacteria that are increasingly competitive as medicine changes. These bacteria are speaking from the perspective of people, those are very troubling, and infections caused by this fungus occurs in the period of immunity is still insufficient, especially children, it becomes difficult to cure. Has recently become a problem of stubborn suppurative otitis media in children 0-3 years old, bacteria in the adenoids are believed to have been associated with drug-resistant bacteria, especially live.
Surgery and adenoids?
For adenoids, and surgery should be considered a good job when it exceeds the harmful aspects of palatine tonsil and adenoids as well. Cut out in the mirror and adenoids endoscope from the mouth under general anesthesia.
>First:Swollen throat Part1 Main cause | <urn:uuid:50c5d1cd-e721-450e-94b8-757e38427ed7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://nodoita.com/sorethroat/symptoms_swollenthroat5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.955108 | 665 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Carter recorded himself speaking Spanish to promote the children’s camp. This audio narrated the coordinating slides with graphics and text.
The success criteria for the assessment included “camp activities, benefits, age of children served, location, and purpose,” Carter explained. He chose to invent a sports camp. He added, “The camp includes activities such as football, soccer, and volleyball. [It boasts] an increase in cardiovascular endurance for all participants." The location he selected for the camp is his previous elementary school, with facilities to accommodate the activities both inside and outside. The age range of participants for his camp is five to twelve.
Carter explained that this recording is one section of a four-part unit assessment which took approximately three class periods to complete and is to be done independently. Mrs. Lutwyche is commended for attempting the spoken and written parts using this multi-media application with her students. Mrs. Lutwyche says, “With Voice Thread, students gain independence, privacy, and choice. A student can record and preview numerous times before submitting a saved document as evidence.” Because it is her first attempt with Voice Thread, she admits there is a small learning curve, as exists when experimenting with anything new; however, she adds that benefits are definitely worthwhile." | <urn:uuid:1c3a6e57-abce-4fae-a666-29aa183df81f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://lighthouse.bcps.org/reflections/category/digital-tools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890157.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706073443-20200706103443-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.97184 | 266 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Would you like to read this article in %%?
Would you like to read this article in %%?
The Bible in Living English
44 And he gave the steward of his house the order “Fill the men’s bags with food, as much as they can carry, and place each one’s money in the mouth of his bag. 2 And my bowl, the silver bowl, you are to place in the mouth of the youngest one’s bag, and the money for his grain.” And he did according to Joseph’s directions. 3 Daylight had come and the men had been sent off, they and their donkeys; 4 they had got outside the city, but not far, when Joseph said to the steward of his house “Up with you, follow the men up and overtake them and say to them ‘Why have you repaid a good turn with a bad one? 5 this is what my master drinks in, and he looks in it for signs—it is a bad thing you have done.’” 6 And he overtook them and said these things to them; 7 but they said to him “Why should my lord use such language? away with the thought of your servants’ doing such a thing. 8 Here we brought back to you from Canaan silver that we had found in the mouths of our bags, and how should we steal silver or gold out of your master’s house? 9 The one of your servants that it is found with shall die, and we will be slaves to my lord too.” 10 And he said “Now then, as you say: the one that it is found with shall be slave to me, and you shall go free.” 11 And they took their bags right down to the ground and each opened his bag; 12 and he searched, beginning with the oldest and ending with the youngest; and the bowl was found in Benjamin’s bag. 13 And they tore their clothes and loaded up their donkeys and went back to the city. 14 And Judah and his brothers came to Joseph’s house; and he was still there, and they threw themselves on the ground before him. 15 And Joseph said to them “What does this piece of work you have done mean? do you not know a man like me reads signs?” 16 And Judah said “What shall we say to my lords what language shall we use, and what defense shall we make? God has detected your servants’ guilt; here we are slaves to my lord, both we and the one in whose hands the bowl was found.” 17 But he said “Away with the thought of my doing this; the man in whose hands the bowl was found shall be slave to me, but as for you, go up to your father and good betide you.” 18 And Judah approached him and said “O, sir, let your servant speak a word in my lord’s hearing, and do not be angry at your servant; for you are the same as the Pharaoh. 19 My lord asked his servants ‘Have you a father or a brother?’ 20* and we said to my lord ‘We have an old father and a young lad born in his father’s old age; and his brother is dead, and he is the only one left of his mother, and his father loves him.’ 21 And you said to your servants ‘Bring him down to me and let me set my eyes on him’; 22 and we said to my lord ‘The boy cannot leave his father; let him leave his father and he will die’; 23 and you said to your servants ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you you shall not see my face again.’ 24 And when we had gone up to your servant our father and had told him my lord’s words, 25 our father said ‘Go buy us a little food again’ 26 and we said ‘We cannot go down; if we have our youngest brother with us we will go down, but we should not be able to see the man’s face not having our youngest brother with us. 27 And your servant our father said to us ‘You know my wife bore two to me, 28 and one of them went out from being in my company—and I said “He must have been taken by the wild beasts,” and have never seen him up to now. 29 And you are going to take this one too out of my presence, and harm will come to him, and you will make my gray head carry misfortune down to the world of the dead.’ 30 And now when I come to your servant my father and do not have the boy with me, while his life is tied up with his, 31 when he sees that the boy is missing he will die, and your servants will be making your servant our father’s gray head carry sorrow down to the world of the dead. 32 For your servant took the responsibility for the boy in taking him from his father, saying ‘If I do not bring him to you I shall be criminal against my father always.’ 33 Now let your servant stay in the boy’s place as slave to my lord, and let the boy go up with his brothers; 34 for how should I go up to my father and not have the boy with me? I should see the evil that would come upon my father.”
44:20 Or is the only one his mother has left | <urn:uuid:7b8dce08-402a-41ae-bbcb-fbaea8cfa181> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/byington/books/genesis/44/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543614.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00030-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990763 | 1,154 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.