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The word Responsibility comes from the two words Response and Ability.
I visualize the lack of responsibility with the image to the left. As if a secret force would lurk in the dark behind someone. That force controls their entire life and is the steady excuse for things to go wrong.
It seems few people seem to know the origins of words such as responsibility.
Separated, the meaning of the word responsibility means:
Response and ability
This shows that we are able to choose our response to something.
Be it a situation, to an email or to a question. But 99% of the time we don’t choose wisely.
Why is that?
My first suggestion is to make yourself acquainted with the power. That you are in the position to change a response.
The next thing is to consider on which set of principles your response is for. If you have no principles you can write some down as a mission statement for example. And the next thing is to set priorities.
If your priorities and principles are in sync your response will show that.
Let´s say your goal is getting better at drawing. Your principle has to be spending at least 10 hours a week on that.
If you have spent your 10 hours on drawing you feel better to say yes to a not so important request.
Simple as that.
The Bottom Line is: Do Important things First!
Quadrant I is for the immediate and important deadlines.
Quadrant II is for long-term strategizing and development.
Quadrant III is for time pressured distractions. They are not really important, but someone wants it now.
Quadrant IV is for those activities that yield little is any value. These are activities that are often used for taking a break from time pressured and important activities. | <urn:uuid:45364be8-5d75-4a25-b297-39e846ae88f3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://blog.artlords.com/2017/09/21/response-ability-and-the-lack-thereof/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156192.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919102700-20180919122700-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.969536 | 371 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A fairly common and subtly beautiful fish in our kelp beds is the halfmoon. This fish is also commonly known as the Catalina perch or Catalina blue perch, even though it is not a member of the perch family. Their color ranges from a very light to a dark, slate blue. Halfmoon get their common and scientific (Medialuna) names from the halfmoon shape of their tails.
Although found as far north as Vancouver Island, they are common from Pt. Conception south into the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez). Their preferred habitat is over rocky reefs and kelp forests. Halfmoon are sexually mature at just over seven inches, and large ones reach 19 inches.
Based on my observations underwater, halfmoon feed on algae and a range of small invertebrates. Scientists report stomach contents are largely kelp and other seaweeds. Halfmoon are known to cause significant damage to some kelp forests by feeding on the kelp and attached forms. In turn they are eaten by sea lions, cormorants and in our waters, by the bald eagle. Party boats from the mainland also take them in significant numbers.
Halfmoon are inshore fish, living close to the coast where the kelp forests and rocky reefs provide appropriate habitat. It is interesting to speculate on how nearshore fish or invertebrates get to offshore islands like Catalina. Such species do not normally cross open oceans where protection from predators and food are limited. Would you swim "26 Miles" (or 19.7 or...) across the Channel to Catalina on a whim? Neither do they.
Deep water, open ocean stretches like the San Pedro Channel create barriers not only for land plants and animals, but also for many species of marine life. In fact, some common mainland fish and invertebrates never make it out to offshore islands like Catalina. So how do the ones that arrive in our waters make it?
Halfmoon, like many other nearshore species, cast their eggs into the water from April to October. Here the eggs develop in the plankton and hatch into larvae. It is these larvae, drifting with the currents, that allow the halfmoon to colonize offshore habitats like Catalina. These young stages can be quite abundant in the ocean, and are found as far as 300 miles from shore.
Based on my scientific research at Toyon Bay in the late 60's and 70's, another way halfmoon and similar nearshore species arrive on islands is by accompanying drifting mats of detached kelp. During that period I sampled more than 100 drifting kelp "rafts" in the open ocean and found a wide range of fish and invertebrates on them. Unlike halfmoon, a number of these species had no drifting eggs or larvae which meant "hitchhiking" on kelp might be an important means of dispersal for them.
Fishermen often report seeing nearshore fish like halfmoon drifting with these mats in the Channel (as well as yellowtail and other predators feeding on them!). Some kelp rafts I collected had drifted more than 100 miles and probably much more, and a Harvard associate of mine reported a similar journey of possibly 7,000 miles in the Southern Ocean!
© 2003 Dr. Bill Bushing. Watch the "Dive Dry with Dr. Bill" underwater videos on Catalina Cable TV channel 49, 10:00 AM and 5:00 PM weekdays.
Image caption: Group of halfmoon in Dive Park waiting to
be cleaned by rock wrasse
This document maintained by
Dr. Bill Bushing.
Material © 2003 Star Thrower Educational Multimedia | <urn:uuid:dbda963a-da73-4eb1-b766-79d4ba48a44c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://starthrower.org/products/DDDB/DDDB_000-049/DDDB_007%20halfmoon.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662519037.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517162558-20220517192558-00522.warc.gz | en | 0.948632 | 744 | 3.640625 | 4 |
|Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases with a substantial financial burden on society. Women are more at risk of developing this infection mostly due to their anatomy: it affects about one woman out of five during a lifetime. A number of women who have once developed UTI may be more prone to suffer from it again: this is known as recurrence.
What causes urinary tract infections?
This infection is generally caused by bacteria called “Escherichia coli” normally living in the intestine but has colonised in the urinary tract. Under normal conditions, urine is sterile, which means that there are no germs. A UTI occurs commonly in the lower part of the urinary tract, meaning the bladder or urethra. This infection is called cystitis. If left untreated, it can progress to the upper part of the urinary tract. When the kidneys are infected, it is called “pyelonephritis” and can permanently damage the kidneys.
For questions, concern or advice about UTIs, please consult your doctor! | <urn:uuid:156103b2-54c2-4e6b-b7f2-31890273d255> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.kidney-facts.com/kidneys-at-risk/urinary-trat-infections-uti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510867.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016201314-20181016222814-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.954857 | 223 | 3.671875 | 4 |
School for Social Work
Violence-Psychological aspects, Children and violence, Youth and violence, Resilience (Personality trait) in children, Resilience (Personality trait) in adolescence, Social work with children, Social work with youth, Child psychotherapy, Adolescent psychotherapy, Behavioral assessment of children, Behavioral assessment of teenagers, Community violence, Social worker
This mixed methods, primarily qualitative study examined social workers' perceptions about community violence and resilience. Additionally, this research examined how perceptions influence the assessment and treatment that social workers provide their clients. The study included 25 participants who responded to an online survey, which included questions addressing participants' demographics, as well as their conceptualization of resilience, community violence, and how they practice. Most of the participants were female (24 of 25) and 1 was male. The majority of participants were from the Boston area or the San Francisco/Oakland area. The participants worked in a range of settings, including schools, hospitals, and community based agencies. This study addressed the following research question: Is there a gap between research and practice in regards to perceptions of resilience for children exposed to community violence?
Warford, Matthew J., "Social workers' perceptions on community violence and resilience : the impact of assessment and treatment when working with children and adolescents" (2009). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. | <urn:uuid:5fecd9d4-480c-4b21-8799-eba226213dbd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/1153/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155925.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805130514-20210805160514-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.930855 | 279 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Mother Nature really likes to stir things up for us when we get to thinking we know it all, doesn't She? This just proves how wrong we can be, thinking that way!
In 1885, Reidl, an employee at an Austrian foundry, discovered the mysterious Salzburg Cube (also known as the Wolfsegg Iron). He cracked open a seam of coal to find a strange-looking iron cube inside it. It had many cracks and little holes in it, as well as a strange color and a deep fissure down the middle. Reidl had never seen anything like it before, so after showing it to his boss, they turned it over to the Heimathaus Museum.
The next year, a professor at the museum named Adolf Gurlt studied the cube and determined it to be part of a meteorite. But further studies by the Natural History Museum in Vienna proved that it was not in fact a meteorite, but artificially manufactured from an unknown source. It is thought that the coal that “produced” the Salzburg Cube was at least 60 million years old.
Adding to the mystery of the Cube is how some people actually believe it to have vanished. The reasons for this range from it being part of a shadowy conspiracy to it simply being debunked as a worthless piece of rock and tossed away as such. This, of course ignores the fact that the Cube does in fact exist, and can be found safely on display at its usual home, the Heimathaus Museum in Vienna.
Ya know, we could go crazy just thinking about the stuff around us that we know nothing about. It's not worth spending a lot of time trying to figure it all out. In the course of our lifetimes, there are way too many unexplained questions...so why waste time worrying about it, right?
Coffee out on the patio again this morning! Sure is some nice weather outside. | <urn:uuid:0c7f5f17-8759-4368-879c-e5c7592bf597> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://hermitjim.blogspot.com/2016/12/strange-cube-for-monday-mystery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589557.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717031623-20180717051623-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.972297 | 394 | 3.3125 | 3 |
WASHINGTON, D.C. (WUSA 9) - Although September is the peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, the season continues through the end of November. October has seen a fair number of major hurricanes in the last 20 years. Some of the more notorious include Hurricanes Opal, Mitch and Wilma.
As winter draws closer, the tropical Atlantic Ocean begins to see less favorable atmospheric conditions for hurricanes to form including cooler ocean water and a higher degree of wind shear or winds that change speed or direction with altitude. That's why October hurricanes tend to concentrate in the Western Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico where the water remains warmer and the winds remain favorable longer.
The 1995 hurricane season is notable for a total of 19 named storms - almost double the annual average of 10 named tropical storms in a given season. The most intense hurricane of the 1995 season formed in October in the southern Gulf of Mexico, which is among the more favorable areas for tropical storm development. It rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane - the strongest storm of the season - over the warm water in the Gulf. However, Opal weakened to a Category 3 storm before making landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast.
On October 26, 1998, Hurricane Mitch became the Atlantic Ocean's first Category 5 hurricane since Andrew in 1992, with sustained winds up to 180 mph. Conditions were ideal with exceptionally warm ocean water, well above the 80 degree Fahrenheit threshold for hurricane development. Since the prevailing wind pattern was weak and didn't steer the storm away, Hurricane Mitch was left to slowly meander around the southwest Caribbean Sea. That led to severe flooding in Central America that unfortunately caused widespread devastation and a tragic loss of over 11,000 lives.
During the record setting 2005 season, the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean formed in almost the same spot as Hurricane Mitch. Once again, atmospheric conditions were ideal for rapid intensification of the hurricane with extremely warm ocean water. Hurricane Wilma became a Category 5 hurricane on October 19, 2005 with sustained winds of 185 mph. Winds gusted over 200 mph around the center of both Mitch and Wilma. Wilma's lowest observed air pressure was 882 millibars.
By comparison, Hurricane Mitch's lowest air pressure was 905 millibars. The lower the air pressure, the stronger the storm is. Another infamous October hurricane was Hurricane Sandy last October. At peak intensity, Sandy was a major Category 3 hurricane.
Category 5 hurricanes are truly rare storms and even those that do form don't usually stay at that intensity for very long. According to the National Hurricane Center, the Atlantic Ocean Basin has not seen a Category 5 hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007. On the Saffir-Simpson hurricane intensity scale, a Category 1 hurricane has sustained winds of 74 mph - 95 mph around the center of the storm, while a Category 5 storm has sustained winds of at least 156 mph. Hurricanes become "major" once they reach Category 3 status with sustained winds around the center ofatleast111 mph.
The WUSA 9 team of meteorologists will continue to track any tropical storms or hurricanes that develop and bring you the latest weather information and forecasts, both on-air and online. | <urn:uuid:d58c3705-2304-4a21-9a74-a98b425a4ec0> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wusa9.com/story/local/2013/10/17/4102037/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678705235/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024505-00097-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960888 | 648 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Iconic images of evolution – a fish wiggling up onto land, sprouting legs and hair, and standing up to become a man – are incredibly simplified in comparison to reality. Evolution is not a straight line so much as it is a tangled web of development, divergence, extinction and persistence. But scientists have often assumed that even on that tangled path, organisms do not usually throw their development in reverse.
But now, a genetic examination of house dust mites appears to have demonstrated that "reversible evolution" does, indeed, exist.
Some evolutionary biologists have argued that specialization is a irreversible process – that once an organism developed special features, it could not turn back and assume a form seen in its ancestral history. This hypothesis is called Dollo’s law, after Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo.
Scientists have differed on just how rigid Dollo’s law could possibly be – whether it is merely an expression that it’s statistically very unlikely that an animal could follow the same evolutionary path twice (regardless of direction), or just an expression of how treading down one path leaves the path not followed, and all of its branches, closed off forever.
But the tiny house mite appears to have diverged from Dollo’s law, shedding the specialized parasitic lifestyle of its ancestors for a more generalized living feeding on skin flakes and other organic debris shed by humans.
"All our analyses conclusively demonstrated that house dust mites have abandoned a parasitic lifestyle, secondarily becoming free-living, and then speciated in several habitats, including human habitations," University of Michigan biologists Pavel Klimov and Barry O’Connor wrote in a paper published in the journal Systematic Biology on Friday.
There had been some debate in the house dust mite community over whether these little spider cousins evolved from a parasite or from another free-living organism. Klimov and O’Connor used large-scale DNA sequencing of more than 700 different mite species to evaluate 62 different hypotheses about dust mite evolution.
The family tree produced by the researchers’ team puts house dust mites as direct descendants of full-time parasites like the cat ear mite, and the psoroptic mange mites that afflict sheep and cattle.
The house dust mite’s evolutionary U-turn is particularly surprising, the researchers say.
"Parasites can quickly evolve highly sophisticated mechanisms for host exploitation and can lose their ability to function away from the host body," Klimov said in a statement on Friday. "They often experience degradation or loss of many genes because their functions are no longer required in a rich environment where hosts provide both living space and nutrients. Many researchers in the field perceive such specialization as evolutionarily irreversible."
However, some of the characteristics of those parasitic ancestors could have aided house dust mites in their free-living states. The powerful digestive enzymes that allowed the parasitic mites to feed on their hosts help the house dust mite digest skin flakes and bits of feathers and nails that it finds lying around. Those digestive enzyme are also thought to be a big factor in why house dust mites cause so many allergies.
Another major factor in the house dust mite’s unconventional evolutionary path may lie in the fact that its ancestors frequently switched between different kinds of host animals. That variety likely kept the house dust mite’s ancestors from becoming too specialized to cope with life outside of a host system.
SOURCE: Klimov et al. “Is Permanent Parasitism Reversible? Critical Evidence from Early Evolution of House Dust Mites.” Systematic Biology 2013. | <urn:uuid:252ccdb0-f892-40db-812a-410087a0d243> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ibtimes.com/house-dust-mite-ancestry-reveals-reversible-evolution-study-1117117 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778013.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00007-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944444 | 746 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Reverse Engineering at Fiat Automóveis do Brasil 2006-01-2573
The reverse engineering applied on an automobile, is a systematic process of evaluations and testing's, it involves the specialists' participation of the several areas from products development.
The final stage of this process is the disassembling. The technical and analytical disassembling is known as teardown, the methodology uses conceptual tools of support in the analysis of the parts and components, which aid in the identification of solutions that can improve the products competitiveness. At the end of the process of reverse engineering, the results of the evaluations and testing are had allocated in databases that are used as support during the process of vehicles development. | <urn:uuid:f7606d6a-4cb4-4815-b099-acd29d77cde2> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2006-01-2573/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495367.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220170405-20190220192405-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.958026 | 143 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Generation Z is growing up immersed in technology. It’s an integral part of their lives. How integral? Consider these stats.
- 96 percent own a smartphone.
- 68 percent own a tablet.
- 85 percent use social media to learn about new products.
- 50 percent will be connected online for 10 hours a day.
- They interact with up to five screens a day.
- 1/3 watch at least one hour of online video a day.
You could go as far as to say Gen Z is addicted to technology because it impacts them emotionally. Eighty percent feel distressed when kept away from their personal electronic devices. Try asking Gen Z to pull away from their smartphone for an extended time and they will become anxious and upset.
Paradigm Malibu is a treatment facility on the Pacific Coast. It started out treating people with classic drug and alcohol addictions. Now it has developed a program specifically for Gen Z kids who have device-use disorders. Kids are brought to the center because extreme use of technology has led to serious behavioral disorders. In some cases, kids have even threatened to kill themselves when told their Internet may be cut off.
Several of these types of rehabs have been opened across the country to treat Gen Z kids whose lives have become unmanageable because of technology.
If you are a parent whose child has a smartphone, you understand the pull that technology has. Gen Z feels the pressure to constantly be connected, fearing they will miss out on the latest post, like, comment, picture or video. They check their smartphones hundreds of times a day. This can lead to little time for anything else.
Technology has definitely changed the way kids grow up. For many of Gen Z, they communicate more digitally than they do in person. Their smartphone is an extension of their hand and their social media life is more important than their real life.
Dr. Michael Rich, Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School said, “You can go by any playground at recess and the kids are all staring at their smartphones.”
Dr. Jean Twenge, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University, says it’s very clear that overuse of digital media is linked to mental health issues and unhappiness. Her research has found that Gen Z kids who spend three hours a day or more using electronic devices are 35 percent more likely to have a risk factor for suicide than those who spend less than an hour with them—while those who spend five or more hours are 71 percent more likely to have a suicide risk factor.
Gen Z’s bent toward technology addiction is not something to take lightly.
As children and family ministry leaders, it’s important that we provide parents with tools they can use to guide their Gen Z children in the digital world they are growing up in.
One tool that has just been released is a documentary produced by Kirk Cameron, titled Connect. Kirk has six Gen Z kids of his own, so he fully understands the challenges of parenting in a digital world. He created the film to help parents find hope, wisdom and strength in this area.
Kirk says, “God-fearing parents can find confidence and guidance when it comes to the challenges of parenting in our technology-driven world, knowing that God has fully equipped us for the sacred calling as a parent. We have resources to prepare our children as they learn their purpose and identity, and responsibly use technology to understand family, friends, God and the world around them.”
The film was recently in theaters and should be available for home viewing very soon. Here is the trailer.
While technology, smartphones and social media can be great tools to share the Gospel, invite people to church, advance the Kingdom of God and connect with families, like anything else, when it begins to overtake and dominate our lives, it can be detrimental. Especially in the lives of children and students who don’t have the maturity yet to navigate this on their own.
It is vital that we keep the conversation going and look for ways to help Gen Z find balance in their use of technology.
Your turn. The floor is yours. What trends are you seeing with Gen Z and their use of technology? What other tools can we make available for the parents of Gen Z kids to help them navigate this challenge?
This article originally appeared here. | <urn:uuid:8ad92e9a-391c-4fc0-a13f-7a8f76bbcf85> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://churchleaders.com/children/childrens-ministry-articles/322464-gen-zs-technology-addiction.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160641.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924185233-20180924205633-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.962793 | 895 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Kathi Appelt follows her award-winning and New York Times bestselling novel The Underneath with this stunning, mysterious, and breathtaking tale of a girl who outgrows fairy tales just a little too late—and learns in the end that there is nothing more magical and mythical than love itself.
- Atheneum Books for Young Readers |
- 432 pages |
- ISBN 9781442406087 |
- May 2012 |
- Grades 3 - 7
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High Resolution Images
Book Cover Image (jpg): Keeper
Author Photo (jpg): Kathi Appelt
Photograph courtesy of the author(0.1 MB)
Any use of an author photo must include its respective photo credit
Reading Group Guide
A Discussion Guide
References to mermaids and mermen are woven throughout the story of Keeper and her family. Ask students to form small groups to investigate the legends and folklore surrounding mermaids and mermen. Ask each group to research one of the following: Sedna, Ningyo, sirens, Meerfrau, Yemaya, Lorelei, and Rusalka. Have students prepare a presentation for the class that would include their findings and a picture of their subject.
1. What is a blue moon? How often does a blue moon occur? What important events supposedly occur on the night of a blue moon?
2. Why does the author allow the reader to see the human characters from Sinbad and BD’s points-of-view? How do the animals portray the humans? What do the readers learn about the animals that they wouldn’t know if they were not able to read the account from the animals’ points-of-view?
3. On page 92, Keeper refers to “double insurance.” What does she mean by that phrase? How does Keeper gain “double insurance”?
4. What does the reader learn about Signe through Keeper’s descriptions and interactions with her? How would you describe Keeper and Signe’s relationship?
5.& see more | <urn:uuid:a7081912-3cda-4f58-ac8c-f630088cdc8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.simonandschuster.ca/books/Keeper/Kathi-Appelt/9781442406087 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170600.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00168-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918522 | 448 | 2.75 | 3 |
Ways to Evaluate Educational Apps. I am conducting a series of workshops in Florida and was asked to share a rubric to help teachers evaluate educational apps as part of the workshop.
In 2010 Harry Walker developed a rubric, and I used his rubric (with some modifications by Kathy Schrock) as the basis for mine. (Read Harry Walker's paper Evaluating the Effectiveness of Apps for Mobile Devices.) I kept in mind that some apps are used to practice a discrete skill or present information just one time. Others are creative apps that a learner may use again and again, so it's a challenge to craft a rubric that can be used for a wide span of purposes. I tried to make my rubric work for the broadest range of apps, from drill and practice to creative endeavors, while stressing the purpose for using the app. My rubric also emphasizes the ability to customize content or settings and how the app encourages the use of higher order thinking skills. Here's what I chose to spotlight in my rubric: Relevance Customization Feedback Engagement. Children's Technology Review.
Online monthly publication containing resources and articles suited for elementary teachers. – heset
About Children's Technology Review. CTR Interactives Media Rater. How We Rate Interactive Media: About the Ratings, and CTR's Software Evaluation Instrument Here's the evaluation instrument that we use to do our full-length reviews.
If you're looking for an easy to print form to use with test families (especially good for video games, here's the Serious Games Testers Evaluation form, used by the Mediatech foundation. It is a PDF. Please keep in mind that these forms are copyrighted. If you use them, please attribute the source, and don't modify them without a proper reference. The six categories help you keep in mind what it takes to make a quality children's software title. This instrument favors software that is easy to use, child controlled, has solid educational content, is engaging and fun, is designed with features you'd expect to see, and is worth the money.
To be safe, we recommend staying with a rating above 4 stars. The system is not perfect; but it attempts to be a "least worst" rating solution. Key: 1=dud, 2=poor, 3=fair, 4=good, 5=excellent I. About CTR Rater. SGTC Rating Form.
This form is intended to be used for game evaluation but can also be used to rate any educational software. – heset
About SGTC Rating Form. Software Evaluation by Dr. Jim Kerr. SOFTWARE EVALUATION RUBRIC. Title: ___________________________________________ Publisher: _______________________________________ Date of copyright: _________________________________ Version: ________________________________________ Cost: ___________________________________________ Hardware: _______________________________________ Memory: ________________________________________ Subject areas: ____________________________________ Grade Levels: ____________________________________ Delivery Methods: ____ lessons/ tutorial _ ____ drill & practice _____ review _____ simulation _____ testing ____ game _ ____ discovery _____ problem-solving _____ application Rating: 0-5 (0=not included or component is far below standard 5=exemplary) Content Ease of Use Support Materials Technical quality: Assessment Strengths: Weaknesses: Comments: Resources adapted from:
Software Evaluation, Comparison, Selection—Free Report. About. | <urn:uuid:1f1989cb-670e-42a1-b1a8-ba0d2adc6589> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.pearltrees.com/heset/software-evaluation/id6096981 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524568.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716135748-20190716161748-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.880216 | 691 | 2.734375 | 3 |
At Thonga Beach Lodge we are privileged to host some of the most hardcore turtles in the world – the famous Leatherback. Of course, we do our very best to keep these rugged giants happy, keeping our beach in pristine condition so that when they travel so many miles to select just the right safe spot to lay their turtly eggs, they choose our protected shores. Leatherback turtles are one of the two species of turtle that lay their eggs in the Tonga Bay area of the North coast of South Africa. The largest breed of sea turtles, Leatherbacks, can weigh as much as 900kg. Amazingly, they are also the fastest swimmers in the reptile family, and can reach speeds of up to 35 km/hour! This is 4 times higher than the fastest recorded human swimming speed which is 8,6 km/hour.
Not only are they the heavy swimmers of the ocean, they dive deeper and travel further than other turtle species, and where other turtles rest for a few hours a day while they are migrating, leatherbacks rest for only 1 minute a day. They feed on jelly fish, eating roughly their own body-weight in jelly fish each day.
Leatherback turtles lay about 1000 eggs each year, but of these only one tiny baby turtle is likely to survive into adulthood. The female turtles dig a hole in the sand and lay around 100 eggs in the hole, burying the eggs carefully afterwards. They do this about 9 times in different nests in one summer season. After about 70 days the tiny baby turtles hatch and start to make their way to the sea, hopefully escaping the sea birds and other predators on their way. If you are lucky you can see some of these baby turtles hatching at Tonga Bay.
In spite of being such huge, fast swimmers, leatherback turtles are critically endangered. They do not have any natural predators, but their numbers are dropping drastically because of human irresponsibility. Many beaches have been ruined by buildings or mining, leaving fewer and fewer places available for turtles to build their nests. Many turtles are caught by accident in large fishing nets, and others choke because they have eaten plastic packets, mistaking these for jelly fish. Some turtles have also been injured or killed because of plastic straws in the ocean. Tonga Bay are very concerned about the natural environment, and therefore have a careful conservation policy, for example avoiding the use of straws and other environmentally damaging practices.
The other species of turtle that you can see in the Tonga Bay area is the loggerhead turtle. You can read a lot of information about these two turtle species on the Tonga Beach Lodge website at https://www.thongabeachlodge.co.za/portfolios/turtle-tracking/ | <urn:uuid:8d34ad78-b279-4d3f-9328-e1032e981712> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://isibindifoundation.co.za/2019/06/25/worlds-most-hardcore-turtles-choose-thonga-to-rest/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=worlds-most-hardcore-turtles-choose-thonga-to-rest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.963335 | 561 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Can anyone describe this font format?
In the video game "Morrowind" there is a font called "Magic Cards". This font is available on the internet (on dafont.com, as well). What I'm interested in is what the font file format is called.
It appears as though each font comes with two files:
What I need is a description of what type of format they are and where I can find more information. What I'm really after is a programming library that will convert it to a different font format, but I'd settle for just knowing what it is first.
Thanks for any help you can provide,
On daFont, Magi Cards is one flie TTF.
I know, however I am not interested in the TTF format, since information about it is widely available. I need to know what kind of font files the ones I listed are, and how to open and manipulate them.
source : http://www.downloadatoz.com/file-extensions/fnt-file-extension.html
FNT file are formats for Microsoft Windows font files are defined for both raster and vector fonts. Generic font file used by Microsoft Windows; may contain a single raster or vector font; typically stored in the system Fonts folder; they may not look exactly the same onscreen and on paper. Most FNT files have been replaced by TrueType (.TTF) and OpenType (.OTF) fonts.
Open FNT file on Windows :
* Edit with VSoft Font
source : http://www.file-extensions.org/tex-file-extension
LaTeX is a document preparation system for high-quality typesetting. It is most often used for medium-to-large technical or scientific documents but it can be used for almost any form of publishing.
FNT is the old font format of Windows (in 80's) for Windows 3 or befor. It's no more used. From Windows 3.1, the TTF format replace FNT.
TEX is a text editor (free source) creating text in code format (like HTML). But I'm not sure that the extention of font files is TEX (I think is .GF
Hmmm... I realize this is an old posting, but in case anybody else ends up here from Morrowind font work, I submit the following:
If you just want to create new fonts for Morrowind, I created this tool:
Along the way, I developed some insight into the font format
I can provide code if desired.
(On a side note, Greendogo : are you also on the DaggerXL forums? Have we already talked about this elsewhere since you posted this here?)
Hey DigitalMonk, yes, it is me, Greendogo the magnificent! I think I asked this question on behalf of the OpenMW community when they didn't know how they were going to get around the copyright on the fonts (TTF versions of those fonts exist, but are copyrighted so distribution with the game is not an option with the OpenMW project).
The project changed management since 2010, and I think they may have figured out how to open Morrowind's native font. I'll go ask.
Edit: It looks like PVDK figured it out and even referenced your tool in order to do so. This information is from last year, so maybe his progress experienced regression since then.
Edit 2: Also, I'm unsure if we have talked about this elsewhere. Maybe!?
Edited 2 times. Last edit on Mar 21, 2012 at 23:11 by Greendogo
Cool. I know someone from OpenMW contacted me, and I was glad to help, 'coz I'd like to see that project happen as much as I would DaggerXL. The format is relatively easy, just takes some binary twiddling to read it out. The TEX file is basically a raw Alpha map, and the FNT file describes the location of the bounding rectangle and baseline for each glyph -- with the added oddity that the glyph numbers are from some particular OEM "ANSI" encoding from back in the DOS days (only relevant when you get to the non-English glyphs)
Awesome, I love it when people know how do to stuff. I'll make sure he gets in contact with you if he still needs some information.
All times are CEST. The time is now 11:55 | <urn:uuid:03636793-f724-4d57-817e-3dff5ab14f48> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dafont.com/forum/read/2546/can-anyone-describe-this-font-format | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00352-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933434 | 919 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Crème de la Crème of Leather!
Posted on May 11 2016
Leather has been a valuable resource for centuries. From the papyrus pages of Homer’s Iliad and the Ancient Greek banks of Mesopotamia to the ruins of Pompeii and waterways of the ancient Moors in Morocco, there is clear evidence that humans have been using leather for many things like clothing, writing, tribal drums, tools, flasks and even vessels and water pipes, namely by the Phoenicians. But in order for that animal hide to last, it needed to be preserved. So in primitive times, natural things like ash, animal products and smoke were smeared, wafted and soaked upon the resource to ensure a more durable product. Known as tanning, this process evolved in tandem with the growing study of chemistry.
Evidence of the more innovative process of using vegetables and minerals to tan leather dates back hundreds of years when Colonial America was growing and the craft was turning into a profitable and vital industry. The bark of Hemlock trees because of its high tannin content was harvested and then used. So naturally as the demand for more trees grew, so did the need to migrate businesses away from the cities and into the forests of the Northeast.
By the 1800s the industry was booming, but the onslaught on the Hemlock, the rising costs amid hard economic times and the awareness of the damage the waste was doing to water supplies resulted in a sharp downturn in the industry and the way in which tanning was done by the early 1900s. This shift triggered the usage of more synthetic materials and chemicals like chromium to tan leather, a trend that has remained today.
But it also prompted others to rethink the process of vegetable tanning and develop more environmentally-friendly ways of doing it because it still resulted in the strongest, most durable leather that could last for generations.
Today, only about 10-20 percent of the world’s leather is tanned using vegetables. The cost and length of time it takes to complete the process has dissuaded many manufacturers from using it and instead turn to the synthetics and chemicals to preserve leather much like high fructose corn syrup has often replaced natural sugar.
But Italy and companies like Blackwood have remained steadfast in preserving the traditional, more natural process.
How does it work?
Vegetable tanning is environmentally-friendly because it involves only natural ingredients, and the leather can be recycled. The natural tannins, derived from different parts of plants including woods, barks, fruits, fruit pods and leaves, change with age, developing a rich patina and earthy scent. Hemlock bark is known to produce a rich, brown color, while oaks result in a more golden color. Hundreds of other trees like chestnut and mimosa have also been used.
You might be wondering how animal hide plus tree bark results in durable, pliable leather. When the hide is soaked in a bark solution, the powerful tannins bind to the collagen proteins in the hide and coat them, causing them to become less water-soluble and more resistant to bacterial attack. The process of soaking the hides in this solution also causes the hide to become more flexible.
The process is rather complicated and because of the multiple treatments required sometimes in order to ensure that the tannin molecules take their places in just the right way, a lot of work from highly skilled craftsmen is also involved.
In an effort to make the process more efficient, it was discovered in the mid-1800s that by adding the mineral known as chrome to a tanning solution, the process became much more automated and cut the time needed to only a day from the previous two months. However, with the more efficient process came a less durable and less sustainable product.
Like Italy, Blackwood believes that quality should not be sacrificed for the sake of efficiency. The Genuine Italian Vegetable-Tanned Leather Consortium, which is comprised of more than a dozen tanneries, all operating in Tuscany, in the area between Pisa and Florence, shares the same standards of production.
“Vegetable-tanned leather absorbs the traces of our life, it matures without ruining,” says the Consortium. “The natural aging does not compromise its resistance. It reveals the signs of time and use as the most personal expression of naturalness and truth.”
It is this philosophy and passion that Blackwood also brings to every product it creates, resulting in crème de la crème of leather products.
To get an idea of how durable and sustainable naturally-tanned leather can be, check out this link: | <urn:uuid:390fbb6e-c970-48e8-a48c-6836229df8d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://blackwoodonlinestore.com/blogs/blackwood-little-magic/108772614-creme-de-la-creme-of-leather | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827137.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215222234-20181216004234-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.955926 | 956 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A perennial grass of the warm season, giving rhizomes and rapidly growing into stolons. It is very salt-tolerant, resistant to wet soils, and long-term cloudiness. It blooms in tropical and subtropical coastal areas around the world. It is most commonly used as golf grass in salt-prone areas or where saltwater irrigation is required. It is used as sports turf.
Seashore Paspalum Characteristics
Seashore Paspalum is a perennial plant of the warm season, which grows with rhizomes and stolons. Stolons and Seashore Paspalum leaves are slightly harder than the common Bermuda grass. However, with regular mowing to a height of 1 inch or less, the grass will form a dense turf.
Seashore Paspalum blooms in wetlands. It bears humid conditions much better than Bermuda grass. Although it can survive long periods of drying, it exhibits moisture stress earlier than Bermuda grass. Its drought tolerance is probably similar to that of centipede grass.
One of the great features of Seashore Paspalum is its resistance to saline soils. It is reported to tolerate salty areas much better than Bermuda grass. This species is often the only grass to be found around willows and estuarine bodies along the Texas coast.
Seashore Paspalum is a small, tough stemmed grass with a dense root system and vigorous growth habit. The leaves in the bud are twisted. This grass has no auricles, but a short membranous ligule is present. It is light to medium-colored and grows with rhizomes.
Key Identifying Characteristics
Some vital identifying characteristics of Seashore Paspalum are given below.
● Stolons are present in seashore paspalum grass.
● Seashore Paspalum grows with rhizomes.
● Leaves of the seashore paspalum in the bud are twisted.
● A short membranous ligule is present.
● Auricles are absent.
Seashore Paspalum Maintenance
Intermediate Maintenance of a seashore paspalum requires a moderate amount of water and fertilizer, as well as frequent trimming to keep the grass cut low. This species is difficult to mow because it is more rigid than other grasses and recovers rather slowly from damage caused by trimming. It tolerates heat and salt well and also tolerates shade well. Seashore paspalum tolerates some movement and recovers quickly after moderate wear and tear in the spring and summer.
Seashore Paspalum Seeds
Seashore Paspalum is a warm-season grass commonly used for lawns, golf courses, landscaping, parks, and recreation areas. Seashore Paspalum seeds are the only high salt tolerance grass seeds available.
Recommended seeding rate is 1 lb / 1000 sq. Feet. Seashore Paspalum requires very well-prepared soil or seedbed for good Germination and establishment. The seedbed must be clean and free of weeds and other grasses.
Seed viability is low, and some have been found in a seed bank in a heavily infested area of Louisiana, USA. This may be partly due to the self-incompatibility reported by Carpenter in 1958. He found that only one in four seeds in Australia and South Africa self-pollinated. Leonard et al. in 2015 said that Germination of less than 5% at room temperature was improved with a constant temperature of 35 ° C or a variable temperature regime from 25 ° C to 35 ° C. In 2006, Shim et al. also discovered that the alternation at 25/35 ° C is optimal with KNO3 and discovered the advantages of light. In 2012, Serena et al. Germination was not affected by salinity levels of up to 12.5 dS / m 2.
Seashore Paspalum Origin
Seashore Paspalum is commonly known as Paspalum vaginatum and is also called with many other names. This type of grass grows intensively and is found in humid and salty habitats. Seashore Paspalum is believed to be native to America, but it can be a persistent rice weed in West Africa. It can be seen spreading up to 1–2 meters per year and becoming dominant over native vegetation in coastal habitats.
It is believed that Paspalum vaginatum originated in America. However, in 2005, Chen et al. studied the range of genetic diversity and concluded that its origin could be in Africa. In 2016, a team of invasive species experts indicated that it is only native to the United States and Ecuador and was later introduced elsewhere. In 2013, Lansdown et al. and most other sources stated that it is native throughout America and Africa, and most of Asia (including Australia) and was later introduced to Europe, North Africa, Azores, New Zealand, Hawaii, and Fiji. In 2016, in the Pacific, PIER indicated that Seashore Paspalum is native to many islands and introduced to others, including Hawaii. It is widely grown as turf and is almost certainly found in many areas where it has not been grown naturally, such as in some provinces of China. | <urn:uuid:bef6568f-0d4e-49cc-83b7-be02ea3993f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://bigbearpestcontrol.com/seashore-paspalum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487600396.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613041713-20210613071713-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.956138 | 1,106 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Even when you do everything right, identity theft is always a risk. There were more than 1,200 breaches in 2016 which exposed more than one billion identities to hackers according to new report. Considering there are just about 7.3 billion people in the world, your chance of keeping your identity to yourself isn’t great.
The statistics from the April 2017 Internet Security Threat Report are alarming at best.
There were 1,209 breaches in 2016. That number is actually down compared to 2014 (1,523) and 2015 (1,211), however, the number of massive breaches exposing more than 10 million people at one time is up:
- 2014 – 11 breaches that exposed more than 10 million people
- 2015 – 13 breaches that exposed more than 10 million people
- 2016 – 15 breaches that exposed more than 10 million people
The number of identities exposed per breach is also higher:
- 2014 – 805,000 identities exposed
- 2015 – 466,000 identities exposed
- 2016 – 927,000 identities exposed
Last year was a record year for data breaches, from Wendy’s (were the nuggets worth it?) to the Democratic National Committee (still mentioned in every political news story).
How To Protect Your Identity
Using cash is obviously the best way to protect yourself from hackers, but it’s not realistic. There is an ease to swiping a credit card and setting up automatic payments for, well, everything! If you’re going to use credit or debit cards, shop online and enter personal information online, you have to take steps to protect yourself financially. Let’s face it—bad guys want your information.
Some other tips to remember:
- Children are more vulnerable than adults because they won’t apply for loans for years! Parents have to monitor their children’s identities as well.
- Shred documents containing personal information.
- Install firewalls and virus-detection software on your personal computers.
- Be extra cautious around tax season when criminals try to use your social security number to falsely file tax returns.
- Don’t leave mail in your mailbox too long. If you’re out of town, ask a family member or friend to pick up mail for you.
Here’s some hopeful news regarding this identity theft crisis. Banks are fairly successful at catching the crooks. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 45 percent of victims were contacted about suspicious activity involving their account by their financial institution. The majority of victims, 52 percent, were able to resolve any problems in a day or less.
Others aren’t so lucky…about 9 percent of victims aren’t back to normal for an entire month! | <urn:uuid:320841c4-dfe6-407a-8c46-5df194c8e363> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.dontwasteyourmoney.com/these-identity-theft-statistics-are-alarming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945637.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422174026-20180422194026-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.940311 | 563 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If I could ensure that kids come away from science class with one thing only, it wouldn’t be a set of facts. It would be an attitude—something that the late physicist Richard Feynman called “scientific integrity,” the willingness to bend over backward to examine reasons your pet theories about the world might be wrong. “That is the idea that we all hope you have learned in studying science in school,” Feynman said in a 1974 commencement speech. “We never say explicitly what this is, but just hope that you catch on by all the examples of scientific investigation.”
Teaching that spirit is easier said than done. “The hardest thing is convincing teenagers they can be wrong,” a high school science teacher from Phoenix lamented to me recently in a conversation about scientific integrity. But to be fair, it’s not just teenagers. We’re all captives of one of the most well-established errors in human reasoning, called confirmation bias: our tendency to focus on evidence that confirms our prior expectations. Once our minds alight on a theory, our impulse is to reassure ourselves it’s true, not set out to disprove it.
For example, researchers has demonstrated that our perception of a speaker depends on whether we’ve been told ahead of time that he’s confident or shy. Our judgment of a child’s academic skill depends on whether we’ve been led to believe that she’s from a rich family or a poor one. When we serve on a jury, we quickly form an impression about whether the defendant is guilty, and then disproportionately interpret new evidence as supporting that impression.
In other words, we need to actively look for signs that our assumptions are wrong, because we won’t do so unprompted. One such sign, scientists have suggested, is the feeling of surprise. “Brains are continuously making predictions,” psychologist Daniel Gilbert explains in his book Stumbling on Happiness—about how a friend is likely to react when you greet her, about what will happen after you knock a glass off the table, even about what sort of word you’re going to see at the end of a sentence. We’re generally not conscious of those predictions, until the world violates them. “Surprise tells us that we were expecting something other than what we got, even when we didn’t know we were expecting anything at all,” Gilbert says.
Surprising observations push science forward. Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn sometimes called them “anomalies,” observations that don’t make sense under the current paradigm. Eventually they help replace that paradigm with a new one. In the 16th century, an inexplicable kink in the path of Mars across the night sky helped overturn the geocentric model of the solar system in favor of the heliocentric one. And in the 19th and 20th centuries, the unexpectedly fast rotation of Mercury’s orbit helped overturn Newtonian mechanics in favor of general relativity.
Scientists are human, of course, so they feel the temptation to ignore or explain away anomalies. But the ability to resist that temptation is what produces good science. Psychologist Kevin Dunbar has spent his career studying how scientists think, and he’s found that the more experienced a scientist is, the more likely she is to investigate surprising results rather than ignore them. Scientists help one another fight confirmation bias, too. “Individual scientists out of a group context usually attributed inconsistent evidence to error of some sort, and hoped that the finding would go away,” Dunbar reported after observing the operations of several molecular biology laboratories over the course of a year. “However, when the finding was presented at a laboratory meeting, the other scientists tended to focus on the inconsistency to dissect it, and either (a) suggested alternate hypotheses, or (b) forced the scientists to think of a new hypothesis.”
Inspired by the research on the role of surprise in science, I’ve started to keep my own “surprise journal,” to help me notice moments of surprise or confusion, and use them as a cue to examine my assumptions.
After I gave a talk about surprise and confirmation bias in July, the teacher I mentioned, named Charlie Toft, emailed me to tell me he was borrowing my surprise journal idea to test out in his science classes. Over a school quarter, each of his students had to record at least 15 moments in which they experienced surprise, and for each one, ask themselves two questions: Why was this surprising? And what does that tell me about myself?
The results have been encouraging. Toft collected more than 1,000 moments of surprise in total, and he shared some with me. In many cases, students’ surprise stemmed from a mistake that they realized they could have prevented. For example:
Moment of surprise: When we thought we were early to the airport, but we were late.
Why it was surprising: Because we planned ahead before the night of the flight, but we had the time wrong.
What this tells me: that before planning ahead make sure the information you have is correct.
It was also common for students to be surprised at how well or poorly they performed at a task:
Moment of surprise: Found my quince [quinceañera] dance very easy when I thought it was going to be hard.
Why it was surprising: b/c it was new, never seen it before therefore I thought it was going to be hard when it wasn’t.
What this tells me: just b/c it’s new doesn’t meant it’s going to be hard.
And parents of teenagers everywhere will be envious to hear that another recurring theme was the realization that the student’s mother or father wasn’t so wrong after all:
Moment of surprise: I was making french fries, and had forgotten to listen to my mom about lowering the heat, so I burned them.
Why it was surprising: That same day I had been very confident with my cooking, and told my brother I didn’t make cooking mistakes.
What this tells me: I should probably start listening to my mom, when it comes to cooking.
After the exercise, Toft asked his students whether they expected their surprise journaling experience to change their behavior in the future. Seventy percent said yes. “I learned that all of my surprises occurred because I came to the situation with assumptions fixed into my mind,” one student wrote. “I am wrong more often than I think,” another wrote. “Of course I don’t feel wrong. I just realize it after it.”
For Toft himself, the biggest surprise was how the experiment changed the way his students reacted to their own mistakes in class. “In the class culture, acknowledgement that you are mistaken about something has become dubbed a ‘moment of surprise’ (followed by a student scrambling to retrieve their journal to record it),” he wrote to me. “As this is much more value-neutral than ‘I screwed up,’ the atmosphere surrounding the topic is less stressful than in previous years.”
Which, actually, didn’t surprise me to hear. Partly because that’s also been my experience keeping a surprise journal, but also because it echoes what scientists have discovered so far about how to fight confirmation bias. “It’s absolutely threatening to admit that you’re wrong,” says Brendan Nyhan, a political scientist who studies denialism. Many studies by Nyhan and others show that if you help people feel more secure via a “self-affirmation”—such as prompting them to reflect on a personal value they’re proud of—they’ll be more willing to consider arguments that threaten their worldview. Reframing errors as “surprises,” and getting a figurative thumbs-up for noticing them, is just another way to take the sting out of the process.
Toft’s experiment is merely a first step, of course, but it’s a step in the right direction. With the right effort, future science classes could produce a new generation of graduates who react to signs of their own error not with defensiveness or denial, but with curiosity. Or even excitement. As Isaac Asimov once said, “The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not ‘Eureka!’ but ‘That’s funny ...’ ” | <urn:uuid:0f75e489-4aaf-4f68-a12c-c975f4222bec> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/01/surprise_journal_notice_the_unexpected_to_fight_confirmation_bias_for_science.single.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105955.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819235943-20170820015943-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.968211 | 1,808 | 3.140625 | 3 |
We hear a lot about prevention when it comes to our health. When it comes to our teeth and oral health, prevention can play a role in not just saving our teeth but also time and money in the dental chair. Most people think the dentist is just trying to get their money by having them come in two times a year for check-ups and cleanings but nothing could be further from the truth.
The Spread of Decay
It’s important to detect decay early. A clear but sticky substance called plaque is always forming on the teeth and gums. Plaque contains bacteria that feeds on sugar that is in your food. That is why you should definitely minimize the amount of sugar you have in your diet. Soft drinks, candy and processed foods that contain sugar are notorious for increasing the plaque on the teeth.
As the bacteria feed on the sugars, they create acid. The acids attack the teeth for up to 20 minutes or more after you eat. These acids eat away at the enamel of the tooth causing decay.
Energy Drinks And Oral Health
Another common culprit of decay that most don’t think about is energy drinks. People are drinking more energy drinks than ever before and some brands are even consumed now more than coffee. These energy drinks are highly acidic and eat away at the enamel of the tooth. It is best if you can stay away from these types of drinks but if you just have to have one, it would be wise to limit the amount of them you do drink.
What Are The Symptoms of Decay?
Tooth decay usually doesn’t have symptoms until there is a cavity or a tooth becomes infected. When this occurs, you usually have the following:
- Swollen gums or abscesses
- Bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth
- Spots on the teeth of various colors where the decay is occurring
If you have a toothache, you need to come in right away. Pain is a sign that a problem exist, and if you let it go, it can lead to more extensive treatment and cost.
Many times, decay can be seen externally but in order to really see what is going on with the teeth, digital x-rays are necessary. This gives the doctor and his team a better overall view of your teeth and helps determine the best treatment option.
Treatment options for decayed teeth range anywhere from simple fillings to extractions. Extractions are always a last resort as our goal is always to do our best to save the tooth. In some instances, this may require a root canal and then a crown placed on the tooth.
Don’t worry about hearing the words “root canal.” We know for some that it has a negative connotation. However, root canals are designed to get you out of pain and with current numbing techniques and sedation, you mostly likely will not feel anything.
Prevention helps us detect things before they get out of hand and ultimately cost you more money. It’s better to keep up with those cleanings and exams than to have to have a root canal and crown done because you didn’t.
If you haven’t had an exam or cleaning in a while, then give us a call and set up an appointment right away. Don’t procrastinate as it could be the difference in your dental cost. | <urn:uuid:a04edcdc-5ba7-43f2-8d35-cb01684088dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://mckinneydentist.com/the-importance-of-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424586.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723182550-20170723202550-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.965881 | 693 | 3.1875 | 3 |
It’s a good weekend for stargazers.
Not only will the second supermoon in as many months light up Canadian skies, but the Perseid meteor shower will again grace us with its own show. The Perseid shower will peak between Sunday and Wednesday of next week, but if you’re out of the city this weekend you may glimpse a few overnight Friday and Saturday.
But there’s a catch: the bright moon will make it harder to see the smaller meteors. Larger meteors will shine through, said astronomer Paul Mortfield, chair of the David Dunlap Observatory and former NASA and Sandford University researcher. Below he explains how to make the most of the muted show and explains the science behind falling stars.
How much will the so-called supermoon affect our ability to see the Perseid meteor shower?
“Any time there’s a moon up in the sky what it does is reduces the amount of meteors we can actually see because it’s like having a big light on at the same time. So you’ll see some of the bright ones but you won’t see a lot of the faint ones.”
What’s the best time of night to try and catch a glimpse?
“The best time to see a meteor shower is after midnight and the best thing to do is go find a local park or a backyard or somewhere where you don’t have direct light on you and then you’ll be able to see the meteors.”
Is there a specific space in the sky people should be watching?
“That’s the great thing about watching meteors you never know where they’re coming from. If you draw a line backwards from when you see the meteor trail across the sky they’ll be coming out of the northeast but meteors will appear anywhere in the sky.”
How big are these meteors?
“The actual average size of a meteor is smaller than your baby fingernail; whereas the bigger ones will obviously be brighter as they burn up in our atmosphere but most of them are really tiny specks of dust.”
How fast are they travelling?
“When we see meteors enter our atmosphere they’re usually travelling anywhere between sixty and hundred thousand kilometres an hour.”
What is that sparkling tail on larger meteors made of?
“The trail behind the meteor is [created] as the particles are burning up in our atmosphere. The bigger ones take longer and you’ll sometimes see little bits breaking off behind it?”
Are any of the meteors dangerous?
“Usually there is no danger of anything really big coming down … they’re all coming off the tail of a comet so most of them are going to be really really tiny. The comet that causes the Perseid meteor shower is call Comet Swift-Tuttle (named for the scientists who discovered it).”
So what exactly causes this fantastic display?
“The comet Swift-Tuttle, when it came by, left a set of debris behind it from its tail and every year the earth comes around and passes through that debris field and keeps hitting more and more of it. And that’s what causes the meteor shower.”
When will we next see the comet itself?
The year 2126.
“The comet last came around in 1993. It’s a periodic comet that comes around once every 133 years, so right now we don’t see the comet but we see what it left behind.” | <urn:uuid:07db8db4-7421-4346-b8e0-344b1562fe7a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://o.canada.com/news/national/how-to-make-the-best-of-a-muted-perseid-meteor-shower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296571.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00216-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90998 | 756 | 2.8125 | 3 |
New Defender's Study Bible Notes
21:2 together. This epilogue chapter, added after John had apparently ended his narrative, may well have been intended partly for symbolic reasons. This may be suggested by the fact that just seven of the disciples were involved, the number possibly representing all disciples of the Lord as “fishers of men.” The number seven has, of course, symbolized completeness ever since God established the seven-day week in commemoration of the completion of His week of creation. The Great Commission had now been given, and it would soon be time for the disciples and all those who would follow them to go into all the world to “fish for men” (see Matthew 4:19). By this additional miraculous sign, Jesus would encourage His people that their fishing would ultimately be successful in bringing many to the Savior. | <urn:uuid:abdf9bea-62f0-4df8-9b40-8507437ca616> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.icr.org/home?module=home&action=submitsearch&f_submit=Search&f_context_any=any§ion=bible&f_search_type=bible&f_keyword_any=John+21:2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.983029 | 178 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Sign language studies for children and parents
E-textbooks with a modern approach which improve and facilitate learning the necessary skills for communicating in sign language.
The textbooks are equipped with video and audio files portraying a single sign or phrase as well as action videos that show how signs are used in context. Among other things, the attached verbal material helps learners develop their reading skills.
Books are available mainly so that children and parents can look at them together and connect better with each other. You can also find many fun games and exercises to help you retain the material.
You can find the public e-textbooks here: | <urn:uuid:a91bf1e2-aa94-49b8-b6dd-ba01158c3389> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.tallinn.ee/en/services/sign-language-studies-children-and-parents | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499654.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128184907-20230128214907-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.952881 | 125 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Ethnic Images from the Appel Collection
here to see our on-line exhibition.
"Interesting display depicting both realities and conceived
realities of the attitudes faced by immigrants—provoking."
"Very telling of the social un-consciousness of the time.
Very revealing, unsettling and truthful." —Visitor comments,
Kalamazoo Valley Museum, Kalamazoo, MI
This exhibition explores the role of caricature and stereotype
in forming American values and attitudes about the multicultural
development of the United States. It utilizes a collection
of immigrant and ethnic caricatures from popular graphics
dating primarily from the Civil War to World War I, a period
of massive migration to the United States. To modern Americans,
the contents are sometimes humorous, sometimes very disturbing.
Nevertheless, the collection offers great insight into American
cultural attitudes and is a remarkable resource for the study
of American cultural history. The items used in this exhibition
consist of a variety of print media such as cartoons, postcards,
trade cards, and prints and lithographs, all of which come
from over 4,000 pieces donated to the MSU Museum by Dr. John
and Selma Appel. Materials from their collection have been
loaned to numerous exhibitions on ethnic images and immigration
throughout the United States and the Appels have written many
publications on the subject.
No current bookings. This exhibit is available.
This exhibition has been displayed at the following sites:
The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies, Philadelphia, PA;
Dreams of Freedom Museum, Boston, MA; Immigration Law Foundation,
Washington, DC; Kalamazoo Valley Museum, Kalamazoo, MI; Michigan
State University Museum, East Lansing, MI; South Dakota State
Historical Society, Pierre, SD; Holocaust Memorial and Tolerance Center of Nassau County, Glen Cove, NY; Beaumier Upper Penninsula Heritage Center, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI; Schoolcraft College, Livonia, MI; Stauth Memorial Museum, Montezuma, KS; and Holland Museum, Holland, MI.
fee (8-week period) :
||Number of pieces:
||37 framed works
||Running feet required:
|| 50-75 running feet
||Lockable, limited access display area; trained guards or comparable protection system; provisions to prevent public from touching objects; object handling by museum professionals; temperature and light controls; fire protection according to local ordinances
||Additional materials available:
Pat-Riots to Patriots: American
Irish in Caricature and Comic Art and other merchandise
is available from the Michigan
Traditional Arts Program Store.
This exhibition was funded by John and Selma Appel and
the Michigan Council for Arts and Cultural Affairs.
|< back to Available Exhibits | <urn:uuid:d6a2cf49-c24f-45bd-a4a9-32f013639031> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://museum.msu.edu/museum/tes/immigration.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832385.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00111-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863078 | 582 | 2.8125 | 3 |
William Morris. Commonweal 1890
“Development of Modern Society”,
Source: Commonweal, Volume 6, Number 236, pp.225-6 19 July 1890 (the first of five parts.)
Transcribed by: Ted Crawford
Proofing and HTML:Graham Seaman
ALL the progressive races of man have gone through a stage of development during which society has been very different to what it is now. At present there is a very definite line of distinction drawn between the personal life of a man and his life as a member of society. As a rule, the only direction in which this social life is felt is in that of his nearest kindred—his wife, children, parents, brothers and sisters. This is so much the case that we to-day have given to the word relations (which should mean all those with whom a man has serious and continuous dealings) a fresh meaning, and made it signify only those near members of kinship aforesaid. For the rest most civilised men acknowledge no responsibility. Though the word State is in everybody's mouth, most people have but the vaguest idea as to what it means; it is even generally considered as a synonym to the Government, which also indicates either the heads of one of the political parties, or the vague entity called by Carlyle the parish constable—in other words, the executive power of the ruling classes in our society. So little do we feel any responsibilities to this hardly conceivable thing, the State, that while few indeed feel any loyalty towards it, most men do not realise it sufficiently even to feel any enmity against it—except, perhaps, when the tax-gatherer’s hand is on the knocker.
Now all this is so far the result of a long series of history, which I must just hint at before one comes to the condition of the workman during its different stages,—a series of events which tended to give to the word property the meaning which it now has; a series of events which tended more and more to consider things as the important matter of consideration rather than persons; which I may illustrate by the fact that nowadays the law looks upon the estate as of more importance than the user of it, as for instance in the case of the estate of a lunatic, which it will defend to the utmost against all attacks, and treat as if it had a genuine life and soul capable of feeling all injuries and pains, while all the time the lunatic is under restraint.
I will now contrast this entire ignoring of the community (for that will be a better word than State to use at present) with the conditions under which men lived in earlier ages of the world, and through which, as I have said, all the progressive races have passed, some of them so early that when we first meet them in history they are already passing out of it into the next development. In this early period the individual is so far from feeling no responsibility to the community, that all his responsibilities have relation to the community. Indeed, this sense of responsibility, as we shall see later on, has only been completely extinguished since the introduction of the present economical and political system—since the death of feudality, in short: but in the period I am thinking about it was a quite unquestioned habit. The unit of society, the first, and in the beginning the only bond, was the narrowest form of clan, called the gens. This was an association of persons who were traceably of one blood or kinship. Intermarriage between its members was forbidden, or rather was not even dreamed of: a man of the Eagle gens could have no sexual intercourse with an Eagle woman, nor thought of it. All property was in common within the gens, and descent was traced, not through the father, but through the mother, who was the obvious parent of the child. Whatever competition (war, you may call it, for competition was simple in those days), was outside the group of blood relations, each of which felt no responsibility for other groups of their members. But the fact that intermarriage was impossible within these groups brought about a larger association. Since an Eagle could not marry an Eagle, the Eagles must either get their wives by violent robbery in a haphazard fashion from outsiders, or have some other society at hand into which they could marry, and who could marry into their society. It used to be thought that the violent robbery was the method, but I believe the second method was the one used. There were groups of neighbours at hand who were recognised as belonging to the same stock, but who were not too near in blood to make marriage impossible. Between these groups there was affinity, therefore; the Eagles could intermarry with the Owls, the Sparrows, the Cats, or what not, according to a somewhat intricate system, and this quite without violence. And also between the clans or gentes who composed these tribes there would be no war, and the use of whatever land they fed their stock upon or cultivated (for in some places or ages this gentile-tribal system lasted well into the agricultural period) was arranged peaceably in a communal method.
Now the tribe in which a common ancestor (worshipped as a god) was always assumed, and was generally a fact, tended to federate with other tribes who still felt that they belonged to a common stock, who thus formed an association called by our ancestors the thiod, or people; an association much looser, of course, than that of the gens or tribe, but like those, founded on an idea of common kindred; founded on the personal kinship of all its members to the god-ancestor, and not on locality or the holding of certain property or position. The offices of the body, under whatever names they went, were appointed by the tribesmen for their personal qualities to perform definite duties. There was no central executive body; every freeman had certain necessary duties to perform, a shadow of which still exists in our jury, who were originally the neighbours called together to utter their finding (without direction from a judge) as to how such a one had come by his death, what was to do between two neighbours who could not agree, and so forth. If a man was injured, it was the duty of the members of his gens or clan to take up the injury as an injury to the community. This is the meaning of the blood-feud of which we hear so much in the early literature of the North, and of the Celtic clans, and a survival of which still exists among out-of-the-way folks. The practice of the vendetta in Corsica, e.g., does not indicate that the Corsicans are a specially vindictive people; it is a survival of the tribal customary law: its sentimentalising by novelists and poets is a matter of ignorance—naturally enough, I admit. “Government” or administration, or whatever else you may call it, was in this condition of society as direct as it ever can be; nor had government by majority been invented—e.g., if the clans could not agree to unite in war, the war could not go on, unless any clan chose to go to war by itself.
I am conscious of not explaining fully the difference between such a state of society and ours; but it is indeed difficult to do so now, when all our ideas and the language which expresses them have been for so many ages moulded by such a totally different society. But I must, at least, try to make you understand that the whole of the duties of a freeman in this society had reference to the community of which he formed a part, and that he had no interests but the interest of the community; the assertion of any such private interests would have been looked upon as a crime, or rather a monstrosity, hardly possible to understand. This feudal union of the tribes is the last state of society under barbarism; but before I go on to the next stage, I must connect it with our special subject, the condition of productive labour.
With the development of the clans into federated tribes came a condition of organised aggressive war, since all were recognised as enemies outside of the tribe or federation; and with this came the question what was to be done with the prisoners taken in battle, and, furthermore, what was to be done with the tribe conquered so entirely as not to be able to defend its possessions, the land, which it used. Chattel slavery was the answer to the one question, serfdom to the second. You see this question was bound to come up in some form, as soon as the productive powers of man had grown to a certain point. In the very early stages of society slaves are of no use, because your slave will die unless you allow him to consume all that he produces; it is only when by means of tools and the organisation of labour that he can produce more than is absolutely necessary for his livelihood, that you can take anything from him. Robbery only begins when property begins; so that slavery doesn't begin till tribes are past the mere hunter period. When they go to war they only save their prisoners to have some fun out of them by torturing them, as the redskins did, unless, perhaps, as sometimes happened, they adopt them into the tribe, which also the redskins did at times. But in the pastoral stage slaves become possible, and when you come to the agricultural stage (to say nothing of further developments) they become necessary till the time when privilege is destroyed and all men are equal. There are, then, three conditions of mankind, mere gregarious organised savagery, slavery, and social equality. When you once have come to that conclusion you must also come to this deduction from it, that if you shrink from any sacrifice to the Cause of Socialism it must be because we are either weak or criminal, either cowards or tyrants—perhaps both.
Well, this last stage of barbarism, that of the federated tribes, gave way in ancient history, the history of the Greeks and Romans, into the first stage of civilisation. The life of the city[A], and in mediaeval history into feudalism; it is under the latter that the development of the treatment of the conquered tribe as serfs is the most obvious; serfdom being the essence of mediaeval society proper, and its decay beginning with the decline of serfdom. But, undoubtedly, there were serfs in the classical period; that is to say an inferior class to the freemen, who were allowed to get their own livelihood on the condition of their performing certain services for them, and with a certain status, though a low one, which raised them above the condition of the chattel-slave, whose position was not recognised at all more than that of his fellow labourer, the horse or the ass. The Helots, for example, were the serfs rather than the slaves of the Spartans, and there were other instances both among the Greeks and the Romans of labourers in a similar position.
However, chattel slavery as opposed to serfdom is the characteristic form of servitude in the ancient city life. In that life you must understand the idea of the merging of the individual into the community was still strong, although property had come into existence, and had created a political condition of society under which things were growing to be of more moment than persons. But the community had got to be an abstraction, and it was to that abstraction, and not to the real visible body of persons that individual interests were to be sacrificed. This is more obvious among the Romans than the Greeks, whose mental individuality was so strong and so various, that no system could restrain it; so that when that system began to press heavily upon them they could not bear it, and in their attempts to escape from its consequences fell into the mere corruption of competitive tyranny at an early period. The Romans, on the other hand, without art or literature, a hard and narrow-minded race, cultivated this worship of the city into an over-mastering passion, so fierce and so irrational that their history before their period of corruption reads more like that of a set of logical demons bent on torturing themselves and everybody else, than a history of human beings. They must be credited with the preservation of the art and literature of Greece (though with its corruptions and stultification as well), and for the rest I think the world owes them little but its curse, unless indeed we must accept them as a terrible example of over-organisation. Of their state one may say what one of their poets said of their individual citizens, when they were sunk in their well-earned degradation, that for the sake of life they cast away the reasons for living.WILLIAM MORRIS
( To be continued.) | <urn:uuid:b865f117-acf6-41d9-a6ac-1c8a935319db> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1890/commonweal/devel1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131846.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00128-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984665 | 2,642 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Candidates appearing in the JEE Main 2019 exam are suggested to go through the JEE Main 2019 syllabus. The Joint Entrance Examination Main is conducted in two papers – Paper I and Paper II. Paper I comprises three subjects such as Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. In this article, we have covered JEE Main Chemistry 2019 in detail. The Chemistry syllabus is divided into Section A (Physical Chemistry), Section B (Inorganic Chemistry) and Section C (Organic Chemistry).
The JEE Main Chemistry syllabus 2019 covers the topics of Class XI and XII. Read through the article to find complete section-wise break up of chapters, units and topics.
JEE Main Chemistry Syllabus 2019
JEE Main Chemistry Section A Syllabus 2019 – Physical Chemistry
Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry
Concept of molecule, atom, compound and element; Dalton’s atomic theory, matter and its nature; Laws of chemical combination: Atomic and molecular masses, molar mass, mole concept, empirical, percentage composition and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry; Physical quantities and measurements in Chemistry, significant figures, precision and accuracy, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis.
Unit 2: States of Matter
Classification of matter into liquid, solid and gaseous states.
Properties of liquids – viscosity, surface tension and vapour pressure and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).
Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws – Charle’s law, Boyle’s law, Avogadro’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Ideal gas equation; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Root mean square, concept of average and most probable velocities; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Real gases, compressibility factor, deviation from Ideal behaviour and van der Waals equation.
Bragg’s Law and its applications; Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Electrical and magnetic properties; Imperfection in solids, unit cell and lattices, voids, packing in solids (bec, fee and hep lattices), calculations involving unit cell parameters.
Unit 3: Atomic Structure
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom – derivation of the relations for energy of the electron, its postulates and limitations of Bohr’s model, radii of the different orbits. Variation of t|/ and \|/2 with r for Is and 2s orbitals; Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; shapes of s, p and d – orbitals, spin quantum number and electron spin; various quantum numbers (angular momentum, magnetic quantum numbers and principal) and their significance; Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, extra stability of half-filled, electronic configuration of elements and completely filled orbitals. Quantum mechanical model of atom, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics and its important features.
Unit 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, covalent bonds and concept of ionic.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals, its important features; Resonance.
Covalent Bonding: Fajan’s rule, dipole moment, concept of electronegativity; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Ionic Bonding: Calculation of lattice enthalpy; Factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, formation of ionic bonds,.
Molecular Orbital Theory – LCAOs, its important features, sigma and pi-bonds, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), concept of bond order, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, bond energy and bond length.
Hydrogen bonding and its applications. Elementary idea of metallic bonding.
Unit 5: Chemical Thermodynamics
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: Extensive and intensive properties, system and surroundings, types of processes, state functions.
First law of thermodynamics – Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Concept of work, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, heat internal energy and enthalpy; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, formation, combustion, sublimation, atomization, hydration, phase transition, solution and ionization.
Second law of thermodynamics: AS of the universe and AG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, AG” (Standard Gibbs energy change), Spontaneity of processes and equilibrium constant.
Unit 6: Solutions
Different methods for expressing concentration of solution – molarity, vapour pressure of solutions, molality, percentage (by volume and mass both), mole fraction and Raoult’s Law – Non-ideal and ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition, plots for non-ideal and ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions – elevation of boiling point, relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties.
Unit 7: Equilibrium
Concept of dynamic equilibrium, meaning of equilibrium.
Ionic equilibrium: Various concepts of acids and bases (Bronsted – Lowry, Arrhenius and Lewis), weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes and their ionization, ionization constants, and acid – base equilibria (including multistage ionization) ionization of water, pH scale, hydrolysis of salts, common ion effect, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and pH of their solutions, solubility products and buffer solutions.
Equilibria involving chemical processes: Le Chatelier’s principle, significance of AG and AG” in chemical equilibria, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc), law of chemical equilibrium and their significance, temperature, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, effect of catalyst.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid – gas equilibria, liquid – gas and Solid – liquid, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes, Henry’s law.
Unit 8: Redox Reactions and Electro-chemistry
Redox reactions, rules for assigning oxidation number, electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, balancing of redox reactions, oxidation number.
Electrochemical cells – different types of electrodes, Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, half – cell and cell reactions, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential and emf of a Galvanic cell its measurement; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Nernst equation and its applications; Fuel cells.
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, electrolytic and metallic conduction and their variation with concentration, molar conductivities: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Unit 9: Chemical Kinetics
Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, rte of a chemical reaction, pressure, temperature and catalyst; complex and elementary reactions, rate law, order and molecularity of reactions, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, rate constant and its units, effect of temperature on rate of reactions -Arrhenius theory, their characteristics and half -lives, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation), activation energy and its calculation.
Unit 10: Surface Chemistry
Catalysis – Homogeneous and heterogeneous, enzyme catalysis, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts and its mechanism.
Adsorption – Chemisorption and Physisorption and their characteristics, adsorption from solutions, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids – Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.
Colloidal state– Classification of colloids -lyophilic, colloids and suspensions, lyophobic; multimolecular, preparation and properties of colloids – Tyndall effect, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), distinction among true solutions, electrophoresis, dialysis, Emulsions and their characteristics coagulation and flocculation; Brownian movement.
JEE Main Chemistry Section B Syllabus 2019 – Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 11: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Modem periodic law and periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, electron gain enthalpy, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, valence and chemical reactivity.
Unit 12: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, ores, minerals; Steps involved in the extraction of metals – reduction (electrolytic and chemical methods), concentration and refining with special reference to the extraction of Cu, Al, Fe and Zn; electrochemical and Thermodynamic principles involved in the extraction of metals.
Unit 13: Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, preparation, isotopes, uses of hydrogen and properties; Physical and chemical properties of heavy water and water; Structure, reactions, uses of hydrogen peroxide and preparation; Hydrogen as a fuel; Classification of hydrides – covalent, ionic and interstitial.
Unit 14: S – Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)
Group -1 and 2 Elements
Electronic configuration, general introduction and general trends in chemical and physical properties of elements, diagonal relationships, anomalous properties of the first element of each group.
Preparation and properties of some compounds – sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca; Plaster of Paris, Industrial uses of limestone, cement and lime.
Unit 15: P- Block Elements
Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: General trends in chemical and physical properties and Electronic configuration of elements down the groups and across the periods; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
Group-wise study of the p – block elements Group -13
Properties, preparation and uses of aluminium and boron; Structure, properties and boric acid, uses of borax, boron trifluoride, diborane, alums and aluminium chloride.
Properties, Structure and uses of Allotropes and oxides of silicon tetrachloride, carbon, zeolites, silicates and silicones; Tendency for catenation.
Properties and uses of phosphorus and nitrogen; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphorus halides and phosphine, (PC13, PCI,); Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Structures of oxoacids of nitrogen and oxides and phosphorus.
Structures, properties, uses of ozone and Preparation; Structures of oxoacids of sulphur; properties, Preparation, uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation) and structures; Allotropic forms of sulphur.
Uses of hydrochloric acid, Preparation and properties; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides.
Structures of oxides of xenon and fluorides; Occurrence and uses of noble gases.
Unit 16: d – and f – Block Elements
General trends in properties of the first row transition elements – ionization enthalpy, physical properties, atomic radii, oxidation states, catalytic behaviour, colour, complex formation, magnetic properties, alloy formation, interstitial compounds, General introduction, occurrence and characteristics, electronic configuration; Properties, Preparation, and uses of 07, K2 Cr and Kmn04.
Inner Transition Elements
Actinoids – Oxidation states and Electronic configuration.
Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, lanthanoid contraction and oxidation states.
Unit 17: Co-Ordination Compounds
Werner’s theory, Introduction to co-ordination compounds; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, magnetic properties and colour; co-ordination number, ligands, chelation, denticity; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism; Importance of coordination compounds (in extraction of metals, qualitative analysis and in biological systems).
Unit 18: Environmental Chemistry
Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides), their harmful effects and prevention.
Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: nitrogen, Oxides of carbon and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their harmful effects, sources and prevention; Global warming and Greenhouse effect; Acid rain
Atmospheric pollution – Stratospheric and Tropospheric
Environmental pollution – water, Atmospheric and soil.
Particulate pollutants: Smoke, smog, dust, mist, fumes; harmful effects, their sources and prevention.
Water Pollution – Major pollutants such as, organic wastes, pathogens and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
Stratospheric pollution- Depletion of ozone layer, Formation and breakdown of ozone – its effects and mechanism.
Strategies to control environmental pollution
JEE Main Chemistry Section C Syllabus 2019 – Organic Chemistry
Unit 19: Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds
Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, halogens, phosphorus and sulphur.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of nitrogen, phosphorus, halogens, sulphur, hydrogen, carbon.
Purification – Crystallization, distillation, sublimation, chromatography – principles and their applications and differential extraction.
Calculations of molecular formulae and empirical formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.
Unit 20: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules -hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
– Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
Unit 21: Hydrocarbons
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene -structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
Unit 22: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons and DDT.
Unit 23: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reitner – Tiemann reaction.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=0 group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH, and its derivatives), Griguard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Hatoform reaction;
Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
Unit 24: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Unit 25: Polymers
General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization;
Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
Unit 26: Biomolecules
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates – Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharide (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
Proteins – Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins – Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DN A and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Unit 27: Chemistry In Everyday Life
Chemicals in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, Antihistamine – their meaning and common examples.
Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples.
Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
Unit 28: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
- Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
- Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
- Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Aeetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
- Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises -Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO,, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO,.
- Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu!+, Af,+, Fe1+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,
Anions- CO,”, S2~, SO4″, NO”, NO~2, Cf, Br”, I” . (Insoluble salts excluded).
- Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
- Enthalpy of solution of CuS04
- Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
- Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
- Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
Exam Pattern for JEE Main 2019 Chemistry Subject
In total, there will be 90 questions from Paper I. All the questions are objective types. Candidates will have 30 questions alone from Chemistry. Remember, there will be negative marking for every wrong answer (1 mark would be deducted). For each correct answer, students will be given 4 marks.
Best Recommended Books for JEE Main Chemistry 2019
Some of the highly recommended books for Chemistry are –
- Organic Chemistry by Morrison Boyd
- Modern Approach to Chemical calculations by R.C. Mukherjee
- Concise Inorganic Chemistry: Fifth Edition by J.D. Lee
- Numerical Chemistry for JEE by P. Bahadur
The best part of the above-mentioned books is that they are explained in simple, lucid language and help student understand the concepts easily.
JEE Main 2019 Mathematics Syllabus
Mathematics is one of the three subjects of the JEE Main syllabus 2019 Paper I exam. Regarded as the scoring subject, students must know the syllabus and get their concepts clear. The JEE Main Mathematics syllabus 2019 comprises units and topics of Class XI and XII. Students who have registered for the JEE Main 2019 exam (scheduled to be conducted on 6th January) are encouraged to get acquainted with the Math syllabus before taking up the exam. Take a look at the below furnished chapter-wise Maths syllabus for the upcoming JEE Main exam.
JEE Main 2019 Mathematics Syllabus – Units and Topics
Unit 1: Sets, Relations and Functions
Intersection, union and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Sets and their representation; Types of relations, Relation, functions, equivalence relations; Power set; one-one, onto and into functions, composition of functions.
Unit 2: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Quadratic equations in complex and real number system and their solutions, Argand diagram, algebra of modulus, square root of a complex number, complex numbers and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, triangle inequality. Nature of roots, relation between roots and co-efficients, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.
Unit 3: Matrices and Determinants
Evaluation of determinants, properties of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Matrices, determinants, types of matrices, algebra of matrices and matrices of order two and three. Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices and determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using elementary transformations and determinants.
Unit 4: Permutations And Combinations
Fundamental principle of counting, combination as selection and permutation as an arrangement, Meaning of C (n,r) and P (n,r), simple applications.
Unit 5: Mathematical Induction
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
Unit 6: Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications
Properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications, Binomial theorem for general term, middle term and a positive integral index.
Unit 7: Sequences and Series
Arithmetico-Geometric progression. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, geometric means between two given numbers, insertion of arithmetic. Sum upto n terms of special series: S n, S n2, Sn3.
Unit 8: Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Real – algebra of functions, inverse functions, rational, polynomials, logarithmic, trigonometric and exponential functions, valued functions. Limits, differentiability and continuity. Differentiation of the sum, product, quotient of two functions and difference. Graphs of simple functions. Applications of derivatives: monotonic – increasing and decreasing functions, Rate of change of quantities, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, normals and tangents. Differentiation of inverse trigonometric, trigonometric, logarithmic, composite, exponential and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems.
Unit 9: Integral Calculus
Fundamental integrals involving trigonometric, algebraic, logarithmic and exponential functions. Integral as an anti – derivative. Integration by parts, and by substitution by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Integral as limit of a sum. Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form, Evaluation of definite integrals. Properties of definite integrals.
Unit 10: Differential Equations
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations.
Unit 11: Co-ordinate Geometry
Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates 10 in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.
Circles, conic sections
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.
Unit 12: Three Dimensional Geometry
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.
Unit 13: Vector Algebra
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.
Unit 14: Statistics and Probability
Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
Unit 15: Trigonometry
Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances
Unit 16: Mathematical Reasoning
Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.
JEE Main 2019 Mathematics Exam Pattern
For the first time, the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main 2019 exam will be administered by National Testing Agency. It will conduct the exam in two papers – Paper I and Paper II. Paper I will be conducted online, while Paper II, for B.Arch/ B.Plan admission, will be held in offline mode. In total, there will be 90 questions; 30 MCQs will come from Mathematics. However, there’s no change made to the syllabus by NTA.
JEE Main Physics syllabus 2019
Candidates wishing to get into the best engineering colleges in the country must clear the JEE Main Exam 2019. The exam will be conducted by National Testing Agency twice a year – January (First Attempt) and April (Second Attempt). The aspirants interested in appearing in the exam should go through the JEE Main syllabus 2019 as prescribed by NTA.
Physics is the most difficult subject and needs more attention than the other two subjects from Paper I (Mathematics and Chemistry). The JEE Main Physics syllabus 2019 contains two sections – Section A and Section B. Section A is comprised of the Theory Part that carries 80% weightage and Section B, which deals Practical Component (Experimental Skills), has 20% weightage. Below, we have furnished complete details about the JEE Main 2019 Physics syllabus.
JEE Main Physics Syllabus 2019 – Section A
Unit 1 – Physics and Measurement: Physics, society and technology, Fundamental and derived units. SI units, Errors in measurement, Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Dimensions of Physical quantities, its applications and dimensional analysis.
Unit 2 – Kinematics: Motion in a straight line: Position-time speed, graph and velocity. Frame of reference. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Vector addition and Subtraction, Scalars and Vectors, Scalar and Vector products, Resolution of a Vector, Unit Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane. Average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion. Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.
Unit 3 – Laws of Motion:
- Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum. Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse. Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Force and Inertia. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
- Static and Kinetic friction, rolling friction, laws of friction.
- Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.
Unit 4 – Work, Energy and Power:
- Work done by a variable force and a constant force; work-energy theorem, kinetic and potential energies, power.
- Conservative and non-conservative forces, conservation of mechanical energy, potential energy of a spring; Inelastic and elastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Unit 5 – Rotational Motion: Basic concepts of rotational motion; conservation of angular momentum and its applications, angular momentum, moment of a force, torque; Centre of mass of a rigid body, Centre of mass of a two-particle system; radius of gyration, moment of inertia. Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects. Equations of rotational motion, rigid body rotation.
Unit 6 – Gravitation: Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Orbital velocity of a satellite. The universal law of gravitation. Escape velocity. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Geo-stationary satellites.
Unit 7 – Properties of Solids and Liquids:
- Surface energy and surface tension, application of surface tension, angle of contact – bubbles, drops and capillary rise. Hooke’s Law, Stress-strain relationship
- Young’s modulus, Elastic behaviour, modulus of rigidity, bulk modulus. Stokes’ law, streamline, terminal velocity and turbulent flow, Viscosity
- Reynolds number. Bernoulli’s principle and its applications. Heat, thermal expansion, temperature; calorimetry, specific heat capacity; latent heat, change of state.
- Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Convection, heat transfer-conduction and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.
Unit 8 – Thermodynamics: Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Thermal equilibrium, concept of temperature. Carnot engine and its efficiency. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: irreversible and reversible processes. Work, heat, and internal energy.
Unit 9 – Kinetic Theory of Gases: Kinetic concept of pressure, theory of gases-assumptions. Work done on compressing a gas, equation of state of a perfect gas. Kinetic energy and temperature: Mean free path, Avogadro’s number; RMS speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, applications to specific heat capacities of gases, Law of equipartition of energy.
Unit 10 – Oscillations and Waves:
- Periodic functions. Periodic motion – period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), phase; its equation; energy in S.H.M. – potential and kinetic energies; oscillations of a spring – force constant and restoring force; Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; Free, damped oscillations, forced and resonance.
- Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Wave motion. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Doppler effect in sound, Beats, Standing waves in strings, fundamental mode, organ pipes and harmonics, Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave.
Unit 11 – Electrostatics:
- Forces between multiple charges, electric charges: Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, Conservation of charge; continuous charge distribution and superposition principle.
- Electric field: Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Electric field due to a point charge, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
- Electric potential, electric dipole and system of charges and its calculation for a point charge; Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field; Equipotential surfaces. Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
- Dielectrics and electric polarization, Conductors and insulators, capacitor, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, Energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit 12 – Current Electricity:
- Ohm’s law, Electric current, Electrical resistance, Drift velocity, V-I characteristics of non-ohmic and Ohmic conductors, Resistances of different materials, Electrical resistivity, Electrical power and energy, Colour code for resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance; Series and parallel combinations of resistors.
- Combination of cells in series and in parallel, potential difference and emf of a cell, Electric Cell and its Internal resistance. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge. Kirchhoffs laws and their applications. Potentiometer – principle and its applications.
Unit 13 – Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism:
- Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Biot – Savart law and application to current carrying circular loop. Force on a moving charge in electric fields and uniform magnetic. Cyclotron.
- Moving coil galvanometer, conversion to ammeter and its current sensitivity and voltmeter. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field.
- Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines.
- Electromagnets and permanent magnets, Hysteresis, Magnetic susceptibility and permeability.
Unit 14 – Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents: Faraday’s law, current and induced EMF; Electromagnetic induction. Mutual and self inductance. Eddy currents reactance, Lenz’s Law and impedance; Peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage, alternating currents; resonance, LCR series circuit; transformer and AC generator. Quality factor, wattless current, power in AC circuits.
Unit 15 – Electromagnetic Waves: Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic characteristics and waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (microwaves, radio waves, visible, infrared, X-rays, ultraviolet, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.
Unit 16 – Optics:
- Total internal reflection and its applications, Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, Deviation, mirror formula, Lens Formula, Dispersion of light by a prism Magnification, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Power of a Lens, Microscope and and their magnifying powers, Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting).
- Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, Interference. width of central maximum, Diffraction due to a single slit. Astronomical telescopes and resolving power of microscopes, plane polarized light, Polarisatio; Brewster’s law, Polaroids and uses of plane polarized light.
Unit 17 – Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: Photoelectric effect, Dual nature of radiation. Einstein’s photoelectric equation; Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Matter waves-wave nature of particle, particle nature of light. Davis son-Germer experiment, de Broglie relation.
Unit 18 – Atoms and Nuclei: Rutherford’s model of atom; Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Bohr model, hydrogen spectrum, energy levels. Atomic masses, composition and size of nucleus, isotopes, isotones, isobars. Radioactive decay law, Radioactivity-alpha, gamma particles/rays, beta and their properties. mass defect; Mass-energy relation, binding energy per nucleon, nuclear fission and fusion and its variation with mass number.
Unit 19 – Electronic Device: Semiconductor diode: Semiconductors; and reverse bias, I-V characteristics in forward; diode as a rectifier; photodiode, solar cell and 1-V characteristics of LED, Zener diode; Transistor as a switch. Junction transistor, characteristics of a transistor, transistor action; oscillator and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration). Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR, NOR, NAND, NOT and AND).
Unit 20 – Communication Systems: Sky and space wave propagation, Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Amplitude, Need for modulation, Bandwidth of signals and Frequency Modulation, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only) and Bandwidth of Transmission medium.
JEE Main Physics Syllabus 2019 – Section B
Unit 21 – Experimental Skills
- Metre Scale-mass of a given object by principle of moments.
- Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.
- Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
- Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
- Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
- Vernier callipers-its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
- Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.
- Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
- Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
- Identification of Diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, Capacitor from mixed collection of such items.
- Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.
- Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
- Resistivity of the material of a given wire using metre bridge.
- Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
- Resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
- Determination of internal resistance of a cell.
- Comparison of emf of two primary cells.
- Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
- Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
- Focal length of the following using parallax method:
- Convex mirror
- Concave mirror, and
- Convex lens
- Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
- Refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.
- Using multimeter to:
- See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.
- Distinguish between npn and pnp type transistor
- Identify base of a transistor
- Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC).
JEE Main Exam Pattern 2019
The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main 2019 will have two papers. Paper I is for B.E. and B.Tech admission, while Paper II is conducted for B.Arch/ B.Planning course. NTA will organise the exam in online mode. Paper I has three important subjects – Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. There will be 90 questions, 30 from each subject. Candidates are encouraged to avoid making errors as NTA has negative marking scheme for the exam. Check out the below table and understand the exam structure.
|Exam mode||Online (CBT)|
|Question type||Objective-type questions|
|Subjects||3 (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics)|
|Total number of questions||90 (Physics has 30 questions, Chemistry has 30 questions and Mathematics too has 30 questions)|
|Total marks||360 questions|
|Marking scheme||4 marks for each correct answer|
|Negative marking scheme||1 incorrect answer leads to 1 mark deduction|
Best Recommended Books for JEE Main 2019 Physics
To facilitate your preparation and to ensure that your chances of clearing the exam are high, we have compiled some of the best-recommended books/ study materials for Physics.
- Concepts of Physics (Vol 1 and Vol 2) by H.C. Verma
- Arihant Physics by D.C. Pandey
- Problems in General Physics by I.E. Irodov
- Advanced level Physics by Nelson and Parker
- Elements of Dynamics by S.L.Loney
- Fundamentals of Physics by Resnick, Walker and Halliday | <urn:uuid:9a8df116-7635-4cc3-9669-440301196af3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://iitjee-exam.com/jee-main-syllabus-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514571506.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915134729-20190915160729-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.841101 | 9,249 | 2.859375 | 3 |
National Geographic reports that archaeologists working in Tanfield Valley on Baffin Island have uncovered evidence pointing to a second Viking camp in North America. Canadian archaeologists led by Memorial University adjunct professor Patricia Sutherland began excavations in the area in 2001. While excavating the ruins of an ancient building on the island, Sutherland and her crew found whetstones with traces of a copper alloy known to be used by Viking metalsmiths, but not natives of the region. Items with Viking origins have previously been found on the island including Viking yarn, tally sticks and whetstones.
Sutherland’s latest discovery solidifies evidence for Viking contact with the peoples of Baffin Island and provides further foundation for her assertion that a northern transatlantic trade route existed between the Vikings and Arctic natives. The high demand in northern Europe for ivory and furs would have provided significant economic incentive for the Vikings to trade with Arctic natives.
Archaeologists first discovered evidence of Viking contact with North America at L’Anse aux Meadows in 1960. Numerous modern day adventurers have utilized Viking ships and navigation techniques to sail from the Vikings’ Scandinavian homeland to various points in North America. The feat was even accomplished 120 years ago when Norwegian Magnus Anderson built and sailed a Viking longship replica from Norway to Chicago for the 1892 World’s Columbian Exposition. The ship is now on display in Chicago, Illinois. | <urn:uuid:d40d3e74-873c-4992-9fec-3e8925e15d2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://shipwreckology.com/2012/10/21/further-evidence-of-viking-contact-with-north-america-uncovered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141202590.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129184455-20201129214455-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.926656 | 282 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Richard Pryor was one of the most prominent stand-up comedians of the 20th century. He achieved international fame and was celebrated for his clever examinations of racial issues and witty outlooks on contemporary political turbulence.
His comedy was saturated by vulgarity and an in-your-face attitude, and he amused the audience with his storytelling. Jerry Seinfeld named him “the Picasso of stand-up comedy,” and numerous other comedians acknowledged him as their primary inspiration.
However, Pryor’s early life was rough and full of unfavorable circumstances, and his easy-going and relaxed attitude developed when he left the hardships of his past behind him. His alcoholic mother abandoned him in his early childhood, and he was raised by his grandmother. His grandmother owned a brothel, and he ended up being a victim of severe sexual abuse at the age of 7.
He was expelled from school at the age of 14 and joined the U.S. Army in 1958. He thought that he might pursue a career in the army, but ended up serving only two years. He spent these two years in the military prison because of an incident that occurred while he was stationed in Germany.
Namely, Pryor and several other African-American soldiers were enraged because a young white soldier laughed too hard at racist jokes from Douglas Sirk’s movie Imitation of Life. The group severely beat and stabbed the young soldier: he managed to survive, and the attackers, including Pryor, were arrested and imprisoned.
After this incident, Pryor decided to turn his life around and dedicated his life to stand-up comedy. He moved to New York in early 1960’s and began rehearsing for solo performances. At first, he earned money as a drummer in a nightclub band, but then he finally decided to share his comedy with a wider audience.
During the 1960’s he was regularly sharing the stage with performers such as Bob Dylan and Woody Allen. His early years were marked by crippling stage fright, which caused him to suffer anxiety before every performance.
The person who was responsible for helping Pryor in his battle against stage fright was none other than the legendary singer Nina Simone. Pryor performed alongside Nina Simone at the famous nightclub The Village Gate in Greenwich Village, New York. Nina Simone noticed Pryor’s anxiety and decided to help him get over it. While recalling the nights at The Village Gate, Simone stated:
“He shook like he had malaria, he was so nervous. I couldn’t bear to watch him shiver, so I put my arms him there in the dark and rocked him like a baby until he calmed down.
The next night was the same, and the next, and I rocked him each time.” | <urn:uuid:d4c934db-689d-4fdb-aa67-d4b524778f59> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/03/22/comedian-richard-pryor-suffered-panic-attacks-before-performing-nina-simone-rocked-him-like-a-baby-to-calm-him/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154304.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802043814-20210802073814-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.991201 | 558 | 2.59375 | 3 |
1920s Jazz Age: Fashion and Photographs
23 September 2016 – 15 January 2017
An exploration of fashion and social change in the 1920s.
Just as the social and political fabric shifted in the aftermath of the first world war, so too did fashion. In cities like Paris, London and New York fashion houses abandoned the corset in favour of drop-waisted dresses, beaded hemlines and longer, more natural silhouettes.
The exhibition illustrates these changes not only with ubiquitous flapper fashion, but also with sportswear, day dresses and pyjamas. Alongside the exhibition of haute couture gowns and ready-to-wear day dresses, wall displays and cases reflect on key details and developments in fashion. A selection of photographs by James Abbe charts these fashions in celebrity culture, showing Gilda Gray, the Dolly Sisters and Fred and Adele Astaire.
With over 150 garments and accessories from a major private collection, this selection of fringed flapper dresses, beaded evening wear, velvet capes and kimonos the excesses of the decade.
The crystal gown worn by Carey Mulligan as Daisy in the recent Baz Luhrmann adaptation of The Great Gatsby (2013), offers an insight into the ways in which 1920s fashion is interpreted and represented in contemporary culture. | <urn:uuid:546da9bd-f5fd-4014-94ec-77d4cd509791> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/exhibitions/2016/09/23/1920s-jazz-age-fashion-and-photographs-exhibition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.920801 | 273 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Technology | August 11, 2017
Researching with social media can lead students down a path of false answers. Position your library as a social media influencer with the right tools.
Let’s face it. There is no escaping social media. This channel has become ingrained in our everyday activities and when it comes to college students, social media is not just a channel to keep engaged socially, but a tool they use to communicate, make purchases and yes, even conduct research. Researching with social media can lead students down a path of false answers and fake news, but if your library can position itself as a great resource on social media and employ the right tools to remain relevant to users in this arena, you can ensure that the library is in the forefront of a student’s mind when they start to conduct research.
Serving as an Influencer Rather than a Bystander
For libraries, building a social media presence can be daunting. With your place in social media comes a lot of components to consider. Your library will certainly need to create a social “self” which includes a personality, a brand and a tone of voice. But of all items to consider, keep in mind that the goal of your library on social media is to be viewed first and foremost as an authority. The library is the influencer of knowledge, of expertise and of proper authorities and if students understand this, you can help guide users who are researching with social media down the right path.
Engaging on Twitter, Why this Platform Works
Twitter allows users to create and post short messages (140 characters). Tweets can contain images, text and can also link users out within the tweet itself. Hashtags in tweets are a great way to monitor what topic students are currently studying and researching in social media. By utilizing these hashtags, your library can provide insight into what resources and information are valuable to them in real time. In a 2015 article (1) featured in the Journal of Library Administration, a study is cited which focuses on Twitter. The authors of that study found that Twitter and “that rapid dissemination of information was a positive thing and did increase potential for active learning and class participation in the graduate students they studied.”
There’s an App for That
The most effective way to remain an influencer on social media is to be where your users are. For your library end-users, that means on the social media platform itself, but also integrating aspects of social media in to the research tools provided by the library. Embedding your library’s Twitter timeline is a simple, interactive way to incorporate researching with social media into your EBSCO Discovery Service™ and EBSCOhost® experience and creates greater visibility of your library as an “information influencer” on social media.
Learn more about this Twitter timeline app and how it will appear to users within their research experience.
(1) Source: Wright Joe, Jennifer. 2015. "Assessment of Social Media in the Library: Guidelines for Administrators." Journal Of Library Administration 55, no. 8: 667-680.
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The history begins in France, with the patronage of King Louis VI the Fat, the canons regular built c. 1113 the monastery of St.-Victor in Paris. St. Bernard of Clairvaux helped to shape the rule by which the monks lived, and Bernard, Becket, and Abelard were, at various times, guests of the monastery with great intellectual influence.
The Victorines were a small order, but the monastery had many students, and in the XIII Century, it became a college within the University of Paris. In the following century, the monastery began to decline, and in the XV Century, the monks joined the Brethern of the Common Life, founded in Holland.
According to legend, Victor was a soldier in the Roman army at Marseilles when he was hailed before the prefects, Asterius and Eutychius, who sent him to Emperor Maximian for his exhortations to Christians to be firm in their faith in the face of an impending visit by the Emperor.
He was dragged through the streets, racked, imprisoned (he converted three guards, Alexander, Felician, and Longinus while in prison). He was again tortured after the guards were beheaded when it was discovered he had converted them to Christianity.
When he refused to offer incense to Jupiter, he was crushed in a millstone and beheaded. His tomb became one of the most popular pilgrimage centers in Gaul. His feast day is July 21st.
The abbey had a rich library open to the public. In the consulting room the manuscripts were chained. But there were other properties: liturgical manuscripts were kept for the choir, some others near the refectory, for reading aloud in the infirmary to the sick and dying, and others consisting of double reserves by the librarian (armarius). Part of the library consisted of a group of books (minores) the canons or students could borrow over long periods (concessi).
The teaching of the abbey activity favoured the development of library funds. Richly endowed, the abbey would be filled by purchases or copies from elsewhere: the scriptorium seems not to have been well developed. Endowments also enriched the collection. In addition, the documents found upon the death of a Victorin (sermons, for example) were compiled and stored in the library.
From this order of St.-Victor in 1246 Wolfaard van Maelstede founded the nunnery “Jerusalem” in Biezelinge in the south-west region of Holland (Zeeland) on four parcels of land. A lot of royalty contributed to the nunnery with gifts and legations. a few of them are known: the catholic king Willem II, Floris the Guardian, Floris V, Jan I, countess Aleida, count Willem III, the duke Aelbrecht and emperor Karel V. But the most important guardians remained the lords of Maelstede.
There were 15 to 20 nuns living in the monastery, in the sixteenth century only 6 to 8. The sisters belonged to the nobility from the region: ‘decent’ nuns. Their noble pride was evident from several incidents. There was even manslaughter in the church; around 1500, strangers stayed overnight in the monastery and the sisters went to the fair and to the wedding. They also listened poorly to the prioress, their superior.
The monastery had great say in Schore. It exercised patronage right there: the right to determine the patron saint of the church and to nominate a pastor for appointment. The latter is also called collation right. In 1266 Jerusalem bought land near Schore from the Antwerp Cistercian abbey Sint-Bernhard, which had a monastery farm here. The purchase strengthened the local influence of the Biezelingen monastery.
Gradually, the “Lady’s Monastery” Jerusalem fell into disrepair. In 1572 it was probably partly destroyed by itinerant Geuzen. According to legend, the sisters then fled through ‘subterranean passages’ to castle Poucques in Kapelle. The end came with the official introduction of Protestantism in 1578.
The remaining sisters lived for a while in Ostend Castle in Goes. About 1609, when the Twelve Years’ Truce with Spain began, the last prioress left for Antwerp. She took the monastery archives with her.
Wulfardus, heer van de Maelstede, schenkt 25 gemeten land gelegen tussen de heerweg van Byzelinge naar Vlaka in het zuiden, de waterloop genaamd Muluht in het oosten; de weg van Maelstede naar Sparth in het noorden en de weg van Maelstede naar Byzelinge in het westen, aan het nonnenklooster van de orde van Sint Victor, genaamd Jerusalem, gesticht in zijn ambacht op bedoeld land, vrij van schot en korentiend en van de afdracht van voedingsmiddelen.
1246 mei 21
feria secunda ante Vrbani pape
Wulfardus, lord of the Maelstede, gives 25 acres of land between the high road of Byzelinge to Vlaka in the south, the watercourse named Muluht in the east; the road from Maelstede to Sparth in the north and the road from Maelstede to Byzelinge in the west, to the nunnery of the order of Sint Victor, named Jerusalem, founded on his manor and named lands, free of taxes and corn tithe and free of the obligation to provide food.
How the cloister really looked, nobody knows. but there is a picture, dated 1546 (picture right) and it is included in a description of Zeeland by Andries Schoenmaker, it says:
“Het was een groot gebouw met flinken toren en omringd door een hoogen muur, waaromheen een vest of gracht.”
“Is was a big building with a rather great tower, surrounded by a high wall and a moat or canal”
During 16th-century iconoclastic fury, in 1572 the nunnery was destroyed, probably by the Geuzen “Dutch protestant rebels” under command of Jerome Seraerts. Four Victorine nuns survived the slaugther and took refuge somewhere else.
They returned in 1578, but the prioress Cathelina Meskens after receiving permission from her Vicar-General sold the remnants. The remaining buildings were demolished in the seventeenth century, the site remained known as the Klooster and the Kloosterhoek (between the railway and the Dankerseweg). In 1703, the moat still existed, because it is said that the widow Orliens owned several parcelsf land that were along the canal.
Jerusalem Cloister, dated 1546, it is included in a description of Zeeland by Andries Schoenmaker.
After this the land was leased out.
Those four parcels where called “het clooster” (the cloister).
Cloosterman or Kloosterman
literally means in English:
“man from the cloister”
The first name in the Kloosterman history appears around 1550, in the name of Claes and his son Jan Claesz. Claes lived and worked those four parcels of land around 1550 – 1580 in Kapelle Biezelinge. In 1583 this was the place where Jan Claesz. lived and in 1618 Cornelis Jansz. op ‘t Clooster (“Jansz.” short for Janszoon, meaning son of Jan and “op ‘t”, meaning: on the). This “Op ‘t Clooster” can be taken literally, because in an account of Floris van Schaek (1579) the name Jan Claesz comes up as:
“wonende op de stede van ‘t voorzeide clooster”
which means: “living on the farm, frontside of the Cloister”
In the neighbourhood of the Cloister there was probably a farm. His descendants (although they did not rented land) were known as Cloosterman and later Kloosterman (around 1750).
During the 16th and 17th-century the land where the nunnery once was, kept called:
Den Houck daer ‘t Clooster in staet”
This means more or less: “The Land Where The Cloister is”.
Later it was called “Cloosterland” and because ofthis name, the people living on it where called Cloosterman. The name of the land (Kloosterland) disappeared in 1625 but the family nameKloosterman was founded by that time.
Even today the land where the cloister once was, is still easy to locate. In the ground you will still find the stones where the nunnery was build from. These stones are recognised by their colour and surface. The stones have a green glaze surface. There where more nunneries(cloisters) in Holland due to which families are named Kloosterman today. ou don’t necessarily have to have your roots in the region Zeeland if your name is Kloosterman. At the location in Zeeland you will still find a farm with the name “Kloosterhoeve”.
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Common Name: African lion
Scientific Name: Panthera leo
Description: The African lion is most known for the striking mane of the male lion which varies from shades of tawny to black. Males may weigh up to 250 kg. Lions have been tracked at speeds between 50 and 60 km/h and leaps of 12 m are reported. Lions exhibit several distinct calls communicating information between members of a pride and indicating territorial ownership of an area. The roar of the lion may carry up to 3 km. Although an individual cat has not accounted for great numbers of human deaths, lions have been known to attack human populations. Between 1932 and 1947, approximately 2,000 deaths were attributed to one pride of lions in East Africa. And two male lions ceased operations on a railway project by preying on the workers' camps. By far and away, however, "the" book to have on lions is George Schaller's "Serengeti Lion."
Range: Portions of Northern Africa with densest populations in Central and East Africa. Approximately, 10,000 years ago a type of lion was found in North America and the upper reaches of South America, Eurasia and Africa. Recently, the lion ranged into Europe as recently as 2,000 years ago and was found in Palestine as recently as the era of the Crusades. The subspecies persica remains in the Gir forest in the Gujarat State of western India.
Habitat: Grassy plains, open woodlands, and savannah.
Diet: Carnivorous: prey ranges from rodents to 500 kg mammals regularly including antelope, zebra, buffalo, wildebeest. Research indicates between 1 in 4 and 1 in 6 stalks yield successful kills. In some areas, large percentages the lion's diet is initially acquired by hyenas. At a kill, the males take first rights for the carcass, then the females. No special allowances are given for subadults and cubs. Partially because of this, infant mortality is as high as 80% in the first two years.
Social Life: The lion is the most social of all the big cats. Groups called prides range in size from half a dozen to over thirty individuals. The group consists mainly of females\ and juveniles with a smaller number of adult males who share the responsibility of protecting the pride. The males generally have about three years with the pride before they are contested for their pride by another group of males. Females in a pride stay with the pride as they mature while males leave the pride when reaching maturity. Maturity is reached between three and four years with longevity up to the early teens but much longer when living outside the wild.
Conservation: The African lion is listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable for the East and South subspecies and Endangered for the West African subspecies. It is listed as Appendix II by CITES. Currently West Africa is said to hold less than 1,000 individuals, East Africa approximately 10,000, and South Africa over 10,000. | <urn:uuid:f54b1ed6-3f91-403d-b57d-63f43f108af9> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.caribbeangardens.com/Plants_Animals/animal-files/lions.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099758.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00031-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964069 | 623 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Emile Durkheim (1914)
Source: Pragmatism & Sociology publ. by Cambridge University Press, 1983. The latter 8 of the twenty lectures plus one of two appendices reproduced here.
It has been said that pragmatism is above all an attempt to liberate the will. If the world is to solicit our activity, we must be able to change it; and for that to occur, it must be malleable. Things are not chiefly important for what they are, but for what they are worth. The basis of our action is a hierarchy of values which we ourselves have established. Our action is therefore only worthwhile if that system of values can be realised, made incarnate, in our world. Pragmatism thus gives a meaning to action.
Nevertheless, this preoccupation with action, which has been seen as the defining characteristic of pragmatism, is not, in my view, its major feature. Man's burning desire to transform things is apparent in the thought of all the idealists. When we have an ideal, we see the world as something obliged to conform to it. Pragmatism, however, is not a form of idealism, but a radical empiricism. What is there in it which could justify such a desire to transform things? We have seen that for pragmatism there are not two planes of existence, but only one, and consequently it is impossible to see where the ideal could be located. As has just been shown, God himself is an object of experience in pragmatist doctrine.
We can therefore conclude that pragmatism is much less of an undertaking to encourage action than an attack on pure speculation and theoretical thought. What is really characteristic of it is an impatience with any rigorous intellectual discipline. It aspires to 'liberate' thought much more than it does action. Its ambition, as James says, is to 'make the truth more supple'. We shall see later what reasons it adduces to support its view that truth must not remain 'rigid'.
We can now move on to the general discussion of pragmatist doctrines.
They can, first of all, be criticised for certain gaps in them. As I have already pointed out, the pragmatists often take too many liberties with historical doctrines. They interpret them as they wish, and often rather inexactly.
Above all, however, we must indicate the abstract nature of their argument, since it clashes with the general orientation, which they claim is empirical, of their doctrine. Most of the time, their proofs have a dialectical character; everything is reduced to a purely logical construction. This provides one contradiction.
But their thought presents other flagrant contradictions. Here is an example: on the one hand, we are told that consciousness as such does not exist, that it is nothing original, that it is neither a factor sui generis nor a true reality, but is only a simple echo, a 'vain noise' left behind by the 'soul' that has vanished from the heaven of philosophy. This, as we know, is the theme of the famous article, 'Does consciousness exist?', a theme which James took up again in the form of a communication in French to the Congress of 1905. On the other hand, however, the pragmatists maintain that reality is a construction of thought, that reality is apperception itself. In so doing they attribute to thought the same power and the same qualities as the idealists ascribe to it. They urge both epiphenomenalism and idealism, two incompatible theses. Pragmatism therefore lacks those basic characteristics which one has the right to expect of a philosophical doctrine.
Here we must ask ourselves a question. How does it happen that, with such defects, pragmatism has imposed itself on so many minds? It must be based on something in the human consciousness and have a strength that we have yet to discover.
Let us ask ourselves, then, what feeling animates the doctrine, what motivation is its essential factor. I have said already that it is not a practical need, a need to extend the field of human action. There is, to be sure, particularly in James, a liking for risk, a need for adventure; he prefers an uncertain, 'malleable' world to a fixed and immobile world, because it is a world in which there is something to do. This is certainly the ideal of the strong man who wishes to expand the field of his activity. But how, then, can the same philosopher show us as an ideal the ascetic who renounces the world and turns away from it?
Actually, pragmatism has not been concerned with picturing a particular ideal for us. Its dominant trait is the need to 'soften the truth', to make it 'less rigid', as James says - to free it, in short, from the discipline of logical thought. This appears very clearly in James's The Will to Believe .Once this is posited, everything becomes clear. If thought had as its object simply to 'reproduce' reality, it would be the slave of things, and chained to reality. It would simply have to slavishly 'copy' the reality before it. If thought is to be freed, it must become the creator of its own object, and the only way to attain this goal is to give it a reality to make or construct. Therefore, thought has as its aim not the reproduction of a datum, but the construction of a future reality. It follows that the value of ideas can no longer be assessed by reference to objects but must be determined by their degree of utility, their more or less 'advantageous' character.
We can thus see the scope of the pragmatist theses. If, in classical rationalism, thought has this character of 'rigidity', for which pragmatism criticises it, it is because in rationalism truth is conceived of as a simple thing, a thing quasi-divine, that draws its whole value from itself. Since it is seen as sufficient unto itself, it is necessarily placed above human life. It cannot conform to the demands of circumstances and differing temperaments. It is valid by itself and is good with an absolute goodness. It does not exist for our sake, but for its own. Its role is to let itself be contemplated. It is so to speak deified; it becomes the object of a real cult. This is still Plato's conception. It extends to the faculty by means of which we attain truth, that is, reason. Reason serves to explain things to us, but, in this conception, itself remains unexplained; it is placed outside scientific analysis.
'To soften' the truth is to take from it this absolute and as it were sacrosanct character. It is to tear it away from this state of immobility that removes it from all becoming, from all change and, consequently, from all explanation. Imagine that instead of being thus confined in a separate world, it is itself part of reality and life, not by a kind of fall or degradation that would disfigure and corrupt it, but because it is naturally part of reality and life.' It is placed in the series of facts, at the very heart of things having antecedents and consequences. It poses problems: we are authorised to ask ourselves where it comes from, what good it is and so on. It becomes itself an object of knowledge. Herein lies the interest of the pragmatist enterprise: we can see it as an effort to understand truth and reason themselves, to restore to them their human interest, to make of them human things that derive from temporal causes and give rise to temporal consequences. To 'soften' truth is to make it into something that can be analysed and explained.
It is here that we can establish a PARALLEL BETWEEN PRAGMATISM AND SOCIOLOGY. By applying the historical point of view to the order of things human, sociology is led to set itself the same problem. Man is a product of history and hence of becoming; there is nothing in him that is either given or defined in advance. History begins nowhere and it ends nowhere. Everything in man has been made by mankind in the course of time. Consequently, if truth is human, it too is a human product. Sociology applies the same conception to reason. All that constitutes reason, its principles and categories, has been made in the course of history.
Everything is a product of certain causes. Phenomena must not be represented in closed series: things have a 'circular' character, and analysis can be prolonged to infinity. This is why I can accept neither the statement of the idealists, that in the beginning there is thought, nor that of the pragmatists, that in the beginning there is action.
But if sociology poses the problem in the same way as does pragmatism, it is in a better position to solve it. The latter, in fact, claims to explain truth psychologically and subjectively. However, the nature of the individual is too limited to explain alone all things human. Therefore, if we envisage individual elements alone, we are led to diminish unduly the amplitude of the effects that we have to account for. How could reason, in particular, have arisen in the course of the experiences undergone by a single individual? Sociology provides us with broader explanations. For it, truth, reason and morality are the results of a becoming that includes the entire unfolding of human history.
Thus we see the advantage of the sociological over the pragmatist point of view. For the pragmatist philosophers, as we have already said several times, experience can take place on one level only. Reason is placed on the same plane as sensitivity; truth, on the same plane as sensations and instincts. But men have always recognised in truth something that in certain respects imposes itself on us, something that is independent of the facts of sensitivity and individual impulse. Such a universally held conception of truth must correspond to something real. It is one thing to cast doubt on the correspondence between symbols and reality; but it is quite another to reject the thing symbolised along with the symbol. This pressure that truth is seen as exercising on minds is itself a symbol that must be interpreted, even if we refuse to make of truth something absolute and extra-human.
Pragmatism, which levels everything, deprives itself of the means of making this interpretation by failing to recognise the duality that exists between the mentality which results from individual experiences and that which results from collective experiences. Sociology, however, reminds us that what is social always possesses a higher dignity than what is individual. It can be assumed that truth, like reason and morality, will always retain this character of being a higher value. This in no way prevents us from trying to explain it. The sociological point of view has the advantage of enabling us to analyse even that august thing, truth.
Until now there has been no particularly urgent need to choose between the points of view of sociology and pragmatism. In contrast to rationalism, pragmatism sees clearly that error does not lie on one side and truth on the other, but that in reality truths and errors are mixed, the latter having often been moments in the evolution of truth. In the history of creations, there are unforeseeable novelties. How, then, could truth be conceived of as something fixed and definitive?
But the reasons that pragmatism adduces to support this idea are susceptible to a great many objections. Moreover, the fact that things change does not necessarily mean that truth changes at the same time. Truth, one could say, is enriched; but it does not really change. It has certainly been enlarged and increased in the course of the development of history; but saying that truth grows is quite different from saying that it varies in its very nature.
Let us return to the reasons that pragmatism gives in order to prove that truth is subject to change. There are really two: (1) truth cannot be immutable because reality itself is not immutable; hence truth changes in time. (2) Truth cannot be one because this oneness would be incompatible with the diversity of minds; hence truth changes in space.
1 In order to be able to say that truth has varied in time, one would have to show that a proposition can legitimately be considered true at a given moment and in particular circumstances, and that this same proposition at another moment and in other circumstances cannot be held to be true, even though it relates to the same object. This has not been shown. Pragmatism alleges that reality has changed; but does this mean that old truths become false? Reality can evolve without truth thereby ceasing to be truth. The laws of the physical world, for example, have remained what they were when life first appeared, and as the biological world has taken form.
2 The pragmatists base their case on the diversity of individual minds. But does progress perhaps not consist precisely in the removal of individual differences? Will the pragmatist then maintain that truth belongs only to the individual? This is a paradox that pragmatism itself has not dared to attempt to resolve. Nor do the pragmatists explain what relationship there is between the diversity of minds and the diversity of truth. From the fact that in penetrating individual minds, truth takes on diverse forms, it does not follow that truth in itself is multiple. In short, pragmatism offers no proof of the thesis that it advances, the thesis that truth is amorphous.
Yet this thesis is not without some foundation, for it rests on certain facts. However, these facts, which the pragmatists sense only vaguely, must be restored to their true meaning. Let us see what explanation of them is offered by sociology.
Sociology introduces a relativism that rests on the relation between the physical environment on the one hand and man on the other. The physical environment presents a relative fixity. It undergoes evolution, of course; but reality never ceases to be what it was in order to give way to a reality of a new kind, or to one consisting of new elements. The original world survives under successive additions that enrich it. New realities were, in a sense, already present in the old ones. The organic world does not abolish the physical world and the social world has not been formed in contradistinction to the organic world, but together with it.
The laws that ruled the movements of the primitive nebulae are conserved in the stabilised universe of today. It seems that in the organic world the era of great transformations closed with the appearance of the human species. Can this be true of man and the social milieux in which he lives? Social milieux are the products of different elements, combined and fused together. Our present-day French society is made up of Gallic, Germanic, Roman and other elements; but these-elements can no longer be discerned in an isolated state in our present civilisation, which is something new and original, a synthesis which is the product of a true creation. Social environments are thus different from each other, since each of them presents something new. Therefore, the institutions of which they are composed must also be different. Nevertheless, these institutions fulfil the same functions as those that preceded them. Thus it is that the family has evolved in the course of history, but it has always remained the family and has continued to fulfil the same functions. Each of the various forms has been adapted to these functions. Similarly, we see that the same ideal political regime cannot be suitable for all types of societies. And yet the city regime was proper for the ancient cities, just as our present political regime is suitable for us. In the same way, there is no single morality, and we cannot condemn as immoral the moral systems that preceded ours, for the ideal that they represent was valid for the society in which they were established. The same can be said for religion. In sum, there is not one religion, one morality and one political regime, but different types of religion, types of morality and types of political organisation. In the practical order, diversity may be considered as established.
Why should things not be the same in the theoretical order, in thought itself? If the value of a particular act has changed, it means that speculative thought has changed, and if speculative thought has changed, why should the content of truth not change too?
Action cannot be separated from thou ht. It is impossible for us to say that the generations which preceded us were capable of living in total error, in complete aberration. For false thoughts produce erroneous acts. Thus if men had been completely mistaken about the nature of things, their actions would not have been the right ones; and their failures would have produced suffering which would have led them to seek something else. Nothing authorises us to think that the affective capacities of men of former times were radically different from our own.
Speculative and theoretical thought vary as practice varies. Aesthetic speculation itself shows variations, each people has its own aesthetic. Hence we tend to believe that speculation and its value are variable and that consequently, truth, too, is variable.
These variations occur not only in time but also in space, that is to say, not only from one type of historical society to another but also among the individuals of the same society. In fact, an excess of homogeneity within a society would be its death. No social group can live or - more particularly - progress in absolute homogeneity. Both intellectual and practical life, both thought and action, need diversity, which is, consequently, a condition of truth. We have moved beyond the intellectual excommunication of all those who do not think as we do. We respect the truths of others. We tolerate them, and this tolerance is no longer the sort that preceded the development of our modern civilisation. It is not the kind of tolerance that has its source in weariness (as happened at the end of the wars of religion), nor is it the kind that is born of a feeling of charity. Rather it is the tolerance of the intellectual, of the scientist, who knows that truth is a complex thing and understands that it is very likely that no one of us will see the whole of all its aspects. Such tolerance mistrusts all orthodoxy, but it does not prevent the investigator from expressing the truth as he feels it.
It is in this way that the thesis enunciated by pragmatism is justified from the sociological point of view. Considerations of an abstract or metaphysical order cannot provide us with a satisfactory explanation. It is provided instead by its heightened sense of human reality, the feeling for the extreme variability of everything human. We can no longer accept a single, invariable system of categories or intellectual frameworks. The frameworks that had a reason to exist in past civilisations do not have it today. It goes without saying that this removes none of the value that they had for their own eras. Variability in time and variability in space are, moreover, closely connected. If the conditions of life in society are complex, it is naturally to be expected that this complexity and with it many variations are to be found in the individuals who make up the social groups.
Given this variability of truth in time and space, let us see what explanation of it pragmatism offers. (So far, of course, we have seen this dual variability posited, but not explained.)
Pragmatism gives us the 'why' of these variations very briefly: it is the useful that is true. However, it finds the attempt to demonstrate this proposition a far from easy undertaking. In our view, the proper way to do this would very probably be to take all the propositions recognised as true and determine whether or not they are useful and, if so, how. But such a procedure would be contrary to the method of pragmatism. If, as pragmatism maintains, there is no true idea but that constructed, there can be no given or established idea of truth that can be verified.
Pragmatism attempts to show that its own theory of truth is useful. For it, the important thing is not so much what truth really is but what it must be, even if it is recognised by no one. What the pragmatists are trying to determine is the ideal notion of truth. But how can we know that the notion thus constructed is really the ideal one? Pragmatism can call anything it pleases 'ideal truth'. Therefore, its method is arbitrary and leads to a purely verbal definition with no objective validity. It is analogous to the method used by the classical moralists when they try to determine the ideal notion of morality, a notion which may well be unrelated to morality as it is actually practised. But just as it is better to begin by studying moral facts, the best method of establishing an ideal notion of truth seems to consist in observing the characteristics of recognised truths.
That is only a question of method, however. Much more important is the pragmatist thesis itself. We shall see that the proposition that the useful is the true is a formula that brings us back to utilitarianism. The pragmatist theory of truth is a logical utilitarianism.
Before examining the value of pragmatism as a form of logical utilitarianism, let us look first at the characteristics of truth. We see at once that it is linked to:
1 a moral obligation. Truth cannot be separated from a certain moral character. In every age, men have felt that they were obliged to seek truth. In truth, there is something which commands respect, and a moral power to which the mind feels properly bound to assent;
2 a de facto necessitating power. There is a more or less physical impossibility of not admitting the truth. When our mind perceives a true representation, we feel that we cannot not accept it as true. The true idea imposes itself on us. It is this character that is expressed in the old theory of the evident nature of truth; there emanates from truth an irresistible light.
Is pragmatism, as a form of logical utilitarianism, capable of explaining these two characters? It can explain neither of them.
1 Seeking the useful is following nature, not mastering it or taming it. There is no place here for the moral constraint implied in the idea of obligation. Pragmatism indeed cannot entail a hierarchy of values, since everything in it is placed on the same level. The true and the good are both on our level, that of the useful, and no effort is needed to lift ourselves to it. For James, the truth is what is 'expedient', and it is because it is advantageous that it is good and has value. Clearly this means that truth has its demands, its loyalties, and can give rise to enthusiasm, but at the level of the useful, this enthusiasm is only related to what is capable of pleasing us, that which is in conformity with our interests.
2 Nor is it possible to see how pragmatists could explain the necessitating character of truth. Pragmatists believe that it is we who construct both the world and the representations which express it. We 'make' truth in conformity with our needs. How then could it resist us? Pragmatism no doubt accepts that beneath those intellectual constructions which make up truth there is nevertheless a prime matter which we have not created. For pragmatism, however, this prime matter is only an ideal limit which we never reach, although we always tend towards it. It is wiser, says Schiller, to ignore it, since absolute truth could 'give us no aid', and is rather an obstacle to a more adequate knowledge of realities which are in effect accessible to us. Besides that prime matter, there is of course the whole system of mental organisation, acquired truths and 'previous truths'. But that is 'a much less obdurately resisting factor' which 'often ends by giving way': ideas are soft things, which we can twist as we like when there is no objective reality (provided by sensations) which prevents us from doing so.
in short, when pragmatists speak of truth as something good, desirable and attractive, one wonders whether a whole aspect of it has not escaped them. Truth is often painful, and may well disorganise thought and trouble the serenity of the mind. When man perceives it, he is sometimes obliged to change his whole way of thinking. This can cause a crisis which leaves him disconcerted and disabled. If, for example, when he is an adult, he suddenly realises that all his religious beliefs have no solid basis, he experiences a moral collapse and his intellectual and affective life is in a sense paralysed. This sense of confusion has been expressed by Jouffroy in his famous article Comment les dogmes finissent. Thus the truth is not always attractive and appealing. Very often it resists us, is opposed to our desires and has a certain quality of hardness.
3 Truth has a third character, and one which is undeniable: impersonality. The pragmatists themselves have indicated this. But how can this character be reconciled with their definition of truth? It has been said, with some justice, that moral utilitarianism implies moral subjectivism. Is the same not true of logical utilitarianism?
The notion of the useful is, moreover, a very obscure one. Everything is useful in relation to certain ends, and even the worst things are useful from a certain point of view. Inversely, even the best, such as knowledge, have their disadvantages and can cause suffering: those ages in which knowledge has increased must have been the most anguished. Any phenomenon has infinite repercussions in the universe, some of them good and others bad. How could we weigh advantages against drawbacks? It would probably be possible to trace all effects back to a cause and consequently to a criterion which would both be single and determining. One could, for example, accept the existence of an impersonal and universal moral end which all men are obliged to seek. But pragmatism excludes any determination of this kind. The truth, says James, is what is 'expedient in almost any fashion; and expedient in the long run and on the whole of course; for what meets expediently all the experience in sight won't necessarily meet all further experiences equally satisfactorily'. And yet not everything can be true. A choice has to be made, but on what basis? Only on that of personal experience. If something causes us more satisfaction than discomfort, we can say that yes, it is useful. But the experience of other people can be different. Although pragmatism does not totally accept this consequence, truth can be totally subjective in such conditions. It is a question of temperament: the temperament of the ascetic, for example, and that of the man of action; both have their reason for being, and thus correspond to two different modes of action.
But here a problem arises. If truth thus has a personal character, how can impersonal truth be possible? Pragmatists see it as the ideal final stage towards which all individual opinions would ultimately converge." What then are the causes which would determine such a convergence? Two are mentioned by the pragmatists. (1) just as experience varies with individuals, so does its extent. The person who possesses the widest and best-organised experience is in a better position to see what is really useful. Gradually, his authority here imposes itself and attracts the commendation of others. But is that a decisive argument? Since all experience and all judgements are essentially personal matters, the experience of others is valid for them, but not for me. (2) There are also social considerations. 'Every recognition of a judgement by others is a social problem', says Schiller. Everyone, in fact, has an interest in acting in concert with his fellow men, since if he does he feels himself to be stronger and consequently more efficient and more 'useful'. But the usefulness of joint action implies shared views, judgements and ideas. The pragmatists have not disregarded this entirely. The difficulty is that we do not in fact picture things as we desire them to be, and that the pragmatist theses run the risk of making us not see this gap, and consequently of making us see as true that which conforms to our desires. In order to overcome this difficulty, we should have to agree to see the general opinion, not as something artificial, but as an authority capable of silencing the differences between individuals and of countering the particularism of individual points of view. If, however, public opinion is to be able to impose itself in this way it is essential that it should have an extra-individual origin. But this is not possible in pragmatist doctrine, since it holds that individual judgements are at the root of all human thought: no purely individual judgement could ever become an objective truth.
Moreover, above all these dialectics, there is one fact. If, as pragmatism maintains, the 'common' truth was the product of the gradual convergence of individual judgements, one would have to be able to observe an ever-greater divergence between the ways of thinking of individuals as one went further and further back through history. However, what happens is exactly the opposite." It is in the very earliest ages that men, in every social group, all think in the same way. It is then that uniformity of thought can be found. The great differences only begin to appear with the very first Greek philosophers. The Middle Ages once again achieved the very type of the intellectual consensus. Then came the Reformation, and with it came heresies and schisms which were to continue to multiply until we eventually came to realise that everyone has the right to think as he wishes.
Let us also go back in the series of propositions of pragmatist doctrine. We see that if pragmatism defines the true as the useful, it is because it has proposed the principle that truth is simply an instrument of action. For pragmatism, truth has no speculative function: all that concerns it is its practical utility. For pragmatists, this speculative function is present only in play and dreams. But for centuries humanity has lived on non-practical truths, beliefs which were something quite other than 'instruments of action'. Myths have no essentially practical character. In primitive civilisations they are accepted for themselves, and are objects of belief. They are not merely poetic forms. They are groupings of representations aimed at explaining the world, systems of ideas whose function is essentially speculative. For a long time, myths were the means of expression of the intellectual life of human societies. If men found a speculative interest in them, it is because this need corresponded to a reality.
The pragmatist philosophers, and Schiller in particular, deny that thought has a speculative value. How valid is that opinion?
It is contradicted by the facts. According to pragmatism, knowledge is essentially a plan of action, and proposes practical ends to be attained. Yet the mythological beliefs encountered in primitive societies are cosmologies, and are directed not towards the future but towards the past and the present. What lies at the root of myths is not a practical need: it is the intellectual need to understand. Basically, therefore, a rationalist mind is present there, perhaps in an unsophisticated form, but nevertheless enough to prove that the need to understand is universal and essentially human.
After mythology came philosophy, born from mythology, and it too satisfies purely intellectual needs. The belief in the existence of speculative truths has neither been a hallucination nor a view more purely appropriate to Plato. It predates him by a long time, and is affirmed in all the philosophers. It is true that from a very early age philosophy set itself practical problems, both moral and political. But even if it tried to engage in practical action (of a very general nature, be it noted) with regard to human problems, it has never claimed to have any effect with regard to action or things. Morality has never been more than the handmaiden of philosophy. In the Middle Ages, it was a secondary concern; and scholastic philosophy often paid no attention to it. The same is true of the seventeenth century. A practical concern does not therefore represent a permanent current of philosophical thought.
The same is also true of science. Speculation and practice were of course intermingled in the very early stages. Alchemy, for example, was less concerned with finding the real nature of bodies than with a method of producing gold. In this sense, it could be said that in origin the sciences are pragmatic. But as history progresses, the more scientific research loses the mixed character that it originally possessed. Science has increasingly less to do with purely technical concerns. The scientist contemplates reality, and becomes less concerned with the practical consequences of his discoveries. In all research there is no doubt a point of departure, an optimistic act of faith in the utility of research; but that is a transitory stage. The essence of the scientific mind is that the scientist takes up a point of view which is sharply opposed to that of the pragmatists.
History too is no less of an embarrassment for pragmatists. Their view is that ideas exist to act on the real. But historical facts are facts from the past. How could there be any question of acting on this? James and Dewey reply that the past is not wholly dead, that there are 'present prolongations or effects of what the past harboured', and that an assertion relating to the past can make a present assertion true or false. But this is playing with words, for the adaptation of thought to historical reality is entirely an intellectual process and satisfies purely speculative needs, not practical ones.
Moore says that historical knowledge can be useful in directing our individual conduct in circumstances similar to those of the past. Although the eventuality of using history for practical and individual ends is perhaps not impossible, it has nothing to do with historical studies and the establishment of historical truth as such. When the historian asks whether Caesar really crossed the Rubicon, as is related in his Commentaries on the Civil War, he does so solely to know and to make known. Fustel de Coulanges said that history serves no purpose, and that that was its greatness. That aphorism is perhaps rather too absolute; but we must admit that the practical benefits of history are singularly slim. Times change, circumstances change, and the events of history cannot recur in precisely the same way, because the conditions are different.
There is of course one science which is close to history and which can extract practical consequences from historical facts. This science is sociology. It is however a recent one, and still in its very early stages. Even if it were more advanced than it actually is, it would still be separate from history. For example, it is no pressing concern of sociology to know whether Madame de Montespan played a political role in the events of her time or not, but history certainly does not neglect problems of this kind.
Thus, the search for truth for truth's sake is neither an isolated case, nor a pathological fact, nor a deflection of thought. Indeed, even if we suppose that it is an aberration, and that men were driven by illusion to seek for a truth which could not be grasped, we should still have to explain that illusion.
Let us now examine those arguments which pragmatism has used in claiming to have established that knowledge exists only for the sake of action.
Dewey in particular thought that he could cite a number of facts which he saw as conclusive. These are: (1) consciousness and reflection most often come into being in such conditions that they seem to have been called into existence by the very necessity of practice. When balance is disturbed in a living organism, consciousness awakes: it begins to question itself, the subject becomes aware of problems. Consequently, it can be said that the appearance of consciousness is a response to practical ends, for it comes into being to re-establish the disturbed equilibrium. (2) The same applies to habits of all kinds: consciousness disappears when it no longer serves a purpose. It only awakes when habit is disrupted, when a process on non-adaptation occurs. (3) This is also true of human society. When a political or social regime is functioning smoothly, it is accepted passively and men do not reflect on it. It is when it does not function smoothly that we seek remedies and think of getting to the causes of the trouble.
These facts are clearly undeniable. What provokes argument, however, is the way in which they are interpreted. From them, it is concluded that since consciousness appears only for the sake of action, it is simply a substitute for it. In this view, an idea is no more than a representation of an end to be achieved, the movement -itself being this representation expressed as an act. But there are facts which contradict this assertion of the pragmatists, and which show that there can be antagonism between thought and action. (a) In some cases, consciousness can hinder action instead of facilitating it. For example, a pianist who can play a given piece perfectly will make mistakes if he thinks about what he is doing. Similarly, someone who searches for words instead of speaking naturally will stutter. In both cases, consciousness slows down, overloads or paralyses action. (b) Inversely, action can paralyse thought, and this is constantly happening. The psychology of attention indicates it. Attention is a concentrated form of awareness: consciousness sharpened in this way is what enables us to understand better what the constitutive characters of consciousness are. Attention implies a tension in organic functions, a suspension of movement, and that suspension of movement is even, as Ribot has shown, an essential condition for it. That is why it has been said that in order to think deeply it is necessary to abstain from all movement: 'To think is to refrain from ... acting.' It is impossible to think intensely while walking, playing and so on.
Hence it is a fact that the two very different human types, the man of action and the intellectual, are so diametrically opposed. What is dominant in the man of action is overall sensations, which are synthetic and confused, but sharp and strong. With his representations are associated motor mechanisms which he combines appropriately and adapts almost unthinkingly to circumstances. If you want his advice, do not ask his reasons for giving it, for more often than not he does not know what they are, and thinking about them would disturb him and make him hesitant. On the other hand, the intellectual, the thinker, always tends to put off the decisions he has to take. He hesitates because he never finds satisfactory reasons for acting. For him, the time for reflection is unlimited; and when he finally decides to act, he violates his intellectual temperament. We never of course encounter these two types in as absolute or clear-cut a form as that which I have just described, but it is quite true that there are in fact two contrasting casts of mind.
Why is there this sharp contrast? Because the conditions of thought and those of action are different. (1) First, thought is a hyperconcentration of consciousness, and the greater the concentration, the smaller the circle of reflection. Action, on the other hand, is a sudden release. Acting means externalising oneself, and spreading out beyond oneself. Man cannot at one and the same time be both entirely within himself and entirely outside himself. (2) Secondly, thought, the reflecting consciousness, demands time. The faster a representation passes through consciousness, the greater the proportion of the unknown it contains. We can only truly know a representation in successive stages, part by part. To know it, we must analyse it, and to analyse it we must fix it, hold it in our consciousness; that is to say, keep it motionless for a certain time. Action does not call for that kind of fixity. What it wants is the exact opposite. Movement flows, and to the extent that it is also flux and movement consciousness does the same. But if it is to exist truly, to manifest itself, it must stop, and this also supposes a halt, a suspension of action. By way of contrast, when there is an equilibrium between our dispositions and the surrounding environment, our vital movements occur automatically, and pass so quickly that we have no time to know them, since they merely skim over consciousness. Consciousness does not therefore move off-stage like an actor whose part is over. It disappears because the conditions for its existence have not been met. And in the same way, if the movement is stopped and consciousness appears, it is not only because something must fill the gap which movement no longer occupies, but also because the suspension of movement has made consciousness possible.
We can conclude that, contrary to the pragmatist thesis, thought and action are not akin in nature. It is therefore very surprising to see the pragmatists maintain that knowledge has only practical ends, since the opposite is the case: it has demands radically different from practice.
The antithesis noted in the last lecture between truth and action is all the more marked when one considers higher forms of thought. Knowledge ascends in a series of stages.
Sensation is the lowest. It provides us with merely fleeting knowledge, and is barely sufficient to set off the necessary reactions. This is apparent in the working of instinct.
Images, like sensations, are closely connected with tendencies to action. We cannot imagine something called desire without movements making themselves felt to some degree. These movements remain, however, in a state of potentiality and are, as it were, unfinished sketches. Nevertheless, representations at this stage begin to take on an appearance of having a life of their own.
Concepts have a very low motive power. If we are to think in concepts, we have to put aside the emotions which cause us to act, and reject feelings which would prevent us isolating the intellectual element. Concepts are isolated from acts, and they are posited for their own sake.
The error of the pragmatists is precisely that of denying the specific nature of knowledge and consequently of thought and even of consciousness. The role of consciousness is not to direct the behaviour of a being with no need of knowledge: it is to constitute a being who would not exist without it. This seems to me to be proved by the role played in psychic life by 'coenaesthetic' sensations, which emanate from all parts of our body and are, so to speak, the kernel of our personal consciousness. This is what caused Spinoza to say that the soul is the idea of the body. Consciousness is therefore not a function with the role of directing the movements of the body, but the organism knowing itself, and solely by virtue of the fact that the organism knows itself, we can say that something new occurs.
For consciousness to come into being, there must be gaps or spaces in action; and it is through these that the being becomes aware of himself. A being who knows himself is one who stops movement and then starts it again. Consciousness, far from having only the role of directing the movements of beings, exists in order to produce beings.
Pragmatism tends to? deny this function of consciousness, which it sees as part of the external world, simply a moment in the series of movements which make up this world, and is lost in them. And yet pragmatism claims to be a spiritualist doctrine. It is a strange kind of spiritualism which claims to deny the specific nature of consciousness!
It is no doubt quite natural that when the unthinking play of movements is disturbed thought should intervene to stimulate those which are deficient. This practical role of thought is not unimportant; but it is neither the only nor perhaps the chief one. Indeed, a conscious being, a being which knows itself, cannot act completely like a being which has no knowledge of itself. Its activity will rather be of a new kind. It will of course still consist of movements; but these movements will now be directed by ideas. In other words, there will be psychological activity.
Reducing the conscious being to nothing but his actions means taking from him the very thing which makes him what he is. Moreover, consciousness finds such a role distasteful, for it forms only schematic plans and can never take immediate command over real behaviour. Intelligence can only provide very general and hypothetical plans of action, whereas movement needs to be categorical and precise. Only the experience of action itself can tell us whether a given act is really the appropriate one in given circumstances. We have to act in order to know how we should act.
What really shows us that consciousness is in some measure obliged to do violence to itself, when it attempts to direct attention, is the fact that once it is freed from this task or escapes from it, movements gradually become established in the organism and consciousness itself disappears. This is what occurs in the formation of habit.
The initial error of pragmatism is thus to deny the proper nature of consciousness and subsequently of knowledge. It does, however, have the merit of causing us to reflect on the question of how the notion of truth should be constructed.
As I have already said, the reply to that question is that one must look at truths which are recognised as such, and examine why it is that they are accepted. A representation is considered to be a true one when it is thought to express reality. I am not concerned here with whether that is a correct view. We may hold it erroneously. It may be that ideas are held to be true for other reasons. That is of little consequence for the moment. Let us simply say that when we believe an idea to be true, it is because we see it as adequately conveying reality.
The problem is not to know by what right we can say that a given proposition is true or false. What is accepted as true today may quite well be held to be false tomorrow. What is important is to know what has made men believe that a representation conforms to reality. Representations which have been accepted as true in the course of history are of the same interest for us: there are no privileged ones. If we wish to escape from all that is too narrow in traditional rationalism, we shall have to broaden our horizons by freeing ourselves from ourselves, from our own point of view.
Generally nowadays, when we speak of 'truth', we have in mind particularly scientific truth. But truth existed before science; and to answer the question properly, we must also consider pre-scientific and non-scientific truths such as mythologies. What were mythologies? They were bodies of truths which were considered to express reality (the universe), and which imposed themselves on men with an obligatory character which was just as marked and as powerful as moral truths.
What, then, caused men to consider these mythological propositions or beliefs as true? Was it because they had tested them against a given reality, against spirits, for example, or against divinities of which they had had real experience? Not at all. The world of mythical beings is not a real world, and yet men believed in it. Mythological ideas were not considered as true because they were based on an objective reality. The very opposite is the case: it is our ideas and beliefs which give the objects of thought their vitality. Thus, an idea is true, not because it conforms to reality, but by virtue of its creative power.
These ideas, however, do not originate with individuals. They are collective representations, made up of all the mental states of a people or a social group which thinks together. In these collectivities, of course, there are individuals who do have some role to play; but this very role is only possible as a result of the action of the collectivity. In the life of the human race, it is the collectivity which maintains ideas and representations, and all collective representations are by virtue of their origin invested with a prestige which means that they have the power to impose themselves. They have a greater psychological energy than representations emanating from the individual. This is why they settle with such force in our consciousness. That is where the very strength of truth lies.
Thus, we come back to the double thesis of pragmatism, but this time transposed onto a different level: (1) the model and the copy are one; (2) we are the co-authors of reality. However, one can now see the differences. Pragmatism said that we make reality. But in this case, 'we' means the individual. But individuals are different beings who cannot all make the world in the same way; and the pragmatists have had great difficulty in solving the problem of knowing how several different minds can know the same world at once. If, however, one admits that representation is a collective achievement, it recovers a unity which pragmatism denies to it. This is what explains the impression of resistance, the sense of something greater than the individual, which we experience in the presence of truth, and which provides the indispensable basis of objectivity.
In the last analysis, it is thought which creates reality; and the major role of the collective representations is to 'make' that higher reality which is society itself. This is perhaps an unexpected role for truth, but one which indicates it does not exist simply in order to direct practical affairs.
In the history of human thought there are two kinds of mutually contrasting truths, namely, mythological and scientific truths.
In the first type, all truth is a body of propositions which are accepted without verification, as against scientific truths, which are always subjected to testing or demonstration. If they are unproven, from where do they acquire the character of truth attributed to them? It is representations which create the character of objectivity which mythologies have, and it is their collective character which confers on them the creative power that enables them to impose themselves on the mind. Collective representations carry with them their objects, and entail their existence. Mythological truths have been, for those societies that have believed in them, the conditions necessary for their existence. Communal life in fact presupposes common ideas and intellectual unanimity. By the very fact that the collectivity accepts them, mythological ideas are no longer subject to individual contingencies. Hence their objective and necessitating character.
But are peoples completely free to create truth as they will? Can society transform reality just as it wishes? If this were the case, we should be able to adopt a more or less attenuated version of pragmatism, giving it a more or less sociological slant. But a correction of that kind would not be enough. Ideas and representations cannot become collective if they do not correspond to something real. Nor can they remain divorced from the conduct of individuals; for experiencing failure, disappointment and suffering tells us that our action corresponds to an inadequate representation, and we immediately detach ourselves from both of these. Indeed, it is untrue to say, as the pragmatists do, that an idea which brings us 'satisfaction' is a true one by the very fact that it does so. But, although it is false to think that any idea which satisfies us is a true one, the reciprocal idea that an idea cannot be true without bringing us some satisfaction is not false.
It is the same with truth as with moral rules. Moral rules are not made with the purpose of being useful to the individual. However, we could not do what we ought to do if duty contained no attraction for individuals or if they found nothing satisfying in it. Truth is similar to moral rules, in having an impersonal and a necessitating character; but if that were the sum of its characteristics we should constantly tend to reject or ignore it. In order to become really a part of ourselves, it must serve us and be useful to us. At the practical level, any collective representation must serve individuals, in the sense that it must give rise to acts which are adjusted to things, to the realities to which the representation corresponds. Hence, if it is to be able to give rise to such acts, the representation itself must be adapted to these realities.
Mythological creations therefore have some connection with reality. There must be a reality of which these representations are the expression. That reality is none other than society. The forces that religions and myths believe that they recognise in mythological creations are not mere illusions, but forces which are collective in origin. What religion expresses in its representations, its beliefs and myths, is social realities and the way in which they act upon individuals. Monotheism, for example, is the expression of the social group's tendency towards greater concentration, as a result of which particularist groups increasingly disappear. just as 'coenaesthetic' sensations are the central core of consciousness for the individual, collective truths are the basis of the common consciousness for society.
Society cannot become aware of itself in the absence of any relationship with things. Social life demands agreement between individual consciousnesses. In order to notice it, each one must express what it experiences. It can only do so, however, by means of things taken as symbols. It is because society expresses itself through things that it has managed to transform and transfigure reality. That is why, in representations in the form of a myth, plants, for example, become beings capable of expressing human feelings. Such representations are false with respect to things, but true with respect to the subjects who think them.
It is for this reason that truth has varied historically. We have seen that the pragmatists have been well aware of that idea; but they express it by talking of the truth as neither fixed nor definite, as being constantly formed. This formulation is not satisfactory; for although there are new truths, that does not mean that old ones change or are abolished. All the cosmologies immanent in mythological systems are different from each other, but can nevertheless be said to be equally true, because they have fulfilled the same function for all the peoples who have believed in them, and because they performed the same social role.
Nowadays we see scientific truths as being the very type of truth. At first glance, scientific representations seem very different from mythological ones. The latter express ideas which society has about itself, the former express the world as it is. The social sciences, in particular, express what society is in itself, and not what it is subjectively to the person thinking about it. Nevertheless, scientific representations are also collective representations.
It will be objected that scientific representations are impersonal; but perhaps so too are collective representations? We can answer in the affirmative, for they express something which is outside and above individuals.
Scientific ideas have all the characteristics necessary to become collective representations. Scientific truth helps to Strengthen social consciousness, as does mythological thought, though by different means. One might ask how individual minds can communicate. In two possible ways: either by uniting to form a single collective mind, or by communicating in one object which is the same for all, with each however retaining his own personality; like Leibnitz's monads, each expressing the entirety of the universe while keeping its individuality. The first way is that of mythological thought, the second that of scientific thought.
Nor has science taken on this task fortuitously or, as it were, unconsciously, for it is its very raison d'étre. When pragmatists wonder why science exists, and what its function is, they should turn to history for a reply. History shows us that it came into existence in Greece, and nowhere else, to meet certain needs. For both Plato and Socrates, the role of science is to unify individual judgements. The proof is that the method used to construct it is 'dialectics', or the art of comparing contradictory human judgements with a view to finding those in which there is agreement. If dialectics is the first among scientific methods, and its aim is to eliminate contradictions, it is because the role of science is to turn minds towards impersonal truths and to eliminate contradictions and particularisms.
We have seen that the great thinkers of Greece tried to ensure intellectual unity and understanding among men. The means they used was to take objective reality as their object, since it must necessarily be the same for all men, given its independence from the observing subject. This aim will therefore be achieved if one can attain a representation of things in the manner in which an impersonal understanding would represent them.
But the object of science as we see it today is precisely to represent things as if they were seen by a purely impersonal understanding. August Comte understood that perfectly, and saw the role of 'positive philosophy' as that of ending the intellectual anarchy paramount since the Revolution, but having much earlier real origins. From the 'metaphysical age', that is, from the birth of the critical mind, there could no longer be a common consciousness. Comte's view was that it was science that could provide the mental equipment to reconstitute that common consciousness. Individual sciences, however, are not up to that task, since they are too specialised. A discipline capable of including all specialisms and synthesising individual -sciences was needed, and that discipline was philosophy. It is possible to see Comte as mistaken here, as he did not see that philosophy can never be anything but personal.
Yet the collective consciousness can, even if not necessarily by means of a philosophical approach, take possession of scientific truths and fashion them into a coordinated whole. That is how a popular philosophy, made by and for all, can be created. Such a philosophy will not have as its concern solely physical things, but also, and indeed chiefly, man and society. Hence the important part that history must play. As Comte said, philosophy looks not so much towards the future (which is what the pragmatists believe) as towards the past; and it is through philosophy that society becomes aware of itself. There is also a science which, with the help of history, is called to play the most important role in this area. That science is sociology.
It is not, however, necessary that philosophy should investigate all the forms of scientific knowledge, for they are recorded and retained in the collective consciousness. Philosophy can only provide general orientations; it cannot be coercive. Comte exaggerated not only the role of philosophy, but also that of science. He believed that once mankind reached the positive age, there would be an end to mythological ideas. Men, he thought, would no longer have views on questions not elucidated by science. Our lives would be based on positive scientific truths, which would be considered established, and the rest would be the domain of intellectual doubt. I accept that this is so with regard to knowledge about the physical world, but it cannot be the case as far as the human and social world is concerned. In these areas, science is still in a rudimentary state. Its methods of investigation are difficult, since direct experiment is impossible. Under such conditions it is not hard to understand why ideas expressing social matters in a really objective way are still rather rare.
If Comte could believe that sociology would one day be able to provide guidelines for the public consciousness, it was because he had simplistic ideas about social development, or rather an essentially philosophical concept of it. His sociology was really a philosophy of history. He was fascinated by the 'law of the three stages' and thought that in enunciating it he had established the whole of sociology. This was, of course, far from being the case. Sociology, as he himself recognised, has a more complex object than other sciences. It can only express fragmentary hypotheses, and so far these have had scarcely any effect on popular consciousness.
What action should we take in these circumstances? Should we take refuge in doubt? That would certainly be a kind of wisdom, at least with regard to the physical world. But, as we have said, it is difficult to extend that attitude to the social and human world. In that world, we have to act and live; and in order to live we need something other than doubt. Society cannot wait for its problems to be solved scientifically. It has to make decisions about what action to take, and in order to make these decisions it has to have an idea of what it is.
Where can we find that representation of it, which is indispensable for its action and its life? There is only one solution. If there is no objective knowledge, society can only know itself from within, attempt to express this sense of itself, and to use that as its guide. In other words, it must conduct itself with reference to a representation of the same kind as those which constitute mythological truths.
What characterises such mythological representations is the fact that they express a unanimous conception, and this is what gives them a force and authority which enables them to impose themselves without their being subject to verification or doubt. That is why there are formulae in our societies which we imagine are not religious, but which nevertheless do have the character of dogma, and are not questioned. Of this kind are ideas such as 'democracy', 'progress', 'the class struggle' and so on. Thus, we can see that scientific thought cannot rule alone. There is, and there always will be, room in social life for a form of truth which will perhaps be expressed in a very secular way, but will nevertheless have a mythological and religious basis. For a long time to come, there will be two tendencies in any society: a tendency towards objective scientific truth and a tendency towards subjectively perceived truth, towards mythological truth. This is also one of the great obstacles which obstruct the development of sociology.
We are now faced with a further problem. So far we have seen truth as characterised by its impersonal nature. But should we not keep a place within it for individual diversity? As long as mythological truth holds sway, conformity is the rule. Once scientific thought becomes paramount, however, intellectual individualism appears. Indeed, it is this very individualism which has made scientific truth necessary, since social unanimity can no longer centre on mythological beliefs. The impersonal truth developed by science can leave room for everyone's individuality. The fact is that the diversity of objects found in the world encourages the differentiation of minds; for individual minds are not all equally suited to studying the same things, and thus tend to parcel out amongst themselves the questions to be investigated.
But this is not all, and not even the real question, which is whether, with a given problem, there is room for a plurality of mental attitudes all of which in a sense are justified. Each object is, of course, extremely complex and includes a multitude of elements which intermingle. We cannot exhaust reality either as a whole or in any of its constituent parts. Therefore every object of knowledge offers an opportunity for an infinity of possible points of view, such as the point of view of life, of purely mechanical movement, of stasis and dynamics, of contingency and determination, of physics and biology and so on. Individual minds, however, are finite, and none can work from all points of view at once. If each of these aspects is to be given the attention it merits, the whole mind must be devoted to it. Consequently, each mind is free to choose the point of view from which it feels itself most competent to view things. This means that for every object of knowledge there are differing but equally justified ways of examining it. These are probably partial truths, but all these partial truths come together in the collective consciousness and find their limits and their necessary complements. Thus intellectual individualism, far from making for anarchy, as would be the case during the period of the domination of mythological truth, becomes a necessary factor in the establishment of scientific truth, so that the diversity of intellectual temperaments can serve the cause of impersonal truth.
Furthermore, intellectual individualism does not necessarily imply, as James seems to think, that everyone may arbitrarily believe what he wishes to believe. It simply means that there are separate tasks within the joint enterprise, and that everyone may choose his own in accordance with his temperament.
Thus, on the one hand, scientific truth is not incompatible with the diversity of minds; and on the other, as social groups be come increasingly complex, it is impossible that society should have a single sense of itself. Hence there are various social currents. Here, society will be seen as a static phenomenon; there as a dynamic one. Now it will be seen as subject to determinism; now chiefly sensed as an essentially contingent entity, and so on. Basically, all these ideas are reasonable, for they each correspond to various needs which express the different ways in which society senses and experiences itself.
A further consequence of this transformation is that tolerance must henceforth be based on this idea of the complexity and richness of reality, and then on the diversity of opinions, which is both necessary and effective. Everyone must be able to admit that someone else has perceived an aspect of reality, which he himself had not grasped, but which is as real and as true as those to which he had gone from preference.
We can also see at the same time that the task of speculative truth is to provide nourishment for the collective consciousness. This means that we can answer the pragmatists' objection, which says that if the sole function of truth is to express reality, it is merely redundant; it must add something to truth, and if it does, it is no longer a faithful copy. The fact is that truth the 'copy' of reality, is not merely redundant or pleonastic. It certainly 'adds' a new world to reality, a world which is more complex than any other: That world is the human and social one. Truth is the means by which a new order of things becomes possible, and that new order is nothing less than civilisation.
We must now examine pragmatism as a doctrine which claims that thought and reality are heterogeneous. At the same time, we shall have to examine the arguments which the pragmatists borrow from Bergson to support that thesis.
We recall that the pragmatists' line of argument is as follows: truth implies the existence of distinctions between elements; reality consists of a lack of distinction; therefore truth cannot express reality without presenting as distinct something which is not distinct; without, in short, distorting reality. Reality, like a mass, forms a unity where everything holds together without any radical separation. What emanates from one part has repercussions within the whole. Thus it is only in abstracts that we separate one part from the whole. Concepts, on the other hand, are limited, determined and clearly circumscribed; and the world of concepts is discontinuous and distinct. The conceptual and the real are thus heterogeneous.
This heterogeneity is heightened when we try to express, not the universe as a whole, but change, movement and, above all, life. In order to express change, we have to break it down into its components, split it up into its elements, and each of these elements necessarily becomes something fixed. A series of fixed elements, however, will never restore the mobility of change, just as from inert matter one can never create life. Concepts express only the coagulated, the ready-made, and never what is being made or is becoming. But in reality everything is continuous. complex and moving. There is nothing simple about the world. Everything can be broken down infinitely; and it is pluralism, as a negation of simplicity and an affirmation of diversity, which is all affirmation of the true.
That is the pragmatist line of argument. But, because reality is continuous and undivided, does it necessarily follow that what is distinct is simply a product of thought and that alone? Because there are no absolute distinctions, does it follow that there is a lack of distinction and absolute confusion? There is nothing absolute in the universe, and absolute confusion is as impossible as absolute separation. In things there is already a relative discrimination. If the real were in fact totally indistinct, if confusion were paramount in it, we should have to admit that the principle of contradiction could not apply there. In order to be able to say that A is A, it is necessary that A should be determined, must be what it is and not something else. Pragmatism itself rests on reasoning which involves concepts and which is based on the principle of contradiction. Denying this principle would mean denying the possibility of any intellectual relationship. We cannot make a judgement or understand anything at all if we do not first agree that it is this object and not another that is at issue. Similarly, in discussion, we first have to agree that we are talking about this object, and not another.
But it may be objected, with Bergson, that the natural state of life is precisely one of undividedness. Life is a unity, a concentration, in which nothing is properly speaking outside the other parts.
Our answer is that reality, whatever it is, is far from resistant to any form of distinction, and to some degree tends of itself towards it. When Spencer says that the universe moves from 'the homogeneous to the heterogeneous', the expression is inexact. What exists originally is also heterogeneous in nature; but it is the heterogeneity entailed by a state of confusion. The initial state is a multiplicity of germs, of ways and means, and of different activities which are not only intermingled, but, as it were, lost in each other, so that it is extremely difficult to separate them. They are indistinct from each other. Thus, in the cell of monocellular organisms, all the vital functions are so to speak included. They are all there, but not separately, and the functions of nutrition and of sensitivity seem confused, and it seems difficult to distinguish them. The same is true of the embryo: in the human foetus, all the functions of the human organism are already present. The child who is born carries within him all his hereditary tendencies, although it is not possible to see them clearly at that stage, and it is not until later that they will really separate.
In social life, that primitive undivided state is even more striking. Religious life, for example, contains a rich abundance of forms of thought and activities of all kinds. In the field of thought, these include myths and religious beliefs, an embryonic science' and a certain poetry. In the sphere of action we find rites, a morality and a form of law' and arts (aesthetic elements, songs and music in particular). All these elements are gathered up into a whole and it seems extremely difficult to separate them. Science and art, myth and poetry, morality, law and religion are all confused or, rather, fused. The same observations could be made about the early family, which is at one and the same time, for example, a social, religious, political and legal unit.
Thus the primitive form of any reality is a concentration of all kinds of energies, undivided in the sense that they are only various aspects of one and the same thing. Evolution consists of a gradual separation of all these various functions which were originally indistinct. Secular and scientific thought has moved away from religious thought; art has moved away from religious ceremonies; morality and law have moved away from ritual. The social group has been divided into the family group, the political group, the economic group and so on.
We are thus brought round to the view that what we are told is the major form of reality, that is, the non-separation and interpenetration of all its elements, is really its most rudimentary form. Confusion is the original state.
But here once again we encounter Bergson's objection. Life is seen as essentially an undivided force; and this 'life force', struggling with rigid, fixed, inert matter, is obliged to diffract and sub-divide. Matter itself is also seen as a slackening, an intermission and an inversion, of this rising force.
We do not see, however, if matter is still life in a slowed-down and so to speak condensed form, how both can engage in a struggle or why they should be opposed to each other. The hypothesis of life and matter as two mutually hostile forces is inadmissible. Life does not break up and sub-divide in spite of itself. It does so spontaneously to achieve its potential more fully and to emancipate itself. In the beginning, all forms of activity and all functions were gathered together, and were, in a manner of speaking, each other's prisoners. Consequently they were obstacles for each other, each preventing the other from achieving its nature fully. That is why, if science is to come into being, it must differentiate itself from religion and myths. If the link which originally united them slackens and weakens, it is not a fall or a collapse, but progress.
The need for distinction and separation thus lies in things themselves, and is not simply a mental need. Things are rich in potentially diverse elements, separable parts and varied aspects. Consequently, there are discernible elements, since they tend of themselves to separate, although they never manage to free themselves of each other completely.
In social life, individuation is simply one of the forms of that movement towards distinction.
Such a distinction probably cannot be a mere abstraction, as we know that every element that we isolate keeps its relationship with all the rest. Nevertheless, the isolation of one element from everything to which it is connected is a legitimate action. We have the right to say that A is A, provided we are aware that we are doing so in abstracts and conditionally. In so far as we are considering A, not as absolutely distinct from B and C, but in itself, we are making a concept of it. Isolating this real aspect of things is not doing violence to the nature of things. All we are doing is to follow the natural articulations of each thing. Using concepts to think about things means establishing a quite relative distinction. The concept certainly expresses a reality and, if it is distinct, it is because it expresses distinctions which are in no way purely mental ones. Thought and reality are thus not at all heterogeneous.
There remains the objection which sees concepts as unable to express change and life. Becoming, we are told, is something which 'occurs', not a series of ready-made states. Concepts are unable to express the transition from one stage to another. There is however a contradiction in that idea of life. Life cannot be defined by mobility alone. Reality has a static aspect. That aspect, in the view of the doctrine we are discussing, is that of matter. If matter is spoilt, or fixed by life, there must be something in life which is inclined towards that process of becoming fixed. Even in change itself there must be a static aspect.
The fact is that nothing changes except to achieve a result. What right have we to postulate that these results have no fixity? Life has a perfect right to rest on its laurels occasionally! Movement and change can surely be seen as means of achieving results. If becoming were a kind of frantic, incessant and restless flight, with never a fixed point, it would simply be sound and fury. By fixing consecutive states, we are therefore expressing real elements of becoming, and they are indeed its most important ones.
Nor can we represent something changing without representing something'; and that something is necessarily something already constituted. We make the new from what we have, and the new is new and meaningful only in relation to what we already have.
It is true that we still have to think out the link between the two. One might ask how it is possible to think about what is 'making itself'. Things in that state do not yet exist, they are indeterminate in nature, and therefore not susceptible to thought. We can only represent what is, because it 'is' in a certain way, and this offers some purchase for thought.
The tendency to be can only be thought about in terms of elements already acquired.
But is it really true that we cannot think of movement and the transition from one stage to another? When thought is applied to change, it always contains three terms: the idea of an achieved state, the idea of a state thought about in rudimentary terms because it still does not exist and the idea of a relationship between these two notions. That last idea can certainly be represented by a concept.
The difficulty lies chiefly in understanding how a participatory relationship can be expressed. Concepts are never really isolated by us. We can loosen the context which constrains them, but we have judgement and reason which enable us to re-establish mutual relationships. That is how we learn that two things are in communication.
Distinction is thus a need of conceptual thought, but it already exists in things as it does in the mind. Similarly, continuity and communication exist in the mind, as they do in things.
Rationalists were accused of seeing truth as a sort of luxury of reality, something given, achieved, created simply to be contemplated. But that contemplation, it was also said, is a sterile, selfish intellectual's joy, of no use from the human point of view.
The expression of reality, however, does have a truly useful function, for it is what makes societies, although it could equally well be said that it also derives from them . It is true that when we imagine truth as something ready-made, we are obliged to see it as a transcendence. But although truth is a social thing, it is also a human one at the same time, and thus comes closer to us, rather than moves away and disappears in the distant realms of an intelligible world or a divine understanding. It is no doubt still superior to individual consciousness; but even the collective element in it exists only through the consciousness of individuals, and truth is only ever achieved by individuals.
We should also add that truth, at the same time as being a social and human thing, is also something living. It mingles with life because it is a product of that higher form of life, social life, as well as being the condition for its existence. It is diverse, because that form of life presents itself in multiple and diverse forms. This 'diversification', and the carving out' of concepts of which pragmatism speaks, are by no means arbitrary. They are modelled on realities, and in particular on the realities of social life.
There is also one final characteristic of truth on which I have already insisted, but which I would like to recapitulate in conclusion: that is its obligatory nature. We have seen that pragmatism, that logical utilitarianism, cannot offer an adequate explanation of the authority of truth, an authority which is easy to conceive of, however, if one sees a social aspect of truth. That is why truth is a norm for thought in the same way that the moral ideal is a norm for conduct.
We might be tempted to define concepts by their breadth and generality, as opposed to sensations and images which represent only particular objects.
Such a definition would, however, simply provide a generic notion, and would not specifically distinguish concepts from sensations and images. It would imply that thinking logically means simply thinking in general terms. But the general only exists as entailed by the particular. Thinking in general terms therefore means thinking in particular terms, but in a certain way.
It would be extraordinary if such a simple definition was enough to give rise to a type of thought which is as distinct from 'thought through sensations' and 'thought through images' as logical thought is. How would the particular, once it had been impoverished and simplified, come to possess those virtues which the particular in its richness and denseness does not possess? How would one, by mutilating the real, obtain a set of specially privileged representations? We must consider whether concepts are not something more.
There is no discontinuity between the individual and the genus. There are concepts for genera. Why should there not be concepts for individuals? Is the genus necessary for the existence of a concept?
There are in fact many concepts which designate only individuals. Each people and nation has a great number of heroes either legendary or historical (it matters little which). In what terms do we think about them? Not in general ideas, nor yet in images, for we have never seen them. We do have concepts of them, for we argue about them, and these concepts are the starting-points for our discussions and our reasoning.
In the same way, the concept of God is an individual concept. For believers, God is certainly an individual being, and we think of Him neither through sensations nor through images.
The idea of the native land is also a concept.
Furthermore, sensations and images are characterised by their fleeting nature and their mobility. The concept on the other hand is immutable, or at least should be. Thinking in concepts means thinking of the variable, but subsuming it under the form of the immutable. The fixity of vocabulary expresses the fixity of concepts, and at the same time partly causes it.
Concepts are universal or at least capable of being universal amongst men of the same civilisation. They are common to all men who have the same language, or at least communicable. One cannot talk about my concept; although one can talk about my sensation. Sensations, like images, cannot be communicated to others. We can only suggest similar ones, by association. Concepts are impersonal, and above individual contingencies. That, indeed, is the feature of logical thought.
The problem is thus that of how thought has been able to fix itself in this way and, so to speak, to make itself impersonal, and not of how it has become generalised.
When the Socratics discovered that there were fixed representations, they were full of wonder; and Plato felt impelled to hypostasise, almost to make divine, these fixed thoughts.
We can, however, find other explanations of the properties of concepts. If they are common to all, is it not because they are the work of the community? Classical dogmatism, which postulates the agreement of all human reasons, is a little childish. There is no need to go beyond experience to seek this one, impersonal thought. A form of it, collective thought, occurs within experience. Why should concepts not be collective representations?
Everything collective tends to become fixed, and to eliminate the changing and the contingent. In addition, it is because they are collective that concepts impose themselves upon us, and are transmitted to us. Words too play a major role where concepts are concerned, and words are collective things.
Collective thought is only feebly and incompletely represented in each individual consciousness, as we have already seen in the case of moral thought. The same is true intellectually. Each of our words goes beyond our individual experience, and often expresses things about which we know nothing whatsoever. If some of the objects connotated by the word are known to us, they are only examples. Concepts themselves go even further beyond our personal experience; for they are formed by what a whole series of generations has experienced. What is superimposed on our individual experience, and 'subsumes' it by means of concepts, is thus collective experience.
In addition, concepts are systematised because collective thought itself is systematised. In relation to that collective thought, we stand in the same relationship as Plato's nous to the world of Ideas. We never manage to see it in its entirety, or in its reality. We do not know all the concepts worked out by our own civilisation; and in addition, we individualise them, and give words a particular meaning which they do not have. Hence the many differences which arise amongst individuals. Hence too lies, the lies which are said to be necessary ...
One can make an objection to this sociological theory of concepts. As we have defined them here, concepts ensure agreement between individuals. One might ask, however, where their agreement with reality comes from. We tend to think that if concepts are collective they are likely to be true; but only scientific concepts present this character. The others are worked out without method.
One can nevertheless reply that collective representations do not stand outside logical truth. The generality and fixity which they have would not be possible if they were totally inadequate with respect to truth. Verification is a reciprocal process: the experiences of all individuals are mutually critical. The concepts worked out by the masses and those worked out by scientists are not essentially different in nature. | <urn:uuid:92a8ad55-cb20-4fb0-a72b-c01f2367037f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/durkheim.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768529.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00162-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972676 | 17,401 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Many educators begin to develop their own ICT skills by playing with free resources and tools on the web (Prezi, Youtube, Ning). At some point educators may learn to use an LMS and it’s components for creating content and or designing assessment. Opportunities are opening up for educators to use code to make their dream learning tools, through Learning Tools Interoperability, essentially allowing developers to make LMS Plugins written in any programming language.
“IMS Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) v1.0 provides a single framework or standard way of integrating rich learning applications — in LTI called Tools — with platforms like learning management systems, portals, or other systems from which applications can be launched”
There is one argument against learning code, that says we can save time and pain by outsourcing to overseas code factories at cheap rates. My fear is that the over use of outsourcing and ‘rapid’ design tools could lead to a brain drain amongst educators, leaving us only floating on the surface of things.
A good place to start going beyond HTML is at CodeAcademy each week for free with CodeYear | <urn:uuid:8d346b4a-45e1-455a-8168-3dfc0599a890> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://v2training.com.au/191/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818696696.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926212817-20170926232817-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.925322 | 235 | 2.78125 | 3 |
sanitization: Information About The Word 'sanitization'
sanitization is an acceptable dictionary word for games like scrabble, words with friends, crossword, etc.
The word 'sanitization' is made up of 12 letters.
- (n) making something sanitary (free of germs) as by sterilizing
Using the word 'sanitization' in Scrabble will fetch you 21 points while using it in Words with Friends will fetch you 23 points (without taking into consideration the effect of any multipliers).
Check out the Anagrams of sanitization
Words Ending With 'sanitization'
There is 1 word which ends with 'sanitization'
Words Starting With 'sanitization'
Following are 2 words which start with 'sanitization'
Words Containing 'sanitization'
Following are 2 words which contain 'sanitization'
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|Points in Scrabble for sanitization||21|
|Points in Words with Friends for sanitization||23|
|Number of Letters in sanitization||12|
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|Tweets About sanitization on Twitter||Click Here| | <urn:uuid:015e76e1-703f-4120-9ca5-8b709a476a07> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://wordgamehelper.com/word/sanitization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141183514.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20201125154647-20201125184647-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.807931 | 462 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Postman entered the world on March 8, 1931, in New York City. He later graduated from State University before earning both his master's degree and an Ed.D from the Teacher's College, Columbia University. Beginning to teach in 1959 at New York University, Postman went on to create a course in media ecology, be appointed as a university professor, and then become chairman of the Department of Culture and Communication during his forty years with the University. An outspoken critic of the technology age and the entertainment industry, Postman lived his life following his beliefs. He avoided computers, rolled down his own car windows, and watched very little television because he didn't want controlling influences to take over his life.
The author of over twenty books, many of which are still in print, and more than 200 magazine and newspaper articles, Postman spoke out for educators to rethink their methods of teaching. Rather than memorizing bits of information, he advocated critical thinking and asking questions. Postman mourned the influence entertainment had on education and the culture. This influential teacher and author passed away from lung cancer on October 5, 2003.
Did you find this review helpful? | <urn:uuid:a3fc07b5-b04b-4a8d-8f27-4343d71b2233> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.exodusbooks.com/neil-postman/277/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828134.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024033919-20171024053919-00821.warc.gz | en | 0.984154 | 233 | 2.890625 | 3 |
– Malindi53: the most popular variety for commercial plantations with characteristics of medium height, large fruit yields and good tolerance to biotic stresses.
– Malindi52: one of the main varieties of commerce with characteristics of medium to tall height, bunch slightly smaller than Grand Nain, good tolerance to wind, cold hardy and less sensitive to water stress.
– Mtwike or Mtwishe: Cavendish Subgroup in East Africa internationally known as Paz. Looks are similar to Grand Nain.
FHIA 17; FHIA 23; FHIA 25: Banana hybrids used for dessert were introduced into East Africa mainly for their performance of high yields and resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests.
East African Highland Bananas: Matooke that dominate the Great Lakes region are mainly used for cooking, dessert, roasting and beer. Some cultivars are also used traditionally for curing diseases and birth delivery problems.
– Enshaka-Mbiire; Embire: brewing cultivars characterized by bitter nature and astringency.
– Enyoya; Enchakala: lax (loose) banana bunches included in the most newly evolving clone set for commercial selection.
– Enchoncho: used for traditional rituals.
– Enshansha; Entobe: used for food and cultural functions, with compact fruit and bunches but also means that all fruit ripen simultaneously. | <urn:uuid:8ebf5caa-dee8-496a-87e6-67413d8dd857> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.kilimorgano.com/product/banana_tissue_culture_plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692126.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019063516-20191019091016-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.92059 | 293 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Language is an ever-evolving system by which we create meaning and share that meaning with others. It is a bridge to understanding others’ experiences and perspectives. Language is a collective, collaborative effort that changes along with the people and generations who use it for their own unique purposes, depending on what is relevant to a society at the time.
While people may be mortal, computers and digital documentation of human language is not so mortal. In a way, computers and digital technology may be thought of as an immortal mainstay for culture and language–for linguistic culture. They document and preserve how humans once created and shared meaning through words.
But what role do computers and digital technology platforms play in preserving, or at least documenting, human meaning-making? The case of the word “gaslighting” is an interesting example.
During a group discussion in one of my college English classes, I brought up the word “gaslight” and how it applied to an abusive relationship between characters within one of our reading assignments. (The text was Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story, “The Yellow “Wallpaper,” for those curious.) As a self-declared classic movie buff, I assumed that the meaning of this word–which originally became coined and consequently universalized from the 1944 movie Gaslight, a movie with which I was familiar–was common knowledge to everyone in the room. While my professor was familiar with the word, I quickly became aware that none of my classmates were, and had to explain that this word meant to “psychologically manipulate someone into becoming insane.”
The next day, while reading James Gleick’s The Information for ENGL 340, I coincidentally came across this now-obscure word once again. “[T]he technology for gaslight had not been invented [prior to the twentieth century],” Gleick writes. “Nor had the technology for motion pictures.” As Gleick explains, “[The word] exists only because enough people saw the 1944 film of that title and could assume that their listeners had seen it, too” (p. 76). Through cultural interest in a movie, a word and its meaning were born, gained relevance, and were shared into society’s collective consciousness.
While the meaning of the word “gaslight” could have been usefully applied to people or characters long before (or after, for that matter) the 1944 movie ever came into existence, the technology that allowed the word to become culturally relevant did not exist until that year. Luckily, the technology preventing the word from becoming forever extinct (if not irrelevant/obsolete/endangered) and preventing its meaning from becoming unknown to any humans, has also been invented: VCR’s, DVD’s, movie streaming platforms, digital dictionaries that now include the word “gaslight,” etc.
While this word seems to be relevant to my life lately as both a classic movie enthusiastic and English major, I am aware that “gaslight” is not a common vocab term to come across in the twenty-first century. Its technological-turned-etymological source, the 1944 movie, has become decidedly more obsolete; in turn, so has the cultural relevance of the word’s meaning. And so, too, then, has the word itself.
While movies may be a relevant technological platform in general, black-and-white films are not particularly popular types of movies anymore. When a certain type of technology becomes irrelevant and obsolete, it follows that its cultural byproducts do too. By this logic, technology is important in the present for being a producer and diffuser of cultural meaning in the form of language–especially temporary “slang.” Technology is important in the past for being a preserver of what was once culturally relevant, even if it has ceased to be relevant in the present.
At the intersection between past and present, between what is relevant and what is obsolete, is the digital humanities. And computers are the immortal platform that allows the digital humanities to exist in both the past and present–and future.
In this way, technology–be it in the form of movies, or the Internet where now-obsolete vocabulary definitions are forever preserved for users’ future reference–connects humans from all generations in time. It allows human meaning and language to also become immortal. Be it Shakespeare’s texts, or niche vocabulary term from a 1944 movie, language is forever being invented, used, and then filed away for future technology users to come across, either by accident or by intent. In essence, computers–like print literature–have become an extension of the human mind, of society’s collective consciousness, where language and meaning are stored. | <urn:uuid:e0ed2c3b-c5d8-498d-8edb-96d4e535ea30> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://dh.sunygeneseoenglish.org/2020/02/12/relevance-obsolescence-and-the-computer-as-a-cultural-mainstay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.96361 | 993 | 3.328125 | 3 |
A preconceived view; a bias.
prejudice, partiality, partisanship, favouritism, unfairness, one-sidedness
- ‘the coherence of the theory is the result of an intellectual parti pris’
biased, bigoted, discriminatory, partisan, partial, one-sided, jaundiced, intolerant, narrow-minded, unfair, unjust, inequitable, non-objective, unobjective, blinkered, parti pris, coloured, distorted, warped, loaded, weighted
- ‘the document is parti pris in its approach to theology’
French, literally ‘side taken’.
Are You Learning English? Here Are Our Top English Tips | <urn:uuid:07057239-fdc2-4378-b34e-212e6f668362> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/parti_pris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.773088 | 166 | 3.203125 | 3 |
We expose how electricity powers the nervous system. Chris Smith and Hannah Critchlow speak to a panel of experts about why chillis taste hot and mint feels cool, how ion channels could tackle diabetes and the new technique that uses algae could shed light on the brain. In the news, re-programming stem cells in situ, the TV programme that's changing accents 400 miles away, the insects that use natural gears to propel themselves and how you can tell whether a panda is pregnant.
In this episode
01:14 - Stem cells made in situ
Stem cells made in situ
Mature tissues can be re-programmed in-situ to produce stem cells, scientists have shown for the first time.
The concept of re-programming adult cells to switch them from a specialised state to an unspecialised iPS - induced pluripotent - "stem cell" state is well known.
But this manipulation, which involves adding four signalling factors to the cells, has heretofore been carried out in a laboratory dish and with relatively low efficiency.
Now, Manuel Serrano, from the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre in Madrid, and his colleagues have shown that it's also possible to reprogramme cells within mature tissues inside the body without resorting to a Petri dish.
The approach taken by the Spanish team, published this week in Nature, was to first make genetically modified mice into which the genes encoding the four reprogramming chemicals (called c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4 and Sox2) had been inserted under the control of a genetic switch that could be temporarily turned on by administering a dose of an antibiotic drug to the animals.
Administering the drug to the adult mice resulted in growths, in multiple tissues, called teratomas. These are a hallmark of pluripotent cells being formed.
The team were also also to extract from the blood of the animals circulating stem cells resulting from the process; injected into early mouse embryos, these stem cells were able to turn into any tissue in the developing mouse body, proving that they were genuinely unspecialised stem cells.
Interestingly, the cells appeared to be superior in this regard to their counterparts made the traditional way in a dish, suggesting that the three-dimensional nature of the environment in which they formed within organs in some way improves the re-programming efficiency.
Specifically, the cells were capable of giving rise to a broader range of embryonic tissues than traditional iPS cells or even embryonic (ES) stem cells.
These remarkable findings suggest that it may be possible in future to repair organs by triggering the re-programming of a small number of cells locally so they become stem cells that can then be guided, chemically, to reconstruct the tissues damaged by a disease.
07:47 - Quick Fire Science: Giant panda breeding
Quick Fire Science: Giant panda breeding
Here's Dominic Ford and Kate Lamble with this week's Quick Fire Science...
- Giant pandas are native to only a small mountainous region in central China. There are thought to be no more than 3,000 of the animals remaining in the wild, and 300 living in captivity.
- Bamboo makes up 99% of a panda's diet, but its nutritional value is so poor that each animal must eat between 30 and 60 kilograms each day.
- That bamboo also contains so much fibre that panda may need to... empty their bowels... up to 40 times a day.
- To compound the problem, pandas have a digestive system similar to that of other bears, adapted for eating meat rather than a vegetarian diet.
- Their poor diet means that mother pandas have little energy to spare on raising cubs, and their babies are tiny and almost completely helpless at birth.
- Even after a year, panda cubs have typically grown to only a third of their full adult weight.
- In the womb, panda foetuses are unusual in that they do not implant until several weeks into the pregnancy, making it difficult to tell whether a female is pregnant.
- Normally a spike in the hormone progesterone a few weeks before birth tells vets that a female is expecting, but while Tian Tian - the panda in Edinburgh zoo - had such a spike last month, her hormone have since shown contradictory signs.
- Breeding captive pandas is especially difficult as males usually fight over females in the wild, and this seems essential to building up a male's libido.
- Moreover, female panda only ovulate once a year, meaning that there is only a 36-hour window each year in which she can become pregnant.
- Pandas have become endangered because of habitat loss in China due to more intensive farming.
- Even though there are now extensive conservation efforts, their slow rate of breeding means populations grow incredibly slowly.
- Zoo keepers in Edinburgh have said this week that they're uncertain whether a giant panda in the city's zoo might give birth to a cub. But why is it so notoriously difficult to get pandas to breed in captivity, and how can there be so much doubt over whether a panda is pregnant?
10:26 - Can TV programmes change your accent?
Can TV programmes change your accent?
with Jane Stuart-Smith, University of Glasgow
Warning! TV programmes can seriously affect your accent!
At least that's the conclusion of a study published this week by Glasgow researcher Jane Stuart-Smith, who's found that speech characteristics from characters in the popular BBC soap opera Eastenders are being picked up by Glaswegian youngsters...
Jane - We've done some research to look at Glaswegian at the end of the 20th century. And to our surprise, because Glasgow is a very long way away from the southeast - it's about 450 miles away - some of our informants, particularly inner city kids were using features that we would associate more with the southeast of England and much less with Scotland.
Chris - When you say, 'using features', can you just explain what you mean by that?
Jane - Yes. We're looking specifically at features of pronunciation. So, we're looking at, when you say, faffatha and in the following clip, what you'll hear is the word 'tooth' spoken by two people. The older man says, 'tooth' and the younger man says, 'tooth' with a 'fa'.
Jane - It's quite subtle and you might not automatically got it because actually, 'fa' and 'tha' are very easily confusable. In the younger boy, you can hear how he definitely has a Glaswegian 'uh', but he's also got this 'fa' at the end. The other feature that we found which is spreading involves the 'l' sound - things like 'people' and 'shelf'. That is really quite unusual. So here are another two speakers. An older man who's saying 'shelf' and he's got an 'l' sound and the younger adolescent doesn't have it. Can you hear the 'shelf'?
Chris - It's very blatant actually once you highlight it to me. The older person who presumably speaks pure Glaswegian, untainted by whatever we think the influence is, is very different to the younger person who has this new way of saying it.
Jane - Absolutely. They have very different accents. Probably, everybody listening to this programme, if you were to hear those speakers just talking, you would still get the impression that they were both very Scottish and very Glaswegian. So, what's happening is that very specific aspects of that accent are changing, but the rest is staying very similar.
Chris - How did you actually do this research?
Jane - Well, we actually went and recorded people. We worked with some local schools. We thought the people would talk more naturally to each other if they were allowed to choose who they could talk to. They would find a friend and then they would sit and chat to each other, and then we got them to read a word list. And we also got lots of information about their life and their social life. So, we wanted to find out about the kinds of different factors that might affect their speech. So obviously, if you've got somebody saying things like 'shelf' and 'tooth', you might immediately think that it's got to do with the people that they know. Because we know that in language change, what's affects us most is who we talked to on a daily basis. That's how language changes.
Chris - So, you're quizzing them about who your friends are, who you interact with, but also, what you do with your life presumably.
Jane - Exactly, so what we were looking at was everything from, how many family members lived in their house and where their relatives lived and how often they saw their friends, to how often they went out, and the kinds of things they did. And also, amongst all of that, we asked them lots and lots of questions about all aspects of their media: the kinds of music they listened to, radio, films, videos.
Chris - So, what do you think is causing this?
Jane - Well, now we've done the actual study, and we've looked at it statistically, what we found, there are several things together. One of them was to do with social practices. The more that our kids adhered to local Glasgow street style then the more they were going to use its features. We also found a weak relationship with having relatives and friends and family, and communicating with them who are outside Glasgow and specifically in the south of England. And then this other factor was this effect of television. Specifically, we'd looked at a number of programmes, but the programme that emerged as a significant factor in the analysis was EastEnders. It wasn't just watching EastEnders. It's not just having it on. Your mum might be watching it, your auntie might be watching it. It's not that. It's actually really engaging with EastEnders.
Chris - When you say 'engaging', so that would be for example, if I particularly identified with a character or a particular story line had resonance with me and a personal experience. So, I almost identified and wanted to mirror the individual that was having that experience in the programme, that's when what this emulation of the way they speak on EastEnders come through.
Jane - Yes. Well, I certainly agree with you about really being involved in the characters and sort of being involved in the stories. So, I think there's must be at some level, some kind of social identification. But I have to step back a bit about whether this genuinely emulation or imitation of speech because from what we can see, it's definitely not imitation in any sense of being consciously aware, or being able to imitate overtly. We actually looked at imitation as a possible model and the kids couldn't imitate EastEnders characters.
Chris - So, they didn't all go around saying, "Can I have word?" which is what seems to be the buzz word in EastEnders quite frequently.
Jane - Exactly. They're not picking up catch phrases and they're not trying to imitate EastEnders at all, or indeed, they're not really trying to imitate any kind of media. This is one of the reasons that actually, it's taken us a bit of a while to think about, so, what is the mechanism? How is it actually working? Traditionally, linguist have always said the media doesn't have an influence on language change. And there's good reasons for that because when people watch TV, on the whole they get up after their evening viewing and they don't end up speaking with different accents.
Chris - But I will refute the fact to a certain point which is that my children are not very old, but they've been immersed in a lot of cartoons with American voiceovers and I hear them playing the American accents.
Jane - Exactly and we do see a lot of kids using specific voices for specific characters when they're playing, and this is what they do. But I don't think there's any good evidence yet about the features are actually kind of leaking out into their normal pronunciation.
Chris - So, can you put all these together for us into a sort of nutshell. What exactly is the bottom line on what you found?
Jane - Kids in Glasgow with not that much contact with southern English speakers are using more of this London based features and that's significantly associated with strong psychological and emotional engagement with EastEnders.
17:39 - Testicular size a parental predictor?
Testicular size a parental predictor?
Men with smaller testicles tend to be more involved as fathers, a new study suggests. It's not yet known if ball size could be used to pre-emptively predict parenting skills though.
Published this week, in the rather aptly named journal PNAS, James Rilling and colleagues at Emory University, America, measured the volume of 55 fathers' testicles using MRI scans.
The researchers then compared testicular size with the dads' behaviour, firstly by asking the men questions to find out how involved they are as fathers, such as do you read your child a bedtime story? Do you bath them, or pick them up from school? Would you like to do this if you had the time?
As this could be viewed as a little subjective and reliant on self reporting the researchers also looked at the mothers' thoughts on the fathers' paternal skills, and they looked at the fathers' brain activity, using fMRI to scan the dads' brains as they looked at photos of their children.
The result? Men with smaller testicles got the best parenting scores in the questionnaires AND showed more activity in brain regions associated with empathy and motivation to care. Researchers ruled out the amount of the hormone testosterone as being linked to paternal involvement. More likely, they suggest it's a trade of energy expenditure between mating strategy and parenting. So, maybe men with bigger testes invest more energy in producing higher volumes of sperm, and sperm of higher quality rather than parenting?
Author James Rilling is cautious saying,
"We're assuming that testis size drives how involved the fathers are, but it could be that when men become more involved as caregivers, their testes shrink."
So, although it's possibly tempting to look at a boyfriend's big balls and infer his future parenting skills will be lacking - this may not be the case. Since most fathers choose how involved they are in their child's upbringing. Author Rilling states:
"It might be more challenging for some men to do these kinds of caregiving activities, but that by no means excuses them,"
20:43 - Gearing up to jump: insect leg cogs
Gearing up to jump: insect leg cogs
A species of insect that employs gears on its back legs to coordinate its leaping movements has been described by Cambridge scientists...
Using high-speed camera footage running at over 7000 frames per second, zoologist Malcolm Burrows and Gregory Sutton captured the launch movements of the planthopper Issus coleoptratus, a small insect that can take off at over 20 kilometres per hour and can leap over a metre in a single jump.
The insects propel themselves using their powerful hind legs which, the footage revealed, move within 30 millionths of a second of each other.
To achieve this remarkable synchrony, without which the insect would end up hurtling off sidewards, the researchers have found that juvenile planthoppers employ a rack of 12 gear teeth, measuring about a third of a millimetre long in total, that engage between the two legs as the insect primes itself and then executes a jump.
The teeth whizz past each other at the rate of 50,000 teeth-widths per second, and by doing so the rates of acceleration of the two propelling legs are coupled together so they have to move within millionths of a second of each other, keeping the jump on target.
If the gears become damaged they can be replaced when the insect moults as it grows up, the duo speculate. This might also explain why the adult insects jettison this adaptation and resort to some other mechanism to coordinate their leg movements, since with no ability to shed their skin the ability to repair their gearbox would be limited.
Publishing their findings of the first evidence for a natural gearbox in the journal Science, the two researchers emphasise that their results "demonstrate that mechanisms previously thought only to be used in manmade machines have evolved in nature..."
23:08 - The Electrical Nature of Nerves
The Electrical Nature of Nerves
with Dervila Glynn, Cambridge Neuroscience
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of Cambridge researchers Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, receiving the Nobel Prize for explaining the electrical nature of how nerve cells work, Cambridge is hosting a special neuroscience conference.
Top scientists have travelled from around the world for the event, and we've got some of them here with us, as well as Dervila Glynn, the conference organiser.
Hannah - We have Dervila Glynn who is the conference organiser. So Dervila, I believe that Alan Hodgkin and Huxley, they used a particular species in order to understand the electrical properties of the nervous system. They used squid, why?
Dervila - That's correct, Hannah. Simple reason really. What they were studying was the axon or the actual nerve. The simple reason why they used squid was because of its size. So, an axon or the nerve that they were using in squid, it can be measured up to 1mm and they are generally about 0.5mm which is quite big when you consider that a human's is about a thousand times less than that. So, for the practical reasons: they could actually insert electrodes into these axons and measure the electric potential; obviously, they were quite plentiful in the Atlantic; and also, they were able to manipulate the cytoplasm - the salt contents. So, the sodium and potassium, and that's how they were able to measure the voltage in there.
Hannah - So, they got this squid from, I'm presuming not the River Cam...
Dervila - No. Well, in fact actually, they started their experiments in Cambridge in 1935 and in 1939, they released a short paper in Nature, just before the outbreak of war. They both went and then worked in the war. They didn't get back together until 1945. So, they worked in Cambridge, but they also did a lot of their work at the Marine Biological Association Laboratory in Plymouth. That's actually where all the trawlers came in and they got their squid there.
Hannah - And so, they put this wire down the squid's nervous system and then measured that there was electricity that was flowing down this nervous system and that's how they found out that - how a nervous system, in order to control our thoughts and also, in order to allow us to move, uses electricity just like houses.
Chris - What did people think before that then, before we knew that the squid actually were electrically conducting? Do we know what the prevailing wisdom was?
Karl - Well, this is Karl Deisseroth and you've heard my introduction already, but people knew that electricity was involved for a long time before that. People knew that you could stimulate with electrical shocks and get some movement. The genius of the Hodgkin and Huxley was to figure out exactly how the communication happens, what the currency of information flow in neurons actually was. It was this beautiful event called an action potential which is generated by sodium channels and potassium channels that work together in a beautiful pattern. And only by working with the squid could they do this.
Hannah - So, it's the sodium and the potassium, because they're charged ions, because they've got a particular charge on them then they carry a charge and they carry current. That's how they worked out that we can control our thoughts and use thoughts in movement and in the nervous system. So Dervila, you've got this conferences coming up in the next 2 days. What's this conference about?
Dervila - So, this conference really is about 2 things. It's celebrating the award and celebrating Hodgkin and Huxley, but it's also really about their legacy. All of the speakers that we have speaking are doing work that has relations to ion channels, and that's really the big significance of Hodgkin and Huxley's work. So, there'll be people talking about ion channels in respect to all different types of diseases. And so, it's relating the work that they won a Nobel Prize for 50 years ago and how it's actually come forward and how all these important findings - because it's pretty much one of the most important findings in neuroscience. But how it's really translated today. So, there'll be people talking about pain, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and also about the basic biology of these ion channels as well.
Hannah - That's brilliant! Thank you, Dervila Glynn from Cambridge Neuroscience.
Frances - Perhaps we should just explain what an ion channel is because the important thing about ion channels are that they conduct ions. They're like ions like sodium and potassium - common salts - to go through them. But they're nothing more than tiny little pores that sit in a membrane that surrounds every one of your cells, not just the nerve and muscle cells, but all cells in the body. The most important thing about them is that they can open and close. When they're open, the ions can go through and when they're closed, they can't. Because the ions flow from a high concentration to a low concentration, they also carry an electric current and that's what is responsible for generating the electrical impulses.
Hannah - So, it's almost like these ion channels are a door that can be opened and closed, that allow charge to go in and out, and that allows electricity to flow.
Frances - I think the important thing to remember is that in living systems, electricity is carried by ions. The currents are carried by ions whereas in the wires that run through your house, they're carried by electrons. So, this is somewhat of a difference.
29:02 - How Do Nerve Cells Signal Pain?
How Do Nerve Cells Signal Pain?
with David Julius, University of California
Some of the speakers from the conference are here with us, including David Julius, from the University of California, San Francisco; he studies the part of our nervous system we're probably most consciously aware of, our pain receptors.
Chris - David, you're very interested in how the nervous system signals pain and looking at your resume, this pot of bright red chillies I have in front of me is something which is featured very much in your work over the years. How does the nervous system signal pain? If I eat one of these, why does it make me feel I've got a pain in my mouth?
David - Well, the nervous system signals pain in the way that Fran has already described that there are ion channels and other molecules that are activated by different stimuli, be it a hot chilli pepper which we'll talk about in a second or temperature or pressure. And that induces the opening and closing of ion channels to change the flow of ions across the membrane when that happens. You activate the cell, excite the nerve fibres, say, a sensory fibre in your lips when you eat a hot chilli pepper. That sends an action potential or message to the brain that you eventually receive as a noxious or painful stimulus. So, the reason that chilli peppers are painful and sometimes people think of this as a taste response, a gustatory response, but it's really a pain response and you would know that if rather than eating the chilli pepper, you chopped one up and then stuck your finger in your eye and there would obviously be a pain response and not a taste response. There's a main pungent ingredient in chilli peppers of the Capsicum family called Capsaicin. The plant has over evolutionary time, developed this compound to fit very nicely into a pocket of an ion channel called the Vanilloid receptor TRPV1 which is pretty highly expressed particularly on nerve fibres that are involved in sensing painful stimuli as it turns out, mostly specified for detecting heat and inflammatory agents. When Capsaicin binds to this channel, it opens up in a way that Fran described. It's like a little doughnut that opens up and ions flow through the membrane and this activates the nerve fibre and then you perceive this is a pain response.
Chris - So, in my nervous system, I've got lots of different sensory nerve fibres which supply my skin and my eyes, and my mouth. Do different nerve fibres detect different sorts of stimuli? So, we're talking about chillies here and if I eat these, I get a stinging painful sensation, but I also would describe it as hot. If I suck on a Polo mint, I get a sensation of coolness in my mouth or if I put my hand in ice, I feel cold. So, are they different nerve cells that are doing those senses?
David - They are to a large extent different nerve cells. So, there was for many years a big debate in the pain area as to whether nerve fibres that detect noxious or pain producing stimuli - of course, these are stimuli that have a capacity to cause tissue damage. That's why we perceive them as being painful. There is a debate as to whether they're all the same functionally or whether there are distinct subsets. And now, we know really through molecular studies that not all pain sensing nerve fibres are the same. They're specifically tuned to detect different things. And so, the subset of nerve fibres that detect cold are to a large extent distinct from those that detect heat. You can tell that because the molecules that are involved in detecting say, Capsaicin from a hot chilli pepper or menthol from mint leaf are the same molecules that are involved in detecting heat versus cold. If you'd look at where those genes are expressed, they're expressed in largely non-overlapping subsets of nerve fibres. So, that's kind of like in what we would say, a labelled line to some extent that you have these different circuits coming in from the periphery that inform you about different sorts of perceptions.
Chris - Just ignoring the effects of chilli for a second, when I'm feeling heat or sensing cold, how are my nerve cells detecting those stimuli? What's going on in the nerve cell to enable it to tell what the temperature is?
David - Well, pretty much the same ways that we just described through these chemical mimics, if you want to say that. For these compounds, these chemicals that illicit these sensations. They're acting on some of the same molecules that are involved, that are actually activated by heat versus cold. And so, they do the same things. They're activating an ion channel that allows ions to flow into the cell. So, when you touch a stove or if you eat a chilli pepper, or put a mint in your mouth, it's basically the same thing. Really, what these compounds from these different plants do is to act on the same ion channels that are involved in sensing heat or cold. What they're really doing is just, they're acting as what we would call allosteric modulators of the channel which basically means that when you eat a mint and when menthol from a mint comes in contact with these channels, they change the temperature at which the channel now must respond to be active.
Chris - So, it sort of fools the channel into thinking it's cooler than it is so it discharges.
David - Enables it to be activated at a higher temperature than it normally would be activated at and that might be for example the temperature of the nerve fibre in your mouth. And so now, the nerve fibre thinks that it just interacted with a cold substance, but instead, it's just being sort of fooled in a sense. In some ways similar to some of the things we'll hear about from Karl in terms of how light can mimic the actions of different things.
Chris - And if I'm unlucky enough to be bitten by a snake or a tarantula or something and this elicits pain, are the venom molecules in these animals also effectively binding to these same targets such as the chilli pepper does in order to elicit the sensation of pain?
David - Yeah, there are some. So, venoms as you may are very complex mixtures of all kinds of toxins, but we found in fact that there are some toxins in say, tarantula venoms that target the same channel that Capsaicin targets from the chilli pepper. So, it's a really beautiful example of convergent evolution. Here, you have these two organisms. One is a plant and one is an animal namely, the chilli pepper and the spider. They have both evolved chemical defence mechanisms that activate your pain sensing nerve fibres basically to say, "Stay away from me." But they do so by very different chemical strategies because the molecule of a chilli pepper is a small organic molecule. The toxin in the spider that activates the same channel is a large peptide or small protein. And so, they've converged on the same mechanism, but they do it through a somewhat different chemical armamentarium.
Chris - Now, if I eat a lot of chillies and Hannah picked me up on Friday because she fed me some chillies she had in the office and she said I wouldn't eat those, but I did. I thought they were refreshingly spicy, but not over the top. Hannah said she thought they were really hot. I eat a lot of chilli though. So, if I keep on eating the chilli, does this have any kind of damaging effect on my sensory nerves?
David - Yeah, probably reversible, but people who eat a lot of chilli peppers - probably, if you're a kid growing in Korea eating a lot of kimchi for breakfast, you would have a much higher threshold.
Chris - But what's actually happening? Are you damaging nerve cells or are you just losing the receptor?
David - Well, you're probably doing both. So, you're probably what we call, 'desensitising' the receptor, the channel, which means it sort of goes to quiescent state. But if you put Capsaicin at very high concentrations on say, an area of your skin - your forearm or whatever, you will cause those nerve fibres to sort of wither and retract from that area. So, there is some damage fortunately, peripheral nerve fibres will grow back and re-innervate those areas. But there is a decrease in their presence or their activity there. In fact, this just sort of underlies the paradoxical use of Capsaicin as an analgesic because if you get these balms with Capsaicin and rub it on, it will use to de-sensitise the nerve fibre or cause it to actually regress from that area. As a result, you've sort of de-nervated in a sense functionally or physically de-nervated that region.
Chris - Because I think I've seen people use that for pain caused by shingles for example, haven't they?
David - That's right and can be used in very high concentration for example for things like that or what we call neuropathic pain associated with viral infection, things like that.
Chris - David, thank you very much. David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco.
37:34 - Using Honey as the First Chemical Weapon
Using Honey as the First Chemical Weapon
with Fran Ashcroft, University of Oxford
We've heard how nature has informed our understanding of pain pathways and perception. But how exactly are these signals transmitted?
Also with us this week is Fran Ashcroft. She's Professor of Physiology at Oxford University and the author of several popular science books, including recently, The Spark of Life, which answers questions like why does an electric eel not shock itself?
Hannah - So, Fran, you're the Professor of Physiology at Oxford University and you're also the author of several popular science books including most recently, The Spark of Life which answers questions such as, why does an electric eel not shock itself? So, ion channels, I believe that you've got one particular ion channel which is historically one of your favourites.
Fran - Well, my favourite ion channel is of course the one that I personally work on. But I think the one that you're referring to is one of my favourite stories. This is an ion channel which is involved in the sodium channel which is involved in the conduction of nerve impulses. As we've already heard, all sorts of chemicals can interact with ion channels. There is one which is known as grayanotoxin which is found in the pollen of a certain species of rhododendron which is found on the Black Sea. Its effects are best describe perhaps by Xenophon in 400 BC when he explains how his soldiers eat of the honey that was made from the pollen of these rhododendrons. And found themselves with lots of diarrhoea and purging, and vomiting, and having convulsions. He has this marvellous phrase that they all lay on the ground in a state of great dejection. Fortunately, they recovered and nothing really much happened for another 200 years until Pompey was invading that area. The Greeks remembered this story of Xenophon's and they collected the honey, and strewed it in the path of the oncoming troupes who at it, became incapacitated.
Hannah - So, the troops took a little break ate the honey that had been there as a honey trap and...
Fran - And were incapacitated and were then decapitated. So, this was perhaps one of the earliest forms of chemical warfare and I shouldn't say this, but at the same time, it's another example of the fact that one should not trust Greeks bearing gifts.
Hannah - And what was this toxin actually doing to the ion channels then?
Fran - What the toxin does is it holds the sodium channels open. We've heard already about toxins which act by blocking ion channel function. This one acts by enhancing the activity of this particular ion channel.
Hannah - And it had this wide ranging number of effects on the digestive system and then of the eventual decapitation of the soldiers.
Fran - There was another coda to this story really and that is, that these days, of course the rhododendrons are still there, the honey is still produced by the local bees. The honey's blended in with many other honeys. So, the toxin is diluted out. But in that local area, you can actually get the honey that is made specifically from this particular species of rhododendron. It has a local vogue as an aphrodisiac which is rather unfortunate and there are even stories today - you can read them, very recent papers in the scientific journals - of men who have taken some of these and ended up in a hospital rather acutely ill.
Hannah - That's an interesting story. So, you mentioned that you work on a similar type of ion channel now.
Fran - It's slightly different. The ion channel that I'm very interested in is one that's found in the cells of the pancreas. This channel is involved in the regulation of insulin secretion. So, as most people know insulin is the hormone that controls your blood sugar level and if you don't have enough, you get diabetes. I've been very interested in trying to understand what is the cause of diabetes. What we found was that when this ion channel is open, insulin is not released and when the ion channel is closed, insulin is released. I know that sounds counter intuitive, but the insulin is not going through the channel. The closing of the channel just triggers a whole series of events. What's been particularly exciting for me is that a colleague of mine recently found that mutations in this particular gene cause diabetes at birth. We've been able then to take that forward and show how this happens. What's been really extraordinary is that children with this disease were always treated by insulin injections. But when we recognised that they had a problem with their ion channels, we knew of a drug which shut the open channels. And so, we were able to transfer the patients from insulin injections onto drug therapy. And of course, that's transformed their lives. It's made their blood sugar control very much better and it's also, they prefer not having injections. You can imagine, it's difficult to inject a 3-month-old baby. I should just mention that this is a very rare disease. So, it's very unlikely too that most people who've got diabetes when they were young - it's only found in patients who have diabetes before the age of 6 months.
42:39 - Nerves Signals and Light
Nerves Signals and Light
with Karl Deisseroth, Stanford University
Karl Deisseroth is based at Stanford University in California and in 2005 he invented a new technique called optogenetics; this is a way of controlling nerve cells using light. He told Chris Smith how it works...
Karl - Well, optogenetics works by using light to open ion channels. We've heard a lot about ion channels and how they can be controlled by the electrodes that Hodgkin and Huxley used. Of course, those could only be put into a squid axon and if you want to study the mammalian brain where things are a thousand times smaller, you've got problems with putting enough electrodes in. We've also heard about chemicals that can affect ion channels. We can open and then close them. Those are great. Those can get all the way through the brain, but they don't have this millisecond precision that is the normal currency of information flow in the brain. So, what if you could have both? What if, you could high speed and allow access to many different neurons at once, even in let's say, the mammalian brain? So, what we do is, we found that there are some microorganisms that make just the perfect tool for this. They do it for their own reasons. Not to help us out, but it turns out to be the perfect thing. There are small algae, small kinds of bacteria as well that make light activated ion channels and they use this to sense what going on in their environment, to respond to it appropriately, to generate energy for a whole range of different functions.
Chris - So, these are marine microorganisms which just happen to make a chemical structure which is sensitive to light. They use it for one job, to regulate their behaviour that you're saying, you can steal that and use it for your purposes.
Karl - We did. We capitalised on the millions of years of evolution that went in to designing these beautiful proteins. We bring them into a mammalian neurons and we can turn mammalian neurons which normally don't care about light very much, turn them into very sensitive, precise light responding units.
Chris - So, you take the gene from the alga which would normally make that channel that the alga uses then you can put that gene into the nerve cell, making the nerve cell respond to light in the same way the algae would.
Karl - That's exactly right and it sounds a little farfetched and in fact, a lot of people thought that it would be very unlikely that genes from these algae or these ancient forms of bacteria would work well in mammalian cells, that they would get to the right place in the cell, that they would have the right supporting components that would help them function well. To some extent, they needed some help, we had to engineer the tools a bit to help them work well. In the end though, it works quite well now and we can flash on pulses of light of different colours. We can turn on and off different kinds of cells even while animals are freely behaving.
Chris - So, you put the gene from the alga into the nerve cell and it's in some way colour selected so you can use different colours to control different subsets of cells.
Karl - That's right. Some algae make proteins that respond to blue light, some archaebacteria make proteins that respond to amber light. In fact, there's a whole spectrum of these that are made by nature and that we can tune somewhat also with some protein engineering. We can put one kind of protein into one kind of cell, another kind of protein into another kind of cell, and even start to act like the conductor of the orchestra if you will, and have different elements, different instruments that play at different times or at the same time.
Chris - How do you put the genes into the brain cells that you want them to go into, in the animal that you want to study?
Karl - Well, this was the hardest thing after the initial proof of principle that these tools could work well in cells. The question became, how do you actually are going to make it useful? How are you going to target these into the cells of interest? This took a few years to sort out. It was helped by the fact that these are all-in-one proteins that it's just a single gene that's make a single protein that does all the jobs that gets the photons from light, and it delivers the ion flow. So, we only had to put one thing in and we use a range of genetic tricks. Actually, we can use little bits of DNA that are called promoters or enhancers and different cells that do different jobs will turn on or off these little bits of DNA that govern the expression or the production of proteins and cells. If we attach these little bits of DNA, the promoters or enhancers to the gene for the light responsive protein, and then we put that into all the cells in a region, it'll only get turned on in some, and that gives us a very powerful kind of specificity. There are other kinds too. For example, we can use the very remarkable shape and morphology of neurons. If we put the gene into one region of the brain, but we deliver light into another region of the brain that may be far away, we can selectively therefore stimulate the cells that live in one region, but send a connection to the other region where we're delivering the light. That turns out to be very powerful. We call that projection targeting and that, you don't actually need to know any genetics at all. You just need to know your anatomy.
Chris - How do you get the light that's going to do those jobs into the right bit of the nervous system in your animal?
Karl - Yes, that was another thing we had to sort out. In fact, a lot of the scepticism early on, people said, well, light doesn't penetrate very deeply into the brain and that's true. It will only go about a millimetre in before it's 99% scattered and absorbed. But we developed fibre optic methods for targeting very deep brain structures and so now, we can play in patterns of activity into very deep structures in the middle of the brain and the brain stem even while animals are behaving.
Chris - What can you do with this that we couldn't do before?
Karl - Well now we can play in precise patterns of activity into defined cells and I'll give you just one example. I'm interested in motivation and reward, what makes people want to do things, what makes them feel good about doing things. This is something that is impaired in depression and various kinds of psychiatric disease. And we're now playing in different patterns of activity into a kind of cell called the dopamine neuron and we're determining that some patterns of activity, but not others turn out to control feelings of reward or motivation. And that may help us understand these psychiatric diseases.
48:44 - Why does the sense of smell heighten during pregnancy?
Why does the sense of smell heighten during pregnancy?
So, is it true that sense of smell increases during pregnancy? We churn over the data with Professor Paul Breslin from the Monell Chemical Senses Centre in Philadelphia...
Paul - It's quite common for pregnant women to report that odours are stronger for them, that they're more sensitive to odours, that they're somewhat less tolerant of ambient room odours and that odours tend to be more unpleasant.
Laboratory studies have shown that pregnant women rate above-threshold odorants - those that are weak to moderately strong - as more intense than do non-pregnant women. There's little evidence, however, that pregnant women are more sensitive to odours in the absolute detection sense. That is, they're not able to detect the presence of odours at lower concentrations.
Hannah - So, it appears that the widely-reported claim that sense of smell heightens during pregnancy is not due to increased smell sensitivity, but actually, due to above-threshold smells appearing stronger and making them appear more disgusting. But why does this happen? Over to Tim Jacob, Professor of the Psychophysiology of Smell at Cardiff University.
Tim - This particularly happens in the first trimester of pregnancy and it's thought that there is some evolutionary advantage here in that it's necessary for the mother to be very careful what she ingests, not to ingest toxins and other poisons, both for her own health and for that of her foetus.
Hannah - So, what could be controlling this sense of smell during pregnancy? Back to Paul.
Paul - We have found that female hormones can greatly increase sensitivity to odours in women who are attending to them compared to females who are too young to cycle or compared to post-menopausal women. So, it appears that female hormones can influence the function of the olfactory system.
Hannah - Thanks, Paul and also do Adam who got in touch with the question. And finally, thanks to Tim who also points out that there are cases of expectant mothers with a decreased sense of smell. So, it's not a hard and fast rule for all... | <urn:uuid:9cccd0d7-dda6-41e5-80e2-019cedcd2beb> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.thenakedscientists.com/podcasts/naked-scientists-podcast/shedding-light-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735881.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804161521-20200804191521-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.973149 | 9,551 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Our bodies, when you think about it, have to deal with very different sets of challenges at different times: fending off tigers (or opposing players on the hockey team) is a very different activity than recuperating after a tiger-attack or hockey-blow. So throughout the day (or hour, or minute), our bodies move on a spectrum between two key states: “rest and digest” and “fight or flight”
In the “rest and digest” state, our bodies are being kept well-fed and grounded. The walls of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines to keep on churning. Glands that aid in digestion, like the gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands become more active.
Since we’re at rest, we don’t really need to work too hard. Our heart muscles start beating slower and less forcefully. We don’t need to breath so hard, so the pathways leading to our lungs constrict.
In the “fight or flight” state, we are on our toes and ready for battle. At a moments notice, we’re ready to pounce - or quickly retreat. When we say a stressful/high pressured activity gives us a “rush of adrenaline” - we’re actually being literal since adrenaline is a family of chemical signals that can stimulate a flight-or-fight response.
We don’t need digestion so all that gets shut off. The digestive system comes to a stop, the glands decrease in activity. Our heart muscles start beating faster and more forcefully. We need a lot of oxygen so those pathways into the lung dilate. We need to make sure that every organ has enough blood and oxygen. To do this, we clamp down on those low-yield arteries of our periphery, keeping most of the blood in the higher-yield central ones. We also open up the arteries leading to important organs (i.e. brain, heart, lungs) and also leading to our skeletal muscles (so that we can actually move with haste).
And in a funny twist of nature, control over sexual function is split between the two systems. Evolution must have thought it both both exciting and restful.
How does our body “make” us go into the right state of being? Basically, the body has two keys systems, and which of them is relatively more active at any given time determines which state we are in. When the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is relatively more active we will be in the “rest and digest” state; when the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is relatively more active we will be in “fight or flight”. The PNS and SNS tend to affect our bodies via something called receptors, proteins on cells that look out for external signals (like nerves coming from our brain) and activate various functions in different parts of our bodies.
Since, well, we usually aren’t being chased by tigers, our “rest and digest” phase is usually the dominant system. It’s what keeps us functional, well-energized creatures that can carry out routine functions. But it does not take much for “fight or flight” to take over the reigns from “rest and digest.” In other words, you don’t need a tiger on your trail - you could just be stressed out about an exam, or a first-date, or well, stressed about anything.
How does this relate to various common medical conditions? Let’s find out.
In heart disease, there is damage (or the potential for damage) to the muscles of the heart. These muscles are responsible for pumping blood to the entire body - including themselves. However, sometimes the arteries that feed the heart muscles become blocked and not enough oxygen reaches them. This can lead to bad things like chest pain, heart attacks, and arrhythmias.
To prevent these things from happening, we make the heart stop working so hard, reducing the amount of oxygen it actually needs. In other words, we want the “rest and digest” phase to be more dominant in our heart - we want to block the effects of the “fight or flight” state. To do this, we need to block the receptors that are responsible for the “fight or flight” response in the heart.
One well-known class of drugs that can block the “fight or flight” response are Beta Blockers. They block a receptor called β1, which are found pretty specifically on heart muscles. When β1 receptors activated, they increase its rate of and the force behind the muscles’ contractions.
When we use beta blockers to block β1 we thereby reduce heart rate and force of contraction. Now, the patient has a lower risk of having an adverse cardiac event.
In asthma, some environmental or stress trigger causes acute inflammation and constriction of the bronchi of the lungs (the tubes that bring in outside air). If you’ve ever seen someone having an asthma attack, it’s pretty frightening since they literally can’t breathe.
This case is almost opposite to heart disease. Here, we want the “fight or flight” state to be more dominant in the lungs and bronchi. When we are being chased by tigers or playing hockey, our bronchi become large and wide open so that our lung can get a lot of air in them. To do this, we need to trigger the receptors that are responsible for the “fight or flight” response in the bronchi and lungs.
If you’ve ever seen someone having an asthma attack, you’ve also probably seen them pull out an inhaler loaded with a life-saving dose of Albuterol and the symptoms vanish. What is this miracle drug? It activates a particular receptor which is found on blood vessels and lung bronchi and dilates them when activated. Therefore, by triggering this receptor, the drug can get the bronchi to rapidly open.
Allergies and respiratory infections suck. The worst symptom for many is the nasal congestion. The blood vessels around the nose dilate and the nearby sinuses fill with fluid.
Luckily, we can reverse this effect. How? This case is similar to Asthma. We want the “fight or flight” state to be more dominant in the blood vessels around our nose. When we are being chased by a tiger, we don’t want all this blood being wasted on a trivial thing like our nose - we want that blood flowing to our vital organs and muscles.
To combat allergies and respiratory infections, we activate a particular receptor found on blood vessels which narrow them them when activated. Therefore, by activating the receptor we can get those vessels back to normal diameter. The relief is almost instantaneous.
One of the most discomforting disorders for patients is urinary incontinence - the frequent and unstoppable urge to go to the bathroom. It’s often caused by an overactive PNS system, incorrectly telling the bladder that it is full and needs to empty. Therefore, to solve the problem, we want the “rest and digest” state to be less active in the bladder. To make this happen, we block the receptors that are responsible for the “rest and digest” response in our bladder.
But again, thankfully, we can try and block this effect. Medications like Detrol and Vesicare block a certain receptor which is found on the bladder and stimulates emptying. By blocking the function of the receptor, it blocks the end signal of the PNS on the bladder.
I hope that after reading this, you have an appreciation for the dynamic, balanced systems that keep us going day in, day out. And with this understanding, we can also act to modulate specific body systems to solve clinical problems and provide a lot of value to patients with these conditions and others. | <urn:uuid:85d619f5-ceaa-45bd-b67d-d11a46d2170e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.theconceptsproject.com/rest-and-digest-vs-fight-or-flight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886101966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816125013-20170816145013-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.940753 | 1,660 | 3.125 | 3 |
« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »
22. A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight lines.
The straight line which joins opposite angular points in a quadrilateral is called a diagonal.
23. A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight lines.
24. An equilateral triangle is a triangle whose three sides are equal.
25. An isosceles triangle is a triangle two of whose sides are equal.
26. A scalene triangle is a triangle which has three unequal sides.
27. A right-angled triangle is a triangle which has a right angle.
The side opposite to the right angle in a right-angled triangle is called the hypotenuse.
28. An obtuse-angled triangle is a triangle which has an obtuse angle.
29. An acute-angled triangle is a triangle which has three acute angles.
[It will be seen hereafter (Book I. Proposition 17) that every triangle must have at least two acute angles.]
30. A square is a four-sided figure which has all its sides equal and all its angles right angles.
[It may be shewn that if a quadrilateral has all its sides equal and one angle a right angle, then all its angles will be rignt angles.]
31. An oblong is a four-sided figure which has all its angles right angles, but not all its sides equal.
32. A rhombus is a four-sided figure which has all its sides equal, but its angles are not right angles.
33. A rhomboid is a four-sided figure which has its opposite sides equal to one another, but all its sides are not equal nor its angles right angles.
34. All other four-sided figures are called trapeziums.
It is usual now to restrict the term trapezium to a quadrilateral which has two of its sides parallel. [See Def. 35.]
35. Parallel straight lines are such as, being in the same plane, do not meet, however far they are produced in either direction.
36. A Parallelogram is a four-sided figure which has its opposite sides parallel.
37. A rectangle is a parallelogram which has one of its angles a right angle.
Let it be granted,
1. That a straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.
2. That a finite, that is to say a terminated, straight line may be produced to any length in that straight line.
3. That a circle may be described from any centre, at any distance from that centre, that is, with a radius equal to any finite straight line drawn from the centre.
NOTES ON THE POSTULATES.
1. In order to draw the diagrams required in Euclid's Geometry certain instruments are necessary.
(ii) A pair of compasses with which to draw circles. In the Postulates, or requests, Euclid claims the use of these instruments, and assumes that they suffice for the purposes mentioned above.
2. It is important to notice that the Postulates include no means of direct measurement : hence the straight ruler is not supposed to be graduated ; and the compasses are not to be employed for transferring distances froin one part of a diagram to another.
3. When we draw a straight line from the point A to the point B, we are said to join AB.
To produce a straight line means to prolong or lengthen it.
The expression to describe is used in Geometry in the sense of to draw.
ON THE AXIOMS.
The science of Geometry is based upon certain simple statements, the truth of which is so evident that they are accepted without proof.
These self-evident truths, called by Euclid Common Notions, are known as the Axioms.
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
2. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.
4. If equals be added to unequals, the wholes are unequal, the greater sum being that which includes the greater of the unequals.
5. If equals be taken from unequals, the remainders are unequal, the greater remainder being that which is left from the greater of the unequals.
6. Things which are double of the same thing, or of equal things, are equal to one another.
7. Things which are halves of the same thing, or of equal things, are equal to one another.
9.* The whole is greater than its part.
* To preserve the classification of general and geometrical axioms, we have placed Euclid's ninth axiom before the eighth.
8. Magnitudes which can be made to coincide with one another, are equal.
10. Two straight lines cannot enclose a space. 11. All right angles are equal.
12. If a straight line meet two straight lines so as to make the interior angles on one side of it together less than two right angles, these straight lines will meet if continually produced on the side on which are the angles which are together less than two right angles.
That is to say, if the two straight A lines AB and CD are met by the straight line EH at F and G, in such a way that the angles BFG, DGF are together less than two right angles, it is asserted that AB and CĎ will meet if continually produced in the direction of B and D.
NOTES ON THE AXIOMS.
1. The necessary characteristics of an Axiom are
(i) That it should be self-evident ; that is, that its truth should be immediately accepted without proof.
(ii) That it should be fundamental; that is, that its truth should not be derivable from any other truth more simple than itself.
(iii) That it should supply a basis for the establishment of further truths.
These characteristics may be summed up in the following defini. tion.
DEFINITION. An Axiom is a self-evident truth, which neither requires nor is capable of proof, but which serves as a foundation for future reasoning.
2. Euclid's Axioms may be classified as general and geometrical.
General Axioms apply to magnitudes of all kinds. Geometrical Axioms refer specially to geometrical magnitudes, as lines, angles, and figures.
3. Axiom 8 is Euclid's test of the equality of two geometrical magnitudes. It implies that any line, angle, or figure, may be taken up from its position, and without change in size or form, laid down upon a second line, angle, or figure, for the purpose of comparison, and it states that two such magnitudes are equal when one can be exactly placed over the other without overlapping.
This process is called superposition, and the first magnitude is said to be applied to the other.
4. Axiom 12 has been objected to on the double ground that it cannot be considered self-evident, and that its truth may be deduced from simpler principles. It is employed for the first time in the 29th Proposition of Book I., where a short discussion of the difficulty will be found. | <urn:uuid:4a3def37-7bfc-42ef-8536-087e4f8baaee> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://books.google.gr/books?pg=PA6&vq=%22If+from,+the+ends+of+a+side+of+a+triangle,+there+be+drawn+two+straight+lines+to+a+point+within%22&dq=editions:UOMDLPabq7928_0001_001&lr=&id=9WUSAAAAIAAJ&hl=el&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.944836 | 1,604 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Temple of Artemis
Temple of Artemis Selcuk Reviews
Where 1 of the 7 Wonders of the World Once Stood Jul 21, 2005
TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS
Some question how a temple could take its place among other magnificent structures such as the Great Pyramid, the Hanging Gardens and the Colossus of Rhodes? From all indications of those who visited it, the answer was simple; it was the most beautiful building on earth.
Antipater of Sidon, a Greek poet who helped compile the list of the Seven Wonders of the World, wrote: “I have set eyes on the wall of lofty Babylon on which is a road for chariots, and the statue of Zeus by the Alpheus, and the hanging gardens, and the colossus of the Sun, and the huge labor of the high pyramids, and the vast tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the house of Artemis that mounted to the clouds, those other marvels lost their brilliancy, and I said, ‘Lo, apart from Olympus, the Sun never looked on aught (anything) so grand.’”
The original temple was probably built around 800 B.C. It is thought to be the first building completely constructed with marble. The Ephesus goddess Artemis, sometimes called Diana, was not the figure worshiped in Greece. Artemis was the Greek goddess of the hunt; the Ephesian Artemis was the goddess of fertility.
The shrine was destroyed and rebuilt several times. Notably, on July 21, 356 B.C., a young man named Herostratus burned it to ground in an attempt to immortalize his name. Oddly enough, Alexander the Great was born the same night. The historian Plutarch later wrote that the goddess was “too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to send help to her threatened temple.”
The temple of Artemis is mentioned in the Bible (Acts 19:1-20:1). The Apostle Paul came to Ephesus and preached Christ. During his two years there, Christianity spread and a number of believers destroyed their idols.
A silversmith named Demetrius called his fellow craftsmen together. He told them Paul was saying that man-made gods are no gods at all. Demetrius warned them there was danger that their trade would lose its good name and that the temple of Artemis would be discredited and the goddess would be robbed of her divine majesty. When they heard this, they were furious and began shouting, “Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!” Soon, the city was in an uproar. They seized two of Paul’s companions and rushed the theater. The assembly shouted in unison for about two hours, “Great is Artemis of the Ephesians!”
The city clerk quieted the crowd and began, “Men of Ephesus, doesn’t all the world know that the city of Ephesus is the guardian of the temple of the great Artemis and of her image, which fell from heaven? Therefore, since these facts are undeniable, you ought to be quiet and not do anything rash…”
After he spoke, he dismissed the assembly, the uproar ended, his men were released and Paul soon left for Macedonia.
The temple was destroyed for the last time by the Goths in 262 A.D. Today, the site of the temple is a marshy field. Unfortunately, only a lone column stretching to the sky reminds visitors where one of the wonders of the world once stood.
Part of the Ephesus, Turkey (Kusadasi) - July 2005 travel blog
8 / 8 TravBuddies found this review helpful/trustworthy
Join TravBuddy to leave comments, meet new friends and share travel tips! | <urn:uuid:7181f340-9244-4391-b606-1fc9e9f4a1b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.travbuddy.com/Temple-of-Artemis-v8111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00318-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975574 | 786 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Public health advocacy is the strategic use of news media to advance a public policy initiative, often in the face of opposition.
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PART 1: 10 QUESTIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH ADVOCATES
Most fields of public health have objectives that are highly contested by opponents. Opposition can come from governments, industry, community and religious interest groups, and from within the public health field itself. Ever since John Snow removed the handle of the Broad Street pump and faced the scepticism and wrath of water suppliers and residents,1 many public health initiatives have met with protracted, fraught, and often highly organised opposition. Road safety advocates have faced concerted opposition from the liquor and automobile industries, devotees of speed, and critics of government revenue raising. Immunisation campaigns have been opposed by diverse groups since Jenner.2 Safe injecting rooms and heroin trials for narcotic addicts face virulent campaigns from sections of the churches, local residents, and businesses.3 The tobacco industry with its global resistance to meaningful controls has been described as the leading vector of the lung cancer epidemic: the industry is to lung cancer as mosquitoes are to malaria. Opposition can also take the form of indifference, with some public health issues being neglected because they are “off the political radar” and perceived as unimportant. Mental health has long suffered this fate.
The nature and impact of effective opposition to new public health laws, regulations, taxes, and policies and to greater resource allocation deserves both analysis and potent responses. Public health advocacy, particularly through media advocacy, is the strategic use of news media to advance a public policy initiative, often in the face of such opposition. Media advocacy seeks to develop and shape (“frame”) news stories in ways that build support for public policies and ultimately influence those who have the power to change or preserve laws, enact policies, and fund interventions that can influence whole populations.
However, for all its importance, advocacy remains a Cinderella branch of public health practice. Advocacy is often incandescent during its limited hours on the stage, only to resume pumpkin status after midnight. Routinely acknowledged as critical to the project of public health, it is seldom taken seriously by the public health community, compared with the attention given to other disciplines.4 The status of advocacy as a legitimised discipline remains neophyte: few master of public health programmes formally address advocacy, there are comparatively few textbooks,5–9 and no journals devoted to its exploration.
Yet like any public health initiative, effective advocacy requires careful strategic planning. Here, the following 10 questions are cardinal. In part 2 of this paper, a case study involving several of these elements is presented. The box provides a list of resources about the practice of public health advocacy.
1 What are your public health objectives with this issue?
Put simply, what do you want to change or preserve? All proposed advocacy strategies need then to be interrogated for their relevancy to achieving these objectives.
2 Can a “win-win” outcome be first engineered with decision makers?
Politicians and other key decision makers are naturally keen to avoid being pressured, and to be seen to lead initiatives. Wherever possible, advocates should try to first work with government to affect a marriage of interests. When obdurate government intransigence is the root problem, criticism is generally unavoidable but will often close doors. In such circumstances, divide your advocacy voices into the moderates who will continue to work the “inside route” with government and the vanguards who will take a critical public role in the media, setting the public agenda.
3 Who do the key decision makers answer to, and how can these people be influenced?
In all democracies, key health decision makers remain answerable to those who appoint or elect them. Political parties hang onto power by virtue of winning marginal seats in elections. If those marginal electorates vote differently at the next election, governments can fall. Health ministers are answerable to political cabinets and health bureaucrats are answerable to health ministers who will not relish their portfolio being criticised. Business executives are answerable to boards of directors. Advocates therefore need to study ways of accessing and influencing those whom key decision makers worry about or who endorse their policies.
A large bibliography on health, advocacy and the mass media http://www.health.usyd.edu.au/resources/mchbib/index.html
Two recent guides on tobacco control advocacy and movement building http://strategyguides.globalink.org/
Designing effective action alerts for the internet http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/people/pagre/alerts.html
The National Coalition Building Institute http://www.ncbi.org/
Jim Shultz’s key questions in developing advocacy strategy http://www.democracyctr.org/resources/strategy.html (plus a link to his book The Democracy Owner’s Manual)
Powerpoint presentation on advocacy from Ontario Public Health Association http://www.opha.on.ca/resources/generic_advocacy.ppt
4 What are the strengths and weaknesses of your and your opposition’s position?
You, your opposition, and the positions both are advocating require ruthless auditing for the ways in which they are perceived by those whose support and influence is being courted. What you learn here will be critical both to your own presentation and to the tack you take in discrediting your opponents. Know your opposition inside out and keep all manner of antennae alert for feedback about your own organisation’s public reception. Rehearse in role plays the worst questions you could face, and practice putting forward your most compelling points. Go to every interview with a maximum of three points you want to make, regardless of what you are asked.
5 What are your media advocacy objectives?
Your advocacy objectives must always serve your agreed public health objectives, and not be confused as ends in themselves (such as relentlessly pursuing media exposure with dubious connection to your agreed goals). Media advocacy objectives can include causing a neglected issue to become discussed or a much discussed issue to be discussed differently; discrediting one’s opponents; introducing pivotally compelling facts and perspectives into a debate; or introducing different voices in ways calculated to enhance the authenticity or power of an argument.
6 How will you frame what is at issue here?
Political debate is largely about multiple definitions of the same events and accordingly, advocates need to ensure that the way they define what is at issue in a health debate becomes the dominant definition circulating in the community. Framing strategy is the core skill of media advocacy. To frame is to “select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient... in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation”10 for the issue under debate. For example, the tobacco industry seeks to frame tobacco advertising as freedom of speech, while tobacco control advocates try to reframe it as the highly researched effort at attracting children to smoking that will lead many of them into years of addiction and eventual disease. If the industry’s definition dominates, controls on advertising are unlikely. In Australia, opponents of mandatory fences around garden swimming pools spoke of the fences as Big Brother intrusions into private spaces, while child drowning prevention advocates tried to define fences as being like third party injury car insurance (“if you can’t afford the insurance, you can’t afford the car”).11 As the protection of children frame came to dominate expressed concerns about backyard aesthetics, swimming pool fence laws were more easily embraced by political parties.
7 What symbols or word pictures can be brought into this frame?
The news media’s demands for brevity require that we maximise every opportunity to leave a lasting impression with readers and media audiences. Many public health issues appear arcane, technical, and impenetrable to ordinary people and unlikely to excite public or political interest. To gain their attention and to locate public health issues in shared value frameworks, the perspicacious and evocative use of analogy and metaphor is important. Think of how the change you want has parallels and precedents in other widely embraced areas of public life. Associate your cause with the same values that underlie these accepted issues.
Advocates also need to appreciate the dramaturgical dimension to news gathering.12,13 Significantly, journalists refer to those appearing in the news as “talent” and audiences often assess news “performance” through criteria like believability, trustworthiness, and how likeable those in the news were. Decide which “role” you want to play and how you will seek to cast your opposition.
8 What sound bites can be used to convey 6 and 7?
The length of time given to newsmakers to speak in the media continues to shrink.14 Often, these “sound bites” are the only statements reported and so assume critical importance. The larger the audience for a news bulletin, the more truncated is the time devoted to each item. Those who disdain and eschew such news media should be disqualified as serious advocates. Every interview with a journalist should plan to inject at least one sound bite into the conversation. These are pithy, memorable, and repeatable summations that can come to epitomise a debate. A memorable example: “a non-smoking section of a restaurant is like a non-urinating section of a swimming pool”.
9 Can the issue be personalised?
A senior Sydney journalist once told me “experts are fine, but they are not actually a living thing”.15 Journalists hunger for ways to locate health stories within stories about real people who are affected by a health problem. Experts are typically stock embellishments to the “real” human story that is crafted to address the concerns and interests of ordinary readers. If journalists will try to ground the story via an ordinary citizen’s perspective, involving consumers in your advocacy group will be important as you will be seen as having both expertise and authenticity.
10 How can large numbers of people be quickly organised to express their concerns?
Statements from “the usual suspects” who always speak up for an issue risk being marginalised by politicians as predictable and unimportant. Efforts to build vocal constituencies for issues who are willing to speak up at strategically important times should therefore be given high priority. Newspaper letters pages are seen as key barometers of community concern. All politicians talk of the impression they gain from the reaction (or lack of it) of their electorate to issues in the news. Internet tools such as distribution lists, list servers, and chat rooms permit instant mass dissemination of “action alerts”: email templates that describe a problem, provide key pieces of information, outline suggested courses of action, and equip recipients with relevant facts and data. Within minutes, thousands of people can be mobilised to write letters to politicians and newspapers, call radio stations, vote in online opinion polls, or petition decision makers.
REORIENTING PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES TOWARD ADVOCACY
There is much that inhibits the development of more widespread and effective advocacy. Given that influencing government policy is often the object of advocacy, government funded public health workers mostly see advocacy as strictly off limits. Boards of charitable non-government agencies can also be inhibited by perceptions of heated debate with opposition groups distracting from their “community friendly” images. Conservative governments seeking ways of reducing criticism sometimes make charity status, essential in attracting tax deductible donations, conditional on agencies not engaging in advocacy.
The result is that much advocacy suffers from being concentrated in poorly resourced grass roots community groups who can struggle to have their voices heard. Colleges and professional associations have therefore a special responsibility to join with citizens in embracing advocacy for evidence based objectives. Members who may be government employees can participate in advocacy efforts wearing their professional hats.
PART 2: ADVOCACY IN ACTION: KEEPING TOBACCO COMPANIES OFF CAMPUS
On 4 August 2003, the University of Sydney’s vice chancellor announced that a former premier of NSW and current chairman of British American Tobacco Australia, Nick Greiner, was resigning from the chair of the advisory board of the university’s new Graduate School of Government. The announcement culminated several weeks of advocacy among staff, students, and university senate members to achieve this end. Below, I review the core strategies used, illustrating several of the principles described above.
WHAT WAS THE PROBLEM?
As a pariah industry16 under siege from the WHO, governments and an ever-growing section of the public angered at its conduct, the tobacco industry has sought to diffuse this criticism by promoting itself as socially responsible.17 Benefaction of programmes for the homeless and domestic violence prevention18 and support of university research19 including the provocative establishment of a centre of business ethics20 are among recent strategies designed to “enhance our position within the socio-political environment.”21 Engaging in the affairs of government, the business and wider community is another, where spin off commercial benefits for the industry are always paramount. As a 1995 BAT memo put it: “Systematic contact should be maintained with key audiences whose goodwill and co-operation can help companies achieve their business objectives... Steps should be taken to ensure that non-executive directors are given the opportunity to play a full and appropriate role in relationships with government and other appropriate audiences.”22
On learning of Greiner’s appointment, a contradiction was obvious of the spirit of the university’s 1982 policy23 that has since prevented any member of the university from accepting support from a tobacco company. I immediately protested about the appointment to the Chancellor (web link 1, see journal web site http://www.jech.com/supplemental). His response emphasised that the appointment had “no connection whatsoever with any tobacco company or any role Mr Greiner may have on the Board of such a company.” (Web link 2 http://www.jech.com/supplemental). This was to become the central argument advanced by the appointment’s defenders.
The appointment held potential to become a vital symbolic increment in the social and political rehabilitation of the tobacco industry that has long occupied bottom feeder status as the nation’s least trusted industry.24 Leaving it unchallenged risked allowing the corporate strategy to flourish, expanding the tobacco industry’s vital elite to elite communication opportunities with the expected pay offs in achieving the company’s euphemistically phrased “business objectives”. Our goal was to overturn the appointment and thereby signal to other institutions that such appointments were inappropriate and would risk infecting universities with the opprobrium of tobacco industry collusion. A leading university showing the nation’s most senior tobacco official the door would ignite public debate that promised to consolidate Australian universities’ resolve in this matter (web link 3 http://www.jech.com/supplemental).
STRATEGIES: NETWORKING AND THE INTERNET
It was vital that the complaint be not dismissed as the predictable response of well meaning but zealous individuals. I therefore emailed my letter to the chancellor to hundreds of colleagues, including several listservers, urging recipients to protest about the appointment and attend a dignified demonstration outside the inauguration. Dozens wrote to the chancellor. Email, in rapidly disseminating “action alerts” at virtually no cost, can mobilise thousands within minutes of being sent.
The conflict was pregnant with compelling news narratives that promised to unfold as the episode evolved. Elementary ethical subtexts abounded: the 1982 policy suggested the university was ignoring the spirit of its own long established principle (hypocrisy). Would the university place principle above its short term embarrassment at having to withdraw its ill considered invitation to Greiner (expediency)? Would staff and students succeed in overturning an appointment made by the university’s highest official (the mouse that roared)? How would Greiner react to the news that many found his vaunted presence on campus obnoxious (the emperor’s new clothes)?
Lead stories of morning newspapers influence radio and television news agenda during the day, so I provided a print journalist with an exclusive. The next day it was front page news,25 rapidly becoming a favoured radio topic for specialist political panels and talk back callers. Instead of an arcane internal university policy tiff, it had become a big public story.
The demonstration coincided with student exams and drew about 50 participants, almost outnumbered by security staff and news media26 (fig 1). Serendipity dealt her kind hand by arranging for the first raucous chorus of “Nick off, Nick-otine Nick” to rise at the precise moment Greiner took to the podium inside the ceremony.
BEHIND THE SCENES LOBBYING
The university senate, as the university’s supreme policy forum, comprised half elected staff, student and alumni members and half government appointments. Several elected members angered by the appointment requested it be put to a vote at the next senate meeting. From 21 voting members, lists were compiled of those who could be relied on to vote for and against the appointment, with a third being those whose votes were considered unpredictable. The predilections of each in the third group were reviewed, and appropriate people designated to make contact with each to sell the case against endorsing the appointment.
Greiner’s supporters also lobbied the same group, but wasted energy trying to convince obvious members of the opponent camp of their folly, thus telegraphing their punches for the senate debate and allowing the preparation of anticipatory responses.
I wrote a letter outlining the case against endorsing Greiner to all senate members (web link 4 http://www.jech.com/supplemental) and circulated an article from a leading Sydney ethicist (web link 5 http://www.jech.com/supplemental), who pilloried the notion that people could somehow avoid being the sum of their parts. Greiner, he said, was unavoidably a tobacco boss and so the connection would need to be confronted.
The vice chancellor’s motion to the senate read “that while deploring Mr Greiner’s continued involvement as Chair of British American Tobacco in Australia, Senate endorse the appointment to the Advisory Council”. It was defeated 10–7. Jubilation at the expected announcement that Greiner would stand down was then dampened by a cryptic statement from the vice chancellor that it was unclear whether the senate in fact had any jurisdiction in the matter. The episode now threatened to metamorphose into one of senate authority, which might erupt into a wider confrontation.
Thirty six days passed between the initial protest to the chancellor and the resignation. In this period, the issue was extensively covered in the media. A newspaper commissioned an opinion piece (web link 6 http://www.jech.com/supplemental). The repeated insistence that Greiner’s appointment reflected his political experience but not his tobacco pedigree threatened to become the dominant definition of what was at issue and thus required memorable rebuttal within the constraints of news media soundbites. Examples included:
“this is today’s version of the Jeckyll and Hyde defense: the upstanding citizen by day, who strenuously denies his evening persona has any relevance to his overall reputation”
“the mafia boss who places $500 in the church plate fools no one”
Similarly, the notion that universities should embrace free speech in the “marketplace of ideas” and not subject tobacco—always described as a “legal product”—to a politically correct witch hunt was countered with examples of other entirely legal benefaction or association that any self respecting university would instantly eschew without debate. For example:
a wealthy holocaust denier wanting to establish a school of war history
a chain of brothels offering to fund a chair in erotic literature
The tobacco industry would have liked nothing more than for the appointment to be seen as utterly routine: tobacco chiefs are like any other corporate official. These analogies and word pictures sought to anchor people’s assessments of what was at issue to readily understandable and apposite comparisons, thus affecting a denormalisation of the appointment.
With the hiatus between the senate vote and the announcement of the resignation at the August senate meeting, contingency plans were made on the assumption he would not resign. Revelations made in the interim period that BAT had knowingly destroyed documents that would have assisted dying litigants were to be emphasised.27 Did the university really want the head of such a company in its ranks? Medical students promised to keep the heat up, and the future shaped as a highly undesirable saga for the university.
All fears of community backlash appeared unfounded. An online newspaper poll recorded 89% approving of the outcome of the senate vote, further eroding concerns expressed by Greiner’s supporters that the action would make the university look foolish. The episode inspired a student representative of senate to ratchet up the policy even tighter. At its September meeting, the senate voted unanimously to support a revised policy that read “the university shall not accept funding or other forms of support, other than by taxation of government levies, from any tobacco manufacturing company or foundations primarily funded by such companies, or agents known to be acting on their behalf.”
The tobacco industry is now on notice around Australia that attempts at integrating with respected community institutions may turn ugly. The chairman of the American Cancer Society, John Seffrin, once said “politicians don’t like standing next to a social pariah in the next photo opportunity.” Tobacco lobbyists have their access to policy makers greatly diminished by this process. Campaigns like this one aim to keep it that way.
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↵* The author was awarded the Luther Terry medal for outstanding individual leadership in tobacco control at the 13th world conference on smoking or health, Helsinki 2003 and named by Australia’s Bulletin magazine in October 2003 as one of the 10 “smartest” people working in Australian health and medicine. | <urn:uuid:961a555d-38d6-4727-ab1e-fccde3df10b6> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://jech.bmj.com/content/58/5/361 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604193207-20230604223207-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.953721 | 4,810 | 2.828125 | 3 |
EDUCATION IN CANADA
In Canada, the federal government oversees education, while provincial and territorial governments have the role of developing curriculum and determining major education policies and initiatives.
There are similarities between the education systems of different provinces and territories, but each province / territory has its own curriculum reflecting the culture and history of the region.
As English and French are official languages, in Canada there are schools with English and French language tuition.
Education in Canada is compulsory for children aged 5/6/7 to 16/18 y.o., depending on the province or territory, and is divided into primary and secondary levels.
The grading scale is from A to F, where A = Excellent (90 ÷ 100), B = Good (80 ÷ 89), C = Average (70 ÷ 79), D = Poor (60 ÷ 69) and F = Fail (<60).
In the Elementary School, from grades 1 to 6 or grades 1 to 8, children study the same general subjects.
The curriculum varies across Canada, but lessons include: English (French), Mathematics, History, Geography, Sciences, Health and Physical Education and Introductory Arts. Second Language is included in some jurisdictions.
Types of schools | <urn:uuid:09720539-1198-4c78-b4e3-31b70b162cad> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.educationshape.com/canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.930847 | 260 | 3.515625 | 4 |
St Theodore, one of Russia’s greatest naval heroes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was born in 1745.
The unvanquished Admiral was the terror of his country’s enemies, and the deliverer of those whom the barbarians had taken captive. He served during the Russo-Turkish War (1787—1791), and also fought against the French. Although he fought many naval battles in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean, he never lost a single one, and he was never wounded.
St Theodore once visited the Greek island of Kerkyra (Corfu), where he venerated the relics of St Spyridon of Tremithus (December 12), and gave support and encouragement to the Orthodox Christians in that place.
Since his naval reforms were unpopular with his superiors, St Theodore was forced to retire in 1807 by Tsar Alexander I. Having neither wife nor children, the admiral settled in the town of Alekseevo near the Sanaxar Monastery, where he regularly attended services on Sundays and Feast Days. During Great Lent he would stay in the monastery, fasting with the monks and attending the services.
Igumen Nathaniel of Sanaxar regarded St Theodore as “a neighbor and a significant patron” of the monastery. In addition to his generous gifts to the monastery, the admiral frequently gave alms to the poor and needy. He never sought earthly glory or riches, but spent his life in serving God and his neighbor.
St Theodore died in 1817 at the age of seventy-two. After navigating the sea of life with all its storms and struggles, he entered the calm harbor of eternal rest. He was buried at Sanaxar Monastery beside the church. The monastery was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991, and St Theodore’s grave was found in 1994.
St Theodore was glorified by the Orthodox Church of Russia in 2004, and a reliquary in the shape of a naval vessel was made to enshrine his holy relics.
The holy Admiral Theodore should not be confused with his relative St Theodore (Ushakov) of Sanaxar Monastery (February 19 and April 21), a monastic saint who lived from 1719 to 1791.
St Theodore is honored as a great military leader who defended Russia just as St Alexander Nevsky (November 23) and St Demetrius of the Don (May 19) did before him. One of the Russian Navy’s atomic cruisers has been named for him, and a movie has been made about his life and career. The composer Khachaturian has also written a musical piece called “Admiral Ushakov.” | <urn:uuid:631bc3c3-eaff-45ce-b294-ed6e97648bff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://oca.org/saints/lives/2013/10/02/104101-righteous-admiral-theodore-ushakov-of-the-russian-naval-fleet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.987095 | 555 | 2.90625 | 3 |
PipeTree is made up of over – and – below-ground compo- nets. Each component can be broken into unit modules that practically meet the four requirements for an idealized basic unit (IEU) suggested by Sieva¨ en et al. (2000). The prerequisites are morphological reproduction in trees, neighborhood surroundings addiction, interaction with adjoining units and the size of this device be small enough that the local environment around it could be presumed to be optional. We tried to define the components in PipeTree based on the needs of an IEU since this was appropriate for our modeling goal, i.e. tree growth with no”international” control like a allometric relationship between tree height and basal trunk diameter.
To Be Able to describe the arrangement of PipeTree, we The PipeTree components are known as courses. Included in these are the PipeTree course for trees, Stem course such as shoots, Root course for below-ground components, and so forth. By way of instance, a stem is an item of this Stem course, a tree is an item of PipeTree. As shown here, the first letter of this course name is upper case, although that of the item name is lower case. Is introduced to refer to the possessions of PipeTree items.
The arrangement of this above-ground Portion of PipeTree is modular. Figure 1a shows a Stem course thing of stem.age=0 in tree.age=0. Since this spe- cial stem is the source of above-ground components, an alias notation, stem0, is used to extract the source of Stem objects.
Like and Share Introduction to Plant Morphology
The cross-sectional Subject of stem, stem.area, is split into Two areas: region of”dwelling pipes,” stem.Aa, and”dead pipes”, stem.Ad, concerning the pipe version (Shinozaki et al. 1964a, b). Alive pipes transportation water in trees, dead pipes deficiency this particular function. Additionally, the”surface area” of the stem, stem.As (cm2), is defined because its curved surface (excluding base area) stem:Just as 1/4 stem:length × At each simulation time step, fresh Stem objects are created using stalks of stem.age=1 at which stem.age is a factor of stem that is placed at zero at fresh stem development and improved by one at each time period. Let’s introduce notations stemM and stemD for mom and daughter Stem items, respectively.
1a–c Schemata of Stem items with needle foliage (repre- sented as a tube). This is the source, stem0, of Stem items of a PipeTree. At this era, the PipeTree is made up of just one stem using needle foliage (represented as cylinder) using the attached root item (represented as a chunk ). The magnitude of a stem is distinguished by its own duration (stem.length) and diameter (stem.diameter). B Top of a PipeTree in tree.age=10. The connection between mom stem (stemM) along with her daughter (stemD) items is shown.
The notation lateral and vertical signifies stem.direction. Notice the nested arrangement of stem.type two undefined A stemM thing has a pair of undefined, that’s composed as stemM.D=undefined. Figure 1b shows the connection of stemM and stemD near the peak of this PipeTree thing at tree.age=10. In the connection of stemM and stemD, we could define stem.type and stem.order. Since the branching pat- tern of Abies is monopodial, stalks can be classified to two kinds: principal axes and sub-axes, that’s, stem.type (two undefined), along with a stemM may and must have just single stemD of stemD.type=primary. All of the stem items are of stemD.type=sub.
.stemM. order if StemD.type 1/4 primary; stemD.order 1/4 stemM.orderþ 1 when stemD.type 1/4 sub: Because the arrangement of the first stem of a person, ste- m0.order, is equivalent to zero, the orders of Stem items at the trunk are constantly zero, whereas the ones of sub-branches are larger than zero. Figure 1a, b exemplifies the arrangement structure of Stem items. Let’s present another property to differentiate Stem course items.
The elongation management of stem, stem. direction2undefined, communicates if the stem is part of the primary trunk or a lateral division (visit Fig. 1b). The recursive Partner of stem.direction out of stemM into stemD can easily defined as follows:
stemD.direction . StemM.direction if stemD.type 1/4 primary; 1/4 lateral should stemD.type 1/4 sub: All Stem-class items of stem.age
As what we all know concerning the below-ground components of plants Is less than that which is known of above- ground components, the simulating of origins The below-ground Portion of PipeTree that’s Constructed simply to absorb water out of dirt is one layer of the grid construction. To Put It Differently, two-dimen- sional different supply of Root class items Split into two components: origin. Water consumption of PipeTree In a grid point is determined by the grade of fine origin, root.fine (g), while woody Origin, root.woody (g), does not have any practical participation in PipeTree. Root class Items are given the capability to grow and expand.
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One of the big things that has changed in computer science education over the last 20 years is that it is now mandatory to prepare students for writing software that lives in a hostile environment. This content can’t be limited to a computer security course, it has to be spread throughout the curriculum. My experience, based on talking to people, looking through textbooks, and looking at lecture material on the web, is that overall we’re not yet doing a great job at this.
When teaching this subject, I’ve started using trust boundaries as an organizing principle. A trust boundary exists any time we (the system designers or system owners) trust code, data, or human actors on one side of an interface more than we trust the other side of the interface. Students need to be able to recognize, understand, fortify, and stress-test the trust boundaries in any system they have a stake in.
Trust boundaries aren’t hard to find: We just need to ask questions like “What are the consequences if this code/data became horribly malicious? Is that likely? Can we defend against it? Do we want to defend against it?” It is easy to conclude, for example, that a demonic garbage collector or OS kernel might not be something that we wish to defend against, but that we had better fortify our systems against toxic PNG files that we load from random web sites.
Some basic observations about trust boundaries:
- They’re everywhere, even inside code written by a single person. Anytime I put an assertion into my code, it’s a tacit acknowledgment that I don’t have complete trust that the property being asserted actually holds.
- The seriousness of trust boundaries varies greatly, from mild mistrust within a software library all the way to major safety issues where a power plant connects to the internet.
- They change over time: a lot of our security woes stem from trust boundaries becoming more serious than they had been in the past. Email was not designed for security. The NSA wasn’t ready for Snowden. Embedded control systems weren’t intended to be networked. Libraries for decoding images, movies, and other compressed file formats that were developed in the 90s were not ready for the kinds of creative exploits that they faced later on.
- If you fail to recognize and properly fortify an important trust boundary, it is very likely that someone else will recognize it and then exploit it.
To deal with trust boundaries, we have all the usual techniques and organizing principles: input sanitization, defense in depth, sandboxing, secure authentication, least privilege, etc. The issue that I’m trying to respond to with this post is that, in my experience, it doesn’t really work to hand students these tools without some sort of framework they can use to help figure out where and when to deploy the different defenses. I’d be interested to hear how other CS instructors are dealing with these issues. | <urn:uuid:416750f8-5900-4de8-9e11-83d5809caebc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://blog.regehr.org/archives/1576 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00119.warc.gz | en | 0.958849 | 612 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The first thing to know about heliconias is that they spread. Each stalk of leaves will produce only one set of colorful bracts, which will stay alive and colorful for as long as six weeks. Though the flower may die, the greenery will stay lovely for a long time.
The rooty bulb is called a rhizome. It spreads laterally, so plant your new rhizome close to the edge of the pot or planting bed so the new nodes will have plenty of room to spread. Dig your rhizomes up every few years and remove the old part, which will begin to decay. (It will be easy to identify; it will be hollow and dark in color.)
Unlike many tropical plants, heliconias do not have a dormant period, so plant it quickly upon receipt so it doesn’t dry out. Unwrap it from its shipping wrap carefully so as not to damage the new nodes, which can be fragile. If your rhizomes doesn’t have a baby node, it will. As long as the rhizome itself is moist and of a milky-white color, it is healthy and will grow.
New heliconias will start strong if planted in spring or summer in a well-drained soil mixture of perlite, peat moss, and potting soil. Your rhizome will usually contain an old stalk. Notice the line of photosynthesis and plant the rhizome to the same depth. Water well.
Heliconias love water, but don’t overwater them. Keep the soil moist, but not wet or they may develop a fungus. If your area or home has low humidity, you should water daily during warm months. And mist the plant in dry conditions to keep it moist.
While heliconias eventually grow to love the sun and heat, put them in a semi-shady spot for the first few months. Move them gradually into sunnier locations. Most heliconias can tolerate 100 percent sun and thrive in temperatures above 70 degrees F. If planting them in a pot indoors, put them where they will get lots of light, such as a south or west facing window. Don’t let them endure temperatures below 50 degrees for long.
Heliconias also love to be fed. A monthly fertilizer of elements below 10-10-10 will yield vases full of flowers. | <urn:uuid:ed6008bf-753a-486c-a561-87d3e0af86df> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://nac-me.com/heliconias.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824180.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212225044-20181213010544-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.929284 | 491 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Charlene Mitchell ran as a Presidential Candidate for the Communist Party USA in the 1968 Presidential elections. This election would make Mitchell the first African American to run for US President. Shirley Chisholm became the first black major-party candidate to run for Present of the United States, in the 1972 U.S. Presidential election.
Mitchell was born around 1930 in Cincinnati, Ohio and later migrated with her family to Chicago. She received her early education at the Moody Bible Institute.
Mitchell often told of an incident when she visited the jail to see her father at the age of seven. She traveled alone and took several buses. Her mother was sick during this time and could not make the trip. She sent young Mitchell with a basket to give to her father. When Mitchell arrived at the jail, it was very late and the guardsmen tried to prevent her from the visit. However, Mitchell screamed and hollered until the guards agreed to allow her to see her father. After the visit, her father told her mother, to never send Mitchell again, it was too difficult on him and the guard would never get over it.
By the age of 13, Mitchell was heavily involved in activism. She along with black and white teenagers took action with picket signs against the Windsor Theater in Chicago. At the time, the theater segregated black customers in the balcony and at the nearby segregated bowling alley. The group later held a sit-in at the Windsor, with white members going up to the “colored only” balcony while black members took their seats in the auditorium’s “whites only” section below.
In the Election of 1968, Mitchell was the first African-American woman to run for President of the United States in 1968. She represented the Communist Party USA and her running mate was Michael “Mike” Zagarell, the National Youth Director of the party. However, the running mates were entered on ballots in only two states.
Video: Youtube KTVNews | <urn:uuid:31ad9bc8-ff3d-4674-921a-63bd55d03500> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blackthen.com/video-charlene-mitchell-civil-rights-activist-ran-for-president-in-1968-communist-party/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402124756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001062039-20201001092039-00657.warc.gz | en | 0.981966 | 409 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Contributions of Executive Functioning Skills to Reading Comprehension in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy
Granader, Yael Elena
MetadataShow full item record
Children with epilepsy have a high rate of cognitive difficulties, especially with regards to executive functioning deficits. Seizure variables such as age of seizure onset, seizure frequency, and number of antiepileptic medications have been found to contribute to cognitive functioning. Children with epilepsy also present with a greater number of academic achievement problems than the normative population. Components of executive functioning have been found to contribute to academic achievement. Specifically, reading comprehension relies on such executive functioning skills as working memory, planning, organizational skills, and self-monitoring.;The current study sought to examine the contributions of executive functioning abilities to reading comprehension in 60 pediatric participants with epilepsy. Executive functioning was measured by both parent-report and performance-based measures. Seizure variables such as seizure frequency, age of seizure onset, and number of antiepileptic medications were also explored in order to determine their contribution to reading comprehension in this population.;Prior to the examination of reading comprehension skills, a principal component analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in 122 children with epilepsy was completed. Results revealed that for individual items a five-component solution best explained the data and the derived Inhibit, Emotional Control, Working Memory, and Organization of Material subscales demonstrated the strongest agreement with the respective ones in the original BRIEF. At the subscale level, the findings from the principal component analysis supported a two-factor solution. The Monitor subscale, however, did not load predominantly on either the Behavioral Regulation Index or the Metacognition Index.;Following the analysis of the BRIEF, the contribution of executive functioning skills to reading comprehension was examined. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted with the Trail Making Test Part B z-score, Digit Span Backward subtest scaled score, and the BRIEF Behavioral Regulation Index T-score. These three variables contributed 43.8% of the variance to the Reading Comprehension standard score. Together these findings have implications for clinical interventions that should be utilized within this population. We conclude that remediation for executive dysfunction may also assist in reading comprehension improvement.
- Theses and Dissertations | <urn:uuid:16b414cf-70e5-4811-bad4-de95f9146d88> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/1323 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826354.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214210553-20181214232553-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.895924 | 469 | 2.9375 | 3 |
I recently read a Tumblr thread about how important it was to understand the historical context of the books we read. It was a debate over whether we should take Lord of the Flies at face value and ONLY read it in the context it was written in (which I didn’t really understand), or use that historical context to interpret it in our own time period and cultural situation now–which is what teachers and students and readers have been doing in every single class since the book was published.
My opinion is that historical context is extremely important. A book is going to make so much more sense if you know a little bit about the period and culture that you are reading in (hence my frustration with early French lit…we’ve discussed this…I’m working on it). Even fantasy books like Game of Thrones just blow up when you understand that it was based on the War of the Roses, and the Dothraki are essentially Mongolians.
However, every single person who reads a book is never going to read THE SAME book. Because none of us is the same person. We all interpret things differently based on our life experiences, and that effects our reading. So do the current events happening around us. So yeah, historical context is extremely important, but hardly ever can we take fiction at face value. There’s way too much to be learned and gained from it.
The reason all this comes to mind is when I started North and South at the end of this week, Twitter was blowing up with the news of Rachel Dolezal–a woman who pretended to be black and became the President of the Spokane NAACP. So as I’m reading a book on Industrialism in England and unions and strikes and two classes ripping each other apart…I’m watching the social media sphere do the same thing, over race.
This quote, in particular, stuck out at me:
“I don’t know–I suppose because, on the very face of it, I see two classes dependent on each other in every possible way, yet each evidently regarding the interests of the other as opposed to their own; I never lived in a place before where there were two sets of people always running each other down.”
I am not writing this to make any commentary on Friday’s situation. For me, I very much want to see there be a resolution to all this strife that is going on, I just don’t know how or what or when. That isn’t my purpose here, though.
Sometimes, I read a book, at the exact right time. When I started North and South, I was completely underwhelmed. It was very slow to get started, and I really didn’t understand what was going on. Then, I got to Margaret’s very impassioned speech, which includes the quote above, and it all just clicked. I even went back and reread some of it because once I got it…I got it. And putting a book written in a different time, with a different historical context (industrial unions vs rich factory owners), in a current setting (the very real racial tensions that have been escalating), made it so much more clear.
This is a very strong book. There is a bit of a romance element, but it is literally the last important thing. I’m not going to say I enjoyed it, but I definitely learned from it. And sometimes, that’s the goal.
(Oh, and Mr. Bell? I’m not the only person who thinks he’s gay, right? He almost seemed more a character from Oscar Wilde.)
Fulfills Boxall #87 | <urn:uuid:e2e423f4-421c-4038-b5e9-1b37a605fa09> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://ilayreading.com/2015/06/15/north-and-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122955.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00143-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97717 | 767 | 2.625 | 3 |
1 June 2021
We’ve entered late Spring in the northern hemisphere, and that means I’ve been able to spend more time outside. It also means slightly fewer posts than in the past couple of months. Still, there have been plenty of new discoveries.
Do the Wave
Gravitational-wave astronomy continues to mature, with studies moving beyond the black hole mergers seen by Virgo and LIGO. For example, a team recently looked for gravitational waves in data from the Gaia spacecraft. Gaia isn’t a gravitational wave telescope, but it has measured the position of more than 400,000 quasars. If gravitational waves happen to pass through our corner of the universe, they could shift the apparent position of these quasars. They haven’t found gravitational waves yet, but it’s an interesting new approach.
Another study is trying to solve the question of whether gravity can lens gravitational waves. We’ve long observed that light can be gravitationally lensed near large masses, but are gravitational waves also lensed? General relativity says yes, but the effect is yet to be observed.
Dark matter could be warming up regular matter. A study in Physical Review Letters shows that some hypothetical forms of dark matter could make brown dwarfs warmer than we expect. If the idea is true, we should be able to prove it when the Webb Space Telescope is launched later this year.
Large stars might also stay warmer longer. A study of 26 B-type giant stars shows that they pulse at a rate of hours or days. This seems to be due to the mixing of hydrogen and other elements in their cores, which could help them fuse hydrogen.
In other hot news, work at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider is helping us understand the matter in the earliest moments of the big bang when the cosmos was filled with a quark-gluon plasma. Interestingly, this material seems to behave more like water than like a gas.
The search for aliens continues to be a hot topic. Breakthrough Listen surveyed the central region of our galaxy, which is dense with stars. They didn’t find an alien signal, but that’s not surprising. We know that the center of our galaxy would be pretty hostile to terrestrial life.
But there is hope. Another study looked at how a constellation of communication satellites such as the SpaceX Starlink project could be observable across light-years. If aliens have a network of communication satellites, we might be able to find them. Or aliens might detect Starlink in the next few decades.
Be Seeing You
On the engineering front, a study of CubeSats has shown how they might provide real-time observations of Earth. These small satellites are only 10 centimeters wide and are incredibly cheap to launch. If they can carry small telescopes, we might have a fleet of cheap observatories that are always watching us here on Earth.
Finally, I wrote a couple of fun posts about the writing process. When it comes to writing fiction, are you a plotter or a pantser? Also, what’s up with the size of writing paper in America?
That’s it for this month. While you enjoy your summer, I’ll get back to writing, so there will be plenty more stories to come. | <urn:uuid:103500f9-d71b-4d7e-b80a-6b1890bc9255> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://briankoberlein.com/newsletter/2021-06-01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.944899 | 698 | 3.25 | 3 |
Research at the Broad Institute of Harvard University and the University of Missouri’s College of Veterinary Medicine has demonstrated a genetic link between degenerative myelopathy, DM, (degeneration of nerves) in dogs and Lou Gehrig’s disease in humans.
A spontaneous genetic mutation in dogs causing nerve degeneration is the same mutation which in humans causes Lou Gehrig’s disease, also known as ALS. Researchers found that dogs with DM had mutations of the SOD1 gene just as people with ALS had mutation of SOD1. These dogs had nerve changes similar to changes seen in human patients with ALS.
Researchers report that canine DM is the first recognized spontaneously occurring animal model for ALS. It’s hoped that this finding will aid in understanding ALS in people.
Degenerative myelopathy is a disease that affects the spinal cord of German Shepards and other large breed dogs. The disease causes degeneration and dysfunction of the spinal cord starting near the tail and gradually moving forward. Early symptoms include mild rear limb weakness and ataxia as well as scuffing or dragging of the rear limb toes. These symptoms often appear similar to arthritis in the early stages of the disease. As the disease progresses dogs experience greater difficulty walking and eventually it can lead to paralysis. If your dog is having difficulty walking or using his rear legs you should have him examined by your veterinarian. | <urn:uuid:d4d774b9-16d5-42ca-9449-9b36c25afd6f> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://anchoranimalhospital.com/degenerative-myelopathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224163216-20200224193216-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.967223 | 285 | 3.015625 | 3 |
It’s in school that children dream about being a part of something revolutionary like discovering an invention or becoming a renowned artist.
School for All Seasons is introducing STEAM, a new concept for educating students that aims to equip students with practical problem-solving skills and that is fostered through integrated learning. STEAM is designed to provide children with learning that is founded on passion, fun and engagement and is focused on building more well-rounded students.
“There are eight different kinds of ‘smarts,’ and when you incorporate STEAM into your classroom, you are allowing students to flourish in whatever way they are created to flourish based on their passions and (how they are) more smart in one way than another … and I think self-esteem building in that regard,” first-grade teacher Kimberly Horst said.
STEAM, which stands for science, technology, engineering, arts and math, will be introduced when the school starts July 31. The model will also be incorporated at Isanti Middle School when the regular school session begins Sept. 3.
The inspiration for School for All Seasons to switch to the STEAM model came from a desire to cultivate the commitment and passion that education needs to inspire students. It is not about replacing teaching, but about making it fun and incorporating it differently to cater to the 21st century learner by building technology around content.
“I think what the STEAM does is you take the disciplinaries we have and you integrate them so flawlessly that a student might not know they are studying science in a reading class,” Horst said.
Placing an emphasis on community is also something STEAM does.
Using community features and resources like city parks, the Rum River and other accessible features like the school’s garden for out-of-class learning will help to instill students with an appreciation for the community around them and also help to provide hands-on learning experiences within the natural environment.
The model also encourages new ideas for learning from community members and is open to volunteers who can help to expose children to new learning experiences.
“When you can have the buy-in that these children are everybody’s children, then that’s when the change will come and that’s when you will see true growth and responsibility for one another,” Horst said.
One way in which the staff will be using STEAM is to educate students on what it means to be a good digital citizen.
STEAM enables teachers to address important questions of today’s technology world, like what it means to leave a digital footprint and what proper, responsible technology use looks like.
An immediate dialogue for issues like plagiarism and cyberbullying will enable teachers to help students make an application to their education, personal lives and careers.
Another opportunity STEAM will provide to School for All Seasons students is 90 minutes of exploratories for three days at the end of each trimester.
Exploratories are referred to as passion learning opportunities, where students pick a passion of their teachers to explore in an attempt to discover their own interests and passions.
Students in kindergarten through fifth grade will come together during the exploratories. The opportunities will provide out-of-textbook learning in areas like Spanish culture or the history and skill of quilting, for example.
“I think most teachers dream about actually having a classroom where they can do that and that we are not so committed and bound to the testing, but rather bring that testing in to teach the kids the problem-solving skills to take that test, and you can do it in many different ways and it doesn’t have to be out of a textbook,” School for All Seasons first-grade teacher Irene Gotfredson said.
“We have always had a lot of parent involvement, and now we are pulling in our communities,” Horst added.
The school leadership and staff are looking forward to STEAM’s foundation year and have big dreams for the future of the education concept.
“Taking a leap of faith and being a risk-taker is about being a change-maker,” Horst added. | <urn:uuid:6c3ac520-ed93-4aa8-ba5c-a275047677ef> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://isanticountynews.com/2013/07/24/school-for-all-seasons-introduces-steam-for-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320077.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623170148-20170623190148-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.962735 | 864 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Computer error messages are the source of much frustration and bitterness toward computers and computer software. One thing that the computer programming education industry often fails to teach is the principle of designing error messages.
From the code I have seen on my NoPaste site, it seems that most novice programmers will display a message in their native language that says something to the effect of "Your input was wrong! Try again!" Years later, when they have a job at a software company, their error messages have progressed to say things like "Error 29923: Invalid resource handle."
The only difference between these error messages is their wording. The problem they share is that of failing to tell the user anything meaningful. In both cases, the error message really is designed to serve the programmer because it tells them something about what is going on behind the scenes.
It is not surprising that many computer users would be greatly annoyed to find their work interrupted by an unhelpful error message such as this. The user does not care what the code is doing internally, they just want their program to run properly, and to be able to fix situations that prevent the program from running properly.
It is for this second case that error messages should be designed. If the user can fix the problem, the error message should be one that clearly indicates what went wrong (and ideally, how to fix it). For example, Microsoft does a good job with their Internet Explorer error message when a non-existent web address is typed into the address bar. It yields a page describing possible reasons that it was unable to find the site, and several things the user can try to fix the problem.
In contrast, if you did the same thing in Opera, you would get a small pop-up dialog box error message that says that it could not connect to the site, and all you can do is press OK. The user is left with no information as to why it was unable to connect. The experienced internet user will know to check the typed-in URL, see if other sites still work, and so on. The novice is just left feeling dumber for causing yet another red error message to pop up on the screen.
A case study involves me trying to install the phpBB bulletin board system. This system relies on a database installed on the server on which it runs, and one of the first things the install script does is try to create the database tables, then populate them with some initial information.
When I tried to do this, a slough of database errors appeared on the screen saying that phpBB was unable to insert into a particular table. That's it. No suggested remedies, no places to look. I had to do the looking myself. It turns out that the database tables never got created. I checked into the install script's code, and discovered that the SQL statements to create the database tables had never been read properly from disk. The code that read the SQL statements from disk had been set up to suppress all file-system error messages. That is, they just assumed it would succeed and silently failed if it didn't. When I modified the code to enable the error messages, I discovered that there was a permissions problem on the directory that contained the SQL statements on disk.
A very easy fix, even for a novice computer user, but the process to find out how to make the fix took several minutes and some PHP programming experience. If they had displayed the file system error to the user, the user would have had more options. "A file permissions error? oh, ok. I can look at the file permissions then. Let's see.. the error message says that they need to be X, and whoops.. they're Y on my disk. I'll fix that and.. neat, it works."
The moral of this story? Don't tell the users things that won't help them fix the problem. Do tell the users things that will help them fix the problem. This is the point of error messages, and the general perception of computer software will improve if people strive to follow these principles. | <urn:uuid:b7b34089-79c9-48c1-b7fe-40c7f2f98969> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.rafb.net/cohen/2003/07/what-to-tell-your-users.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00117-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958891 | 825 | 2.75 | 3 |
Posted on: 7 October 2016
Your home is supposed to be your primary shelter against the changing weather elements. Nevertheless, it is not simply about having a roof over your head. The building design of the home can also take advantage of the environment to ensure the structure is sustainable as well as energy efficient. One way of making the most of the environment to suit your needs would be through passive solar building design. As the name suggests, a passive design will not make use of any active technology. Instead, the way the building has been designed is what will help in keeping it warmer during the cold months and cooler during the sweltering months. The following are some of the passive solar building designs you could consider for your new home build.
Orientation of the structure
Building orientation refers to how the house is situated in relation to the sun. If you would like to make the most of the natural sunlight in your home, you should opt for a north-facing residence. This can create enhanced illumination in your home thereby decreasing your need for artificial lighting during the day.
If you are concerned about radiant heat, you should have your home builders incorporate shade at strategic places around the home. The shade should be able to shelter your home from the hot summer sun, while still being able to let the winter sun permeate the residence and warm it.
Lastly, you can also consider spacial zoning when contemplating the orientation of your home. This means assessing what you will use the different rooms in your house and determine their location based on the orientation of the home.
Thermal mass of the structure
The types of materials that you use to construct your home will determine the thermal mass of the structure. For instance, bricks have a propensity of absorbing heat throughout the day. This makes them suitable for locations that get especially chilly at night, as the bricks will then release this absorbed heat. Hence, a decrease in dependence on heating throughout the night.
It should be noted that bricks would not be an ideal choice if you live in an area with typically hot climatic conditions, as your home will be perpetually hot. If you do live in an area that experiences hot weather for a significant amount of the year, then you should consider building materials such as timber that have a low thermal mass.Share | <urn:uuid:5be8e123-2511-48d9-9b82-93462fed47da> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://ippconsultants.com/2016/10/07/passive-solar-building-design-to-enhance-your-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585045.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016231019-20211017021019-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.963432 | 462 | 2.90625 | 3 |
New App Could Open The Way To Music Theory MOOCs
For other subjects, an app that allows teachers to create, analyze and grade assignments online, and provides students with instant feedback on their work, may seem like no big deal. For music theory, it's a big deal.
What's the Latest Development?
University of Illinois music professor Heinrich Taube and former teaching assistant William Andrew Burnson have developed the university's first-ever app that's available in Apple's iTunes store. Harmonia automates many of the tasks involved in both learning and teaching music theory, including analyzing student compositions, creating assignments, and providing instant grades and feedback. Although functional, the app is currently about 90 percent complete, and Taube hopes to get additional funding to help finish it. In the meantime, he plans to use it in his undergraduate music theory classes this fall.
What's the Big Idea?
Music majors usually spend their first few years learning music theory, and the varying right answers to the assignments often require many hours of grading. When Taube entered academia in the 1990s after years of working in computer music production, he found that instructors were still using paper and pencils, "teaching theory the same way they did it a hundred years ago." Harmonia, he says, "[is] the only way that music theory can participate in massively open online courses. If a university wants to have an online academy for music theory, you need something like this. Otherwise, it's just a bunch of videos."
Photo Credit: Shutterstock.com
Understanding thinking talents in yourself and others can build strong teams and help avoid burnout.
- Learn to collaborate within a team and identify "thinking talent" surpluses – and shortages.
- Angie McArthur teaches intelligent collaboration for Big Think Edge.
- Subscribe to Big Think Edge before we launch on March 30 to get 20% off monthly and annual memberships.
Rediscovering the principles of self-actualisation might be just the tonic that the modern world is crying out for.
Abraham Maslow was the 20th-century American psychologist best-known for explaining motivation through his hierarchy of needs, which he represented in a pyramid. At the base, our physiological needs include food, water, warmth and rest.
Using a new process, a mini-brain develops retinal cells.
- Mini-brains, or "neural organoids," are at the cutting edge of medical research.
- This is the first one that's started developing eyes.
- Stem cells are key to the growing of organoids of various body parts.
Does believing in true love make people act like jerks?
- Ghosting, or cutting off all contact suddenly with a romantic partner, is not nice.
- Growth-oriented people (who think relationships are made, not born) do not appreciate it.
- Destiny-oriented people (who believe in soulmates) are more likely to be okay with ghosting.
SMARTER FASTER trademarks owned by The Big Think, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:da8e863b-ffb8-46db-875f-769c422c018b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://bigthink.com/ideafeed/new-app-could-open-the-way-to-music-theory-moocs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202347.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320125919-20190320151919-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.942711 | 632 | 2.75 | 3 |
Can occur in all age groups but typically presents by itself after the age of 30. It can be caused by poor development of the hip from childhood (dysplasia), injuries to the pelvis, FAI (above), infections and sometimes by itself (no cause ? genetic). Pain is usually in the groin affects walking distance, stiffness with difficulty with cutting toenails etc, pain with activity and in later stages pain at night/sleep.
Initially physiotherapy, weight loss, simple analgesics and later stronger painkillers may be necessary. Local injections of steroid and hyaluronic acid can help but HIP REPLACEMENT is the best treatment, if conservative measures are not effective. The type of hip depends on age, activity, sports interests and the shape of the hip bones. | <urn:uuid:4ff5fa03-3fb8-422f-83d9-16080d572195> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.kneehipandshoulder.com/conditions/hip-problems/hip-dysplasi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540503656.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207233943-20191208021943-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.935162 | 159 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Jaundice happens when too much of a natural chemical called bilirubin builds up in your baby’s body, making her skin look yellow. Bilirubin is made during the normal breakdown of old red blood cells.
Newborns tend to have higher levels of bilirubin. That’s because babies have extra oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Their young livers can’t process the bilirubin that’s generated when these red blood cells start to break down.
As bilirubin levels rise above normal, the yellowness of jaundice moves downwards from your baby’s head to her neck, and then her chest. In severe cases, it may reach her toes.
Jaundice affects over half of all healthy babies in the first week of life. It is also very common among premature babies.
Jaundice can be serious. Jaundice that rises to a high level can result in a rare, but serious, condition called kernicterus. Kernicterus only affects a very few babies, but it can cause long-term problems, such as cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and eye and tooth problems.
Jaundice that begins in the first 24 hours of life is most likely to rise to a dangerous level, but it’s important to always get medical help early, regardless of when the jaundice starts.
Quick test to check for jaundice
In a well-lit room, gently press your fingers on your baby’s nose or forehead. If there’s a yellow tinge to her skin as the pressure is released, tell doctor. If your baby has dark skin, check for yellowness in the whites of her eyes or gums.
You may also notice that your baby does very pale poos. Your baby’s poo is pale because no bilirubin is reaching her digestive system.
However, rest assured that most cases of jaundice clear up on their own in a week or two weeks. If you are breastfeeding, feed your baby frequently. This will help to clear her jaundice. There is no need to give her formula milk or water instead. You may need to wake your baby to feed her if she is very sleepy.
Your baby will need treatment for jaundice if
- Your baby’s jaundice started less than 24 hours after birth.
- Your baby is very jaundiced.
- Your baby’s jaundice seems to be getting worse.
Doctor will give your baby a blood test to check her bilirubin levels. If your baby’s bilirubin levels are high, she may need phototherapy treatment in hospital.
There are two types of phototherapy treatment
- Conventional phototherapy
Your baby will go to hospital and have a light over her bed. The light will help to break down the excess bilirubin so that her liver can get rid of it. Your baby can usually stay in your room, but she may have to go to the special care baby unit. Phototherapy will be stopped every three hours or four hours so you can feed your baby.
- Fibreoptic therapy
Your baby will be wrapped in a special blanket containing fibreoptics, which shines little lights directly on to her skin. You can still cuddle and feed your baby, so it is better for bonding. Fibreoptic treatment may be used first if your baby is premature.
If your baby has extremely high levels of bilirubin in her blood, she may need an exchange transfusion. This involves your baby’s blood gradually being replaced with suitable blood from a donor. Your baby will have close care to make sure he/ she stays well during the treatment. The new blood won’t contain any bilirubin, so the bilirubin levels in your baby’s blood will fall.
Dietary Guidelines for Jaundice
- Any food that is heavy, difficult to digest or likely to create gas is to be avoided. Some pulses and legumes are responsible for such digestive distress and should be avoided at this time.
- All heavy foods that are greasy and oily should be avoided. The liver helps to digest fat through the excretion of bile and when the liver is infected, you should avoid any food that contains excessive amount of fat as this may not be efficiently digested.
- Processed and canned foods should also be avoided.
- Aerated drinks are usually full of sugar but provide no nutritional benefit and should be avoided.
- Hydration is particularly important during jaundice as the body passes toxins out through the urine. Increase the quantity of water being consumed by your child and you may also give him or her some lemon juice, which will contain some electrolytes. These will help give your child an energy boost.
- Foods like baked potatoes and leafy vegetables are generally easy to digest and should be promoted during this time.
- All drinks should be of fresh fruit origin if possible. Some doctors also recommend a juice fast during the period of jaundice infection. Juices are easy to acquire energy and nutrition from and also do not hinder the bowel movements at all.
- It is essential to consume light meals.
- You may feed your child regularly through the day rather than at fixed meal times.
- Make sure that your child consumes a few glasses of juice every day.
It is also important that the diet be followed for a long period after the infection has passed. This is the period that allows the liver to regenerate. During this period, sufficient quantities of vitamins and minerals should be sought from a healthy diet that is based on fruits and vegetables.
Food and Nutrition
Foods to be taken
- Intake of a lot of fluids
- Liquid diet for at least 5 days
- Light diet of Cereal porridge, yogurt, fruit salad
- Vegetables like carrots, beans, spinach.
- Light rice, dal.
- Egg, boiled or steamed fish without any oil
Foods to be avoided
- Oil, Ghee, Butter, Cream
- Processed, canned, refined foods.
- Excessive salt intake.
- Junk foods.
- Intake of only clean water and give your child well balanced meals.
- Vaccination for Hepatitis A&B
- Complete rest
- Intake of Syrup made from sugar candy and peepal leaves can be helpful
- Breast feeding
Dietary Treatment Step By Step
The simple form of jaundice can be cured rapidly by following proper diet. Recovery will however be slow in serious cases caused by obstruction or pressure in the bile ducts. The child-patient should rest in bed till the acute symptoms subside.
He should not be given any solid foods for the first few days of the treatment. He may be given plenty of fresh fruits and vegetable juices.
Fruits and vegetables which can be used for juices are lemon, grapes, pear, tomato, carrot, beet and sugarcane.
If possible, a small warm-water enema should be administered daily during this period to ensure regular bowel elimination so as to prevent the absorption of decomposed material into the bloodstream.
After the severity of the disease is over, the child may be given a simple and well-balanced diet according to his age. The emphasis should be on fresh juicy fruits such as orange, apple, pinapple, grapes, papaya and mango, and vegetables such as spinach, fenugreek and carrots.
He should avoid all fats like ghee, butter, cream and oils for at least two weeks and thereafter their consumption should be kept down to the minimum. Digestive disturbances must be avoided.
No food with a tendency to ferment or putrefy in the lower intestines like pulses and legumes should be included in the diet.
Several home remedies have been found beneficial in the treatment of jaundice. One of the most effective of these is the use of green leaves or radish (muli). The leaves should be pounded and their juice extracted . It should be strained through a clean piece of muslin before use. About 60 to 80 ml. of this juice, depending on the age, should be given to the child-patient three times daily.
It induces healthy appetite and proper evacuation of bowels and this results in gradual decrease of the trouble.
Use of tomatoes is a good remedy for jaundice. Half a glass of fresh tomato juice, mixed with a pinch of salt and pepper, taken early in the morning, is effective.
A mixture of almonds (badam), dried dates (chhuhara) and cardamom (chotti ilachi) is regarded as an effective remedy for jaundice.
Four kernels of almond, one dried date and two small cardamoms should be soaked overnight in water. The outer coating of the almond kernels and the inner seeds of dried dates should be removed the next morning and the whole material should be rubbed into a fine paste. Then 25 grams of sugar should be mixed in it and the patient should lick this mixture.
Sugarcane juice, mixed with lime juice, can hasten recovery from jaundice. Half a glass of this juice, mixed with half a lime, may be given to the child twice daily.
It is very essential that the juice must be pure preferably prepared at home.
Resistance is low in jaundice and any infected beverage could make matters worse.
Lemon is also beneficial in the treatment of jaundice. The patient should be given 50 ml of lemon juice, mixed with water several times a day. It will protect the damaged liver cells.
Barley (jau) water consumed several times during the day is another good remedy for this disease. Half a cup of barley should be boiled in one and a half litre of water and simmered for three hours. | <urn:uuid:0c4376bd-b94f-4822-aea9-60225a6b5ce4> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.happydna.in/jaundice-children-dietary-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825495.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214070839-20181214092339-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.935446 | 2,061 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Eleanora Fagan (April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959), professionally known as Billie Holiday, was an American jazz musician and singer-songwriter with a career spanning nearly thirty years. Nicknamed "Lady Day" by her friend and music partner Lester Young, Holiday had a seminal influence on jazz music and pop singing. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and tempo. Holiday was known for her vocal delivery and improvisation skills, which made up for her limited range and lack of formal music education.
After a turbulent childhood, Holiday began singing in nightclubs around Harlem. After being heard by producer John Hammond, who commended her voice, Holiday was signed to Brunswick Records in 1935. Collaborations with Teddy Wilson yielded the hit "What a Little Moonlight Can Do", which would later become a jazz standard. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Holiday booked mainstream success with labels such as Columbia Records and Decca Records. By the late 1940s, however, Holiday was beset with legal troubles and drug abuse. After a short prison sentence, Holiday performed a sold-out concert at Carnegie Hall. However, due to her drug and alcohol problems, her reputation deteriorated.
Billie Holiday ( MG C-161) is the third 10 inch LP album of original material by jazz singer Billie Holiday, released on Clef Records in 1954 (her final album would also be given the same title, prior to being changed to Last Recording instead). The recordings took place in 1952 and 1954. Holiday never entered the recording studio in 1953.
In a 1954 review, Down Beat magazine praises the album, saying:
In 1956, when the 10inch format was phased out, Clef reissued the contents of this album on two different newly released 12inch compilation LPs. Five songs (tracks A1-B1) were added to A Recital By Billie Holiday (MG C-686), and the other three (tracks B2-4) were added to Solitude (MG C-690 ).
The Way was a Jesus music band who were active from 1971 to 1976. They released two albums on Maranatha! Records and contributed four non-LP tracks to their label's compilation series and one LP track was pulled for the first label retrospective.
The first recordings by The Way appeared on the Maranatha! compilation albums, The Everlastin' Living Jesus Music Concert with the song "If You Will Believe", and Maranatha! 2 with "Jesus Is the One" and "Jesus Is All that We Need".
Their self-titled debut album was recorded at Buddy King Studios in Huntington Beach. It was self-produced and had a smooth mixture of folk and country rock that reminds the listener of America.
With their second album the band took a giant step by adding more of a rock edge to many of the songs while staying true to their country roots. It was recorded at Mama Jo's in North Hollywood and produced by Al Perkins. It was recorded in the nighttime and early-morning hours, because of Ambrosia's daytime sessions.
The Way (Spanish:Camino) is a book on spirituality written by Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei. The book was first published in 1934 under the title Consideraciones espirituales. It later received its definitive title in 1939. More than four and a half million copies have been sold, in 43 different languages. The same title has also been given to certain companies that manufacture Bibles.
According to Escrivá his motivation was: "The 999 points which make up The Way were written with yearnings to see 'Christ, the Light of the World.' Anyone who reads it with the same yearnings will not have opened this book in vain."
The Way was written based on notes Escrivá took during the day and during times of prayer, notes which are based on his reflections on the gospel and its application to specific situations arising from his personal pastoral experience. Many of the points are counsels he actually gave to persons in spiritual direction. Some are letters he wrote and received. Thus it has a conversational style. As a reviewer in the Vatican newspaper Osservatore Romano (March 24, 1950) put it: "Msgr. Escrivá de Balaguer has written something more than a masterpiece; he has written straight from the heart, and straight to the heart go the short paragraphs which make up The Way." The writer on the Spanish Catholic world, Frances Lannon, has described it as " a bizarre amalgam of traditional piety, penitential discipline, and crude popular moralizing; it aims at a fusion of devotion with efficiency, inward humility with the exercise of leadership and power. Its readers are exhorted to childlike simplicity, to silence and discretion, and to orderliness; they are encouraged to pray to guardian angels and to the souls in purgatory, and to bless themselves every day with holy water. But they are also urged to acquire professional competence, to stand out from the crowd, to lead and to dominate." | <urn:uuid:1a2c5ee2-fa56-4546-b02b-85dd09b3a02c> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://fr.wn.com/The_Way_You_Look_Tonigth_Billie_Holiday | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141745780.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204223450-20201205013450-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.979064 | 1,045 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Edition V22N06 | Year 2017 | Editorial Original Article | Pages 56 to 60
Objective: The purposes of this investigation were to determine the horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in a sample of Peruvians with normal occlusion and to compare them by tooth type, sex, arch side, and age groups. Methods: 65 dental casts of subjects with normal occlusion were collected. Posterior teeth, except for third molars, were evaluated. The horizontal distances between the occluso-gingival midpoints of the buccal surfaces (FA points) of each tooth and the WALA ridge were measured using a modified digital caliper. The values between each different tooth type within the sample were compared using the ANOVA and Scheffe tests, while comparisons by sex, arch side and age groups, using the Student’s t-test. Results: The mean distances in the sample was 0.96 mm for first premolars, 1.45 mm for second premolars, 2.12 mm for first molars and 2.55 mm for second molars. Statistically significant differences between each of the four tooth types were found. There were no significant differences found between sex, arch side and age groups. Conclusion: The horizontal distances between the mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge increased progressively from the first premolars to the second molars in Peruvians with normal occlusion. The WALA ridge was a good landmark to evaluate the positions of posterior teeth in Peruvians with normal occlusion.
Mandibular posterior teeth, WALA ridge, Peruvian, Normal occlusion,
Kong-Zárate CY, Carruitero MJ, Andrews WA. Distances between mandibular posterior teeth and the WALA ridge in Peruvians with normal occlusion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2017 Nov-Dec;22(6):56-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.22.6.056-060.oar | <urn:uuid:a25e8c39-869d-44f9-b0a3-270972a40224> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://dpjo.net/original-article/dpjo-v22n06-2017-56/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337371.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003003804-20221003033804-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.922206 | 438 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Alexander Young Jackson, born Montreal October 1882; died 1973.
He became a well known as a Canadian landscape painter, specializing in scenes of the rugged Canadian wilderness.
After studying at the Institute of Chicago and Europe, he settled in Toronto in 1913 when he joined the Group.
Jackson seldom used human figures in his work, and when they do appear- Indians, Inuit and fishermen - they are insignificant in comparison to the power and majesty of his painting.
His paintings hang in the every major museum across Canada, including the National Gallery of Ottawa. | <urn:uuid:d1c6c10d-d127-4ad3-9b6d-7c9d21f55a8c> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.picturepicturemarkville.com/a-y-jackson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247483873.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217233327-20190218015327-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.978456 | 113 | 2.515625 | 3 |
View Full Version : How exactly is projection matrix derived?
06-23-2002, 10:19 PM
Whilst there is brief mention of the elements that make up the projection matrix in both the red and blue books, there never was any attempt at explaining *how* these were derived. (it appears to be an amalgamate of shearing, scaling & translation transformations...but this insight by itself isn't particularly helpful)
Can somebody kindly point me to relevant resources, references, websites etc?
A thousand thanks!
06-23-2002, 11:14 PM
inline mat4<T>& mat4<T>::CreateFrustum( T left, T right,
T bottom, T top,
T nearval, T farval)
T x, y, a, b, c, d;
x = (2*nearval) / (right-left);
y = (2*nearval) / (top-bottom);
a = (right+left) / (right-left);
b = (top+bottom) / (top-bottom);
c = -(farval+nearval) / ( farval-nearval);
d = -(2*farval*nearval) / (farval-nearval);
_11 = x; _21 = 0; _31 = a; _41 = 0;
_12 = 0; _22 = y; _32 = b; _42 = 0;
_13 = 0; _23 = 0; _33 = c; _43 = d;
_14 = 0; _24 = 0; _34 = -1; _44 = 0;
inline mat4<T>& mat4<T>::CreatePerspectiveFrustum(T fovy, T aspect, T zNear, T zFar)
T xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax;
ymax = zNear * (T)tan((double)(fovy * M_PI / 360));
ymin = -ymax;
xmin = ymin * aspect;
xmax = ymax * aspect;
return CreateFrustum(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, zNear, zFar);
This any help?
06-23-2002, 11:27 PM
Uh, afraid not...I already know from the red and blue books exactly what the elements of the projection matrix are.
What I don't know is *how* they came to be...ie. why are there scaling, shearing, translation transformations incorporated into it? what are the motivations behind these transformation operations? how are they derived? what formulas/principles/concepts used?
06-24-2002, 12:03 AM
I remember in the days before I knew anything about matrices, linear algebra etc., I had to figure out how 3D worked in a kind of common sense way. These 3 lines is what I came up with to project a world transformed vertex to the screen:-
scale = halfscreenheight/vertex_z;
screenx = (vertex_x*scale) + halfscreenwidth;
screeny = (vertex_y*scale) + halfscreenheight;
This any help? http://www.opengl.org/discussion_boards/ubb/smile.gif
06-24-2002, 12:13 AM
Those equations describe basic perspective division using the similar triangles principle. (I'm familiar with that too ;-)
However, it seems the projection matrix that OpenGL implements is a lot more complex. Problem is, I don't know *exactly* what it does. And while I know the "-1" in the 4th row/3rd column is in effect responsible for implementing the perspective transformation, I just don't know what the rest of the elements do...
Isn't there some official documentation on this? SGI's website for instance? (given that they were responsible for OGL's genesis in the early days)
06-24-2002, 12:28 AM
I've just done a quick search on google, and come up with this link - I haven't had time to read it, so it probably doesn't answer your question, but give it a go:-
06-24-2002, 12:32 AM
BTW, here's the google query...have a browse!
06-24-2002, 12:35 AM
Gee, that link you gave answered my question exactly!
(the Google search I tried didn't turn up anything near as useful as this...)
Thanks a lot man!
06-24-2002, 12:39 AM
I tend to put things in quotes when using google, to get the 'exact phrase'.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 4.2.3 Copyright © 2017 vBulletin Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0e5d3b1f-9ce2-4be8-8b0c-be29ff79cce9> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.opengl.org/discussion_boards/archive/index.php/t-143956.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122159.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00211-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874361 | 1,040 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Royal Slave is a short novel written by Aphra Behn that was published in 1688. The story is about the life of an African prince named Oroonoko, and his love called Imoinda. Both characters give their love to each other, planning to get married. Although the king overhears their conversation and tries to force Imoinda to be one of his wives. Soon… The story takes a turn when they are tricked into slavery and are sold to British colonists in Surinam. After winning a tribal war, Oroonoko and his men go to visit an English captain, and they end up getting drunk and shackled. (This is where Oroonoko meets the narrator, which I find very, very interesting.) Oroonoko, the African prince, is told that his wife had been executed, and he believed it until he found out the truth that she had been forced into slavery. The reason the African prince (Oroonoko) believed his love (Imoinda) had been executed is because they both believed that death is better than being a slave. Although this is not only their thoughts but a very popular opinion during this time, I think a majority of people would even agree nowadays. Anyways, Oroonoko is purchased by a man named Trefry, although he is given special treatment due to his education and ability to speak English and French. (Trefry thought highly of this, as anyone should.) Soon, Oroonoko finds out that Imoinda was on the same slave plantation as him.
Fast forward… Oroonoko, the black prince, finds himself being heavily involved in a slave rebellion in order to free the surrounding slaves and his love Imoinda.
When I had first read this short novel, I had begun to create a connection between The Royal Slave and the movie Django: Unchained, a film by Quentin Tarantino. In the film, Django is taken under his arm by a bounty hunter named Dr. Schultz. He makes Django agree to one thing, to help him with his bounty hunting and in trade, he will help Django reunite with his wife. Django takes the deal and becomes the sidekick of Dr. Schultz, the bounty hunter, and he ends up being reunited with his love, just like Oroonoko and Imoinda. The reality of slavery and being separated from loved ones is shown so realistically in both the novel The Royal Slave and the film Django: Unchained. | <urn:uuid:9d4dde2b-56c1-41fc-a260-b21a69c79c99> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://psubritlit2.net/2020/02/18/the-royal-slave-blog-post/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583083.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20211015192439-20211015222439-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.988221 | 501 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
(1849—1936) Russian physiologist
Russian physiologist, who became professor of physiology in St Petersburg in 1886. While working on the physiology of digestion he discovered that the mere sight of food stimulates the production of digestive juices. For this work he was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine. Pavlov went on to demonstrate operant conditioning in dogs and other animals. See also learning (Feature). | <urn:uuid:c9b4b95d-f2fa-47f6-ac1f-58eb017c265c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100311691 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.94069 | 92 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Short Story, a Critical Introduction
Longman, 1983 - 294 strani
Throughout this text, the Valerie Shaw addresses two key questions: 'What are the special satisfactions afforded by reading short stories?' and 'How are these satisfactions derived from each story's literary techniques and narrative strategies?'. She then attempts to answer these questions by drawing on stories from different periods and countries xxx; by authors who were also great novelists, like Henry James, Flaubert, Kafka and D.H. Lawrence; by authors who specifically dedicated themselves to the art of the short story, like Kipling, Chekhov and Katherine Mansfield; by contemporary practitioners like Angela Carter and Jorge Luis Borges; and by unfairly neglected writers like Sarah Orne Jewett and Joel Chandler Harris.
Mnenja - Napišite recenzijo
Robert Louis Stevenson
from the sensation story to the scenic
6 preostalih delov ni prikazanih | <urn:uuid:4c281be6-5640-489a-886e-1eb24b9599a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://books.google.si/books?id=iJJZAAAAMAAJ&hl=sl&lr=&as_brr=0&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057347.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210922102402-20210922132402-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.87806 | 198 | 2.921875 | 3 |
19th Century Fashion in Detail
An up-close look at the defining features of exquisitely crafted nineteenth-century fashion in vivid detail
Fashion in Detail: 1800–1900 showcases the opulence and variety of nineteenth century fashion through exquisite color photography of garment details paired with line drawings showing the complete construction of each piece. From the delicate embroidery on neoclassical gowns to the vibrant colors of crinolines and the elegant tailoring of men’s coats, the richness of the period is revealed in breathtaking detail. The featured garments, drawn from the Victoria and Albert Museum’s world-class collection, were at the height of fashion in their day. They display a remarkable range of colors, materials, and construction details: from the intricate boning of women’s corsets to the patterned silk of men’s waistcoats. Seen up close and further illuminated by detailed commentary, these carefully chosen garments illustrate many of the major themes of nineteenth-century dress.
A new introduction illuminates the history of fashion in the nineteenth century, followed by chapters that cover beautiful details, including gathers, pleats and drapery, collars, cuffs, pockets, and more. Each garment is accompanied by a short text, detail photography, and front-and-back line drawings. A glossary, bibliography, and exhaustive index conclude the book.160 color illustrations and 300 line drawings | <urn:uuid:bf430f55-1fb4-4182-a566-565717a68c1e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.pandora.com.tr/urun/19th-century-fashion-in-detail/519600 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719754.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00041-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923841 | 293 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Arlington, Va.--With HIV patients living longer thanks to advances in treatment, the primary care needs of those living with HIV have never been more important. Updated, evidence-based guidelines from the HIV Medicine Association (HIVMA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are designed to help providers manage the care of those living with this complex chronic infection.
"While improvements in antiretroviral therapy have improved the prognosis for many HIV patients, data from recent studies suggest those living with HIV are at higher risk for developing common health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, or cancer," said Judith A. Aberg, MD, FIDSA, lead author of the new guidelines, which appear in the Sept. 1 issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases and are available online. "Now more than ever, it's imperative that HIV care providers be aware of the primary care needs of their patients, and that includes routine screening for these kinds of conditions."
Developed by an expert panel, the updated, evidence-based guidelines outline recommended screening tests for common health problems in the context of HIV infection. Information about recommended immunizations, along with dose and regimen details, is provided as well. Last updated in 2004, the guidelines also emphasize the importance of patients adhering to a comprehensive program of care rather than focusing solely on a medication regimen.
"For people living with HIV, it's not just about adherence to medication, it's also about adherence to care," said Dr. Aberg, director of virology at New York University School of Medicine and Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City. "These patients must have access to a range of services to help them stay engaged in their medical care and should receive the regular monitoring and medical attention this chronic infection demands."
This approach complements a model of care--the medical home--that emphasizes a comprehensive, personalized, patient-centered approach coordinated by a team of health providers with specific roles. "Many HIV programs are effectively using the medical home model today to manage the complex needs of HIV patients," said Michael S. Saag, MD, FIDSA, HIVMA chair-elect. "This successful track record offers a valuable lesson, not only for HIV care but for all patients, as lawmakers finalize health care reforms."
HIVMA is the professional home for more than 3,600 physicians, scientists and other health care professionals dedicated to the field of HIV/AIDS. Nested within the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), HIVMA promotes quality in HIV care and advocates policies that ensure a comprehensive and humane response to the AIDS pandemic informed by science and social justice. IDSA is a professional society representing more than 8,600 physicians and scientists who specialize in infectious diseases. For more information, visit our websites: www.hivma.org and www.idsociety.org. | <urn:uuid:15d42d11-d877-4fb4-8cf3-43eaae72c56e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/idso-ugh081309.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864725.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522112148-20180522132148-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.9498 | 587 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A tectonic demographic shift is happening before our eyes that is, by almost all accounts, unprecedented and unsustainable. Young people are postponing marriage and parenthood in such large numbers that contemporary society may be failing to form the quantity and quality of families that will allow society to regenerate and sustain itself, let alone grow.
We have argued in the past that culture plays a major role in weakening contemporary commitment to marriage. But economics is also playing a role in when and how young adults decide to marry and have children.
In today's Deseret News, Lois Collins carefully examines some of the reasons young people are delaying marriage. Poor job opportunities for young men contribute to a sense of marital and parental inadequacy. Unrealistic expectations about the kind of lifestyle required prior to marriage are also playing a role. But clearly, economic uncertainty and pessimism cloud how to make major life decisions such as marriage.
In a comprehensive study about these trends called "The Rise of Post-Familialism," demographer Joel Kotkin writes, "The current weak global economy ... also threatens to further slow family formation. Child-rearing requires a strong hope that life will be better for the next generation. The rising cost of urban living, the declining number of well-paying jobs, and the onset of the global financial crisis has engendered growing pessimism."
So, although a 2010 Pew Research Center survey of "millennials" (those born after 1983) indicated that their two highest aspirations were to be good parents and have a successful marriage, more recent surveys by Pew and by Generation Opportunity find that a plurality of millennials are consciously delaying marriage and parenthood because of the weak economy.
What is so unfortunate and ironic about this increasing risk-aversion to marriage is that committed marriage itself appears to be the best way for young people to minimize their risks in a tough economy. Marriage creates immediate economies of scale. Joint decision-making and counsel in managing finances reduces impulsivity and fosters frugality. And although frugal living requires effort, if done with an attitude of mutual sacrifice and commitment, it tends to strengthen rather than tax marital bonds.
The innate desire to marry and raise children has not waned. What has waned is clear cultural commitment to marriage as the most effective institution for ensuring prosperity and refining adults, as well as for nurturing children and teaching responsibility. Increased social acceptance of cohabitation and divorce has contributed to inherently unstable living arrangements.
What has also waned is the kind of responsible economic policy that might generate cautious, long-term optimism. As intergenerational burdens mount and public debt explodes, so do the realistic hopes of a generation (or two) left to pay the overdue bills of profligate baby boomers.22 comments on this story
Our children deserve to live out their heartfelt aspirations to marry and raise children. Postponed marriage and parenthood, especially when so much of our society is aging, create an economically unsustainable demography. For the happiness of our children and the long-term prosperity of our society, we must do more to encourage early commitment to family formation. Policies that promote private sector growth, reduce public debt and generate economic optimism are an important part of that encouragement. | <urn:uuid:6d8ece1d-7bbe-42dd-81b7-2825dd09031b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.deseretnews.com/article/765616305/In-our-opinion-Cultural-commitment-to-marriage.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.943926 | 652 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Located in the southwest corner of San Francisco, Lake Merced is the largest freshwater wetland between Pt. Reyes in Marin County and Pescadero Marsh in southern San Mateo County. The 509-acre lake provides critical habitat for more than 200 species of birds and, with its surrounding uplands, nesting habitat for 50 species, including Great Blue Herons, Marsh Wrens, and Double-crested Cormorants. The lake is a hot spot for migrating birds and hosts significant flocks of waterfowl in winter.
Many birds that depend on the lake are listed as threatened, endangered, or species of special concern, or are on our own local watch list. They include Double-crested Cormorant, Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Common “Saltmarsh” Yellowthroat, and Yellow Warbler.
Heavy recreational use and the lack of an adequate management plan threaten to degrade this urban oasis and diminish its value for wildlife. For example, unaddressed on-going erosion can impair the lake’s water quality.
Golden Gate Audubon volunteers have worked for years to ensure that lake levels are not artificially raised during waterbird nesting season, causing nestlings to drown. We also work hard to keep the lake free from pollutants and inappropriate uses that would endanger the bird populations. Golden Gate Audubon is a member of the Lake Merced Task Force, a semi-governmental organization that works with several city agencies to ensure proper management of the lake. Our key goals for Lake Merced include:
- Develop a master plan for Lake Merced that maintains a balance between preserving wildlife habitat and accommodating recreational uses
- Ensure that appropriate city agencies implement the master plan
- Reduce erosion around the lake by creating a plan and set of procedures to reinforce and stabilize the lake’s shoreline
What You Can Do
- Contact our San Francisco Conservation Committee to find out how you can help participate in reviewing projects and plans that may impact the lake.
- Help us monitor the lake’s Great Blue Heron and Double-crested Cormorant colonies. | <urn:uuid:477d45fd-75ca-4dde-9c28-66d169ddd9b5> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/conservation/make-the-city-safe-for-wildlife/lake-merced/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131305143.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172145-00018-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9212 | 436 | 2.96875 | 3 |
One student meets with a local expert to find out more about the design process for his new box board concept to make skating long distances more convenient.
Another student collects waste around school to better understand the waste issue and get ideas for her compost project.
Back in class, a few students conference with their teacher, brainstorming ideas to transform research they have gathered into meaningful project ideas.
Three different projects, all managed by the same project guide. It’s a process guide that helps students take ownership of their own learning, and allows the teacher to take the role of guide- forging meaningful expert connections and ensuring students ask the right questions.
It includes a guide for starting the inquiry process; connecting to experts; documenting what they learned; infusing core content; coming up with project ideas; conferencing with the teacher; and taking action.
It’s a guide I wish I had when I started managing projects 12 years ago.
Get the Guide in Exchange for Five minutes
I would love to pass that same guide along to you in exchange for five minutes of your time.
Below is a brief survey that will help me better understand your needs with managing/ leading project- based experiences. Filling it out will help ensure that my future posts are most meaningful to you , and help equip you with more tools to continue your work. In exchange, I will send you the guide. | <urn:uuid:820a70e3-bf62-4746-8603-29d2e4a96dc3> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://transformschool.com/2019/03/14/free-guide-for-student-project-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526386.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719223744-20190720005744-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.954117 | 284 | 2.96875 | 3 |
ORIGINAL DESIGNING OF THE ESCAPEMENT.
On delineating our chronometer escapement shown at Fig. 141 we have followed no text-book authority, but have drawn it according to such requirements as are essential to obtain the best results. An escapement of any kind is only a machine, and merely requires in its construction a combination of sound mechanical principles. Neither Saunier nor Britten, in their works, give instructions for drawing this escapement which will bear close analysis. It is not our intention, however, to criticise these authors, except we can present better methods and give correct systems.
It has been a matter of great contention with makers of chronometer and also lever escapements as to the advantages of “tangential lockings.” By this term is meant a locking the same as is shown at C, Fig. 141, and means a detent planted at right angles to a line radial to the escape-wheel axis, said radial line passing through the point of the escape-wheel tooth resting on the locking jewel. In escapements not set tangential, the detent is pushed forward in the direction of the arrow x about half a tooth space. Britten, in his “Hand-Book,” gives a drawing of such an escapement. We claim the chief advantage of tangential locking to lie in the action of the escape-wheel teeth, both on the impulse stone and also on the locking stone of the detent. Saunier, in his “Modern Horology,” gives the inclination of the front fan of the escape-wheel teeth as being at an angle of twenty-seven degrees to a radial line. Britten says twenty degrees, and also employs a non-tangential locking.
Our drawing is on an angle of twenty-eight degrees, which is as low as is safe, as we shall proceed to demonstrate. For establishing the angle of an escape-wheel tooth we draw the line C d, from the point of the escape-wheel tooth resting on the locking stone shown at C at an angle of twenty-eight degrees to radial line C k. We have already discussed how to locate and plant the center of the balance staff.
We shall not show in this drawing the angular motion of the escape wheel, but delineate at the radial lines c e and c f of the arc of the balance during the extent of its implication with the periphery of the escape wheel, which arc is one of about forty-eight degrees. Of this angle but forty-three degrees is attempted to be utilized for the purpose of impulse, five degrees being allowed for the impulse jewel to pass inside of the arc of periphery of the escape wheel before the locking jewel releases the tooth of the escape wheel resting upon it. At this point it is supposed the escape wheel attacks the impulse jewel, because, as we just explained, the locking jewel has released the tooth engaging it. Now, if the train had no weight, no inertia to overcome, the escape wheel tooth A^2 would move forward and attack the impulse pallet instantly; but, in fact, as we have already explained, there will be an appreciable time elapse before the tooth overtakes the rapidly-moving impulse jewel. It will, of course, be understood that the reference letters used herein refer to the illustrations that have appeared on preceding pages. | <urn:uuid:9faf0f58-b020-4335-903a-071c73393055> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17021/104.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860118807.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161518-00024-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942121 | 694 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In today's day and age, it is important to find learning tools that incorporate both hemispheres of the brain. With a limited budget, public schools find it difficult to find the money to pay for yet another "miracle" learning aid. Private schools are beginning to see just how powerful these new learning aids can be. There are many types of learning aids but the most effective works by creating a fun, stimulating environment.
As humans, we naturally feel pleasure when we accomplish any goal. By using the spin wheel
as a reward whenever a student provides a correct answer or gets an A on their test, a teacher can use it to motivate students to do their homework and study for tests and quizzes. All around the Country, teachers are reporting amazing improvements through the use of mini prize wheels. Students that formerly refused to participate in classroom activities or complete homework assignments began to interact with classmates, pay attention during classroom discussions, and complete homework assignments without prompting.
A spin wheel
can often be found at carnivals, fairs, and amusement parks in the form of wheel of fortune game. Everybody is given a chance to win a prize by spinning the wheel. "Wheel of fortune", the game show, is one example of how you could use a prize wheel. Regardless of the size of your event, a prize wheel can be found in a size that will perfectly suit your needs
. They are fully customizable with the durability to withstand thousands of spins. This learning aid was built strong. No matter how often you use it, it will not break. When you customize your wheel, be sure to change the prize cards for question cards. That way, you can start an interesting discussion with a spin of the wheel.
Incredibly, a spin wheel
is not only perfect for children. These wheels have also been found to be effective at engaging employees and boosting learning during employee training programs. When you are done using it in the classroom or employee training program, you can download a free template from the prize wheel website to refresh your wheel and use it again. You can actually print out new prize cards with your office printer. Once they have been created, simply slide them into the prize wedge on the prize wheel. Whether you are looking for a solution that will draw crowds at the next trade show or you simply need something that can help engage the audience at speaking engagements, a prize wheel can get the job done.
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Discover more about spin wheel
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by reading this article. You are sure to find what you are looking for about spin to win | <urn:uuid:937241cf-cb6c-4775-b5a5-6663a9ad7d73> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.marketersdomination.com/Learn_Like_Modern_Kids_In_A_Business_Meeting-5466 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678545.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00213-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959115 | 539 | 2.828125 | 3 |
‘Nós Protegemos O que Nos Protege’
‘We Protect What Protects Us’
The small town of Olivenca in Brazil is charmingly unassuming, but its winding streets and bridges are full of histories. Four hundred and fifty years ago, its shores were first touched by Portuguese ships, and home to one of the biggest massacres of Indigenous people in Brazilian history. Legends speak of seven kilometres of indigenous bodies, laid side by side by side on the white sand beach.
Four hundred and fifty years later, the Tupinamba people are still fighting for their land,
colonizers replaced by corporations. The government and police, meant to protect them, are a constant threat. And four hundred and fifty years later, The Fearless Collective found themselves in a village square, collaborating with Pelas Mulheres, FRIDA grantee partner in Brazil, to reclaim an indigenous ancestral graveyard, sacred to the Tupinamba people, taken by the church as part of the ‘civilization’ of modern day Brazil.
Together, they colored outside the lines exploring the theme of spirit and how it affects us. See below the breathtaking photo essay and relive the experience:
Bahia is home to many spiritual traditions, afro-brazilian yoruba spirits secretly invoked across the ocean by west african slaves, ornate catholic churches loom over town squares, and multiple indigenous traditions that honour earth, skin, plants and invisible spirit. In sharp juxtaposition to the stone Catholic churches dotting the landscape, the indigenous communities we met avoid permanent structures for their deities, embracing instead the temporal omnipresent spirit.
The Tupinamba- the people of this land, are blessed in feathers, their skin painted with the ink of the Guinea Pappo. Their gods have no form, no colour, but manifest themselves as a feeling – ‘encantada’ (enchanted), they are called. They grow cassava, sweet potatoes, tobacco. The land is sacred, and everything returns to it – including our bodies and the ancestors before us. 450 years ago, Portuguese ships first touched the shores of Olivenca – home of Tupinamba and home to one of the biggest massacres of Indigenous people in the history of Brazil. Legends speak of seven kilometers of indigenous bodies, laid side by side by side on the white sand beach. For the Tupinamba, the land is power. And what comes from this sacred land symbolizes protection, safety, healing. The Tupinamba use ink and mud of this land to paint each others’ bodies. Protecting themselves from evil spirits and healing the spirit within. The village elders paint their daughters and their daughters paint the elders. While Brazil is no longer under Portuguese rule, signalling the end of colonization to many, the Tupinamba remain in a constant struggle over land right claims by corporations.
Spiritual traditions around the world have variations of protection, talismans, prayers, body paint, rituals and ceremonies, but who are we protecting? What protects us? What about ourselves do we want to protect? In an intimate ritual, the Fearless team articulated this relationship to protection. They worked with traditional medicines and ceremonies of the Tupinamba community by using their body paint. The red paint is from the belly of a fruit called guinea pappo. The soft-pink-white is a rock softened by salt water from the sea, making a soothing paint for skin. Each born from the land, symbolic of protection and healing.
As they began to sculpt a vision for our painting, reciprocity became an important theme. Within the Tupinamba community, protection is always cyclical. What protects us, we protect in return. The earth protects us, and we protect the earth; Our culture protects us, and we protect our culture. Through the ritual, an image emerged of women within the community, painting on each others arms, invoking the traditions and protections of all their ancestors before them. As the Fearless team circled round and round the city square to find a spot or wall to paint, they realized they were circling two cement circles, two circles that lay on top of an indigenous burial ground, claimed by the church, and later by the Brazilian government, as city land.
The Fearless crew, a motley group of school children, the women of Pelas Mulheres, the town administrator, and the friendly faces that joined as they painted, worked day and night to fill the massive circles with the images and symbols of the Tupinamba. Reclaiming this long sacred space with stories of reciprocity and protection. Working with the women in the workshop, they continually layered symbols into the mural, body painting, sacred plants, rivers, curly hair, layer after layer of conversation manifested together. Bringing up issues of identity (the stereotype that one must have straight hair to be indigenous), gender (two women in stances of power), and impermanence (a patch of grass incorporated into the mural). Woven between the lines of protection – wishes, blessings and symbols adorned our women’s arms, as each community member articulated the thing that protected them, and what about themselves they wanted to protect.
In 7 days of rain and ritual, it felt like in their own small way, the Fearless team had reclaimed a territory that had been taken away 450 years ago, by creating some of the first representations of the Tupinamba community in public space, in a town otherwise filled with Portuguese architectures. Celebrations broke out. Under their dancing feet is a land of their ancestors. Under their dancing feet are stories of their people, powered through generations of protecting what protects us.
Today, in the village center, painted on a concrete circle, are two women- the younger girl bedecked in the feathers of her people. Her face is adorned in war paint, her eyes are fierce and she remembers, invokes and reclaims the traditional patterns of her ancestors, painted on the skin of her grandmother. For hundreds of years, the Tupinamba hid their body painting tradition (a symbol of protection) to protect themselves from colonizers. But now, in a resurgence echoed by indigenous communities around the world, the younger generation is reclaiming their traditions and their territory. She says ‘Nós Protegemos O que Nos Protege’ (‘We Protect What Protects Us’)
© All art by Shilo Shiv Suleman and the Fearless team, along with members of Pelas Mulheres and several other children, women-young and old and volunteers who helped and joined hearts in the painting process. Photography by Fabrice Bourgelle a.k.a. Photography by Focus. Captions by The Fearless Collective team. For more pictures and detailed storytelling, check out the Facebook album by The Fearless Collective.
Outside the Lines of Spirit is part of the #FearlesslyFRIDA initiative. The Fearless Collective is on a beautiful mission to paint the world with fierce and fearless colors as they collaborate with FRIDA and some of our grantee partners. Learn more about the global art tour of the #FearlesslyFRIDA partnership. | <urn:uuid:5ba41c6e-fb39-43cd-9514-ae124f152729> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://youngfeministfund.org/2017/01/outside-the-lines-of-spirit-fearlesslyfrida-in-brazil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348526471.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607075929-20200607105929-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.947873 | 1,468 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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Models and Context
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... <sec> <title>Buy or Lease?<break/> Two Models for Scholarly Information<break/> at the End (or the Beginning) of an Era</title> <verse-group> <verse-line>Some say the world will end in fire,</verse-line> <verse-line>Some say in ice.</verse-line> <verse-line>From what I’ve tasted of desire</verse-line> <verse-line>I hold with those who favor fire.</verse-line> <verse-line>But if it had to perish twice,</verse-line> <verse-line>I think I know enough of hate</verse-line> <verse-line>To say that for destruction ice</verse-line> <verse-line>Is also great</verse-line> <verse-line>And would suffice.</verse-line> <attrib>—Robert Frost “Fire and Ice”</attrib> </verse-group> <p>Within living memory, our use of print (static) information has been governed by copyright law and the practices that have evolved around it. Enter electronic information, where publishers deliver it with licenses and new rules, a very different framework from copyright. ...</p> </sec> ... | <urn:uuid:7d79df01-f245-409d-b586-81f2e54c4826> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/extensions/bits/tag-library/2.1/element/break.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224651815.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605085657-20230605115657-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.703717 | 559 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Charles Lennox, 3rd duke of Richmond, (born February 22, 1735, London, England—died December 29, 1806, Goodwood, Sussex), one of the most progressive British politicians of the 18th century, being chiefly known for his advanced views on parliamentary reform.
Richmond succeeded to the peerage in 1750 (his father, the 2nd duke, having added the Aubigny title to the Richmond and Lennox titles in 1734). He was British ambassador extraordinary in Paris in 1765 and the following year became a secretary of state in the marquess of Rockingham’s administration, resigning office on the accession to power of William Pitt the Elder. In the debates on the policy that led to the American Revolution Richmond was a firm supporter of the colonists; he initiated the debate in 1778 calling for the removal of the troops from America, during which Pitt was seized by his fatal illness. He also advocated a policy of concession in Ireland, with reference to which he originated the phrase “a union of hearts,” which long afterward became famous when his use of it had been forgotten. In 1780 Richmond embodied in a bill his proposals for parliamentary reform, which included manhood suffrage, annual parliaments, and equal electoral areas.
Richmond sat in Rockingham’s second cabinet as master-general of ordnance, and in 1784 he joined the ministry of William Pitt the Younger. He now developed strong Tory opinions, and his alleged desertion of the cause of reform led to a violent attack on him by the 8th earl of Lauderdale in 1792, which nearly led to a duel between the two noblemen. | <urn:uuid:f5bb0998-f07b-4a9b-a0d2-dfd969a5397d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/502814/Charles-Lennox-3rd-duke-of-Richmond | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765584.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00127-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985195 | 347 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Another time the clerk at your best grocery store asks whether you prefer “paper or plastic” for your purchases, consider giving the actual truly eco-friendly response and also saying, “neither. ”
Plastic bags end up as litter that fouls your landscape and kill thousands of marine animals every yr that mistake the flying bags for food. Plastic bags that acquire buried in landfills may occupy to 1, 000 years to fail, and in the method, they separate into smaller and smaller toxic debris that contaminate soil and also water. Furthermore, the production of plastic bags consume millions of gallons of oil that could be used for fuel and heating.
Is Paper Much better than Plastic?
Paper bags, which a lot of people consider a better substitute for plastic bags, carry their unique set of environmental difficulties. For example, according on the American Forest and Pieces of paper Association, in 1999 that U. S. alone applied 10 billion paper grocery store bags, which adds up to a lot trees, plus a massive amount water and chemicals that will process the paper.
Reusable Bags Undoubtedly are a Better Option
But if you decline both paper along with plastic bags, then secure get your groceries house? The answer, according to a lot environmentalists, is high-quality reusable shopping bags made of materials that don’t damage the environment during production and don’t must be discarded after each employ. You can find a great selection of high-quality reusable totes online, or at most grocers, department stores, and food co-operatives.
Experts estimate that FIVE-HUNDRED billion to 1 trillion nasty bags are consumed in addition to discarded annually worldwide — greater than a million per minute.
Below are a few facts about plastic bags to aid demonstrate the value involving reusable bags to consumers plus the environment:
Plastic bags will not be biodegradable. They actually endure a process called photodegradation — stopping down into smaller as well as smaller toxic particles that will contaminate both soil and water and finish up entering the food string when animals accidentally take in them.
According to environmentally friendly Protection Agency, more than 380 billion plastic bags are used in the usa every year. Of those people, approximately 100 billion are generally plastic shopping bags, which usually cost retailers about $4 billion annually.
According to a large number of estimates, Taiwan consumes 30 billion plastic bags each year (900 per person), Japan consumes 300 billion bags each and every year (300 per person), as well as Australia consumes 6. HUNTING FOR billion plastic bags per year (326 per person).
Lots of whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die on a yearly basis after eating discarded plastic material bags they mistake for food.
Discarded plastic bags have grown so common in Africa they need spawned a cottage community. People there collect your bags and use these to weave hats, luggage, and other goods. As outlined by the BBC, one this kind of group routinely collects 40, 000 bags every four week period.
Plastic bags as instructing your have even become commonplace in Antarctica and other remote areas. According to David Barnes, a marine scientist with all the British Antarctic Survey, plastic bags have ended up from being rare from the late 1980s and quick 1990s to being all over the place in Antarctica.
Some governments have recognized the severity belonging to the problem and are taking action to help you combat it. Strategic Fees Can Cut Plastic Case Use
In 2001, one example is, Ireland was using YOU. 2 billion plastic hand bags annually, about 316 for every person. In 2002, the actual Irish government imposed some sort of plastic bag consumption tax (called a PlasTax), has reduced consumption by NINETY DAYS percent. The tax with $. 15 per bag is paid by consumers when they check out at this store. Besides cutting backside on litter, Ireland’s duty has saved approximately 18 million liters of essential oil. Several other governments around the globe are now considering much the same tax on plastic totes. | <urn:uuid:b5302edf-92af-4cb6-bb37-091d97f994d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.debwan.com/blogs/46738/Another-time-the-clerk-at-your-best-grocery-store | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662515501.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517031843-20220517061843-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.947241 | 834 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Hypertension or hypertensia is a stealthy killer who ruins the health insidiously, draining the body’s immune defense day by day. Millions people all over the world suffer from hypertension. They take tons of medicines every day most of which have many side-effects.
According to a new research published in the American Heart Association magazine those who drink more skimmed milk run a lower risk of developing dangerous health conditions related to hypertension. They get calcium and vitamin D au naturel from milk instead of from biologic supplements. Calcium and vitamin D received from food are much more effective in inhibiting high blood pressure.
Scientists from Harvard studied the diets of more than thirty thousand aged individuals and found out that those who drank two and more cups of fat-free dairy products every day were able to control their blood pressure better.
The study underscores that fat-free dairy products, fruit and vegetables are conducive to lowering arterial blood pressure. Scientists recommend drinking three cups of skimmed milk or low fat milk every day. Milk contains nine of the most important nutrients including calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, proteins, and potassium. | <urn:uuid:86b95716-2a1c-4e3e-afe8-dfab735f2433> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://geniuscook.com/skimmed-milk-fight-hypertension/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213689.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818134554-20180818154554-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.95312 | 231 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The arterial system in our body is responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from the heart to our organs and limbs. Diseases of the arteries mostly coincide with a restricted blood flow,
often caused by clogged vessels. Arteriosclerosis is a typical artery disease.
Arterial diseases can be caused by high blood pressure, elevated blood fat results, diabetes and smoking.
As treatments, we offer medication or minimally invasive surgery, inducing stents (small, flexible tubes) into the arteries or enhancing the vessel with a small, expandable balloon (balloon expansion).
Types of artery diseases | <urn:uuid:95766c11-b446-473a-a12f-32efc7209944> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.tsantilas.de/treatment/arterial-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531462.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421120136-20190421141919-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.904183 | 122 | 3 | 3 |
In the days following September 11, 2001, Rais Bhuiyan, a Bangladeshi citizen studying in the United States, working at a convenience store in Texas, was shot in the head with a double-barrel shotgun by Mark Stroman. Bhuiyan, who is Muslim by faith, went on 10 years later to campaign against the death penalty that had been meted to his would-be murderer. He felt strongly that Stroman had acted out of ignorance, and the death penalty would not solve the problem. Before Stroman was killed by the state of Texas, he called Bhuiyan “his brother” and told him that he loved him. They both experienced the transformational power of forgiveness. If Stroman had not been executed, he might be a powerful voice today in helping people get out of hate groups just as Bhuiyan now speaks about forgiveness and the political necessity of interfaith dialogue. It is possible.
At the time of writing this Daily Metta, Amnesty International reports that nearly two-thirds of the countries of the world have abolished the death penalty, while the so-called democratic United States continues to uphold its right to execute its citizens.
The countries who have advanced beyond deadly retribution have understood that an execution of one person affects more than the person being killed: jurors, prison wardens who pull the levers, guards who forcefully remove prisoners from their families as they are saying their last goodbyes, medical officers who insert the needles, all experience the trauma of the act. One warden who oversaw 89 executions once said, “You don’t ever get used to it.” Cases of alcoholism, nightmares, and even suicide due to what psychologist Rachel MacNair refers to as “Perpetration Induced Traumatic Stress,” or PITS, surface more and more as a greater number of people question the method of returning violence for violence–that is, if they even have the person who committed the act in the first place.
Our connection is as spiritual as it is visceral: we are not made to harm or to kill one another, we are made to nurture and to heal. Is it not time that our practices in criminal justice catch up with our emerging awareness of who we are? Is it not time we instituted a powerful, and more effective, more humane alternative? Would it not make us a more evolved society? A world more aware of its dignity and humanity?
Do something today to challenge the legitimacy of the death penalty.
The Metta Center for Nonviolence, PO Box 98, Petaluma, California 94953 707-774-6299 email@example.com | <urn:uuid:afd07c87-cef5-4559-b131-9f92a2f96057> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://gandhidaily.org/daily-metta/no-one-beyond-redemption-daily-metta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.970752 | 546 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Action-All of the linkage between the key and the hammer striking the string. Traditionally made of hardwood, plastics are used in some Yamaha’s and Kawai’s.
Agraffe-Brass piece that spaces and frets off springs. Usually found in grands; screws into the plate.
Aliquot-Steel-bearing piece that frets off treble strings in some grands.
Aluminum extrusions-Shaped bar stock that is squeezed through a die. In pianos, these extrusions are typically used for action rails.
At pitch (or at concert pitch)-When a piano’s key, specifically the A note above middle C, makes a tone at 440 Hz or cycles per second. Concert pitch has involve from as 380 Hz in the 1600s to the modern standard of 440 Hz today.
Boston fallboard-Hinged key-covered on uprights that folds down twice.
Bridge-Hardwood ridge that strings bear down on soundboard to transmit sound.
Bridge pins-Steel pins inserted in top of bridge that strings bear upon.
Cabinet-The outside of the piano; the part you see when the piano is closed.
Capo D’Astro bar-Horizontal bar cast into plate that bears on strings in treble section.
Cast iron plate (also known as the harp)-Gold painted iron support in modern pianos.
Closing-The act of gaining a commitment to purchase. The closing refers to the paperwork, signatures, and payment part of the process.
Coils-Tightly wound and uniform wraps of string wire around tuning pins.
Concert and artist pianos (or C&A pianos)-Seven-foot and nine-foot grand pianos designated by manufacturers for loan or rental usage by performers in concert halls or recording venues.
Console piano-An upright piano measuring 40″ to 43″ high.
Dampers-Wool felt pads that sit on top of the strings to stop the tone when the key is released.
Digital Ensemble Piano -An entire product category that typically features the full 88 keys at regulation size and fully weighted , with a variety of voices and sounds. Typically mounted on a permanent stand with three pedals and includes a bench.
Digital Solo Piano-A subcategory of digital pianos that focuses on the primary voice or voices selected. There are no drums or accompaniments.
Down Bearing -Downward force of the string tension on the bridge and consequently on the soundboard. Assures energy transmission from the bridge to the soundboard.
Down Weight-The grams of weight and pressure necessary to press a key down.
Drawer Fallboard– Pull-out type of key cover. Two-hand operation.
Duplex scale-Odd lengths of strings behind the bridge that are encouraged to ring sympathetically to enhance treble response. Other scales mute these lengths off with cloth webbing string braid. A design characteristic only, not a sign of quality or performance.
Ear training -A term given to the aspects of beginning piano lessons that focus on teaching aural aspects of learning the pitches or sounds of the notes, how they relate to each other, and how to regulate volume at the keyboard.
Fallboard-Key cover on the piano.
Flitch-A flitch of veneer is several sheets or rolls of veneer that all come from the same tree. This is important in matching grain character and color when crafting cabinets.
Flooring Company– A lender that specializes in financing inventory stock for retailers. Typically retailers pay interest only for several months or until an instrument is sold, then payoff the remaining balance.
Forte –A volume descriptor for loud play.
Full Warranty-A warranty covering parts and labor for term without restrictions to ownership, i.e., it is transferable.
Fully Weighted Touch-Refers to the resistant feel of the keys. Acoustic piano keys have a weighty (52+ gram down weight) resistant fell, as well as a feeling of a hammer moving toward the strings.
Grand Piano-A piano standing free of the floor on three,four, or six legs, and is 4’7″ to 10’2″ in length.
Hammers –Wool felt pads that hit the strings to begin the sound.
House Piano-A piano owned by a performance venue.
In- regulation-Regulation is a process in which a technician makes a dozen or so critical adjustment to each of the 88 key mechanisms. The goal is to bring each key mechanism to factory specification and to have all the key mechanisms consistent with each other. When this process has been completed satisfactorily the piano is said to be in regulation.
In- tune-A piano is considered to be in tune when its concert A note delivers a tone that is at 440 Hz or cycles per second, and the tone of the rest of the scale of the piano is consistent with itself.
Keyboard-As it relates to acoustic pianos, the keyboard is the user interface of the instrument, the keys themselves, as a subassembly. As it relates to digital products, it may describe a category of small portable keyed instruments that sit on a table-top or on a folding stand. These typically do not have the regulation number is keys and the regulation size keys. Some folks mistakenly lump all electronic keyed products, including digital pianos, under this confusing title.
Key Buttons-Hardwood reinforcements on keys were rail pins enter.
Key-tops-The plastic coverings over the wooden keys that used to be made of ivory and ebony. Some pianos still use ebony wood on the sharps.
Limited Warranty-A warranty covering the original owner only. Other restrictions may apply.
Medium-density Fiberboard (MDF)-High quality, fine grained, particle board frequently used in upright piano cabinets. It is chosen for its stability and flatness under veneers.
Model Number-Descriptive combination of numbers and letters unique to its manufacturer that usually denotes the size, cabinet style, and finish of the instrument. Often, a model with three numbers represents the centimeters of height or length of the piano. (Example: Model 122 often means the piano is 122 cm tall, or 48″.)
Music Desk-Shelf that holds the music rack.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)-Standardized computer connections that enable synchronized communication between computers and digital pianos.
Nail-down-A term given to an instrument that is placed on the sales floor, not to be sold, but to sell off of.
Piano-A volume descriptor for soft play.
Pinblock-Laminated hardwood block in uprights that tuning pins are driven into.
Pitch-The frequency (cycles per second) of the sound. See also at pitch.
Plate Pins (also called hitch pins)- Steel pins inserted in the plate that strings tie off to.
Practice Mute-Found in uprights. Activated by lever or middle pedal. Provides muffled softer play for practice purposes.
Pressure Bar-Steel bars on uprights that frets off the strings just before the tuning pins.
Professional Upright-A vertical piano measuring 47″ to 53″ high.
Purchase Order (P.O.)-A written order for and commitment to pay for goods and services for an institution. It is a binding official document.
Rebuilt Piano-A used piano rendered to like-new condition. Rebuilding typically includes a new cabinet finish, plate regilded. new strings, new hammers, new dampers, replaced or repaired action parts.
Reconditioned Piano-Piano cleaned, adjusted, and lubricated. Broken parts repaired and replaced. Tuned, regulated, and voiced.
Refurbished Piano-Somewhat nebulous term, often used to mean reconditioned.
Regulation-Adjusting of the key-action assembly, damper assembly, pedal functions, and string seating and leveling to promote performance and consistency. See also in regulation.
Registered Piano Technician (RPT)- A member of the Piano Technicians Guild (PTG) who has passed a rigorous testing and certification program for most aspects of piano technical and tuning work.
Restored Piano-Nebulous term, often used to mean reconditioned or rebuilt.
Serial Number-Discrete and sequential number given to every piano as production is completed. In uprights, it is usually found printed onto the plate near the tuning pins or embossed into the wood or nameplate on the back of the piano. In grands, it is usually found near the front under the music desk printed onto the plate near the tuning pins. Nearly every retail dealer has a book that sources this number to a year of manufacture.
Shaping-Process of filing hammers into a proper shape to reduce the best and most consistent tone.
Side Bearing -The force of the strings as they zigzag through the bridge pins. Assures energy transmission from strings to bridge.
Single Close Fallboard-Key-cover pulls forward and down in one smooth movement.
Slab-type Cabinet Keyboards-Portable rectangular electronic instruments typically about 3 to 4 inches high and about a foot deep. The length varies with the number of keys offered, from as small as 2 feet long to as much as 4 feet in length.
Sostenuto Pedal-Middle pedal or performance grands that captures and sustains notes selected before pedal is depressed. Found on a very few upscale uprights.
Soundboard-This sheet of spruce wood under the cast iron plate. It is the amplifier/speaker of the piano. Most boards have planks that are edge-glued. Some soundboard have multiple layers.
Spinet Piano -An upright piano measuring up to 39″ high.
Stencil Piano-Traditionally, the term for a piano that is made as a house brand or a private label instrument. The brand name on the front of the piano is not the same as that on the front of the factory. For example, Company XYZ wants to carry a private label so it contracts with a manufacturer to make pianos that say Company XYZ on the front. Several Chinese manufacturers make private label pianos. Frequently stencil (private label) names are contrived to sound like a famous maker like Steinway & Sons. Other stencils are contrived to sound German with the eye toward deception as to origin and hence price. Not all stencil pianos are meant to deceive buyers, however. Some manufacturers have contracted with another manufacturer to build an instrument with design and materials specifications that are different from the building factory’s regular models. These exceptions do not fit the traditional definitions of a true stencil.
Stock Keeping Unit (SKU)-A system for identifying and tracking individual discrete models and finishes.
Studio Piano – An upright piano measuring 44″ to 46″ high
Sustain (loud) Pedal-Right pedal that lifts the entire damper assembly to sustain the tone.
Touch Training -A term given to the aspects of beginning piano lessons that focus on the tacticle issues of learning and playing the keys and learning to play the levels of dynamics (loud and softs).
Tuning-Precise adjustment of the string tensions to proper pitches and consistencies by turning the tuning pins, using a tuning hammer. This is done aurally or in conjunction with an electronic tuning device (ETD) that shows graphic representations of pitch. These ETDs may also store tuning properties of dozens of specific pianos for future reference.
Tuning Hammer or Lever-A device with a handle that holds a socket-wrench type tipon it that fits over the tuning pins. Pitch is adjusted by turning and setting the pins; movements are minute and hammer technique is critical.
Tuning Pins-Steel pins approximately 2 and one-half inches long and one-fourth inch in diameter found near the top of a vertical piano and toward the front of grand pianos. Piano strings are wound around the tuning pins and the pins are driven into the tuning block. The tuning pins hold tension on the strings. This tension is adjusted up or down during the tuning process.
Una Corda (soft) Pedal-Left pedal on grand pianos that moves hammers to play two strings instead of three.
V-bar-Ridge cast into the iron plate on upright pianos to fret the strings just before the pressure bar.
Velocity Sensitive -The effect of attack on the key. If you play the key harder, the instrument plays louder, while an easier keystroke plays softer. Many keyboards do not have this critical feature. Nearly all digital pianos have this feature.
Vertical Pianos -Instruments that measure about 5 feet wide (left to right) and about 2 feet deep (front to back). Their flat back is usually placed against a wall. Also known as upright pianos.
Voices –On digital pianos, voices represent instrument sounds.
Voicing (tone regulating)-Process of shaping, hardening or softening hammer felt consistency to adjust tone.
Wrest Plank (pin block) -Laminated hardwood block in grands, running left to right inside the case that tuning pins are driven into. | <urn:uuid:54bfcf9f-6ad1-4023-a62e-9e88981c2bcd> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://4tepiano.com/category/glossary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685993.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919183419-20170919203419-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.92428 | 2,765 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Queen’s Park, Feb 28, 2018 – I’m pleased to rise today on behalf of the Ontario NDP caucus to respond to the minister’s statement on Pink Shirt Day.
In 2007, in small-town Nova Scotia, a grade 9 student wore a pink shirt to school and was bullied with homophobic slurs. Two grade 12 students, David Shepherd and Travis Price, witnessed the bullying and decided to act. They bought 50 pink T-shirts and distributed them to their friends, and encouraged others to wear pink the next day in a visible show of solidarity with the student who was bullied.
That small act of kindness 11 years ago unleashed a sea of pink that has become an international movement, a movement that engages students, schools, communities, law enforcement, businesses and legislatures in standing up to bullying.
Pink Shirt Day speaks to the power of kindness, to change the way people see and experience the world. It lets victims of bullying know that they are not alone, that there are many who care about them and that help and support are available.
Anyone who has ever been bullied, anyone with a child who has been bullied, knows the pain and devastation that bullying can cause. But the impact of bullying reaches far beyond the victim and the person who bullies. Bullying can be just as harmful to the bystander, especially when bystanders feel powerless to intervene. Pink Shirt Day gives bystanders a tool to respond to bullying. By wearing pink, we are signalling that we, as a society, will not tolerate bullying anywhere.
This year, the focus of Pink Shirt Day is on cyberbullying. Ironically, just as the #MeToo movement is empowering women to hold their abusers to account by speaking up about sexual harassment and abuse, cyberbullying by anonymous abusers is on the rise, with girls the most frequent targets. For those who seek to bully or shame others, the Internet offers a cloak of anonymity that makes bullies feel emboldened to harass or intimidate with impunity.
Cyberbullying goes far beyond the halls of a school and can be particularly cruel and insidious. In today’s digital world, cyberbullying can be experienced anywhere and anytime. It leaves despairing victims, especially LGBTQ2 youth, feeling that there is no way out.
Today, schools across this province are engaging students in activities to combat cyberbullying by encouraging people to think twice before posting something negative online and instead to use the Internet to spread kindness.
But of course, Speaker, bullying prevention must be more than a one-day event, more than wearing pink one day a year. I want to recognize the amazing work that schools do on an ongoing basis to empower bystanders and engage students in violence prevention initiatives like Pink Shirt Day. These efforts are needed now more than ever, as more evidence comes forward about the increased prevalence of violence in our schools. Parents are growing uneasy about their children’s safety at school. Teachers are reporting higher rates of lost time due to injury than any other sector. Violence is becoming normalized, with education workers outfitted with Kevlar and lockdowns occurring as a regular part of the school day.
Provincial underfunding is challenging the capacity of education workers to manage the complex behavioural and mental health needs of students. Without coordinated strategies to reduce bullying, the mental health needs of students will increase, since both the victims of bullying as well as those who bully are more likely than other students to experience anxiety and depression. They are also more likely to consider or attempt suicide.
The effective implementation of anti-bullying programs requires resources that respond to a diverse range of students. To create safe and healthy school environments, we need a new education funding model that will put more educational assistants in our schools, more child and youth workers, more behavioural counsellors, more psychologists, more social workers.
Before I close, I want to give a shout-out to the Thames Valley District School Board for their decision to sponsor the London Grand Theatre’s production of Prom Queen: The Musical as part of the Grand’s acclaimed High School Project. Prom Queen: The Musical is based on the true story of Marc Hall, a gay Oshawa student who fought to bring his boyfriend to his high school prom back in 2002. The students who participate in this year’s High School Project and the students who attend the performance of Prom Queen: The Musical with their classmates will learn much about the inclusivity and acceptance that Pink Shirt Day is all about.
Speaker, creating a community where people feel safe, included and valued requires an ongoing commitment to treat others with kindness and respect, and to stand up against bullying whenever and wherever we see it. | <urn:uuid:4cc304cc-91a4-4f55-8b55-d687bef11425> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.peggysattler.ca/pink_shirt_day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660067.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015155056-20191015182556-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.962752 | 949 | 2.546875 | 3 |
French company NAWA Technologies has developed a new type of battery that can not only bring huge efficiency savings to the factory environment but even provide a blueprint for tomorrow’s transport network. The company’s founder, Pascal Boulanger, explains more.
The industrial world is constantly seeking ways to become faster and more efficient – and anything that reduces downtime, speeds up production and cuts overall costs is the ultimate goal. But where do you look to make improvements?
One area where major advances are being made is in battery technology. Currently there are two major trends in storage devices: one, the ability to hold more energy and two, the ability to offer much faster charging and a longer lifetime. One such innovation is the Ultra Fast Carbon Battery (UFCB) from NAWA Technologies, which is ideal for power tools and automated guided vehicles.
Based on the principle of the ultracapacitor, this energy storage solution can be charged and discharged within seconds. And it can do so over a million cycles without any loss in performance and high efficiency. Because it uses carbon as a base material – aligned carbon nanotube electrodes with a unique coating – and not a precious material like lithium, the UFCB is environmentally friendly and also very, very fast with unique storage capabilities. Compared to regular ultracapacitors, UFCB’s can hold five times more power or energy depending on application.
So this technology bridges the gap between lithium ion and regular ultracapcitors – but how does it benefit the world of manufacturing?
Well, when it comes to the industrial world, we have been using the same type of batteries in handheld devices – such as power tools – for the last 20 years. Some companies have made significant progress in increasing battery capacity i.e. how long the battery can last on a charge and its lifespan, but very little progress has been made with regards to its fast charge capabilities.
NAWA’s UFCB design gives portable and hand-held devices the ability to take-on and store electricity at a phenomenal rate. Today’s power tools use lithium-powered batteries because of their ability to store large amounts of energy, but they have to spend a significant period of time recharging. Lithium-powered batteries used in power tools also have less energy capacity than batteries from mobile phones or cars. So, gram-for-gram, they are more expensive.
Then there is the fact that power tool batteries cannot be charged more than several hundred times, forcing companies to change the batteries far more often for demanding industrial applications, and because there is the cost of the initial investment, operating costs and the lifetime of the battery/tool to consider, the overall Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is high.
Finally, given they operate at high power (high rates of charge and discharge), the batteries suffer more from heat degradation and, to overcome this, they are larger than they really need to be. Over the course of its lifetime the UFCB will store more energy than any lithium battery, so based on charging cycles, they are far less expensive.
NAWA’s UFCB perfectly suits this power profile. It can quickly and easily provide high power, and function in high temperatures – all without having to make the system larger. In applications where the typical usage is instant power bursts (for instance a nail gun that uses power only while driving nails), NAWA’s UFCB is the most effective battery design. It reduces the size of the battery pack while making it possible to recharge in less than a minute. The user will also have a lighter tool that he/she can recharge just by putting it on a wireless charging station. This can be done millions of times – drastically reducing the number of battery replacements needed, and thereby reducing the TCO.
NAWA’s UFCB can also be used alongside existing battery technology, resulting in a highly efficient hybrid system combining high energy and high power. This can be used in a wide variety of hand-held, motorised tools and is most effective in machinery that is frequently in-and-out of use throughout the day.
These need a battery to power the system over a long period of time but at a relatively low current, but for some very specific tasks they also may need higher current. In this case, NAWA’s UFCB will do the job. Let’s take an electric saw, for example. It needs more power to start for the first hundredth of a millisecond and then operates at lower current. The starting current can, therefore, be provided by the NAWA’s UFCB. Furthermore, when you stop the saw, it continues to rotate, allowing you to harvest that wasted energy back into the UFCB. You see similar operational modes in many other power-tools, such as a booster, a screwdriver, or a jackhammer – all potential uses for a hybrid-ultracapacitor arrangement.
The technology can also be applied to electric vehicles used in manufacturing. Take AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicles), for example, which are currently mainly powered by lead-acid batteries.
Two of the major problems facing AGVs are, firstly, the fact that while charging they are not in use – and are, therefore, inefficient, requiring additional AGVs to be used while they are charging. Secondly, battery maintenance and replacements are cumbersome and difficult to carry out. At NAWA, we believe that it will be more efficient to replace existing batteries with UFCB combined with a system of multiple fast-chargers – so that AGVs can be recharged at various locations (wirelessly when picking up or delivering or while driving). This would mean there would be no idling AGVs, less back-up AGVs, no battery replacement, and safer recharging.
In fact, in this way, the factory environment could potentially provide the blueprint for other electric road vehicles as the industrial applications of a system of UFCB and multiple charging points are almost endless; vehicles at airports, harbours, buses or even for a small electric vehicle sharing network in cities.
Looking further ahead there is an argument that such a system could be used across an entire city with ride-sharing autonomous vehicles. Why? Well, currently, cars are not in use for around 95 per cent of their lives and represent up to 30 per cent of the constructible footprint of a city, while they are only actively being driven for five percent of time.
That is a long way into the future of course. What is not is the use of NAWA Technologies’ UFCB in the industrial environment. We believe our innovation will be in widespread use, in power tools and AGVs, within the next two-to-three years. Sustainable, safe, efficient – and a crucial part of the ongoing development of clean, affordable energy. Watch this space. | <urn:uuid:8622d6c1-7705-49a3-8bfd-8aafc1b4d6c1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://mhwmagazine.co.uk/ultra-fast-carbon-batteries-are-set-to-revolutionise-manufacturing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419023419-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.950203 | 1,403 | 2.75 | 3 |
Science of synthesis is your online synthetic methodology tool for the most reliable chemical transformations available. It is said that a man lives every time his name is pronounced, when his ideas are discussed, and when the result of his actions continues to benefit the community in. Start studying meyers chapter 3 learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Ch 2270 double elimination reaction – synthesis of diphenylacetylene materials from the chemicals hood: from the stockroom (blue bin): potassium hydroxide. Watch this video to learn about ribosomes the ribosome binds to the mrna molecule to start translation of its code into a protein what happens to the small and. A facile synthesis of uio-66, uio-67 and their derivatives activation temperature (°c) uio-66 123 (075 mmol) 125 (054 mmol) 1 15 8 150 uio-66-nh 2. Abscisic acid synthesis and response close ruth finkelstein however, activation of the slow anion currents appears to be mediated by two parallel pathways. A bbc bitesize secondary school revision resource for higher biology about rna and protein synthesis: structure of rna, exam skills, cell biology.
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Steps in protein synthesis: step 1: the first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mrna from a dna gene in the nucleus. Activation-synthesistheory williamdomhoff university california,santa cruz note: unpublishedpaper youuse research,please use followingcitation: domhoff. Research tells us that when you force a muscle to contract against a heavy load, the primary response is an activation of protein synthesis. Betterley, nolan m kongsriprapan, sopanat.
Bile acids: regulation of synthesis activation of pparα has been shown to increase unconjugated bile acids by induction of peroxisomal bile acid thioesterase. Start studying states of consciousness learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Learn about ammonia synthesis and how to model this highly complex and nonlinear process read part 4 of a blog series on chemical kinetics here. This is an explanation of what synthesis reactions are, the general form of the reaction, plus there are examples of synthesis reactions.
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Activation of nf-κb deriviative sythesis 1 introduction in many western countries, diabetes mellitus (dm) accelerates glomerularbrosis in diabetes. Protein synthesis is accomplished through a process called translation in translation, rna and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. Synthesis of pyrido-fused quinazolinone derivatives via quinazolinone derivatives via copper-catalyzed fused quinazolinone derivatives via copper. | <urn:uuid:66b8e76b-bc01-42df-a5d9-0cda15919912> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://opcourseworkiran.fieldbee.us/activation-sythesis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864191.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621153153-20180621173153-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.879678 | 859 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A Brief Guide to Impractical Currencies
In modern economies, we use an agreed-upon medium of exchange, or currency, to trade with merchants, corporations, and our neighbors. Throughout history, this has most often been domestic animals, agricultural staples like rice and barley, salt, beads, cowry shells, precious metal, and government-backed legal tender. These are things that can be led or carried by the owner. However, what if your currency is an enormous limestone disc that can be over three meters in diameter and weigh four metric tons? What if it is a shovel blade that one can put the handle back in and use in the field? Some agreed-upon currencies used throughout history, and even in the modern day, we would consider impractical.
Yap stone in Micronesia (photograph by tata_aka_T/Flickr)
On the Micronesian island of Yap stand the Rai stones. Limestone is a very rare mineral in this area of the Pacific. The stone was quarried mainly from the island of Palau, with Guam supplying some for a time as well. Originally fashioned into the shape of fish, and later as circular discs, these stones are still used today, though mainly for social transactions like marriage by the Yapese. Instead of carrying these behemoths across the island, giving the stone can be as simple as saying it belongs to a new owner, and the “bank statement” would be the oral history of the stone’s possessors. Not all Rai stones are colossal, and vary in value by their history, as well as size. Even a stone that sank into the ocean is still considered owned, because it is agreed upon that the stone is still there, and it has a history.
In ancient Greece, rods of various metals were used as currency before coins. These are the oboloi (singular obolos, or obol in English) — rods of iron, copper, or silver about a meter in length. In Athens, six oboloi equaled one drachma, meaning “handful.” The word passed into usage as the name of Greece’s currency until the euro was adopted. Even after the introduction of coins, Plutarch wrote that Sparta kept using oboloi to discourage the pursuit of wealth over deeds in battle. One obolos could buy a ritual cup with wine.
A drachma of oboloi (via Odysses/Wikimedia)
In Zhou Dynasty China, there are two examples of tools being used as currency. Spades and weeding tools with the handle taken off were used in northeast China. This is known as spade money. When first used, the spade kept the hole so the handle could be reattached. In time, the money of the area and era kept the spade shape, but shrank to a more manageable size. In some areas, various stories took hold about how knives became traded, and then for 400 years, knife money became the currency. These knives weren’t edged, but they did have the same shape and dimensions as common knives of the time.
Spade money with hole for the handle (photograph by Davidhartill/Wikimedia)
Knife money from the Capital Museum, Beijing (photograph by Yanan Peng/Wikimedia)
Impractical currencies aren’t just limited to isolated and ancient societies. Throughout modern history, instances of hyperinflation, where the rate of inflation skyrockets due to factors such as war or political instability, make currencies worth less and less in a short length of time. To compensate, the government prints out large quantities of ever higher denominations of bills. In Weimar Germany in 1923, the price of a loaf of bread went from 1.5 million Marks in September to 200 billion Marks in November. Citizens had to shop with wheelbarrows full of rapidly depreciating Marks, or all that currency would be next to worthless in the next few days.
In Hungary after World War II, all Hungarian pengő in circulation amounted to 1/1000 of a US dollar, with an inflation rate of 41.9 quadrillion percent in 1946. In Zimbabwe at the height of its recent hyperinflationary period, images were shown in the news of people carrying stacks of multi-billion and multi-trillion dollar bills wrapped with rubber bands. After the government had printed 100-trillion dollar bills in 2009, the Zimbabwe dollar was abolished. The ludicrously high denomination bills from this period are still inexpensive collectors’ items, with the 100-trillion dollar bill costing about 30 US dollars today.
Stacks of hyperinflationary Weimar Germany Marks (via German Federal Archives)
With the holiday shopping season soon to be upon us, consider how easy it is to not have to take the cashier to your Rai stone, pay with agricultural supplies or long metal spits, or take a wheelbarrow full of bills and count out a figure in the quintillions. Your wallet, and back muscles, will thank you.
Hey, buddy, can you spare a few trillion? (photograph by the author)
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Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders.Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook | <urn:uuid:f6fe840a-5559-4df3-8604-4753905abaed> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/a-brief-guide-to-impractical-currencies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.959699 | 1,104 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The START trials provided the evidence needed to change practice for women having radiotherapy to treat breast cancer.
Part 3 of our radiotherapy series explores a type of radiotherapy treatment called IMRT. But what is it and can it help improve survival? We take a look.
A new report confirms that radiation from a nuclear plant wasn’t to blame for a spike in childhood leukaemia in north-west England – so what was?
30 years after Chernobyl and five years after Fukushima, we’re taking a look at what has been learnt about radiation-linked cancers.
The third of our Grand Challenge topics asks: can we prevent cancer by studying ‘scars’ in its DNA?
It’s a plot worthy of Hollywood – a fatal radioactive poison, secret documents, suppressed information, and drugs. But this isn’t… | <urn:uuid:e26c20a8-a784-4eb0-b3ab-bbc8f78970da> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/topic/risks-causes/radioactivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.910604 | 178 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is the recipe for long-term happiness? One crucial ingredient cited by many people is closeness in their social relationships. Very happy people have strong and fulfilling relationships. But if we feel rejected by those who are closest to us – our family and friends – it can sour our attempts to master the recipe for happiness.
Bi-cultural people, who identify with two cultures simultaneously, are particularly vulnerable to this kind of rejection. A person can become bi-cultural by moving from one country to another, or if they are born and raised in one country by parents who came from elsewhere. For example, for a child born and raised in London by Russian parents, Russian will be what’s called their “heritage culture”.
Research has shown that being bi-cultural is a tremendously beneficial trait because it makes us more flexible and creative in our thinking. But bi-cultural people may experience their upbringing as the collision of multiple worlds. They sometimes face criticism for stepping outside the bounds of what’s normally acceptable in their heritage culture. This happens in the recent film The Big Sick. Kumail Nanjiani, a Pakistan-born man living in the US, falls in love with grad student Emily Gordon rather than following his parents’ wishes and marrying someone from their culture.
This experience of rejection from one’s heritage culture is referred to as “intragroup marginalisation”. People experience this when they adapt to a new culture in ways that are deemed to be a threat to their cultural origins.
Jesminder Bhamra, the British Asian protagonist in the film Bend it Like Beckham is banned by her parents from playing football, a sport deemed too British and not befitting a young woman in their eyes. As “Jess” pursues her dream in secret, she feels unhappy and torn between her two identities. Her experience, similar to many bi-cultural people, highlights an important aspect of identity construction. They may wish to identify with their parents’ culture, but feel that they are barred from it by family or friends. They may even feel that they are betraying their heritage culture.
In our ongoing research, we are looking at ways that people can cope and overcome experiences of rejection from their heritage culture.
To understand this painful experience, other research has looked at whether personality traits, such as attachment style, can make a person more likely to feel intragroup marginalisation. Attachment style shapes how we interact with others in our relationships. A securely attached person sees themselves as worthy of love and others as trustworthy, while somebody who is insecurely attached can be anxious and sensitive to threats of rejection. They can also avoid and feel uncomfortable with closeness and intimacy.
Insecurely attached bi-cultural people tend to report greater marginalisation from their friends and family. This may be because they are sensitive to rejection and perceive themselves as failing to uphold the traditions expected of them by their heritage culture. For example, a second-generation Bangladeshi in Britain may feel ashamed at not being able to speak Bengali very well, or a Hungarian who moved to Britain may feel that their values have changed.
Another key personality trait reflects how individuals perceive their sense of self in relation to others. We can see our self as being independent and unique from others, and as having a high sense of agency. Alternatively, we can see ourselves as being interdependent with others and fluid, changing based on the situation.
Research has found that people who have a more fluid sense of self are less likely to feel rejected from their heritage culture, compared to those who have an independent sense of self. This is because they are better able to reconcile both their cultural identities without experiencing conflict.
Having a more fluid sense of self is also linked with a greater flexibility to tailor our responses and behaviour to different social situations. This means these people may find it easier to choose which parts of their identity are appropriate in any given situation. So they may identify with the same values as their family when cooking traditional dishes and eating dinner at home, and another set of values when playing football with their friends. They may be more ready to accept that they can identify with both cultures, without compromising their authenticity.
Being pushed out is painful
Those who feel rejected from their heritage culture can be left feeling alone and unsupported. This has been linked with depressive symptoms, poor well-being and greater stress. It can also leave people feeling as if their two cultural identities are in conflict with each other.
One of our research studies in 2015 surveyed people from a wide range of heritage cultures about their experiences of intragroup marginalisation. We found that those who perceived that they had been rejected by friends were more likely to agree with extreme attitudes in defence of their heritage culture, such as fighting someone who insults it or even dying for it. One reason may be that this is a way of alleviating uncertainty and reaffirming one’s cultural identity.
Marginalisation may appear to be subtle – a gentle scolding about what typical members of a person’s family or friends should act like, a teasing comment about an accent – but its persistence can wear down individuals, unsettling relationships, and having a negative impact on well-being.
- The Conversation | <urn:uuid:c94bf0c6-86d6-439f-81a2-7485b890e23f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/parenting/what-being-stuck-between-two-cultures-can-do-to-a-persons-psyche-10908529 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512592.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020055317-20181020080817-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.973991 | 1,068 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At GRND we also offer waterproofing as part of your project.
The waterproofing procedure involves sealing the walls of a structure, building or home to make it water-resistant, which leaves it almost impervious to any water damage.
It can be used for building structures, like basements, roofs and decks, where resistance to water damage is important.
Waterproofing can be accomplished by applying a waterproof coating to the structure or by installing an impermeable barrier.
Why you should apply waterproofing
The main reasons you should apply waterproofing are:
- Water can cause serious damage to a structure, leading to expensive repairs or even total collapse.
- Water can create an ideal environment for mold and mildew to grow, which can cause health problems for building occupants.
- Water can make a structure unsightly and difficult to maintain.
Types of waterproofing products
When choosing a waterproofing product, it is important to consider the specific needs of the structure, as well as the climate in which it is located.
Waterproofing products that are designed for use in cold climates may not be effective in warm climates and vice versa.
It is also important to read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully before applying any waterproofing product.
Waterproof paints and coatings
Waterproof paints and coatings are applied to the surface of a structure to create a barrier against water.
They are normally made from latex or rubber, and may be applied with a brush, roller or sprayer.
Waterproof paints and coatings are typically less expensive than other types of waterproofing products, but they must be reapplied regularly to maintain their effectiveness.
Waterproof membranes are impermeable sheets that are installed on the surface of a structure to create a barrier against water.
They are typically made from PVC or TPO and can be applied with a roller or sprayer.
Waterproof membranes are more expensive than waterproof paints and coatings, but they last longer and require less maintenance
Waterproof sealants are applied to joints and cracks in a structure to prevent water from leaking through.
Generally, these are made from silicone or urethane, a brush or roller can be used to apply them.
Waterproof sealants are less expensive than waterproof membranes, but they must be reapplied regularly to maintain their effectiveness.
Waterproofing systems are composed of multiple products that work together to create a barrier against water.
They are typically used on commercial and industrial buildings, and can be customized to meet the specific needs of the structure.
Waterproofing systems are more expensive than other types of waterproofing products, but they are the most durable and require the least amount of maintenance.
The difference between waterproofing and damp proofing
Damp proofing is the process of making a structure resistant to moisture, while waterproofing is the process of making a structure resistant to water.
Damp proofing is generally used on walls and floors, while waterproofing is typically used on roofs and basements.
Damp proofing is less expensive than waterproofing, but it does not provide as much protection against water damage.
Contact us at GRND for your waterproofing solution
If you have any questions about waterproofing, or if you would like to schedule a free consultation, please contact us at GRND today.
Our team of experts would be glad to help you choose the best waterproofing solution for your needs or add it as part of your overall demolition and excavation project. | <urn:uuid:f9496289-5bdd-446b-b667-659e16be2a15> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.demolitionexcavationtoronto.ca/waterproofing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104277498.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703225409-20220704015409-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.941723 | 730 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I think of my single-spaced vs. double-spaced writing in terms of parallel universes. There are universes in which I write a particular page of this single-spaced and universes where I write that page double-spaced. If you had asked me two days ago about this, I would not have considered the possibility that this book would be written single-spaced. My intention and expectations were that each page would be written double-spaced.
The best way for me to explain event probability waves is to notice that the last page – actually the last two pages – were written single-line spaced vs. double line spaced. The “event” in this case was when I wrote the second line of the page – did I skip a line or not. There was a probability that I would skip a line which you might predict to be high since pages one through six were all written double-spaced. Or you might predict it to be low since I normally write single-spaced.
The moon is over my right shoulder behind me as I watch the waves at the lighthouse waiting for the sunrise. The waves coming in are powered in most part by the changing gravitational pull of the moon as it revolves around the earth. We can use Newton’s classical laws of motion to predict where the moon will rise and set at any point on the earth. We can’t predict the height of the ocean, except as an average height based on the tide. We can’t predict when a wave will hit the shore tomorrow.
With waves in the ocean, we can see the water and watch the wave travel through the medium of the water. As we listen to the waves crash and hit the shore, it is obvious that the waves have energy. The energy of the universe is contained in probability wave – the probability of an event happening at any point and time can be predicted, or at least estimated. It is the interaction of these probability waves that shape the universe.
In contrast to a Classical Universe, where all objects big and small move according to Newton’s laws of motion, our universe is a Quantum Universe full of interacting energy waves.
Surfers spend a lot of time paddling in the ocean or sitting on their board and watching the waves as they come in. If you watch, you can see many different interacting waves – some small and some big – which all effect the movement of the surfer on his board – up and down – and also in all directions.
It is time for an exercise. In the original version of this book, the backside of the pages are blank. If you have a reprint, then there should be some room below. Get up from where you’re sitting and go find a pen. Finish this sentence: “I am in possession of this book because __________”.
Sign and date the statement. It is important for you to do this now. Future exercises will depend on you doing so. Don’t worry about writing in this book. It’s OK 🙂
Our mind is capable of quantum experiences. While classical experiences are those experiences that arise from our interactions with a single classical universe, quantum experiences are when we interact with multiple classical universes, which I will call the quantum universe – or the multiverse. I am not certain now which is the better name. Perhaps the title of this book should be “Surfing the Quantum Universe : …”. I know now that in some universes, it is.
I just moved to a cushioned bench seat in the UCSC library. My butt was hurting from the hard chair I was sitting on. This is an example of me classically experiencing the universe.
Classical experiences involve on of the five senses – touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight. Everything we know and believe has been learned through classical experiences – or so we believe. We certainly expect our universe to behave in a classical manner. | <urn:uuid:11c78337-c0ca-4c4d-90b1-e0eb8b225bd5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://surfingtheuniverse.com/page/17/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145742.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223001555-20200223031555-00043.warc.gz | en | 0.957515 | 812 | 2.640625 | 3 |
“There are two types of laws, just and unjust,” wrote Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. from jail on Easter weekend, 1963. “One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.” St. Thomas Aquinas would not have disagreed. The image burnished into national memory is the Dr. King of “I Have a Dream,” delivered more than 50 years ago in Washington, D.C. So it’s hard to conjure up the 34-year-old in a narrow cell in Birmingham City Jail, hunkered down alone at sunset, using the margins of newspapers and the backs of legal papers to articulate the philosophical foundation of the Civil Rights Movement.
“Letter From Birmingham City Jail,” now considered a classic of world literature, was crafted as a response to eight local white clergymen who had denounced Dr. King’s nonviolent protest in the Birmingham News, demanding an end to the demonstrations for desegregation of lunch counters, restrooms and stores. Dr. King’s letter had to be smuggled out of the jail in installments by his attorneys, arriving thought by thought at the Southern Christian Leadership Conference’s makeshift nerve center at the Gaston Motel. An intensely disciplined Christian, Dr. King was able to mold a modern manifesto of nonviolent resistance out of the teachings of Jesus and Gandhi.
Throughout the 1960s the very word “Birmingham” conjured up haunting images of church bombings and the brutality of Eugene “Bull” Connor’s police, snarling dogs and high-powered fire hoses. When King spent his nine days in the Birmingham jail, it was one of the most rigidly segregated cities in the South, although African Americans made up 40 percent of the population. As Harrison Salisbury wrote in The New York Times, “the streets, the water supply, and the sewer system” were the only public facilities shared by both races. Yet by the time Dr. King was murdered in Memphis five years later, his philosophy had triumphed and Jim Crow laws had been smashed. “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” would eventually be translated into more than 40 languages.
Thanks to Dr. King’s letter, “Birmingham” had become a clarion call for action by the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, especially in the 1980s, when the international outcry to free Nelson Mandela reached its zenith. Archbishop Desmond Tutu quoted the letter in his sermons, Jamaican reggae singer Bob Marley kept the text with him for good luck, and Ghana’s Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah’s children chanted from it as though Dr. King’s text were a holy writ. During the Cold War, Czechoslovakia’s Charter 77, Poland’s Solidarity and East Germany’s Pastors’ Movement all had “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” translated and disseminated to the masses via the underground.
Just as Dr. King had been inspired by Henry David Thoreau’s essay “Civil Disobedience,” written in a Massachusetts jail to protest the Mexican-American War, a new generation of the globally oppressed embraced the letter as a source of courage and inspiration. Segregation and apartheid were supported by clearly unjust laws—because they distorted the soul and damaged the psyche. Dr. King’s remedy: nonviolent direct action, the only spiritually valid way to bring gross injustice to the surface, where it could be seen and dealt with.
In Jerusalem in 1983, Mubarak Awad, an American-educated clinical psychologist, translated the letter for Palestinians to use in their workshops to teach students about nonviolent struggle. When a Chinese student stood in front of a tank in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989, unflinching in his democratic convictions, he was symbolically acting upon the teachings of Dr. King as elucidated in his fearless Birmingham letter.
Argentinian human rights activist Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize winner, was inspired in part by King’s letter to create Servicio Paz y Justicia, a Latin American organization that documented the tragedy of the desaparecidos. Today one would be hard-pressed to find an African novelist or poet, including Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka, who had not been spurred to denounce authoritarianism by King’s notion that it was morally essential to become a bold protagonist for justice. Even conservative Republican William J. Bennett included “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” in his Book of Virtues.
The universal appeal of Dr. King’s letter lies in the hope it provides the disinherited of the earth, the millions of voiceless poor who populate the planet from the garbage dumps of Calcutta to the AIDS villages of Haiti. His letter describes the “shameful humiliation” and “inexpressible cruelties” of American slavery, and just as Dr. King was forced to reduce his sacred thoughts to the profane words of the newspaper in order to triumph over injustice, African Americans would win their freedom someday because “the sacred heritage of our nations and eternal will of God are embodied in our echoing demands.”
The National Park Service has designated Sweet Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, where Dr. King lived and is buried, a historic district. Banks, businesses and government offices are closed to honor the civil rights martyr every January. But the living tribute to Dr. King, the one that would have delighted him most, is the impact that his “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” has had on three generations of international freedom fighters.
These pages of poetry and justice now stand as one of the supreme 20th-century instruction manuals of self-help on how Davids can stand up to Goliaths without spilling blood. As an eternal statement that resonates hope in the valleys of despair, “Letter From Birmingham City Jail” is unrivaled, an American document as distinctive as the Declaration of Independence or the Emancipation Proclamation.
This article was written by Douglas Brinkley and originally published in August 2003 issue of American History Magazine. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to American History magazine today! | <urn:uuid:95d9832e-5534-4e86-a5ec-031b3742232a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.historynet.com/martin-luther-king-jrs-letter-from-birmingham-city-jail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.961343 | 1,305 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Sodium Metabisulfite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2S2O5. It is known by other names such as Sodium Pyrosulfite and Sodium disulfite.
Sodium metabisulfite is white – yellowish solid in colour. It possess faintly pungent smell. It is moderately soluble in water. The density is around 1.48 g/ml. It is highly soluble in glycerol.
CAS number : 7681 – 57 – 4
Chemical Formula : Na2S2O5
Molecular Weight : 190.10 g/ml
Packaging : 25/50 kg bags, HDPE bags with polyliner inside
Storage : Tightly closed containers
Uses and Applications
- Widely used in Food and Beverages’ preservation
- Used as an excipient to medications related to Adrenaline. It prevents oxidation of Adrenaline.
- Also used as an excipient in tablets such as paracetamol
- Used in photography
- Used in water treatment to quench chlorine residual
- Used as bleaching agent in the production of coconut cream | <urn:uuid:b2e7d4f3-bf4d-4021-ad67-80bd37b9ffb9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.sunshinetrading.co/sodium-metabisulphite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401601278.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928135709-20200928165709-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.87752 | 234 | 2.875 | 3 |
Translation of apocalypse in Spanish:
- 1.1 [Bible] the Apocalypse el Apocalipsis 1.2 (disaster) apocalipsis (masculine)Example sentences
- As ever, Roth has the ability to suggest a vast historical catastrophe through the tiny apocalypses of ordinary life, which he renders with all of Baudelaire's poetic acuity.
- They say an apocalypse is coming and, after so much destruction, many suspect it has already started.
- These modernist writers wrote at what they took to be a moment of transition, between two apocalypses, one historical - and thus merely destructive - and one to be imagined.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Today is the Día de los Santos Inocentes, a religious festival celebrated in the Spanish-speaking world to commemorate the New Testament story of the massacre of the "Innocents", by playing practical jokes, or inocentadas, on one another. The classic inocentada is to hang paper dolls on someone's back without their knowing. Spoof news stories also appear in newspapers and the media. | <urn:uuid:afd73089-a86a-4f69-9eb1-def4d91ee110> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/english-spanish/apocalypse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562612.157/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00012-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917385 | 306 | 2.875 | 3 |
Bladder Cancer Library
Learn about Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the bladder.
The bladder is a hollow organ in the lower part of the abdomen. It is shaped like a small balloon and has a muscular wall that allows it to get larger or smaller to store urine made by the kidneys. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. Tiny tubules in the kidneys filter and clean the blood. They take out waste products and make urine. The urine passes from each kidney through a long tube called a ureter into the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body.
There are three types of bladder cancer that begin in cells in the lining of the bladder. These cancers are named for the type of cells that become malignant (cancerous):
cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in cells in the innermost tissue layer of the bladder. These cells are able to stretch when the bladder is full and shrink when it is emptied. Most bladder cancers begin in the transitional cells. Transitional cell carcinoma can be low-grade or high-grade:
- Low-grade transitional cell carcinoma often recurs (comes back) after treatment, but rarely spreads into the muscle layer of the bladder or to other parts of the body.
- High-grade transitional cell carcinoma often recurs (comes back) after treatment and often spreads into the muscle layer of the bladder, to other parts of the body, and to lymph nodes. Almost all deaths from bladder cancer are due to high-grade disease.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells (thin, flat cells lining the inside of the bladder). Cancer may form after long-term infection or irritation.
- Adenocarcinoma: Cancer that begins in glandular cells that are found in the lining of the bladder. Glandular cells in the bladder make substances such as mucus. This is a very rare type of bladder cancer.
Cancer that is in the lining of the bladder is called superficial bladder cancer. Cancer that has spread through the lining of the bladder and invades the muscle wall of the bladder or has spread to nearby organs and lymph nodes is called invasive bladder cancer.
See the following PDQ summaries for more information:
- Renal Cell Cancer Treatment
- Transitional Cell Cancer of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Treatment
- Bladder and Other Urothelial Cancers Screening
- Childhood Bladder Cancer Treatment
Smoking can affect the risk of bladder cancer.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk for bladder cancer.
Risk factors for bladder cancer include the following:
- Using tobacco, especially smoking cigarettes.
- Having a family history of bladder cancer.
- Having certain changes in the genes that are linked to bladder cancer.
- Being exposed to paints, dyes, metals, or petroleum products in the workplace.
- Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis or with certain anticancer drugs, such as cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide.
- Taking Aristolochia fangchi, a Chinese herb.
- Drinking water from a well that has high levels of arsenic.
- Drinking water that has been treated with chlorine.
- Having a history of bladder infections, including bladder infections caused by Schistosoma haematobium.
- Using urinary catheters for a long time.
Older age is a risk factor for most cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you get older.
Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer include blood in the urine and pain during urination.
These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by bladder cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
- Blood in the urine (slightly rusty to bright red in color).
- Frequent urination.
- Pain during urination.
- Lower back pain.
Tests that examine the urine and bladder are used to help diagnose bladder cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Physical exam and health history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Internal exam: An exam of the vagina and/or rectum. The doctor inserts lubricated, gloved fingers into the vagina and/or rectum to feel for lumps.
- Urinalysis: A test to check the color of urine and its contents, such as sugar, protein, red blood cells, and white blood cells.
- Urine cytology: A laboratory test in which a sample of urine is checked under a microscope for abnormal cells.
- Cystoscopy: A procedure to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer is present in these organs. A contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the contrast dye moves through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages.
- Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. A biopsy for bladder cancer is usually done during cystoscopy. It may be possible to remove the entire tumor during biopsy.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis depends on the following:
- The stage of the cancer (whether it is superficial or invasive bladder cancer, and whether it has spread to other places in the body). Bladder cancer in the early stages can often be cured.
- The type of bladder cancer cells and how they look under a microscope.
- Whether there is carcinoma in situ in other parts of the bladder.
- The patient’s age and general health.
If the cancer is superficial, prognosis also depends on the following:
- How many tumors there are.
- The size of the tumors.
- Whether the tumor has recurred (come back) after treatment.
Treatment options depend on the stage of bladder cancer.
Frequently Used Bladder Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs
- Mutamycin (mitomycin)
- Tepadina (thiotepa)
- Valstar (valrubicin intravesical)
- Platinol (cisplatin injection)
- Abraxane (paclitaxel injection)
- Platinol (cisplatin)
- Velban (vinblastine)
- Gemzar (gemcitabine)
- Adriamycin (doxorubicin)
- Paraplatin (carboplatin)
- TheraCys BCG (bcg)
- Tecentriq (atezolizumab injection)
- Imfinzi (durvalumab injection)
- Abraxane (paclitaxel (with albumin) injection)
- Padcev (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv injection)
- Jelmyto (mitomycin pyelocalyceal) | <urn:uuid:78e324dc-54d7-49e8-8620-a0843e7d56bb> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://oregon-os.navigatingcare.com/library/bladder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522133.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120213234-20210121003234-00452.warc.gz | en | 0.918613 | 1,668 | 4.0625 | 4 |
The vegetable cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata, is cultivated for its fresh pods and leaves in the derived savanna and forest belts of southeastern Nigeria. Nigerian material of this cowpea type with its diverse range of characteristics, is an important resource for improvement of cowpeas. The conservation and maintenance of this useful legume amidst the new varieties released yearly from research stations and seed companies have been accomplished through indigenous traditional methods. These methods have been discussed.
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 03/1998; 45(2):135-138. DOI:10.1023/A:1008692312059 | <urn:uuid:dadfe946-d8f3-46e7-a44c-8126dbfb37a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.unn.edu.ng/abstract-traditional-conservation-of-vegetable-cowpea-in-nigeria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948580416.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215231248-20171216013248-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.904313 | 145 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Pasadena, California - This year, Caltech students have more options for arts-oriented classes to choose from with topics ranging from Victorian media to volcanic disasters to map making and more. The courses are part of the new Caltech-Huntington Program in Visual Culture, established last year with a grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Designed to expand Caltech students' exposure to different forms of artistic media, the program also includes guest lectures, field trips, and artists-in-residence.
"We are providing our students with a really important tool kit to draw from by offering them more exposure to classes with visual elements," says Dehn Gilmore, director of the program, which is administered through Caltech's Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), in collaboration with The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
One facet of the program involves hiring new faculty and instructors. This fall, Anne Sullivan, the Weisman Postdoctoral Instructor in Visual Culture, will teach two new undergraduate courses, Consuming Victorian Media and Volcanoes. She will also teach an astronomy-related class called Picturing the Universe in the winter term. Sullivan says that the classes are based on her own academic interests in 19th-century British literature and culture, as well as previous experiences as a writing instructor at UC Riverside.
"When I'm designing classes, I find what I am really excited about but then make it relevant to everybody," she says. "What's great about working at Caltech and close to The Huntington is that I can enrich my own work in scientific literature and culture. These will be collaborative classrooms, where students learn from each other and the instructor, and the instructor learns from the students as well."
The course on Victorian media will look at historical concerns around the consumption of media, which at that time included books, art, and other forms of live entertainment. The students will read Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen, in which the main character becomes obsessed with Gothic novels. "Similar to the way we are concerned with screen time now, and how we consume media, 19th-century people had concerns about media consumption, such as of Gothic novels, which were thought to be overly stimulating and too scintillating," she says. The students will also read Dracula by Bram Stoker, which includes mention of typewritten notes, telegrams, and phonograph recordings—items that, according to Sullivan, would have been considered new forms of media technology at the time.
The volcanoes class will focus on various forms of media depicting famous disasters brought on by the eruption of volcanoes, including Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, which destroyed the Italian city of Pompeii; Indonesia's Mount Tambora in 1815, one of the largest eruptions in recorded human history; and Mount Krakatoa, also in Indonesia, whose 1883 eruption changed the color of sunsets worldwide for some time afterward. Students will study "pyrodramas" of the 1880s and 1890s, big outdoor shows that dramatized the Vesuvius eruption for crowds of thousands of people. The shows involved water-pump systems to create the effects of lava, bonfires, and fireworks. The course will also include a field trip to the Getty Villa in Malibu, which is currently exhibiting Buried By Vesuvius: Treasures from the Villa dei Papiri.
"I remember learning about these disasters as a kid and being horrified, but now I am fascinated," says Sullivan. "By examining literary and visual representations of disasters, students will engage with larger questions about how we perceive the past and how we conceptualize our relationship with nature."
Lectures, other field trips, and guest visits also make up part of the visual culture program. For example, Bill Odenkirk, a writer for the show Futurama, among other credits, will visit Assistant Professor of Philosophy Charles Sebens' class Philosophy Through Science Fiction. Other activities include neon art tours, a science fiction costuming event, and a geology illustration workshop.
In addition, two new artists-in-residence will join Caltech this year. Lia Halloran, an artist whose astronomy-themed exhibit Deep Sky Companion is now on display at Caltech's Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, will arrive in the spring; and Jessica Helfand, a graphic designer and professor at Yale University, will arrive next winter.
While HSS has offered courses in film studies and art history for many years, the visual culture program provides a framework for organizing and expanding upon these offerings. In addition to Sullivan's courses, for example, students can learn about map making and its role in the history of exploration with Professor of History Nico Wey-Gomez (in the spring) and engage in creative work in undergraduate courses taught by the artists-in-residence in the winter and spring terms. A full list of courses is online.
"We are giving students hands-on experience," says Hillary Mushkin, research professor of art and design in mechanical and civil engineering, who is teaching a class on data, algorithms, and society together with Claire Ralph, lecturer in computing and mathematical sciences. "Students can better understand how other artists work if they try out the various techniques themselves." | <urn:uuid:ef71ba40-145b-4f0d-8307-0bf92219d4a4> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://sandiegonewscape.com/index.php/news/8-news/588-volcanoes-vampires-and-more.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657149205.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714051924-20200714081924-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.957759 | 1,083 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This involves the fertilisation of eggs with sperm in an incubator in the laboratory.
IVF treatment requires more eggs than in a natural cycle so the ovaries are stimulated to increase the number of mature eggs available for fertilisation. The eggs are collected from the ovaries using ultrasound guidance. The sperm from the partner or a donor are specially prepared and mixed with the eggs in the laboratory to allow fertilisation to occur.
After three to five days in the incubator, one or two of the resulting embryos are transferred to the woman’s uterus through the cervix and hopefully, they will then develop as they would in a normal pregnancy. This is particularly applicable to women whose fallopian tubes are absent or damaged. IVF is also appropriate for other fertility problems such as endometriosis, unexplained infertility and male infertility, as well as the egg donation programme.
Our state of the art (unique in Essex) Embryoscope Plus incubator allows your embryos to be developed in optimum conditions without disturbance, while embryologists check their progress through cameras. Its time-lapse technology also means embryologists can view a video of the embryos’ progress to help them choose the best one.
In conventional IVF at least 100,000 sperm must be placed with each egg to have a realistic chance of achieving fertilisation.
ICSI treatment involves the injection of a single sperm directly into each egg. The treatment leading up to and after ICSI is identical to the conventional IVF cycle.
As only a small number of sperm are required for ICSI, this treatment is appropriate for couples where the man has low numbers of normal, motile sperm and would be unsuitable for treatment with IVF unless donor sperm is used. In addition, because the sperm does not have to penetrate the egg membrane itself, it is also suitable for couples who have had unexplained failure of fertilisation in previous IVF treatment. ICSI is only recommended in cases of proven male factor infertility.
Embryos are monitored carefully and graded as they develop, and in the past were usually transferred 2-3 days after egg collection routinely. Now we routinely culture to the Blastocyst stage. Blastocyst culture involves allowing embryos to mature further (beyond ‘day 3’) in laboratory conditions before attempting to transfer them. In natural conception, embryos would not normally reach the uterus until day 5; this is called the blastocyst stage of development.
Blastocyst culture is available in our laboratory, and each patient’s cycle is assessed to see whether blastocyst culture is recommended. Generally, if 2 or more good quality embryos are available on day 3, blastocyst culture may be recommended. Blastocyst culture is available to all patients and is part of our IVF package.
We are entrusted with the most precious gift in the world, your future baby, which is why we have developed the most advanced laboratory.
We are delighted to offer a new and revolutionary treatment which is proven to increase IVF pregnancy rates. EmbryoScope™ Treatment enables our embryologists to not only nurture your embryos but select the most viable ones for transfer, giving you the best possible chance of IVF success.
A new time-lapse technology called the Embryoscope™ involves culturing embryos in an incubator equipped with a special microscope, camera and computer. Available since 2011 it has already led to the birth of thousands of healthy babies. Each individual embryo is imaged separately and monitored every 15 minutes allowing subtle changes in development to be detected. This allows selection of embryos with the highest pregnancy potential – so-called morphokinetics.
Up to 70% of embryos appear normal when observed on a daily basis using older incubation systems yet do not go on to give successful pregnancy after transfer. The ability to more accurately select an embryo capable of pregnancy on the basis of the time-lapse imaging is an exciting development. It is also thought that embryos identified in this way are less likely to lead to early pregnancy loss than other systems and preliminary results are excellent.
Research comparing pregnancy rates using the EmbryoScope and a standard incubator indicated a “20% relative improvement in pregnancy rate per egg retrieval using the EmbryoScope.”
Embryonic development is dynamic. By continuously monitoring every stage of development, the embryologists are able to select the best, most viable embryos for transferring, at the right time.
Unlike traditional incubation techniques which routinely require embryos to be removed for assessment under a microscope, the EmbryoScope’s internal camera records development whilst maintaining optimal culture conditions. Embryos remain undisturbed.
This pioneering technique provides precious, real time video imagery of every moment from the beginning of life for you to cherish. Should you wish to have a video showing the development of your transferred embryo in our laboratory, please ask the Embryologist during your treatment | <urn:uuid:bc193063-4d2f-43fe-89da-dd2f75a0044d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.simply-fertility.com/treatments/ivf-icsi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151563.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725014052-20210725044052-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.933732 | 1,000 | 2.765625 | 3 |
By Josie Macdonald
Edited by Natalie Grace Sipula
[3.5 minute read]
One trend that has been gaining traction lately is the push towards integrating environmental sustainability into our everyday lives. The issue with trends, however, is that they always fizzle out. Changing small practices in our everyday lives to make them more sustainable is easy and can have long lasting impacts on future generations. As humans, we have created a lot of great technologies that make our lives more efficient. The tradeoff has been the negative impact they are having on the environment. Sustainability involves using practices in our everyday lives that reduce waste, reverse the impacts of climate change, and allow us to support the continual health of the population. Living sustainably is too important to just be a trend! So, what can we do as a generation to make sure sustainability stays relevant?
- Eat less meat! Animal agriculture is unhealthy for the environment because of the pollutants that are released by factory farms. In fact, factory farming is one of the leading contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, it is not very sustainable. Chickens, pigs, cows, and most of the other animals we eat are herbivorous, so they don’t eat any animals. Thus, eating animals is like eating second-hand plant nutrients. Also, they eat much more than humans. If we eat less animals, factory farms will breed less animals because it is not cost-beneficial for them, and the crops used to feed animals could directly feed humans (and since we eat less, it would feed many more of us)! As if sustainability and was not a good enough reason to eat less meat, the impact on our health is another great benefit. One documentary that I watched on Netflix called The Game Changers explained the numerous health benefits of a plant-based diet. Even if you don’t want to give meat up completely, try starting with Meatless Mondays! Starting a plant-based diet can seem very intimidating and limiting at first, but in my experience, it can also create opportunities to try new foods!
- Use less water! One thing we have probably all heard is to remember to turn off the water when we brush our teeth, and that is very important. The EPA estimates that leaving the water running while we brush our teeth wastes an average of 4 gallons per brush. If you brush your teeth twice a day, that is 2920 gallons (11054 liters) per year! Another simple way we can save water is by buying low-flow shower heads. They are usually inexpensive, and there are a wide variety of options to choose from. Another benefit for you is that you will save more money on your water bill each month!
- Compost! This is one of the most underrated practices in our world today. So what exactly is composting? Compost is essentially the controlled decomposition of biodegradable materials, including but not limited to: leftover food, eggshells, paper waste, and some plastics. Instead of throwing these items in the garbage, we can compost them! Many people can create a compost bin in their backyards, but if you don’t have a backyard, you can create an indoor compost bin. Composting can enrich the soil with nutrients, which creates healthier plants for us to eat because it reduces soil erosion and runoff. Composting is not only sustainable, but it is also regenerative. While it is important to live sustainably, it is even better to be able to live regeneratively. This means that we are living sustainably by not depleting Earth’s resources, but also giving back by creating more resources for the Earth. Composted matter brings a lot of organic matter into the soil, allowing the soil to store more water, sequester (or extract) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, and give plants more nutrients. By diverting compostable waste from landfills, you will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and it will reduce your carbon footprint! | <urn:uuid:f03e243d-760d-4055-b841-4f4bac7972b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ali.usc.edu/blog/tag/compost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510085.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925183615-20230925213615-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.959927 | 821 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This IBM® Redbooks® publication is based on the book Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics, SG24-6366, which was produced by the International Technical Support Organization (ITSO), Poughkeepsie Center. It provides students of information systems technology with the background knowledge and skills necessary to begin using the basic facilities of a mainframe computer.
For optimal learning, students are assumed to have successfully completed an introductory course in computer system concepts, such as computer organization and architecture, operating systems, data management, or data communications. They should also have successfully completed courses in one or more programming languages, and be PC literate.
This textbook can also be used as a prerequisite for courses in advanced topics, or for internships and special studies. It is not intended to be a complete text covering all aspects of mainframe operation. It is also not a reference book that discusses every feature and option of the mainframe facilities.
Others who can benefit from this course include experienced data processing professionals who have worked with non-mainframe platforms, or who are familiar with some aspects of the mainframe but want to become knowledgeable with other facilities and benefits of the mainframe environment.
As we go through this course, we suggest that the instructor alternate between text, lecture, discussions, and hands-on exercises. Many of the exercises are cumulative, and are designed to show the student how to design and implement the topic presented. The instructor-led discussions and hands-on exercises are an integral part of the course, and can include topics not covered in this textbook.
In this course, we use simplified examples and focus mainly on
basic system functions. Hands-on exercises are provided throughout
the course to help students explore the mainframe style of
computing. At the end of this course, you will be familiar with the
Basic concepts of the mainframe, including its usage and
Fundamentals of IBM z/VSE® (VSE), an IBM z™ Systems
entry mainframe operating system (OS)
An understanding of mainframe workloads and the major middleware
applications in use on mainframes today
The basis for subsequent course work in more advanced,
specialized areas of z/VSE, such as system administration or | <urn:uuid:0622e951-3168-40d0-98e0-74eeb91bb42d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/introduction-to-the/9780738441405/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170425.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00062-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934517 | 464 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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Manifest destiny, industrial revolution, and reform test review industrial revolution complete the chart: invention effect cotton gin industrial revolution. Find out more about the history of child labor of important facts on child labor in the time of the industrial revolution print and child labor reform. | <urn:uuid:38e49f4e-1254-4992-9334-e985ecfdbb46> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://lzassignmenttazh.newsglobal.us/industrial-revolution-relief-and-reform.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863259.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619232009-20180620012009-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.921608 | 837 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Country Houses, New and Improved
While urban and suburban areas were becoming more and more built up, the face of rural Britain was changing as well. The Enclosure Acts of the mid-eighteenth century onwards had made the landed gentry more "landed" than ever. Now, many of them were thriving on the profits "from mines, mills and factories (often built on their country estates); from railways, canals, docks and shipping; or from investments in stocks and shares and rent from urban developments" (Yorke 72). They were restoring, extending or even completely rebuilding their country estates, giving them fashionable historical or continental features. Meanwhile, those whose fortunes were newly flourishing in business and industry were also setting themselves up in the countryside to consolidate or enhance their status. "So much new money in both new and old families tended to make the country-house world competitive," writes Mark Girouard (Life in the English Country House 268). The competition was partly about size; but style was just as important. Whether spending old money or new, the proud possessors of these estates wanted to show off their own taste in architecture. Most employed top-level architects, but, despite the increasing professionalism of the craft, a few decided to design their own homes. The results could sometimes leave their visitors not so much impressed as positively speechless. Those estates that remain, mostly as National Trust attractions, conference centres, educational establishments and so on, can still take us by surprise today, as can the smaller structures dotted round these estates — curious outbuildings generally in the same style as the main houses. Not all of them are considered important by architectural historians, but taken together they add immeasurably to the interest and charm of our countryside.
Updating a Family Seat
Charles Scarisbrick is a prime example of a landowner who benefited from the use of his land for mining and property development. A descendant of generations of Catholics, he was also a patron of the arts (particularly of the apocalyptic painter John Martin) with a particular taste for Rembrandt etchings and antique woodcarvings. To remodel his house, Scarisbrick Hall, he selected an up-and-coming Catholic with a passionate and passionately voiced belief in the Gothic: A. W. N. Pugin. The young Pugin worked on the house for about eight years from 1837 onwards, improving on its already Gothic features, and adding a wonderful medieval "Great Hall" complete with minstrels' gallery, entrance porch and later a delicate lantern. When this and the already elaborately ornamented reception rooms adjacent to it (the Oak Room, the Kings Room and the prominent Red Drawing Room) were hung with paintings and etchings, and fitted with Scarisbrick's huge collection of imported church altarpieces, carved canopies and so forth, the atmosphere must have been extraordinary. This wing of the building was balanced in a picturesque rather than formal sense by a "Business Room" and an attractive clock tower to the east (a forerunner of the one that houses Big Ben at Westminster). These however were demolished by Charles's sister Anne after his death in 1860, and the tower replaced by a much heavier and taller one designed by Pugin's son Edward. This had the effect of turning the elder Pugin's more quietly romantic creation into a Gothic extravaganza. The house as it stands now, with its ornately carved bay windows, parapets, rooftop sculptures, turrets, dainty pinnacles and the great beacon of a tower at its far end, has been aptly described as "a curious chronicle of nineteenth-century taste" (Hill 183), charting specifically "the move from early Victorian richness to mid-Victorian fantasy" (Girouard, The Victorian House, 118).
Around the time Scarisbrick Hall was being altered again, another old family seat was being remodelled by one of Pugin's pupils. The Welsh diocesan architect John Prichard, who had recently overseen the restoration of Llandaff Cathedral, was at work on Ettington (previously "Eatington") Park near Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire. As so often, the house had undergone various changes through the centuries, probably having been rebuilt completely in 1641, and certainly having been altered since then. Now, in 1858-62, Prichard took off the outside walls and built them up again around the interior, raising the height of the building, adding turrets, tall chimneys, a chapel and so on, but managing to do so without making it look pretentious or extravagant. As a result, Ettington Park has one of the pleasantest of all High Victorian country house exteriors. It combines satisfying lines with attractively modulated polychromy created from several different colours and textures of stone, and has rich carvings and sculptural adornments by the master stone-carver Thomas Earp. This was the same craftsman who worked for G. E. Street at St James the Less in London, and was responsible for the elaborate replacement Eleanor Cross outside Charing Cross on the Strand. Clearly, no expense was spared at Ettington. All the craftsmanship was of the highest order. The house turned out to be more continental in flavour than Scarisbrick Hall, a lovely example "of the French and Italian Gothic style of architecture promoted by John Ruskin" ("The History of Ettington Park and the Shirley Family.")
Wotton House in Surrey was refaced at a slightly later date and shows a different approach again. This was the seat of the Evelyn family: the seventeenth-century diarist John Evelyn was born there and had loved the old, gently rambling manor house. Following the trend of the time, his descendant William Evelyn decided to remodel it in the 1860s. With an example of Pugin's work just down the road at Albury Park, he chose as his architect the Surrey-based Henry Woodyer, who had probably had some experience of working with Pugin. Woodyer was well known by now for his own churches and country house restorations. He stayed close to the original plan of the house, rebuilding the east wing and refacing the front of the house in a "hard Tudor style" (Nairn and Pevsner 542-43). The main addition, presumably the east wing, was completed in 1864 (Girouard, The Victorian House, 442), but work continued long after that: a stone plaque commemorates its completion in 1877. This house reflects a different development of the Gothic — towards a later Tudor version of it rather than earlier or continental varieties. Only a few glimpses of the original manor house remain now, and those mostly inside and at the rear. Nevertheless, apart from the extension of the orangerie, the end result from the same vantage point over the grotto looks surprisingly similar to the house drawn by John Evelyn in 1653.
Buying and Doing up an Old Country Estate
Those who could newly afford to buy up old estates also set out to improve them. An excellent example here is William Gibbs, whose vast fortune was built on guano and nitrate for fertilisers. He may not have been a member of the aristocracy, but he did come from a good solid background of "small squires, country bankers, merchants and professional men" (Girouard, The Victorian Country House, 243). Inevitably, therefore, he wanted to own a substantial country property.
He bought Tyntes Place near Bristol in 1843, and employed first John Norton and then Woodyer to remodel it into Tyntesfield, a full-blown Gothic stately home complete with a chapel by the even more distinguished architect Arthur Blomfield. Most of the work on the main house was done in the 1860s by Norton, who had been a pupil of Benjamin Ferrey and, like Woodyer, was responsible for a number of other country houses. With William Cubitt as the builder, he extended the house both outwards and upwards with a picturesque mix of towers, turrets, spires and spirelets. Woodyer's turn came a good bit later, in the 1880s, and consisted of alterations rather than additions, perhaps the most important of which was to open up more space for a large and airy dining room. Now a Grade 1 listed building, Tyntesfield is one of the handful of Victorian country houses recognised as truly important. Girouard discusses it as some length in the revised edition of The Victorian Country House, giving special praise to its beautiful interior woodwork (for a virtual tour, see the note below).
The interior seems to have been the main focus of the wealthy banker and lawyer Lachlan Mackintosh Rate, who bought Milton Court in Dorking, Surrey, in 1863. Not far from Wotton, this estate had been granted to George Evelyn by Queen Elizabeth, and had belonged to the Evelyn family until about 1830. Some restoration work had already been carried out, and it is not known for sure when the picturesque rounded gables were added. What is certain is that Rate's architect William Burges not only made some additions in the 1870s, but also transformed it inside, adding almost twenty new rooms and turning the whole place into a work of art.
Others bought quite small but nicely situated places in rural areas and added wings and fashionable Victorian features to them, so that their purchases evolved into country houses as against simply houses in the countryside. The Colquhoun family, for instance, bought up an eighty-acre farming estate in Kent in 1848 and extended the main house on it, adding fashionable embellishments such as bay and oriel windows and mock-Tudor chimneys, along with over-sized baronial stepped gables. The latter may be explained by the family's Scottish landowning background. The end result must have been impressive enough, because the house was later bought by Winston Churchill. In fact, this was Chartwell (shown above), of which the Churchills were extremely fond. They soon had some of the more extravagant features toned down or removed, along with a great deal of ivy; but the house still flaunts its Victorian gables, making it look somewhat "galleon-like" (Buczaki 125).
Sometimes, of course, aspirational new owners took on more than they could really manage. A certain Henry Hurrell Esq., probably from a local farming and corn-dealing family, bought Madingley Hall in Cambridgeshire in 1871. Three years later he demolished the east end of the north wing, but he only put in a one-storey replacement — a drawing room. In 1905 the next owner found the building in a state of disrepair, and had to embark on a massive rebuilding project of his own.
Building a New Country Estate
Then there were those who built impressive country residences entirely from scratch. Orchardleigh Park in Somersetshire, once the family seat of the Chamneys (or Champneys) family, the rich conveyancer William Duckworth built a prestigious new country house in the mid-1850s to designs by Thomas Henry Wyatt. The younger brother of Matthew Digby Wyatt, who worked on the India Office with Sir George Gilbert Scott, T. H. Wyatt himself "had one of the largest country house practices of the period," and was second only to Scott in the number of buildings he produced. He designed Orchardleigh in the style then in favour, a "combination of Elizabethan and French styles often described [aptly enough] as 'nouveau-riche'" (Holder 45-46). Another brand new country house, Cloverley Hall in Ightfield, Shropshire, was designed a little later by W. E. Nesfield in what has been called a "new maturer phase in the [Gothic] Revival" (Newman and Pevsner 219). Built in 1864-70 for the wealthy Liverpudlian banker John Pemberton Heywood, it showed a greater degree of sophistication, though it seems unfair to describe it as "one of the first Victorian houses to incorporate a great hall" ("Cloverley Hall") — Pugin had built the hall at Scarisbrick a good twenty years before. This house was rebuilt in 1926, but the service range, culminating in a tower inspired by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, as well as some of the estate buildings (including a boathouse and a village hall), still survive.
In some instances, a new country house evolved more gradually. In the north of England, the inventor and armaments magnate Lord Armstrong had a big house Cragside built on the spot where he originally had a small hunting lodge; then he enlarged this too. The fact that this house developed on its craggy hillside rather than just sprang up seems especially appropriate because the architect for the final phase was Richard Norman Shaw. Shaw felt that houses should grow organically: he had already built the influential Leys Wood in Groomsbridge, Sussex, for his well-to-do cousin in the shipping line, and the result here in Northumberland was another "early masterpiece" (Durant 174), in a style variously described as Old English, Domestic Revival or Arts and Crafts.
The Amateur Architect
As for those who opted to update their country houses themselves, none was more imaginative both in design and execution than the Earl of Lovelace. Lovelace was the son of Baron King of Ockham, in the heart of rural Surrey. He held many estates in the county, and in about 1846 decided to adopt nearby East Horsley Place as his main seat. This house had been completed by Sir Charles Barry in an unexceptional mock-Elizabethan style in 1834. Being "an amateur and, as far as can be ascertained, self-taught engineer" (Tudsberry-Turner 8), the Earl set to work to improve it himself. In 1847 he added a tall stuccoed tower and a big banqueting room. For the latter he used a process of steam heat to bend the roof trusses — a method which he explained in a paper given in 1849 to the Institution of Civil Engineers, of which he had become an Associate. The method was praised by none other than Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Now the Earl really began to spread his wings, adding another tower of flint and polychromatic brick in 1858, and soon afterwards elaborate cloisters leading to a ribbed and vaulted chapel positively brimming with polychromy. Guests were bowled over by the house, now grandly renamed Horsley Towers: Matthew Arnold called it "fantastic" (308). Superlatives still seem to be in order here. Girouard comments on the house's "extraordinary embellishments" (The Victorian Country House, 410), while even Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner admit that "the entry up the main drive must be one of the most sensational in England" (204); they use the same adjective as Arnold — "fantastic" — about its details, such as the use of drainpipes as shafts in the cloisters (205). Nor do surprises end with the house itself. The Earl was fascinated by building materials, and had won a medal for brickmaking at the Great Exhibition. Once the house was completed, he set about transforming the whole village of East Horsley. Much of it, including the local butcher's shop and pub, was built or rebuilt in the 1860s in his own distinctive style, with flint facings and polychromatic brick bandings. No landowner could have made it clearer that this was his personal domain.
More daring still, and more engagingly documented, was Charles Buxton, who decided to build his own country house from scratch. He bought a piece of land close to Cobham in the north of Surrey, and built the Foxwarren estate on it. From the beginning, he entered into the spirit of the thing enthusiastically, learning all he could about architecture, and even submitting a design for new government offices; he managed to win sixth prize in the competition. Much encouraged, and much taken with the Gothic, "he caught at every opportunity of designing a lodge or a farmhouse or any other building" and eagerly embarked on his Surrey project: "I think our house will be singularly pretty and original," he enthused, on one occasion writing in his journal, "Enjoying my thoughts, chiefly on architecture. That is what I turn to for enjoyment — planning picturesqueness" (qtd. in Nairn and Pevsner 597-98). Like the architect at Chartwell, he had a penchant for stepped gables; he also decorated the brickwork copiously with polychrome diapering. On the rest of his land he built two dinky matching lodges, a model farm, and a watch tower. The result has been harshly criticised. Girouard finds the red brick and terracotta of the main building, unrelieved by stone dressings, "unpleasantly hot," and he echoes Nairn and Pevsner's description of the heavily gabled farm as "nightmarish" (The Victorian House, 406-07), without adding more encouragingly, as they do, that it is "possibly the extreme example in the country, and well worth seeing" (246).
Many other owners of country estates sprinkled picturesque outhouses in their grounds. For example, one of the ways in which Sir Walter Farquhar, the new owner of Polesden Lacey, made his mark on his own Surrey estate in the 1850s was to have a picture-perfect Garden Cottage built in the grounds for his head gardener. Complete with crooked, fairy-tale chimney, it was totally out of keeping with the splendidly neo-classical main house which Thomas Cubitt had built for the previous owner. But no doubt that was the point — to create something different. Fashions had changed. Besides, the rustic style was surely more suitable for a gardener's cottage.
The Fate of the Victorian Country House
Suitability, or "fitness for purpose" in the modern idiom, would gradually become more of an issue. Victorian country houses were both large and complicated. This was partly because the household itself was large: Cloverley Hall, for example, accommodated a fleet of twenty-five servants, and this would have been quite a modest staff. What was more, the members of the household all had their own roles and functions, and required their own space. Privacy was a priority: Kerr says, "whatever may be their mutual regard and confidence as dwellers under the same roof, each class is entitled to shut its door upon the other and be alone" (68). Then there were the male/female boundaries: one thinks of Mrs Rate's ultra-feminine Flower Room at Milton Court, or the heavily trophy-hung billiard room at Tyntesfield. Girouard suggests that the new "mechanical services" that were being invented also contributed to the size of the houses (see The Victorian Country House 27-8). Cragside again comes to mind here, with its banks of heating pipes, and its pioneering hydraulic lift. Houses planned with such considerations in mind have been dismissed rather unkindly as "obsolete brick and stone monsters" (Gash 690). The truth is that they soon did become "obsolete," at least as far as their original purpose was concerned. Families were shrinking, less people were going into service, and the houses themselves were proving impractical and costly to maintain. Then in 1894 the forerunner of inheritance tax, death duty, was imposed. This was a major blow to the landed gentry. Many houses were sold and demolished, their memories lingering on only in the names of later housing developments on their land. Others were converted for some kind of multiple occupancy, which of course affected their interiors, even if some important features were preserved. Of the houses mentioned above, Cloverley, Ettington Park, Horsley Towers, Orchardleigh and Wotton House are now hotels and/or conference centres; Albury provides retirement accommodation; Milton Court is used by an insurance company, its beautiful Burges ceilings looking down on board-meetings; and Madingley Hall and Scarisbrick Hall are both used for educational purposes. The remainder — Chartwell, Cragside, Polesden Lacey, and Tyntesfield — are luckier, because they have passed into the hands of the National Trust, and their interiors as well as exteriors have been preserved and restored.
People enjoy visiting these houses, and even the ones now in use as hotels, schools and so on often open their doors or gardens (or both) to visitors on special days, or upon request. Their immense historical and architectural value is now much more fully recognised, thanks to a number of high-profile campaigns to save individual houses for posterity: Tyntesfield was acquired for the nation by the National Trust as recently as 2002. Probably their main attraction, though, is their human interest. For only in their homes can we get a real sense of how the wealthiest of our ancestors lived their daily lives. A really well-preserved estate like Tyntesfield is, as James Miller says, "a private kingdom" which sheds light on every aspect of their original owners' activities, from their domestic arrangements to their intellectual and cultural tastes, and even their business and religious practices — as well as being "a reflection of English life, generation by generation" (177). The English countryside would be so much the poorer without these very special houses.
Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner find it sad that "such an inventive engineering talent" as the Earl of Lovelace's should have "thought of architecture in the typical C 19 way as something to be added on to structure, not to grow inevitably out of it" (205). To what extent is this a fair comment on Victorian architecture in general?
As for country houses, how far was the Earl of Lovelace's approach "typical" of its period? It might be helpful here to contrast his additions to Horsley Towers with the roughly contemporary enclosure of the inner courtyard of the Trevelyan's family seat, Wallington, by the architect John Dobson in 1852-53. What were the different purposes of these two architects?
Henry Hetherington Emmerson (1831-1895), who had been taught by the northern Pre-Raphaelite William Bell Scott, painted a finely detailed portrait of Lord Armstrong of Cragside sitting in his inglenook fireplace. Wearing a comfortable suit, he is reading a newspaper, with two dogs at his slippered feet. Beside him are two panels of stained glass by William Morris, and over the fireplace are inscribed the words, "EAST OR WEST HAME'S [home's] BEST." Everything in the picture, from Lord Armstrong's wooden inglenook seat to the fireplace surround and the coal scuttle, is beautifully worked. What does a picture like this tell us about the values attached to the Victorian country house?
Last modified 2 March 2017 | <urn:uuid:d6f56b52-1980-4213-8b34-2924bde7046b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://victorianweb.org/art/architecture/homes/housing3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323889.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629070237-20170629090237-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.978665 | 4,854 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Animals have been smelling for hundreds of millions of years, but the evolution of that sense is difficult to trace. You can’t ask an elephant to describe the fragrance of an acacia tree, for example, nor can you ask a lion if it gets the same feeling from a whiff of the same plant.
So scientists have to gather indirect clues to how different species use their noses. One way is to run simple tests on animals, seeing if they show an ability to tell different odors apart. Elephants, for example, can tell the difference between the smells of as many as 30 different members of their extended family.
Another way to track the evolution of smelling is to dissect the molecules that do the smelling in different species. Inside our noses, nerve endings are studded with receptors that can grab different odor molecules. All mammals build variations on the same basic structure, known as an olfactory receptor. But they may have hundreds of different kinds of receptors in their noses, each encoded by a different gene. The structure of each kind of receptor determines the kind of molecules it can grab–and the signal it can send to the brain.
Recently, scientists at the University of Tokyo compared 20,000 olfactory receptor genes from 13 species of mammals. In some cases, such as elephants, they were the first to make such a catalog. In other cases, such as cows and mice, they identified olfactory receptor genes that had gone overlooked till now.
One striking result of the study was that elephants have a lot of different olfactory receptors. They have 1948 receptor genes, the highest ever recorded for a species. Dogs have less than half, with 811. And humans have 396.
Does that mean that elephants have evolved to become five times better at smelling than we are? There’s not a simple relationship between olfactory receptor genes and the sense of smell. And the evolution of smell is a lot more than just a list of numbers.
New olfactory receptors don’t just come out of the blue. They emerge from a special kind of mutation. Sometimes when cells are duplicating their genes, they accidentally make an extra copy of a stretch of DNA. Where there was once a single olfactory receptor gene, there are now two identical copies. Mutations can then alter the sequence of one of the genes, and thus change the structure of the receptor.
But mutations can also rob mammals of olfactory receptors. They can disable a gene, so that neurons can’t use it to make the corresponding receptor. In some cases, they accidentally delete the gene altogether.
What’s most interesting about the new study from Tokyo is that the scientists were able to reconstruct 100 million years of smell evolution in a single tree. They could recognize related versions of the same gene in different species, and use that information to trace when new genes arose and when they disappeared.
Here’s the tree, and I’ll explain it below.
The common ancestor of all these species lived about 100 million years ago. Based on their shared genes, the scientists determined that that ancestral mammal had 781 genes–almost twice as many as we have today, and less than half of what elephants have.
The blue circles show how many genes the common ancestors of today’s mammals had at each node in the tree. The numbers along each of the branches show how many new genes were gained, and how many were lost.
The lineage that led to elephants certainly gained a lot of new genes–1335 all told. But so did a lot of other lineages. If you trace the tree from the base to rats, you’ll find that they gained 884 new genes. But they also lost a lot of genes along the way, too, so that now they have only 1207 genes.
But elephants lost genes, too–168 all told. Even if elephants do have an amazing sense of smell (something we just don’t know), that wasn’t simply the result of adding new genes. Some genes may have been useless to them–ones that remain useful in other species. But we don’t know why they lost the genes they did.
There are other weird features of this tree. As you move down the tree from the common ancestor to rats, for example, you can see that their ancestors had a net gain of genes for their first 10 million years or so, followed by at least 20 million years of losses, followed in turn by a major gain of genes. No one can say why they had these ups and downs.
Our own evolutionary story has mysteries of its own. There’s no question that we humans are pathetic in the olfactory receptor gene department. Many scientists have speculated that our primate ancestors shifted to relying more on vision for finding food and attracting mates. With a gain of vision came a loss of smell, the argument goes. But we can’t go too far in dismissing smell from our evolution. After all, as my fellow Phenom Ed Yong wrote this spring, we can still smell trillions of different smells. For some reason, other apes and monkeys have ended up with fewer olfactory receptor genes than we still have. It’s especially intriguing to consider all the genes we gained even as our collection of receptors shrank. We have 18 kinds of olfactory receptors that are found in no other mammals, not even chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. What on Earth do we use them for?
This tree represents everything we know about the evolution of these genes in mammals. But there are some 5000 other species of mammals on Earth, and adding their branches would reveal a lot more. As you can see in this figure, elephants are only distantly related to rodents, primates and the other species that have been studied so far. As a result, they sit on a long lonely branch in this tree. In reality, elephants have plenty of living relatives, such as manatees and hyraxes. It would be interesting to see if their huge set of genes grew gradually, or exploded after they gained their trunks.
Meanwhile, our own stubby branch raises questions of its own. Did Neanderthals have the identical set of olfactory receptor genes as we do? How would a rose smell to a Neanderthal, I wonder? | <urn:uuid:53f04881-681d-412e-9500-ebe7399fec62> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/08/13/the-tree-of-smells/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459333.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00337-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957596 | 1,303 | 4.21875 | 4 |
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