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This course establishes a foundation for concurrent digital systems. Common methods of describing digital circuit operation are studied along with the techniques for translation between any two methods. Basic building blocks of digital systems are defined and applied. Analysis techniques for combinational and sequential logic circuits or subsystems are covered. Computer-based development tools, programmable logic devices, and technical reference sources are used to build, test, and evaluate digital systems.
Concurrent Digital Systems | <urn:uuid:1c9f2bb5-02c0-425c-97f8-f5acfe0dc11b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://polytechnic.purdue.edu/kokomo/courses/ecet-22900 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583771929.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121090642-20190121112642-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.912069 | 88 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cashew is widely cultivated in tropical climatic regions. The cashew nut itself is used as a popular ingredient in savoury dishes worldwide. Known as “kwayoyi” in Hausa, “eso” in Yoruba, and mkpuru cashew in Ibo, the cashew nuts are loaded with powerful nutrients. Experts suggest that nuts generally are some of the healthiest snack options, and cashew nut is easily available and found in the local markets all year round.
According to the book Healing Foods by DK Publishing, some of the highest antioxidant levels of all plant foods are found in nuts.
Consumption of cashew and its nut can greatly help in weight management and prevention of gallstones. A study conducted on gallstone showed that nuts rich in vitamins and minerals such as cashew nuts, offer protective factors against this chronic disease. It protects the metabolic system, encourages rapid weight loss, and maintains healthy hormone levels.
Cashew nuts contain high level of copper element that helps to promote healthy brain functioning. The nut also improves oxygenated blood flow to your brain; it boosts the oxygen supply to your brain and improves memory power.
Cashew nuts have a great percentage of dietary fibre, according to studies. The two essential dietary fibres required by our body are oleic acid and palmitic acid. “These fibres are not produced by our body hence they need to be consumed externally,” says nutritionist Anju Sood, of the University of India. Dietary fibres help digest food better; however, excessive consumption may cause bloating and significant intestinal gas production.
Cashew nuts regulate blood sugar levels by improving the muscle cells response to it. In fact, it helps in the proper absorption of blood sugar in the cells. Another study showed that a regular dose of cashew nuts can drastically lower fasting glucose levels and improve glycemic index of the body.
Also the magnesium content aids a lot in maintaining your healthy and strong teeth and gums if used on a regular basis. Also, it inhibits tooth decay and abscessed teeth.
Another study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) also establishes a significant association between the consumption of nuts and a lower incidence of death due to heart diseases, cancer and respiratory diseases. The study stated that nutrients in nuts such as unsaturated fatty acids, protein, fibre, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants may confer heart-protective, anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Recent studies have also revealed that cashew nuts provide the needed nutrients for bone growth: It has many minerals like calcium, phosphorus and many more nutrients required for your healthy growth as well as development of the bones among women, men and kids. | <urn:uuid:2a1d0885-cabb-4f08-88b0-84e334436ebf> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://pharmatimes.com.ng/amazing-health-benefits-of-cashew-nuts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.934065 | 562 | 3.203125 | 3 |
By Harriet Blake
Green Right Now
OK, so you’ve done the environmentally correct thing and replaced most of your incandescent bulbs with CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs).
CFLs use less electricity and as a result, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In an average home, lighting accounts for about a fifth of the electric bill. Because CFLs use about 75 percent less electricity than incandescent light bulbs — and last about 10 times longer, it just makes sense to switch.
If every home in the United States replaced just one incandescent light bulb with a CFL, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), enough energy would be saved to light more than 3 million homes for a year. At the same time, this action would cut back greenhouse gas emissions equal to that of about 800,000 cars annually.
But despite their longevity, CFLs eventually do burn out.
And they cannot be tossed in the garbage and added to the landfill because of that pesky small amount of mercury they contain. This mercury, about 4-5 milligrams – just enough to cover a ballpoint pen tip, is sealed within the glass tubing. It is an essential part of CFLs, part of what makes them efficient, explains EPA spokesperson Cathy Milburn, and none of this mercury is released when the bulbs are intact and in use.
But, it wouldn’t be safe to let it leach out into the landfill. So those burned out CFLs piling up in a bag in your laundry room must be recycled.
Look first for local options. Home Depot appears to be leading the way on this front. Beginning in June 2008, Home Depot introduced a free in-store CFL recycling program at all of its stores. Customers bring their spent CFL bulbs to the return desk where they are then handled by an environmental management company. The company packages the bulbs, transports and recycles them.
“The CFL recycling program,” says senior vice president Ron Jarvis, “…empowers customers to make a difference in their own homes and have less of an impact on the environment.”
IKEA, the Swedish-based furniture and accessories store, also offers a Free Take Back recycling program that includes putting a bin for recyclables, including CFLs, in every store.
EPA is working with CFL manufacturers to widen recycling opportunities. Check out www.earth911.com to locate community recycling centers.
The Lighting Research Center, part of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, is a non-profit group that studies the effective use of lighting and its environmental impact. LRC also urges the public to refrain from disposing of CFLs with the household garbage and to instead take advantage of local recycling programs, says Mary Cimo, manager of research communications at the LRC.
The LRC also has a list of tips for consumers looking to purchase a CFLs.
Makers of CFLs have not overly helpful in making disposal suggestions. General Electric, for instance, simply says “And at the end of its life, a CFL bulb is fully recyclable and most cities, counties, and states make this fairly easy to do.” Similarly, Philips says to “look to your community for household hazardous waste recycling programs.” The manufacturer adds that consumers should always seal used bulbs in a plastic bag when dropping them off. Philips notes that more and more retailers may offer recycling, now that the demand for CFLs is increasing.
But as CFL demand increases, a new generation of efficient bulbs awaits – LED (light-emitting diodes) light bulbs. How will we deal with them? In another story…..
Copyright © 2010 Green Right Now | Distributed by GRN Network | <urn:uuid:2149e326-74f3-488b-b208-65aa951ddb44> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.greenrightnow.com/keye/2010/08/26/what-happens-when-cfls-leave-you-in-the-dark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115860277.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161100-00226-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944951 | 767 | 3.03125 | 3 |
•Development of the RPM cemented the future of linux by greatly simplifying installation of the software. As the operating system became more complex, RPM began to show few weakness, primarily its inability to resolve dependencies.
•To solve this problem of dependency resolution and package location, volunteer programmers at duke University developed Yellow dog Update, Modifier or YUM for short.
•The yum-*.rpm is required to use yum command
•The yum will be working on the repository.
•What is repository ?
–The repository is the location where the software or rpms are stored.
–The repository can be created on any linux box it needs createrepo*.rpm
–#createrepo –v directory path (-v verbose ) | <urn:uuid:310ed261-2e55-4bf8-90a1-f00b1ee67c4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://linuxtheworld.blogspot.com/2008/11/what-yum.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118477.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00243-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922265 | 157 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A case in point is that both rural and urban people participated in the last electing of the president. In addition, people in rural areas did not possess the education rights in the past like urban people, but now it has changed inasmuch as the order from the government to equal the rights in education between rural and urban people. Moreover.
The attribute that really distinguishes rural and urban life is the tension free environment. People are more close to each other and there are less chances of enmity. All I am saying this, because of the belief that there are limited resources and more likely, people share those resources in a cordial manner.
The Concept Of Urban-Rural Interdependence. Rural-urban interdependence relates to the joint or interactive relationship between urban and rural areas. The mutually beneficial correlativeness of urban and rural areas. Traditionally, rural and urban issues and planning have been typically seen as and dealt with separately. However, in recent.
Another essay provided comparisons of achievements scores for both math and reading, and grades of twelfth-graders enrolled in advanced curricula, for both urban and rural students. The third essay revealed dropout rates of urban, suburban, and rural students; the fourth essay compared college completion rates. By far, this was the single most.
Urban And Rural Areas Of Life - Experts have said that the experiences that a child encounters in their surroundings throughout their childhood can either enhance or inhibit the unfolding of their inborn potential (12). Urban and rural communities showcase in many differences in a variety of categories. One of these areas is child welfare. Not.
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment and better living conditions among others.Rural-urban migration is most prevalent in developing countries.Rural-urban migration is facilitated by pull and push factors that forces people influx from countryside to cities.
Urban After reading Reran Harmonica’s essay “Giving up my small-town fantasy” that was published in 3rd September 2014 in NY times, opinions section, I do agree her when she told us about her experience in living in two deferent places (rural and urban).And when she pointed out how big cities differ from small towns.However, I disagree In others thoughts.
Essay on Rural Houses in India! House is the third important need of man after food and clothing. The house is a shelter built by man to protect himself from the vagaries of climate and to meet the basic physiological requirements of the body.
Rural Urban Framework’s Lingzidi Bridge is constructed from cast-concrete dyed with black pigment. Photograph courtesy of Rural Urban Framework. With the recent launch of the Chinese government’s National Strategic Plan for Rural Vitalisation which seeks to modernise farming communities and infrastructure by 2022, there is a lot of money sloshing about. While world-famous international.
Essay on Rural Development. Category: Essays and Paragraphs On February 18, 2016 By Muskan. What is Rural Development? Rural Development refers to process of improving or uplifting the living conditions of the people living in rural areas. The importance of the Rural Development: The people of India live mostly in rural areas (villages). Therefore, it is in the heart of the villages that the.
Essay Urban bias as a major impediment to rural development. Urban bias has been presented as a major impediment to rural development because it perpetrates discriminatory policies which create and perpetuate disparities between urban and rural areas and consequently the development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas.
Rural consumers are fundamentally different from their urban counterparts socially, psychologically, physiologically and literally (Selvaraj, 2007). Hence, the buying behaviour of rural consumers has become a hot-topic for discussion because rural India, in recent days, is enthusiastically consuming.
The difference between rural and urban education grows bigger day by day. Many governments do not even manage to fill the gap. Thus, many problems of education that remain unsolved result in the unsustainable development of communities. Education is the main driving force for successful careers. There can be no other exceptions or addition.
The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast rural versus urban living by considering various important factors such as the opportunities, comfort zone, diversity and health.
Rural India lags behind Urban India in all the indicators; Infant Mortality Rate, Percentage of Anemic Population, Various Health Indicators and Access to Basic Services (as of 2006). Rural India always takes a backseat. Today, after almost 7 decades of independence, the existing policy dynamics has taken a toll on rural India. The villages.
The understanding on urban development would help improve urban management and policies and increase wellbeing of urban residents. The three related essays in this dissertation try to improve the understanding from the perspectives of employment centers and agglomeration economies, interactions between labor and housing markets, and the behavior of local governments. The first essay examines.
Rural and Urban Areas of the UK. This is a preview of the 9-page document. Read full text. The current features designed and established in place for the implementation of the objectives will advance enable the success of the policies. The emancipation programs for the rural areas regarding the issues impairing the development of these areas will adequately enhance the chances of the success.
Check out our top Free Essays on Urban And Rural Life to help you write your own Essay.
Local markets are more prominent in the rural areas and country people get a portion of their goods there. So the environment is quite different in the city districts from the country districts. The availability of facilities within a country depends in whether it is in an urban or rural area. There are numerous public and private health care. | <urn:uuid:1bd0a386-999a-442d-bf32-f2a1c2eedb22> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://earls.executrix.net/extra/Essay-Urban-And-Rural.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.947676 | 1,184 | 2.8125 | 3 |
TMD (Tomographic Motion Detection) is a fundamentally new form of motion detection technology. It provides complete coverage of an area with the ability to be completely hidden from view because it is not a line of sight technology.
Tomographic Motion Detection
Matt Kankainen | Xandem Technology
Tell us about Xandem TMD.
Xandem's product TMD (Tomographic Motion Detection) is a fundamentally new form of motion detection technology. It provides complete coverage of an area with the ability to be completely hidden from view because it is not a line of sight technology. It works by surrounding an area with our nodes that communicate with each other via radio waves creating a mesh network. It relies on disturbances of the mesh network to detect movement within an area. Each network has one processing unit (PU) that has normally closed contacts for easy integration with any standard panel.
What advantages does TMD have over traditional motion sensors?
TMD has several distinct advantages over the existing motion sensing technologies. It has a very low false alarm rate. TMD does not rely on line of site so it cannot be blocked by objects moved in front of the nodes in the network. It provides complete coverage of areas up to 5,000 square feet. TMD can be completely hidden from view.
Can TMD really sense through walls and obstructions?
Yes. TMD uses radio waves on the 2.4Ghz band (what most wireless networks use today). The radio waves travel through walls and obstructions. The only exception is metal, which the radio waves will travel around.
Is TMD false alarm immune?
TMD is immune to the leading causes of false alarms. Bugs will not be detected, even if they crawl on our nodes. Rodents and birds do not have enough body mass to trigger the the motion detection. It takes a large dog 50 lbs+ to have any effect, even then there's a sensitivity setting which can be adjusted to detect a human but not a dog. Dirt build up is a non-issue, our system has no trouble operating when it's completely covered in dirt. Air conditioning, heating and other thermal energy have no effect on our system.
What type of coverage does TMD have?
TMD can cover anything up to 5,000 square feet. It covers the complete area surrounded by our nodes, movement inside of the network will trigger the system regardless of obstructions and walls.
Can you give us some applications / scenarios where TMD would be used?
TMD excels in 3 areas.
- Aesthetic-Sensitive Areas. Used for automation and security in homes and places that don't want ugly sensors looking at you everywhere.
- High Value Assets. Used for security to protect businesses and civilians that need unbeatable security to protect their assets. Jewelry stores and pawn shops for example.
- Dirty and Cluttered environments. Used for security in dirty and dynamic environments like warehouses and machine shops where traditional sensors get blocked either by equipment or dirt.
How does the cost of TMD compare with the current standard of products on the market?
TMD is cost effective. It competes very well when you compare the square footage of coverage against any traditional motion detection system. Remember we're talking complete coverage here.
Xandem is exhibiting at CEDIA 2013, what do you hope to accomplish at this show?
We're hoping to help spread the word about our powerful new technology to the visionaries in the home gadget and automation world. We will be demonstrating how our system works and why it solves many of the issues that plague traditional motion sensors. Especially aesthetics, our system remains completely hidden.
What future products and features are being developed at Xandem?
Xandem is currently developing several projects, some we can talk about, some we can't. Here's a few I can disclose.
- Battery operated TMD that will run for over a year on household batteries.
- Rapid deployment tracking system build for law enforcement, mainly SWAT. This product will allow teams to deploy our system quickly and then track the location of people within a building without ever entering.
- Fall detection for elderly care. This product will allow for care givers to monitor the elderly without invading the privacy of the home with cameras etc. If grandma falls down, notifications will be sent to the proper care givers. We're hoping this will allow elderly who need low levels of monitoring to stay in their homes longer and for far less than the cost of a nursing home.
The first hire of Xandem Technology. Matt has 8 years experience with start ups and small business ventures and another 7 years in IT. He's a jack of all trades with a BS in Computer Science from the University of Utah. Currently working as VP of Product Development to take ideas and research and turn them into robust products that are user friendly.
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You must be logged in before you can post a comment. Login now. | <urn:uuid:d9b794f4-c653-4fe9-a70f-d82f1153ab10> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.hometoys.com/article/2013/09/tomographic-motion-detection/2068/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826283.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023183146-20171023203146-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.941526 | 1,026 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Pacemakers, insulin pumps, defibrillators and other implantable medical devices often have wireless capabilities that allow emergency workers to monitor patients.
But these devices have a potential downside: they can be hacked. Researchers at Rice University have come up with a secure way to dramatically cut the risk that implanted medical devices (IMD) could be altered remotely without authorization.
Their technology would use the patient’s own heartbeat as a kind of password that could only be accessed through touch. Rice electrical and computer engineer Farinaz Koushanfar and graduate student Masoud Rostami developed the technology with Ari Juels, former chief scientist at RSA Loboratories, a security company in Cambridge.
Mass. “IMDs generally lack the kind of password security found on a home Wi-Fi router because emergency medical technicians often need quick access to the information the devices store to save a life,” Rostami said. But that leaves the IMDs open to attack.
“If you have devices inside your body, a person could walk by, push button and violate your privacy, even give you a shock,” he said.
“He could make (an insulin pump) inject insulin or update the software of your peacemaker. But our proposed solution forces anybody who wants to read the devices to touch you.” | <urn:uuid:eb43966d-f8a7-4019-b874-4011bf82f023> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://dayherald.com/new-password-heartbeat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221980.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925021647-20200925051647-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.947561 | 273 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Maxim Frolov, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and colleagues investigated the effects of a mutation in a gene called E2F, which controls other genes responsible for initiating programmed cell death, a normal function in most cells. Cells undergo programmed cell death — or apoptosis — when they are no longer needed, as a normal part of aging, or in response to environmental factors like radiation that damage cellular DNA.
When Frolov and colleagues exposed fruit flies carrying a mutant E2F gene to radiation, genes that initiate apoptosis were activated, but the flies did not die.
"Something else was preventing the flies from dying, even though the genes needed to undergo cell death were turned on," Frolov said.
A closer look within the cells of the flies revealed that their mitochondria were misshapen and produced less energy than normal mitochondria. Flies with the most severely deranged mitochondria were the most resistant to radiation-induced cell death.
The observation in fruit flies suggested a previously unknown role for the E2F transcription factor — the protein encoded by E2F that regulates expression of other genes — in mitochondrial function.
"It seems their mitochondria were also affected by the E2F mutation and were not functioning at full strength," said Frolov. "You need properly functioning mitochondria to carry out programmed cell death."
Turning to human cells, the researchers found the same effects: those that lacked the E2F gene were resistant to the effects of radiation. Frolov said the similarity in the findings shows that basic cellular functions do not change much across the vast evolutionary distance between fruit flies and humans.
"This result highlights a remarkable degree of conservation between fruit flies and humans and illustrates the advantages of using model organisms in cancer research," said Frolov, whose laboratory is part of the UIC Cancer Center.
Frolov and his colleagues think that dysfunctional mitochondria might underlie the differences in how patients respond to radiation therapy. Previous studies have suggested that the inability of some patients’ mitochondria to support apoptosis might account for differences in their response to chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia.
"If we could develop a small-molecule drug that could enhance mitochondrial function in these patients, we may be able to improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy," Frolov said.
source : http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131125121708.htm | <urn:uuid:16fe4d5d-1f6f-4acf-87fb-21d36fa72095> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://cancerlive.net/cancer-knowledge/dysfunctional-mitochondria-may-underlie-resistance-to-radiation-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224655247.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609032325-20230609062325-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.956179 | 513 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Mount Royal Cross transformed into scales of justice: Greenpeace protests the reckless destruction of Canadas Boreal Forest
by Guest Blogger
March 18, 2014
The Mount Royal cross is a landmark in Montreal, where it stands at the pinnacle of Mt. Royal, overlooking the city.
Today, ten Greenpeace activists and a group of volunteers transformed the iconic cross into immense scales of justice. Two giant scales were suspended from the arms of the cross: the heavy side with Resolutes logo, and on the lighter side, trees representing the forest and the communities and wildlife that depend on it. On the vertical section of the cross, a 12 meter banner asks the question: Justice?
Today were seeking to restore a healthy balance in the Boreal by standing up for the future of the forest and against Resolutes destructive logging practices, said Nicolas Mainville, Quebec director for Greenpeace Canada. Resoluteis responsible for logging in First Nations territory without consent and destroying critical caribou habitat..
In the Montagnes Blanches Endangered Forest in Quebec, Resolute is operating in First Nations traditional territory without consent. In both Quebec and Ontario, despite scientific recommendations, the company uses trees from the habitat of threatened woodland caribou herds. A growing number of major forest conservation organizations have suspended work with Resolute because of its unwillingness to do even the minimum required by science in terms of conservation.
In January, due to these types of destructive practices, Resolutelost three of its Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certificates, covering an area 127 times larger than the city of Toronto. The FSC is a key component of the marketing of the companys pulp, paper and lumber products.
We,with over 50,000 people, are asking Resolute to take a different approach - to work with Greenpeace towards solutions that benefit communities, workers and wildlife and appeal to the growing market demand for green products, said Mainville. Its time for Canadas largest forest company to become a responsible leader in the production of sustainable paper and lumber products.
For more information on the #StandForForests campaign visitwww.standforforests.ca. | <urn:uuid:9eb4d283-6602-4ec0-bec0-164c0c12fb7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/mount-royal-cross-transformed-into-scales-of-justice-greenpeace-protests-the-reckless-destruction-of-canadas-boreal-forest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826049.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023130351-20171023150351-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.918029 | 437 | 2.625 | 3 |
At this moment, computer-generated skeletons are competing in a virtual race, running, hopping and jumping as far as they can before collapsing in an electronic heap. Meanwhile, in the real world, their coaches – teams of machine learning and artificial intelligence enthusiasts – are competing to see who can best train their skeletons to mimic those complex human movements. Perhaps the coaches are doing it for glory or prizes or fun, but the event's creator has a serious end goal: making life better for kids with cerebral palsy.
Łukasz Kidziński, a postdoctoral fellow in bioengineering, dreamed up the contest as a way to better understand how people with cerebral palsy will respond to muscle-relaxing surgery. Often, doctors resort to surgery to improve a patient's gait, but it doesn't always work.
"The key question is how to predict how patients will walk after surgery," said Kidziński. "That's a big question, which is extremely difficult to approach."
Modeling the walk
Kidziński works in the lab of Scott Delp, a professor of bioengineering and of mechanical engineering who has spent decades studying the mechanics of the human body. As part of that work, Delp and his collaborators have collected data on the movements and muscle activity of hundreds of individuals as they walk and run.
With data like that, Delp, Kidziński and their team can build accurate models of how individual muscles and limbs move in response to signals from the brain.
But what they could not do was predict how people relearn to walk after surgery – because, as it turns out, no one is quite sure how the brain controls complex processes like walking, let alone walking through the obstacle course of daily life or relearning how to walk after surgery.
"Whereas we've gotten quite good at building computational models of muscles and joints and bones and how the whole system is connected – how the human machine is built – an open challenge is how your brain orchestrates and controls this complex dynamic system," Delp said.
Machine learning, a variety of artificial intelligence, has reached a point where it could be a useful tool for modeling of the brain's movement control systems, Delp said, but for the most part its practitioners have been interested in self-driving cars, playing complex games like chess or serving up more effective online ads.
"The time was right for a challenge like this," Delp said, in part because some in the machine learning community are looking for more meaningful problems to work on, and because bioengineers stand to gain from understanding more about machine learning. His lab's most successful efforts to model human movement have come from efforts to represent neural control of movement, Delp said, and machine learning is likely a realistic way to think about learning to walk.
So far, 63 teams have submitted a total of 145 ideas to Kidziński's competition, which is one of five similar contests created for the 2017 Neural Information Processing Systems conference. Kidziński supplies each team with computer models of the human body and the world that body must navigate, including stairs, slippery surfaces and more. In addition to external challenges, teams also face internal ones, such as weak or unreliable muscles. Each team is judged based on how far its simulated human makes it through those obstacles in a fixed amount of time.
Kidziński and Delp hope that more teams will join their competition, and with about two months remaining, they hope that at least a few teams will overcome all the various virtual obstacles thrown in their way. (No one has done so yet – the top teams have for the most part conquered walking, but none has attempted the more athletic maneuvers.) The challenge, Kidziński said, is "very computationally expensive."
In the long run, Kidziński said he hopes the work may benefit more than just kids with cerebral palsy. For example, it may help others design better-calibrated devices to assist with walking or carrying loads, and similar ideas could be used to find better baseball pitches or sprinting techniques.
But, Kidziński said, he and his collaborators have already created something important: a new way of solving problems in biomechanics that looks to virtual crowds for solutions.
Explore further: OpenSim open-source software from Stanford accurately models human motion | <urn:uuid:30ffa9e8-3f0b-4755-884e-d0da73f78c11> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://phys.org/news/2017-08-bioengineers-bone-muscles-nerves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517350.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212153808-20171212173808-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.963581 | 899 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A theatre is a place where people go and see all kinds of performances. Most people think of a theatre as a place to see a play, where a story that is acted out in front of an audience. But there are other kinds of performances that take place in a theatre too: musicals, ballets and operas.
THE THEATRE BUILDING
Most theatres have three parts: the stage, the auditorium and the backstage area.
The stage is the most important part of a theater. It is the place where actors and actresses perform a play. Most plays are performed on a proscenium or picture-frame stage. The audience can watch the play only from the front. The action takes place under a large arch. A curtain opens and closes at the beginning and end of each scene.
Sometimes the audience can sit on three sides of a stage. Some theatres have a round stage in the middle of the auditorium with spectators sitting around it. Actors get on and leave the stage through the audience.
The auditorium is where the audience sits. Modern theatres also have lobbies, rest rooms, cafes and bars to offer people more comfort before and after the performance, as well as between scenes.
The backstage area is the place where the scenes are prepared and actors and actresses get dressed. There are also storage and office rooms for the staff and theatre workers. There are rooms in which technicians control lighting and sound.
PEOPLE IN A THEATRE
Many people work together in a theatre. Every production begins with a producer – sometimes a man or a woman, sometimes a whole group of people or a company. Producers have a lot of things to do. They have to collect money for the play, get a story and a usable script. They must be able to work with a good team.
The director decides how the play should be performed. He interprets the script, works together with the people who make the scenery and costumes. The director oversees rehearsals and tells actors how to play their part. In modern plays a playwright writes the script.
Designers create the scenery that shows the time and place of the story. Lighting experts have the job of moving actors or pieces of the stage into the spotlight. Lighting effects help to create the atmosphere of a play.
A casting director takes over the job of selecting actors and actresses for the play. They must choose a person with a suitable voice and character for every role. Make-up artists and costume designers help make the actors look good. Choreographers plan dance steps and other movements.
Actors and actresses are the main people in the play. They must study a character’s appearance, speech, body movements and gestures. Practicing this is not always easy. In order to play a role well the actor must know a lot about emotions and the feelings that someone can have. They must concentrate on their role and keep out everything that may distract them.
Designers build the scenery on a stage. Sometimes they don’t have to change it during the play. At other times sets have to be changed quickly during performances. Modern theaters have stages that can revolve or stages that can be raised or lowered.
Original post can be found here | <urn:uuid:8b02ab58-9c45-47ed-9045-003b6b773781> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://passnownow.com/the-theatre/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.966216 | 669 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Resilience of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests
Tropical peat swamp forests are undergoing some of the most rapid rates of deforestation and land use change on earth. As well as being rich in biodiversity and providing important ecosystem services to local communities, such as water regulation, they hold a disproportionately large volume of the earth’s terrestrial carbon store. However, we know relatively little about how stable that store is; how vegetation, climate and carbon storage have interacted in the past; and fundamentally how this ecosystem responds to disturbances, restricting our knowledge on how to manage this ecosystem for persistence under elevated contemporary and future change. Fossil pollen and charcoal analysis offers a method for investigating how vegetation has responded to different disturbances in the past, from climatic changes to human disturbance. To extend our knowledge on the ecological dynamics and resilience of these vital ecosystems, we have performed palaeoecological analyses on three different peatlands in the tropics of Malaysian Borneo. | <urn:uuid:20b176ab-12a0-411e-a199-b921abfc91b1> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://oxlel.zoo.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/resilience-of-tropical-peat-swamp-forests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348492427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605014501-20200605044501-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.923851 | 195 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Definition - What does Carbon-Based Error mean?
A carbon-based error refers to a problem with a computer or a program that is caused by the user rather than the machine. All life on earth depends on carbon, which forms the molecular bonds that make life possible. Therefore, to say that an error is carbon-based is another way of saying it was caused by a computer's human user. Carbon-based errors are a common problem for IT professionals, particularly when it comes to inexperienced users.
Techopedia explains Carbon-Based Error
This slang term is most frequently used by IT professionals and other tech-savvy individuals who are always being called upon to fix errors that have nothing to do with the technology. Calling something a carbon-based error is essentially telling the user that they are doing it wrong. That said, a disgruntled user can always come back with a buzzword in his or her defense by claiming the technology or program in question isn't user friendly. | <urn:uuid:cfb7f2c1-13a8-4bd0-a8dc-29ff082402de> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.techopedia.com/definition/28236/carbon-based-error | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685912.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919164651-20170919184651-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.970148 | 197 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Cyrus the Great artifact shown in US for 1st time
WASHINGTON (AP) — A nearly 2,600-year-old clay cylinder that’s been described as the world’s first human rights declaration is being shown for the first time in the U.S.
The Cyrus Cylinder from ancient Babylon will be displayed beginning Saturday at the Smithsonian’s Sackler Gallery in Washington. It begins a yearlong U.S. tour with exhibitions planned in Houston, New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles.
The cylinder carries an account of how Persian King Cyrus conquered Babylon and would allow freedom of worship. It also confirms a Bible story of Cyrus releasing people held captive to return to their homes. This would include the Jews’ return to Jerusalem.
It’s being shown with U.S. President Thomas Jefferson’s copy of a book about Cyrus, illustrating how the Persian king inspired the founding fathers. | <urn:uuid:67549223-5273-41c5-ab84-98b5ad0b3508> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://kfwbam.com/2013/03/07/cyrus-the-great-artifact-shown-in-us-for-1st-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394020792760/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305115952-00002-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926077 | 193 | 2.890625 | 3 |
As Veterans Day approaches, the Tennessee State Library and Archives has launched a new digital collection featuring the Korean War images of David Franklin Brock. Brock was a 20-year-old Van Buren County farm boy when he reported for the draft in Nashville in January 1952. He was soon deployed to Korea, where he used photographs to chronicle adventures during his military experience. Click here to view the new David Brock Korean War Photographs collection.
The new online exhibit is part of the Tennessee Virtual Archive (TeVA). It features 120 images and an interactive story map, tracking Brock’s progress from combat engineer training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, to his time with the famed Second “Indianhead” Infantry Division in the vicinity of the Iron Triangle and the 38th parallel in Korea.
“This digital collection donated by Mr. Brock will help the Library and Archives highlight a war often described as ‘forgotten,’” Secretary of State Tre Hargett said. “I hope that veterans of the Korean War, like so many other veterans, experience the gratitude and honor owed to them for their service to our country and to all Americans.”
Brock’s photos capture the heartbreak of leaving behind a sweetheart and the challenge of mastering military engineer techniques and infantry weaponry. The photos document the camaraderie of soldiers during the first American war with racially integrated units and their interactions with Republic of Korea soldiers in the squad tents of the Second Division.
Brock’s pride in serving as a “tomahawk warrior” is evident in these photos as well. His unit built roads, bridges and bunkers near the front while often under enemy fire. As a demolitions specialist, Brock detonated explosives and laid and cleared mines. He also served as an infantry soldier when needed.
Also a part of this online collection is a transcript of an oral history recording Brock’s Korean War experiences that he contributed to the Library and Archives’ ongoing commemoration project “Tennessee Remembers,” which honors the men and women who served in Korea and Vietnam by preserving the history of their wartime experiences. The goal of this project is to collect original documents, photographs and memorabilia related to the in-country experiences of these veterans to be preserved for future generations and made accessible for research and educational purposes. As a part of “Tennessee Remembers,” the Library and Archives has developed questionnaires for Korean War and Vietnam War veterans that give them the opportunity to document and preserve their war experiences for future generations. | <urn:uuid:dc7eb68c-6a8f-458e-ab2c-171e64454836> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://sos.tn.gov/news/library-and-archives-debuts-david-franklin-brock-korean-war-photograph-collection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00504.warc.gz | en | 0.948633 | 525 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Court (in Scripture)
In the English Bible, corresponds to the Hebrew (haver) enclosed space
Court (in SCRIPTURE).—I. OPEN SPACE.—The word court, in the English Bible, corresponds to the Hebrew (haver) enclosed space. The latter is used to designate: (I) an encampment of nomads; (2) a space protected by a stockade or palisades, or by a rampart of stones or earth, hence a village; (3) the court-yards of the houses or temples. In the first sense the Hebrew term is, in the D.V., rendered in various ways: “castle” (Gen., xxv, 16), “cities of the desert” (Is., xlii, 11), “private places” (i.e. places of ambush near the settlements, Ps. ix, 8). The word village usually expresses the second meaning (Lev., xxv, 31; Jos., xiii, xv, xvi, etc.; I Par., iv, 33, etc. However, in Ex., viii, 13, village is a mistranslation for court-yard). In connection with this sense it may not be amiss to notice that the Hebrew word, either in the form Hager, or in the slightly different form Haror, was not infrequently used in proper names. One of the first encampments of the He-brews after their departure from the foot of Mount Sinai was at a place called Haseroth (Num., xi, 34). There was a Chanaanite city of Asor near the waters of Merom (Jos., xi, 5; Josephus, Ant. Jud., V, v, 1); this city, taken and burned by Josue (Jos., xi, 10, 11), was allotted to the tribe of Nephtali (Jos., xix, 36), but probably rebuilt by the Chanaanites (Judges, iv, 2), fortified by Solomon (III K., ix, 15), and seized by The glathphalasar (IV K., xv, 29). This Asor or Aser was, according to the Greek text, the native place of Tobias (Tob., i, 2), and at a short distance from it Jonathan Machabeus defeated the army of Demetrius (I Mach., xi, 67). We read (Jos., xv, 23) of another Asor, called Esron, in Jos., xv, 3, and Hesron, xv, 25 on the southern frontier of Juda. The same text (xv, 25) even mentions in the same borders a New Asor. A third Asor existed, at least after the Captivity, near Jerusalem, in the territory of Benjamin (II Esd., xi, 33). Among the compound proper names may be mentioned: Hasar Adar (D. V., “the town called Adar“, Num., xxxiv, 4); Asergadda (Jos., xv, 27); Hasersusa or Hasarsusim (Jos., xix, 5; I Par., iv, 31); Hasar Enon (D. V., “court of Enan”, Ez., xlvii, 17; xlviii, 1; “village of Enan”, Num., xxxiv, 9, 10); Hasersual or Hasarsuhal (Jos., xv, 28; xix, 3; II Esd., xi, 27; I Par., 28); Hasar hattikhon (D. V., “the house of Tichon”, Ez., xlvii, 16); Baalhasor (II K.,) iii, 23); Enhasor (Jos., xix, 37).
The recent excavations in Syria and Palestine, as well as the modern customs inherited from olden times, give precise indications concerning the house-courts, not seldom alluded to in Holy Writ. When, as occurs frequently, the house does not open directly on the street, there is a first court-yard extending between the outer wall and the building. From this outer court an entrance doorway leads into the inner court, around which the various apartments are located. The inner court sometimes contains in the center a well (II K., xvii, 18) or a fountain surrounded with fine trees; the walls, porches, and verandas are usually covered with vines and creepers, and an awning may be stretched overhead to keep off the sun. From the narration of the Passion we may infer that such was the arrangement in the high-priest’s house. While Jesus was being tried in one of the halls, the servants and ministers had gathered around a fire of coals in the inner court; thither Peter came to warm himself, and there he denied his Master. From the judgment-hall, Jesus turning (Luke, xxii, 61) could easily look outside (Matt., xxvi, 69) on Peter. Then the latter, smitten with remorse, betook himself to the outer court (Mark, xiv, 68; D. V., “before the court”, a literal translation of the awkward Latin rendering: ante atrium), there to weep freely. Royal residences displayed, on a larger scale and in a more elaborate way, a similar general arrangement. The Bible speaks of the courts of the palaces of Solomon (III K., vii, 9, etc.), Ezechias (IV K., xx, 4), and Sedecias (Jer., xxxii, 2, 12; xxxiii, 1; xxxvi, 20; xxxviii, 6), as well as those of Assuerus at Susan (Esth., ii, 11; iv, 11; 2; etc.) and of Seleucus at Tyre (II Mach., iv, 46).
In connection with sacred places, courts are most frequently mentioned. We learn from Ex., xxxviii, 9 sq. that the place of meeting in the wilderness was a court, a hundred cubits long and fifty cubits wide, encompassed by pillars supporting hangings of fine twisted linen. The sacred precincts contained, besides the tabernacle and its furniture, the altar of holocausts and the brazen laver (Ex., xl, 6, 7). Still more famous are Solomon‘s constructions. All the buildings erected by this prince on Mount Sion were surrounded by a wall encompassing what may be styled “the greater court”. Southernmost in the lowest court were the public halls, namely: the “house of the forest of Libanus”, the “Porch of pillars”, and the throne-hall; farther in from the throne-hall (III K., vii, 8, Heb. text) and on a higher level another court, called “middle court”, IV K., xx, 4 (Heb.; D. V., “the middle of the court”), contained the king’s mansion and the house built for Pharaoh’s daughter (III K., vii, 8). North of the middle court, on the top of the hill, was the “inner court” (III K., vi, 36), also called “upper court” (Jer., xxxvi, 10) and “court of the priests” (II Par., iv, 9). No information is supplied by the Sacred Text about the extent and form of this latter court. Judging, however, from the second and third temples, it would seem to have been rectangular; the rabbis say that it measured 135 (N. to S.) by 187 (E. to W.) cubits; but these figures, obtained from the traditions concerning the second temple, can claim no certainty. The floor of the inner court was paved with stones (II Par., vii, 3; IV K., xvi, 17, has no reference to this point; pavement in the English Bibles ought to be understood here: stone basement). The descriptions of III K. and II Par. mention no gates, but some must have existed; one, very likely, on the south side, connecting the temple court with the middle court, and others probably on the north and east sides for the accommodation of the people. At any rate, that some time before the Exile there were gates is evidenced by such passages as Jer., xxxviii, 14; IV K., xxv, 18 (cf. Jer., 24). An eastern gate is said (I Par., ix, 18) to have existed; it was called “the king’s gate”. To Joatham is attributed (IV K., xv, 35) the construction of “the highest gate of the house of the Lord”, most probably the same as the “upper gate of Benjamin” of Jer., xx, 2, or the “new gate” of Jer., xxvi, 10, xxxvi, 10, and perhaps also the “gate of the altar” of Ez., viii, 5; all these passages point out a gate on the north side. Within the inner court were the temple proper, the altar of holocausts, the brazen sea, and lavers. All the walls encircling these various courts “were made of three rows of hewn stones and one row of cedar beams” (III K., vii, 12). Modern archaeologists are inclined to attribute to the son of David these courses of huge stones which may be seen in various places of the walls of the Haram esh-Sherif.
We possess little information concerning the second temple; but there are reasons to believe that, with the exception of the temple-house, which was certainly smaller, the arrangement and dimensions were about the same as those of Solomon‘s temple. In Herod‘s time the temple area was extended towards the north, according to some; towards the south, in the opinion of others, so that the outer court had probably the same form and dimensions as the actual Haram. This court was surrounded by a high wall covered with spikes. Along the walls on the inside, north, west, and east (Solomon‘s Porch), were double porticoes, and on the south a triple portico, the “royal porch”. Eight gates gave access from the outside: four on the west, two on the south (Huldah gates), one on the east, and one on the north (Tadhi gate); between the gates, along the outer walls, halls and chambers had been erected, among which we may mention the Beth-Din, or meeting-place of the Sanhedrin. Within this outer court, towards the north, a wall forty cubits high, limited the inner court. All around this wall extended a terrace (the hel) ten cubits wide and reached by a flight of fourteen steps. A stone parapet, about a cubit high, encircled the inner edge of the to which thirteen openings gave access; on the parapets tablets warned, under penalty of death, the non-Jews against trespassing. From the nine gates and stairways led the Israelites into the inner courts. On the inside, along the walls, twenty-five cubits high (the ground was some fifteen cubits higher than the court of the Gentiles), ran porticoes, and cells for sundry purposes had been erected between the gates. The walls of the inner court encompassed two distinct spaces: the eastern part, called “the women’s court”, which, among other things, contained the boxes for the various collections; thence a gate, preceded by a flight of fifteen steps, led to the western part, or “men’s court”. There a balustrade separated the “priests’ court”, containing the temple proper and the altar of holocausts and all their appurtenances, from the place assigned to the lay people.
II. ATTENDANCE OF A KING.—In the English Bible the word court is occasionally used also to mean the retinue of a person of high rank and authority (Gen., xlv, 16; IV K., vii, 9; Esth., xi, 3). It then stands generally for the Hebrew word f’2, “house”, the only word which, in the sacred language, might in some instances, receive the sense with which we are now concerned. The Latin Bible in such places usually has the noun aula, and once in the N. T. exercitus (Luke, xxiii, 11). Although mention of a court is seldom made in connection with the kings of Israel and Juda, they nevertheless naturally had their court, consisting, besides their family and body-guard, of counselors, secretaries, recorders, chancellors, ministers, superintendents of public works, governors of the house, even the high dignitaries of the temple. Glowing descriptions are given of the splendor of the court of such kings as David (II K., xxiii; I Par., xi) and Solomon (Cant., iii, 7, 8); they furnished to later Jewish writers the colors wherewith to describe the glory of the palace of God. For Yahweh is king, not only over Israel, but over the whole world, and as becomes a king, he must have his court. This is constituted by the innumerable host of the angels, ever ready to do his will. Several (seven, in the received text) unceasingly stand in His presence; legions of seraphim surround his throne, as a body-guard; thousands of heavenly spirits form his council (Tob., xii, 15; Is., vi, 2, 6; Pss. lxxxii, lxxxix). Ecclesiastical writers, developing this idea, oftentimes describe the heavenly court, made up not only of the angels, but also of the host of all those blessed souls who enjoy the beatific vision. On the other hand the courts of the Temple have sometimes been regarded by mystic writers as a figure of the souls striving for Christian perfection: the brazen laver represents the purifying penance, whereas the altar of holocausts signifies Christian mortification and its necessary sacrifices.
CHARLES L. SOUVAY | <urn:uuid:03f67302-b5f7-477b-8347-6133e72a9812> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/court-in-scripture | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100555.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205172745-20231205202745-00810.warc.gz | en | 0.942069 | 3,031 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Contents: Municipal District
The population development of São Sebastião de Campolide as well as related information and services (weather, Wikipedia, Google, images).
|São Sebastião de Campolide||Antônio Carlos||...||1,149||1,262||1,320||→|
Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (web).
Explanation: In the table above, the urban population of municipal districts is presented. The latest population of municipal districts is calculated by »City Population« using their 2010 census population and official latest estimates for the total municipalities. The area depicted in the map refers to the total territory of the municipal district including rural parts.
Further Population Figures:
|Gender (C 2010)|
|Age Groups (C 2010)|
|Age Distribution (C 2010)|
|Urbanization (C 2010)|
|Literacy (A10+) (C 2010)| | <urn:uuid:11ddba3e-26fb-4aba-91c5-cca73a99dd68> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.citypopulation.de/php/brazil-minasgerais.php?cityid=310290215 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806615.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122160645-20171122180645-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.659248 | 202 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Machine Learning technology is found in everything from spam detection programs to intelligent thermostats, but can the technology make a huge leap to handle the exponentially larger amounts of information and advanced applications of the future?
Researchers from the government's cutting edge research group, the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), certainly hope so and this week announced that they are looking to the industry for new ideas that may become the basis for cutting edge Machine Learning projects.
From IARPA: The focus of our request for information is on recent advances toward automatic machine learning, including automation of architecture and algorithm selection and combination, feature engineering, and training data scheduling for usability by non-experts, as well as scalability for handling large volumes of data. Machine Learning is used extensively in application areas of interest including speech, language, vision, sensor processing and the ability to meld that data into a single, what IARPA calls multi-modal system.
"In many application areas, the amount of data to be analyzed has been increasing exponentially (sensors, audio and video, social network data, web information) stressing even the most efficient procedures and most powerful processors. Most of these data are unorganized and unlabeled and human effort is needed for annotation and to focus attention on those data that are significant," IARPA stated.
IARPA listed a number of questions those interested in developing the Machine Learning project should answer, including:
- What are your proposed methods for (a) automation of architecture and algorithm selection and combination, (b) feature engineering, and (c) training data scheduling? How will these automation methods affect the usability of an analytic system by non-experts?
- What are the compelling reasons to use your proposed approach in a scalable multi-modal analytic system?
- How will your approach handle different time scales, missing data, and sparse data?
- How will your approach be applied to diverse data, such as speech, language, vision, sensor processing, and multi-modal integration?
- How will you supplement training data with real-world and previously learned knowledge?
- Are supporting technologies readily available or does new technology need to be created?
Useful automatic machine learning systems will require significant innovations in the science and technology of machine learning, possibly including (but not limited to) complicated hierarchical architectures like Deep Belief Nets and hierarchical clustering. In the end IARPA says it expects to identify promising areas for investment and it expects to hold a Machine Learning workshop in late March, 2012.
Layer 8 Extra
Check out these other hot stories: | <urn:uuid:8efb9b13-1c5f-454e-9865-8ad8a4c52eb1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.networkworld.com/article/2221216/software/us-intelligence-group-seeks-machine-learning-breakthroughs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128304.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00016-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926193 | 530 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Voiturette has several meanings, depending largely on date.
The term was first used by Léon Bolée in 1895 to describe his new motor tricycle and in the early years of the motor industry was used by many makers to describe their small cars.
In France, in the years after World War Two it came to refer to a type of small three-wheeled vehicle.
In the 1990s the word was revived for a French vehicle weighing less than 350 kilograms (770 lb) empty and carrying a load (i.e., passengers) of not more than 200 kilograms (~440 lb). The top speed is limited to 45 km/h (~30 mph) and engine size to 50 cc or 4 kilowatts for an engine of "another type" for example an electric car. Such vehicles are sometimes also called "motor quadricycles" or "motor tricycles". The driver's license for them are available to people over 16 years and are in category "B1" and are valid, subject to restrictions, in all European Union countries. | <urn:uuid:d46da9da-21c0-434e-be01-fe7044bd367d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://automobile.wikia.com/wiki/Voiturette | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.974306 | 220 | 2.578125 | 3 |
This podcast gives an overview of malaria, including prevention and treatment, and what CDC is doing to help control and prevent malaria globally. Created: 4/18/2008 by National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases (NCZVED).
Date Released: 4/18/2008. Series Name: CDC Featured Podcasts.
This podcast is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC – safer, healthier people.
Malaria is a serious disease that’s caused by a parasite that is spread by a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick. If it’s not treated promptly, malaria can lead to death. However, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented.
Malaria is found mostly in poor, tropical, and subtropical countries. It occurs in over 100 countries and territories, and more than a third of the world's population is at risk. Large areas of Central and South America, Hispaniola, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Oceania are considered malaria-risk areas.
Malaria was eliminated from the United States by the early 1950s, but about 1,400 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. Most of these cases occur in travelers and immigrants returning from malaria-risk areas. However, malaria has not been eliminated from many places in the world, and the World Health Organization estimates that 300-500 million cases of malaria occur each year and more than 1 million people die of malaria, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Most deaths occur in young children.
The costs of preventing and treating malaria, the missed days of work by those who are sick or who need to take care of family members who are sick, the missed days of school, the large numbers of illnesses and deaths---all create a huge drain on many national economies. Since many countries with malaria are already among the poorest nations, the disease contributes to a vicious cycle of disease and poverty.
Anyone can get malaria, however, it isn’t contagious. It can’t spread from person-to-person like a cold or the flu, and it can’t be sexually transmitted. You can’t get malaria from casual contact with malaria-infected people, such as sitting next to someone who has malaria.
People who have little or no immunity to malaria, such as young children and pregnant women who live in malaria-risk areas or travelers coming from areas with no malaria, are more likely to become very sick and die.
To prevent illness and death from malaria in malaria-risk areas, four strategies are recommended: using insecticide-treated bed nets, an effective antimalarial drug to treat malaria illness, preventive treatment for pregnant women, and spraying the inside walls of homes with an insecticide.
Anyone who travels to a malaria-risk country should take precautions. If you’re planning travel outside of the United States, check with your health care provider or a travel clinic about whether you need to take precautions against malaria, as well as other diseases. Any traveler who becomes ill with a fever or flu-like illness while traveling, and up to 1 year after returning home, should immediately seek professional medical care.
Malaria can be cured with effective drugs. The type of drugs and length of treatment depend on the type of malaria, where the person was infected, their age, whether they are pregnant, and how sick they are at the start of treatment. If the right drugs are used, people who have malaria can be cured and all the malaria parasites can be cleared from their body.
The CDC is involved in activities in the U.S. and internationally to help stop malaria. In recent years, many partners, including The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria; the World Bank; Roll Back Malaria; UNICEF; and the President’s Malaria Initiative, have stepped up efforts and joined together to increase the use of lifesaving interventions, especially in Africa. CDC also conducts cutting-edge research to make sure that effective malaria control tools will continue to be available to fight malaria.
For more information on malaria or CDC’s involvement in malaria, please visit www.cdc.gov/malaria.
For the most accurate health information, visit www.cdc.gov or call 1-800-CDC-INFO, 24/7. | <urn:uuid:b4047d38-d661-4917-8e8d-ab5d159a46d3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8831 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163798888/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204132958-00007-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94486 | 913 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Sugar, Salt and Oil
You are probably aware that a diet that contains too much sugar, salt, or fat can raise your risk for certain diseases. And you know too that healthy eating can lower your risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other health conditions.
And you also know that good nutrition means a healthy eating plan. A healthy plan is a diet that emphasizes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products. This group includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts; and limits saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars.
At a Glance
- Researchers found that eating too much or too little of certain foods and nutrients can raise the risk of dying of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.
- These results suggest ways to change eating habits that may help improve health.
Your Disease Risk Because of Poor Eating Habits
Did you know that major cardiometabolic diseases – heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes – pose real health and economic burdens on society? To understand how dietary components affect the risk of dying from these diseases; a research team led by Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian of Tufts University analyzed data from CDC’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and national disease-specific mortality data. The study was supported in part by NIH’s National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Results appeared on March 7, 2017, in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
The researchers investigated the relationships of 10 different foods and nutrients with deaths related to heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. They also compared data on participants’ age, sex, ethnicity, and education. They found that nearly half of all the deaths in the United States in 2012 that were due to cardiometabolic diseases were associated with sub-optimal eating habits.
Of 702,308 adult deaths due to heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes, 318,656 (45%) were associated with inadequate consumption of nutrients that are widely considered vital for healthy living, along with the over-consumption of foods that are not nutritious.
Deaths Due to Poor Nutrition (aka Disease Risk)
The highest percentage of cardiometabolic disease-related death (9.5%) was related to excess consumption of sodium. In addition, not eating enough ‘good’ nutrition from:
- nuts and seeds (8.5%)
- seafood omega-3 fats (7.8%)
- vegetables (7.6%)
- fruits (7.5%)
- whole grains (5.9%)
- or polyunsaturated fats (2.3%)
also increased risk of death. This information was compared with people who consumed enough of these foods/nutrients. Eating too much processed meat (8.2%), sugar-sweetened beverages (7.4%), and unprocessed red meat (0.4%) also raised the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes-related deaths.
Study of Preventable Cardiometabolic Deaths
The study showed that the proportion of deaths associated with sub-optimal diet varied across demographic groups. For instance, the proportion was higher among men than women; among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites; and among those with lower education levels.
“This study establishes the number of cardiometabolic deaths that can be linked to Americans’ eating habits, and the number is large,” explains Dr. David Goff, director of the NHLBI Division of Cardiovascular Sciences. “Second, it shows how recent reductions in those deaths relate to improvements in diet, and this relationship is strong. There is much to be done in preventing heart disease, but we know that better dietary habits can improve our health quickly. We can now act on that knowledge by making and building on small changes that add up over time.
“These findings are based on averages across the population and aren’t specific to any one person’s individual risk. Many other factors contribute to personal disease risk, including genetic factors and levels of physical activity. Individuals should consult with a health care professional about their particular dietary needs.”
– Tianna Hicklin, Ph.D.
Watch your Diet to Mitigate your Disease Risk
As you can see, an important way to keep control of your health is to watch your diet now. For example, adding salt to most processed foods is unnecessary as they contain more salt than you may realize. Sugar is also added to many food products to make them taste better, especially those that are low-fat.
You would probably be surprised at how much ‘hidden’ sugar you have consumed by the end of the day. And we know that it is not always easy to eat fresh fruits and vegetables. But you can mitigate the risk of overeating ‘bad’ ingredients by reading content labels. By reading labels, you will be more aware of, and control, the ingredients you eat. As a result, cut the ‘bad’ and you’ll not only feel better but will soon begin to look better!
Learn More with these Additional Resources…
Be sure to check out these articles for more information. Learn more about why you should plan your nutritional goals and find helpful ways to stick to your plan: Good Nutrition and Why You Need It and My Grocery Shopping List.
What to learn more? Tap an image and visit our affiliate Amazon for great resources on the subject…
|Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us
|Explore the Dark Side of the All-American Meal, America’s Food Addiction, And Why We Get Fat
|1000 Low Fat, Salt, Sugar & Cholesterol Recipes to Tempt Your Taste buds
Source: National Institutes of Health
Thank you for spending time with us today. And thank you for your Amazon purchases as they support our site with advertising fees. And the best part is that there is no additional charge to you for these fees. We hope you enjoy the Professionals Health Connection and appreciate your support.
Wishing you the best of health! | <urn:uuid:530b77b4-5626-4e93-b2a2-34c1e2c7027d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://professionalshealthconnection.com/2018/01/11/disease-risk/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.949002 | 1,272 | 3.34375 | 3 |
International Comparisons of Public Health Expenditures
The United States spends more money on health care than any other country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD consists of 30 democracies, most of which are considered the most economically advanced countries in the world.
Why does the United States spend this amount on health care? Analysts break health care spending into two parts: price and quantity (which includes the number of visits to health care providers and the intensity of those visits). In terms of quantity, OECD data indicate that the United States has far fewer doctor visits per person compared with the OECD average; for hospitalizations, the United States ranks well below the OECD and is roughly comparable in terms of length of hospital stays.
The intensity of service delivery is a different story: The United States uses more of the newest medical technologies and performs several invasive procedures more frequently than the average OECD country. In terms of price, the OECD has stated that “there is no doubt that United States prices for medical care commodities and services are significantly higher than in other countries and serve as a key determinant of higher overall spending.” (Peterson, & Burton, 2007).
For this Discussion, think about national public health expenditures. Consider if these expenditures correlate with desired public health outcomes. Next, evaluate public health expenditures in the United States. Then, select a country other than the United States. Contrast the expenditures from the two countries.
With these thoughts in mind:
2-3 pages explanation of how public health expenditures may or may not correlate with desired public health outcomes. Compare the differences in public health expenditures between the United States and one other country. Finally, explain any insights you had or conclusions you drew based upon your analysis. | <urn:uuid:ecf91411-0029-4e90-8f28-94ce1f78a8f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.thehomeworkgurus.com/public-health-economics-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657145436.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713131310-20200713161310-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.942277 | 352 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In recent years, functional training has gained significant popularity in fitness studios as an effective approach to strength training. This method focuses on improving overall body functionality and performance by engaging multiple muscle groups simultaneously through dynamic movements. For instance, imagine a scenario where an individual wants to improve their ability to perform daily activities such as lifting heavy objects or climbing stairs without feeling fatigued. Functional training would provide them with the tools necessary to achieve these goals by targeting specific muscles that are involved in these actions.
Functional training differs from traditional strength training methods due to its emphasis on real-life movements rather than isolated exercises that target one muscle group at a time. By incorporating full-body exercises that mimic everyday activities, individuals can develop greater stability, mobility, and coordination. Furthermore, this type of training also enhances core strength, which is crucial for maintaining proper posture and preventing injuries during physical activities.
As we delve deeper into the world of functional training within fitness studios, it becomes evident that adopting this approach offers numerous benefits beyond mere aesthetics. The integration of functional exercises not only improves muscular strength but also aids in developing balance and flexibility – essential components for overall physical well-being. Through exploring various techniques used in functional training programs, this article aims to shed light on how fitness enthusiasts can optimize their fitness journey and maximize their overall performance.
One technique commonly used in functional training is resistance training, which involves using external weights or resistance bands to challenge the muscles. This can be done through exercises such as squats, lunges, push-ups, and rows. By progressively increasing the resistance over time, individuals can build strength and endurance in a functional manner.
Another key component of functional training is stability and balance exercises. These exercises often involve engaging the core muscles while performing movements that require maintaining balance, such as single-leg deadlifts or standing on an unstable surface like a Bosu ball. By improving stability and balance, individuals can enhance their proprioception (awareness of body position) and reduce the risk of falls or injuries during daily activities.
Flexibility is also crucial in functional training as it allows for greater range of motion in joints and muscles. Incorporating dynamic stretching exercises into a workout routine can help improve flexibility while also preparing the body for more intense movements. Exercises like walking lunges with a twist or inchworms are great examples of dynamic stretches that target multiple muscle groups simultaneously.
Additionally, functional training often includes plyometric exercises to enhance power and explosiveness. Plyometrics involve rapid muscle contractions followed by explosive movements, such as box jumps or medicine ball throws. These exercises not only develop muscular power but also improve coordination and reaction time – important factors for athletic performance.
To optimize their fitness journey through functional training, individuals should consider working with a qualified fitness professional who specializes in this approach. They can design personalized programs based on specific goals and individual needs while ensuring proper form and technique to prevent injuries.
In conclusion, incorporating functional training into a fitness routine offers numerous benefits beyond solely focusing on aesthetics. By targeting multiple muscle groups simultaneously through real-life movements, individuals can improve overall functionality, stability, mobility, coordination, core strength, balance, flexibility, power, and more. Whether aiming to excel in athletic performance or simply wanting to enhance everyday activities, functional training provides a holistic approach that can optimize physical well-being and maximize overall performance.
Benefits of Functional Training
Functional training has gained popularity in fitness studios due to its effectiveness in improving overall physical performance and functional abilities. By incorporating exercises that mimic daily movements, functional training helps individuals develop strength, stability, flexibility, and endurance needed for daily activities and sports performance.
A case study involving a sedentary office worker highlights the transformative benefits of functional training. Prior to starting a functional training program, this individual struggled with basic tasks such as carrying groceries or climbing stairs without feeling fatigued. However, after several months of consistent functional training sessions, their overall strength and endurance significantly improved. They could now effortlessly perform these activities while experiencing less fatigue.
One key benefit of functional training is its ability to enhance movement efficiency through increased neuromuscular coordination. This type of training involves engaging multiple muscle groups simultaneously rather than isolating specific muscles. As a result, individuals become more proficient at coordinating movements between different muscle groups and joints. This improved coordination leads to smoother and more efficient body mechanics during daily activities.
Moreover, functional training focuses on developing core strength and stability – essential components for maintaining proper posture and preventing injuries. A strong core not only enhances balance but also supports all other movements performed by the body. Additionally, it improves spinal alignment and reduces the risk of lower back pain – a common issue among individuals who lead predominantly sedentary lifestyles.
- Increased confidence in performing everyday tasks
- Enhanced athletic performance across various sports
- Decreased risk of injury during physical activity
- Improved quality of life through enhanced mobility
In addition to these advantages, functional training offers numerous other benefits that can be represented in an emotionally impactful 3-column table:
|Develops muscular power & improves overall strength
|Enhances range of motion & joint flexibility
|Builds stamina & improves cardiovascular fitness
|Energized and resilient
|Strengthens muscles, joints, and connective tissues
|Peace of mind
In conclusion, functional training provides a holistic approach to fitness that not only enhances physical performance but also improves overall quality of life. Its benefits include improved movement efficiency, increased neuromuscular coordination, enhanced core stability, reduced risk of injury, and greater confidence in performing daily activities. These advantages evoke an emotional response by empowering individuals, increasing their freedom and energy levels while providing peace of mind. In the subsequent section about “Key Principles of Functional Training,” we will delve deeper into the fundamental principles that underpin this effective training method.
Key Principles of Functional Training
Transitioning from the previous section on the benefits of functional training, it is important to delve into the key principles that underpin this approach. By understanding these principles, fitness enthusiasts and professionals can effectively implement functional training techniques in their workouts. To illustrate this further, let’s consider a hypothetical case study of an individual named Sarah who wanted to improve her overall strength and physical performance.
Sarah had been regularly going to the gym for traditional weightlifting exercises but felt limited in her everyday movements outside of the gym. She decided to incorporate functional training into her routine to address these limitations. Functional training focuses on improving movement patterns and mimicking real-life activities, making it highly beneficial for individuals like Sarah seeking practical improvements in their daily life functionality.
There are several key principles that guide functional training:
- Movement Patterns: Functional training emphasizes multi-joint movements that engage multiple muscle groups simultaneously. This helps develop coordination and stability while also enhancing overall strength.
- Core Stability: Core stability plays a vital role in maintaining proper posture and preventing injuries during physical activities. Functional training incorporates exercises that target core muscles, such as planks or Russian twists.
- Balance and Proprioception: Functional training involves exercises that challenge balance and proprioception (the body’s awareness of its position), which improves stability and reduces the risk of falls or other accidents.
- Progressive Overload: Similar to traditional strength training, progressive overload is essential in functional training as well. Gradually increasing intensity or resistance ensures continued adaptation and improvement over time.
To highlight the emotional impact of incorporating functional training techniques, imagine experiencing:
- A newfound sense of confidence when effortlessly lifting heavy objects or performing physically demanding tasks.
- Increased energy levels throughout the day due to improved movement efficiency.
- Reduced instances of pain or discomfort caused by poor posture or weak stabilizing muscles.
- Enhanced athletic performance through enhanced agility, speed, and power.
Furthermore, we can examine these key principles more closely through the following table:
|Engaging multiple muscle groups simultaneously to improve coordination and overall strength.
|Targeting core muscles for better posture, injury prevention, and improved functional movement.
|Challenging balance and proprioceptive abilities to enhance stability and reduce the risk of accidents.
|Gradually increasing intensity or resistance to ensure continued adaptation and improvement over time.
As we explore the key principles underlying functional training, it is important to note that these principles create a solid foundation for safe and effective workouts. In our next section on “Functional Training Equipment,” we will delve into the tools utilized in this form of training to further optimize its benefits for fitness enthusiasts like Sarah.
[Transition sentence: With an understanding of these principles, let us now examine the equipment used in functional training.]
Functional Training Equipment
Transitioning from the key principles of functional training, we now delve into the various equipment used in fitness studios to facilitate effective and engaging workouts. By utilizing specialized tools, trainers can create an environment that challenges individuals’ muscles and movements while targeting specific areas for improvement.
For instance, let’s consider a hypothetical case study involving Sarah, a fitness enthusiast looking to improve her overall strength and conditioning. In her functional training sessions at a local studio, she encounters different types of equipment designed to enhance her workout experience. These include:
- Suspension Trainers: Adjustable straps allowing full-body exercises by leveraging body weight against gravity.
- Medicine Balls: Weighted balls utilized for resistance during dynamic movements like throws and slams.
- Battle Ropes: Thick ropes used for cardiovascular endurance and upper body muscle engagement through waves or slams.
- Plyometric Boxes: Sturdy platforms varying in height, promoting explosive movements such as box jumps or step-ups.
To further highlight the benefits of these equipment options, consider the following table:
|Engages core muscles and improves balance
|Enhances coordination and power
|Boosts cardiovascular health
|Develops explosiveness and agility
By incorporating these diverse pieces of equipment into their routines, fitness studios provide individuals with multifaceted workouts that evoke emotional responses ranging from empowerment to achievement.
In the subsequent section on “Functional Training Exercises for Upper Body,” we will explore specific techniques targeting the upper body region using functional training methods. Through strategic exercise selection and proper equipment utilization, individuals can enhance their upper body strength and functional movement patterns.
Functional Training Exercises for Upper Body
Transitioning from the previous section on functional training equipment, let us now explore various exercises that specifically target the upper body. To illustrate the effectiveness of these exercises, consider a hypothetical case study of an individual named Sarah who wants to improve her upper body strength and overall fitness.
Sarah begins her workout with a set of push-ups, which engage multiple muscle groups in the chest, shoulders, and arms. This exercise not only builds upper body strength but also enhances core stability. By incorporating different variations such as incline or decline push-ups, Sarah can progressively challenge herself and continue to see improvements in her strength levels.
In addition to push-ups, incorporating resistance band exercises into Sarah’s routine is highly beneficial. Resistance bands offer variable resistance throughout the movement range, providing continuous tension on the muscles being worked. For instance, performing bicep curls with resistance bands targets the muscles in the arm while engaging stabilizer muscles for improved joint stability.
To further enhance upper body strength and muscular endurance, Sarah can include kettlebell swings in her workout regimen. Kettlebell swings are effective at targeting the posterior chain muscles including the back, glutes, and hamstrings, along with activating shoulder muscles during the swing motion. This full-body exercise not only strengthens the upper body but also improves cardiovascular fitness due to its dynamic nature.
Engaging in regular functional training exercises targeting the upper body offers numerous benefits beyond just building muscle mass. Let us take a moment to reflect on some of these advantages:
- Increased overall strength and power
- Improved posture and alignment
- Enhanced athletic performance
- Reduced risk of injury through better joint stability
By adopting a well-rounded functional training program focusing on exercises like push-ups, resistance band workouts, and kettlebell swings, individuals like Sarah can effectively strengthen their upper body while reaping additional physical gains associated with this type of training.
Moving forward into our next section about functional training exercises for the lower body, let’s explore how these exercises can be tailored to target different muscle groups and enhance overall lower body strength.
Functional Training Exercises for Lower Body
After exploring functional training exercises for the upper body, let us now turn our attention to the lower body. To illustrate the effectiveness of these exercises, consider the case study of Sarah, a 32-year-old avid runner who was experiencing chronic knee pain during her runs. By incorporating functional training exercises into her fitness routine, she was able to strengthen her lower body muscles and improve her running performance while reducing discomfort.
To achieve similar results and maximize the benefits of functional training for your lower body, here are some key techniques and exercises to incorporate:
Squats: This classic exercise targets multiple muscle groups in the legs, including the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, and calves. Performing squats with proper form helps build strength and stability in the lower body.
Lunges: Lunges engage various muscles in the thighs and hips while improving balance and coordination. Incorporating forward lunges, reverse lunges, and lateral lunges can provide a well-rounded workout for your lower body.
Deadlifts: Deadlifts primarily work on strengthening the posterior chain muscles such as the glutes, hamstrings, and erector spinae. They not only enhance overall leg strength but also contribute to core stability.
Step-ups: Step-ups simulate everyday movements like climbing stairs or stepping onto elevated surfaces. This exercise targets the quadriceps and gluteal muscles while promoting better balance and stability.
By regularly practicing these functional training exercises for your lower body, you can experience improvements in athletic performance, reduce risk of injury during physical activities, and enhance overall mobility.
Now that we have explored specific functional training exercises for both upper body (as discussed previously) and lower body workouts let’s delve into how you can incorporate this approach into your own fitness routine without disrupting your current regimen or requiring excessive equipment or time commitment
Incorporating Functional Training in Your Fitness Routine
Functional training has gained significant popularity in fitness studios due to its focus on real-life movements and improving overall strength and mobility. In the previous section, we explored various functional training exercises for the lower body. Now, let’s delve into how you can incorporate functional training techniques into your fitness routine.
To better understand the practical application of functional training, consider the following example: Imagine a middle-aged individual who wants to improve their ability to perform everyday activities such as lifting heavy objects or climbing stairs without discomfort. By incorporating functional training exercises that mimic these movements, they can enhance their muscle strength and joint stability in a way that directly translates to improved functionality in daily life.
When including functional training techniques in your fitness routine, it is essential to keep certain considerations in mind:
- Exercise Variation: Incorporate a variety of exercises that target different muscle groups and movement patterns. This will help prevent plateaus and ensure well-rounded development.
- Progressive Overload: Gradually increase the intensity or difficulty of your workouts over time to continue challenging your muscles and promoting growth.
- Proper Form and Technique: Focus on maintaining correct form during exercises to optimize results while minimizing the risk of injury.
- Individualization: Tailor your functional training routine based on your specific goals, fitness level, and any existing limitations or injuries.
Incorporating these principles into your workout program can lead not only to physical improvements but also provide mental benefits such as increased confidence and motivation.
|Targeted Muscle Groups
|Improved Lower Body
|Enhanced Posterior Chain
|Quads, Glutes, Hamstrings
|Improved Balance and
By incorporating functional training techniques into your fitness routine, you can enhance not only your physical strength but also improve overall functionality in daily activities. Remember to vary exercises, progressively increase intensity, maintain proper form, and individualize your program according to your goals. So why wait? Start incorporating functional training into your workouts today for a well-rounded and effective fitness regimen.
(Note: The bullet point list and table above are formatted using markdown syntax.) | <urn:uuid:e0a7a08e-716f-448c-8bf7-3bedcca867f6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://studiolaurus.com/functional-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473871.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222225655-20240223015655-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.926952 | 3,337 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Mahavir Jayanti namaskar to all sentient beings. According to Jain tradition, Vardhamana Mahavira (599-527 BCE) was the 24th (and the last) tirthankara. “In Jainism, a Tīrthaṅkara is a human being who helps in achieving liberation and enlightenment as an “Arihant” by destroying their soul-constraining karmas, became a role-model and leader for those seeking spiritual guidance.” (Wiki.)
Let’s recall the Namaskar Mantra, which is “a gesture of deep respect towards beings Jains believe are more spiritually advanced and to remind followers of the Jain religion of their ultimate goal of nirvana or moksa.”
I bow to the arihants
I bow to the siddhas
I bow to the acharyas
I bow to the teachers
I bow to all sadhus
This five-fold bow destroys all sins and obstacles
And of all auspicious mantras, is the first and foremost one.
Among the Indic religions — Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism — Jainism is the most life-affirming. It categorically teaches that one should not harm any living being. Killing is definitely out. If everyone were to follow that principle, there would be no terrorism, leave alone organized wars.
Not that there is much to be gained by comparing religions, but if you must, Jainism is one end of the spectrum that extends from the benign to the malignant. Sam Harris compared Christianity’s Ten Commandments with Mahavira’s teachings in his book Letter to a Christian Nation thus:
If you think that it would be impossible to improve upon the Ten Commandments as a statement of morality, you really owe it to yourself to read some other scriptures. Once again, we need look no further than the Jains: Mahavira, the Jain patriarch, surpassed the morality of the Bible with a single sentence: “Do not injure, abuse, oppress, enslave, insult, torment, torture, or kill any creature or living being.” Imagine how different our world might be if the Bible contained this as its central precept. Christians have abused, oppressed, enslaved, insulted, tormented, tortured, and killed people in the name of God for centuries, on the basis of a theologically defensible reading of the Bible.
I admit that I take enormous pride that I was born in the same land that gave birth to Jainism.
I bow in deep reverence to Bhagawan Mahavir and all other Tirthankaras. | <urn:uuid:57cc4999-6df6-4e9c-8a8d-ec057c588ff2> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.deeshaa.org/2013/04/24/mahavir-jayanti-greetings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462839.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00034-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947197 | 566 | 2.8125 | 3 |
NATO scientists study the role of women in combat units
NATO’s Science and Technology Organization (STO) recently completed a major study on the integration of women into ground combat units.
The study found that many NATO and partner countries are integrating women into ground close combat units and the roles open to women are increasing.
Gender integration influences combat effectiveness. It is therefore important, the study notes, to identify best practices, collect evidence and collate lessons learned to support the participation of women in combat roles and to better understand the effects of gender integration.
The study, conducted by scientists from NATO and partner countries, identified:
- the influence of social, cultural, and psychological factors of gender integration in ground close combat units and their impact on combat effectiveness;
- effective processes and strategies for the integration of women;
- appropriate methodologies for monitoring, measurement and assessment of integration.
The empirical evidence and recommendations from the study will be shared and help inform defence research programs within participating nations. It will also provide opportunities for collaborative research with academic institutions, as well as security partners such as police organisations.
Going forward, the STO will publish a compendium report on the role of women in the armed forces. NATO recognises the vital roles women play in peace and security, and the importance of incorporating gender perspectives in all that the Alliance does. | <urn:uuid:e0812ef6-b73c-4eac-8885-993cd1b8784c> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_181183.htm?selectedLocale=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992440.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517180757-20210517210757-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.929612 | 276 | 2.625 | 3 |
Danish Folk High Schools
What it means to be human…
Long long time ago, in the beginning of 19th century, at the heart of the development of public education, Nikolaj Grundtvig travelled to Oxford and Cambridge searching for ideas how to improve learning in Denmark.
He visited places recognized for stable culture, high academic achievements, but it wasn’t academia that Grundtvig wanted to bring back to Denmark. He was looking for something universal, that is eternal for all human being. Something that works in all settings and involves all social classes. What inspires people to share knowledge and learn together?
Grundtvig believed the university should educate its students for active participation in society, so he designed a concept of “Oxford and Cambridge” for Danish farmers, where people learned to live together, work together and co-create. While the whole Europe was rushing to get independent as soon as possible and often swinged back to dictatorship, Grundtvig chose a different path. He chose patience and evolution instead of revolution aiming to educate all social classes, including farmers, to bring society to the next level. His ideas laid the foundations for Danish Folk High Schools, which became the place of adult education where people were learning main things about democracy. In these schools, students learned to live in small society with shared responsibility. They learned to work together, support and understand each other, while appreciating tolerance and freedom of speech. They also studied poetry, history, religion, nature and searched for the balance of all mentioned above.
So what is the role in education and society that Danish Folk High Schools are playing now? It is a place where you are welcomed as you are, based on your motivation and not your grades, where you can try out things you really care about and are interested in. The whole community is there to support students and help them to fulfill their dreams. Danish Folk High School is a boarding school, usually chosen by youth coming from their secondary education. Students come here to take a break up to a year, before making career and life decisions. This is a place to experience what it takes to live in small and diverse community where active participation, responsibility and co-creation for the common good are at the heart of the culture.
All the boundaries between people, whether it is their age, social class or status, almost disappear. The relationship between students and teachers is very different from other educational institutions – it is based on friendship and support. Teachers in Danish Folk High School help students learn what they want learn, rather than teaching them what should be learned. The essence of learning is understanding what it means to be a human, where head, heart and hands find the balance.
So 200 years later after Grundtvig went to England, we travel to Danish Folk High Schools to get inspired as did Grundtvig in his journey. What will be the things that we will co-create and bring back to our countries? What is really needed in our society now and how can we respond to that? What will be the stories that will be told 200 years from now?
More about Danish Folk Highschools: | <urn:uuid:8fc9dc0d-fb31-4e75-b900-3c08c33147e9> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.movemakers.eu/events/what-it-means-to-be-human/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178385529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308205020-20210308235020-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.972939 | 644 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Mainland China has a vast area with a variety of climates and complicated terrains, as such it is one of the countries that has the most serious natural disasters. The sudden natural disasters and production safety accidents have brought huge losses and dangers to peoples lives and fortunes, which has created a huge demand for emergency rescue services. The transportation system is well developed with highways spread across the whole country. However, large-scale personnel flow leads to large car flow, with frequent traffic accidents and deaths. As the level of urbanization continuously increases, the aging population rises day by day. With the growth of the civil income level and health awareness, the demand for advanced medical resource transfers will also increase. In addition, due to the predictions for accidents that may occur during traveling, participating in cultural activities, and assembly, medical rescue displays a multi-point, multi-issue, widespread normalized increasing demand.
The role that aviation emergency rescue plays in emergency management
In the process of managing and handling a variety of accidents and disasters, aircraft such as helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, and drones have the advantages of high mobility, fast movement, large scope of activities, and rare restrictions by terrain. Developed countries around the world usually use these aircraft as emergency rescue tools. Hence, the modern aviation rescue system is composed of helicopters, fixed-wing, and drones as the main force of the whole emergency rescue system.
General Secretary Xi attaches great importance to emergency rescue and has issued a series of important talks and discussions. General Secretary Xi emphasized on the 19th conference about the Chinese emergency management system and ability establishment held by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party: “Emergency management is the important part of the governance of the country’s system and competence. It is responsible for preventing serious safety risks and instantly responding to a variety of disasters and accidents as well as protecting the safety of peoples’ lives and properties to maintain a stable society. We need to give full play to the specialties and advantages of the national emergency management system, learn from the successful models of international emergency management systems, and proactively promote the modernization of the national emergency management system.” As a significant part of the emergency rescue system, General Secretary Xi highlighted “We need to strengthen the construction of aviation emergency rescue capabilities and optimize the mechanisms of emergency rescue.” General Secretary Xi’s important instructions provide consolidated guidance for us to construct an aviation emergency system.
The advantages and challenges of aviation emergency rescue
Aviation rescue has the advantages of fast speed and high mobility, especially when executing missions such as shortdistance transportation, urban emergency, medical rescue, forestry fire fighting, offshore search and rescue, etc. Establishing a complete aviation rescue system is quite meaningful to national economic development and the public. It is also an important way to improve the public’s sense of happiness and security.
Aviation rescue also confronts some specific challenges, mainly including the following four points:
The current development of aviation emergency rescue in mainland China
Compared to Western developed countries, the aviation emergency rescue industry in mainland China is still in the beginning stage. There are huge differences between mainland China and developed countries in the number of rescue aircraft, rescue response time, rescue service quality evaluation, and service categories. The government pays great attention to aviation rescue development. By setting up supportive policies, establishing managing departments, and regulating industry management, the aviation rescue system has started to take shape.
The aviation rescue force in mainland China can be divided into two categories. One is the centralized management government force and the other is social power used in aviation rescue. For example, the aviation rescue team in the film “The Rescue” (2020) belongs to the ministry of transport as the professional aviation rescue force. On the other hand, general aviation companies with rescue capabilities are part of the social power of aviation rescue.
There still exists some shortages in China’s aviation emergency system that needs to be addressed as follows:
The policies and future development of aviation emergency rescue
In recent years, the aviation rescue business and system in mainland China is developing due to central and local governments’ promotions. The government published a series of policies such as the General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China “Opinions on Promoting the Emergency Industry Development” (2012), the State Council of the People’s Republic of China “Opinions on Promoting the Development of Civil Aviation” (2014), General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China “Guidance toward Promoting the Development of General Aviation” (2016), General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China “The 13th Five-Year Plan on National Accidents Emergency System Construction” (2017), the State Council of the People’s Republic of China “Opinions on Carrying through“ Government Operation Report” Department Coordination” (2018), CAAC, the National Health Commission “Execution Plan on Aviation Medical Rescue Coordination Experimental Work” (2019). These documents provide specific guidance toward policies, strategic planning, and solid implementation.
In 2018, the Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China was established, which managed a variety of positions and departments about security production, natural disasters, and serious accidents. At the same time, it is the main department responsible for abnormal rescue dispatch and mission execution and also united the aviation rescue force together. The Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China pays great attention to the establishment of the aviation emergency rescue system. On September 6th, 2019, it published the “Emergency Rescue Aviation System Establishment Plan” (Emergency No.89) and proposed specific requests and implementation plans such as “Constructing Emergency Rescue Aviation Command Platform”, “Establishing Aviation Key Force of Emergency Rescue”, and “Optimizing Emergency Rescue Aviation Security Terms”.
As the industry management department, the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) manages the operation specifications of general aviation companies and general airports. In terms of financial subsidies, the CAAC encourages and supports the development of the general aviation industry to assist with construction of an aviation emergency rescue system. On the other hand, the National Health Commission has explored new highefficiency rescue methods in the medical field.
The first aviation rescue national team – China Aviation Rescue & Emergency.
The establishment of an aviation emergency rescue system is a vast and complex engineering feat involving aspects of the national economy, social development, and national defense construction. It is necessary to be strongly promoted, from the top design to overall planning, with factors such as system construction, regulations and mechanisms, scale development, and industrial operation. Exploiting factors such as centralized management, unified deployment, rapid reaction, focus and concentration, professional development, appropriate size, support improvement, the aviation emergency rescue system can play to the strengths of central and local governments, enterprises, and institutions to promote it step by step.
As the “First National Aviation Rescue Team”, China Aviation Rescue & Emergency Holding Company (China Aviation Rescue & Emergency) is dedicated to creating an aviation rescue service system covering the country, serving the public, in line with international standards, secure, and highly efficient. Using province and region as its unit, China Aviation Rescue & Emergency can provide safe and high-efficient all-day aviation medical rescue services to main regions nationwide and aviation emergency rescue services when accidents happen.
Since its establishment, China Aviation Rescue & Emergency has been committed to emergency aviation rescue following important instructions from president Xi Jinping and the document requirement form〔2019〕#89. This platform serves as a bridge between the demand and providers as an informative platform and service. Taking advantage of current resources and integrated viable forces, this platform can meet the demands of administrative departments and users by providing a one-stop service.
China Aviation Rescue & Emergency has planned to promote work by drawing upon experiences gained in key areas, formulating a pilot scheme at the provincial level, and then spreading this to other provinces/regions. That is why China Aviation Rescue & Emergency has established a rescue base in Zhejiang province which has gradually spread to the Yangtze River Delta Area. China Aviation Rescue & Emergency proactively attended the aviation aid safeguard for major national projects and communicated with related corporations from all over the world. Combining other resources, China Aviation Rescue & Emergency can improve the functions of the aviation aid system.
On July 16th, 2021, Henan Province suffered from floods due to heavy rainfalls. China Aviation Rescue & Emergency reacted quickly and took responsibility to execute rescue missions. On July 22nd, against all odds, China Aviation Supplies assembled one utility (equipped with professional onboard medical facilities) light-twin Bell 429 helicopter which was dispatched overnight to disaster areas with consolidated operational capabilities. As a result, China Aviation Supplies became the “first and only” case of a central enterprise combining with social forces to fight floods. In the continuous three-day rescue process, China Aviation Supplies easily executed missions such as Xinhua’s aerial photography for news reports, supplies delivery for nursing homes, schools, trapped communities as well as medical hospital transfers. It has departed 17 times, patrolled cities with more serious disasters such as Xinxiang Weihui, Hebi Junxian, Zhengzhou Baisha, brought around ten thousand pieces of supplies and saved thousands of people. When China Aviation Supplies fought against the disasters in Henan Province, it simultaneously responded to the need from the emergency department in Hebei Province beforehand. China Aviation Supplies rescue team went to Shijiazhuang for disaster prevention surveillance, which provided decisive support for disaster prevention and reduction. This action demonstrated what central corporations should do: they should come forward, regardless of gains or losses, and move forward courageously with positive energy. Thus, it can influence more social forces to follow, allowing central and local forces to work together.
China Aviation Rescue & Emergency sufficiently fulfills the social duties as a central corporation whilst promoting industry development. By creating a platform-based company, China Aviation Supplies and Aviation Rescue can work together to play an important role in aviation rescue. This is reflected in the following three aspects:
Connecting supply and demand as well as up and down has been set as the goal for China Aviation Rescue & Emergency. It is dedicated to becoming an important starting point of the government’s emergency decision-making and a powerful way to enhance the rescue ability and standard of corporations.
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Chicagoland/O'Hare Chapter 142
AIR FORCE/MILITARY HISTORY
T-38 TALON TRAINER / F-5 FREEDOM FIGHTER or TIGER II
The Northrop T-38 Talon is a two-seat, twinjet supersonic jet trainer. It was the world's first supersonic trainer and is also the most produced. The T-38 remains in service as of 2019 in several air forces.
The United States Air Force (USAF) operates the most T-38s. In addition to training USAF pilots, the T-38 is used by NASA. The U.S. Naval Test Pilot School is the principal US Navy operator (other T-38s were previously used as USN for Dissimilar air combat training until replaced by the similar Northrop F-5 Tiger II). Pilots of other NATO nations fly the T-38 in joint training programs with USAF pilots.
As of 2019, the T-38 has been in service for over 50 years with its original operator, the United States Air Force.
In 1952 Northrop began work on a fighter project, the Fang, with shoulder-mounted delta wing and a single engine. The proposed General Electric J79 engine, weighing nearly two tons, meant the resulting aircraft would be large and expensive. Then in 1953, representatives from General Electric Aviation's newly created Small Aircraft Engine Department showed Northrop a relatively tiny engine (around 400 lb installed wt) capable of 2,500 lb of thrust, and Northrop VP-Engineering Edgar Schmued saw the possibility of reversing the trend toward the large fighters. Schmued and chief engineer Welko Gasich decided on a small twin-engine "hot-rod" fighter, the N-156. Northrop began its N-156 project in 1954, aiming for a small supersonic fighter jet capable of operating from the US Navy's escort carriers. However, when the Navy chose not to pursue equipping its fleets in that fashion, Northrop continued the N-156 design using in-house funding, recasting it as a lightweight fighter (dubbed N-156F) and aimed at the export market.
In the mid-1950s the USAF issued a General Operating Requirement for a supersonic trainer, planning to retire its 1940s-era Lockheed T-33s. Northrop officials decided to adapt the N-156 to this competition. The only other candidate was the two-seat version of the North American F-100 Super Sabre. Although the F-100 was not considered the ideal candidate for a training aircraft (it is not capable of recovering from a spin), NAA was still considered the favorite in the competition due to that company's favored-contractor status with the Air Force. However, Northrop officials convincingly presented life-cycle cost comparisons which could not be ignored, and they were awarded the contract, receiving an order for three prototypes. The first (designated YT-38) flew on 10 April 1959. The type was quickly adopted and the first production examples were delivered in 1961, officially entering service on 17 March that year, complementing the T-37 primary jet trainer. When production ended in 1972, 1,187 T-38s had been built (plus two N-156T prototypes). Since its introduction, it is estimated that some 50,000 military pilots have trained on this aircraft. The USAF remains one of the few armed flying forces using dedicated supersonic final trainers, as most, such as the US Navy, use high subsonic trainers.
The T-38 is of conventional configuration, with a small, low, long-chord wing, a single vertical stabilizer, and tricycle undercarriage. The aircraft seats a student pilot and instructor in tandem, and has intakes for its two turbojet engines at the wing roots. Its nimble performance has earned it the nickname white rocket. In 1962 the T-38 set absolute time-to-climb records for 3,000, 6,000, 9,000 and 12,000 meters, beating the records for those altitudes set by the F-104 in December 1958. (The F-4 beat the T-38's records less than a month later.)
The F-5B and F (which also derive from the N-156) can be distinguished from the T-38 by the wings; the wing of the T-38 meets the fuselage straight and ends square, while the F-5 has leading edge extensions near the wing roots and wingtip launch rails for air-to-air missiles. The wings of both the T-38 and the F-5 family use conventional skin over spar-rib structure.
Most T-38s built were of the T-38A variant, but the USAF also had a small number of aircraft converted for weapons training (designated AT-38B), which were fitted with a gunsight and could carry a gunpod, rockets, or bombs on a centerline pylon. As of September 30, 2017, 503 T-38s were still operational with the USAF, with many more in operation around the world. Most of the USAF variant aircraft (T-38A and AT-38B) have been converted to the T-38C through an avionics upgrade program. Improvements include the addition of a HUD, GPS, INS (Inertial Navigation System), and TCAS. Most jets have also received PMP (a propulsion modification to improve low-altitude engine thrust). Approximately a third of the fleet (those that experience more severe usage) are currently undergoing structural replacements and upgrades, as well as receiving new wings, to extend their service life to 2029.
The fighter version of the N-156 was eventually selected for the US Military Assistance Program and produced as the F-5 Freedom Fighter. Many of these have since reverted to a weapons training role as various air forces have introduced newer types into service. The F-5G was an advanced single-engined variant later renamed the F-20 Tigershark. In 2018, the Iranian Air Force announced that an outwardly-similar aircraft, named the Kowsar, had been constructed within Iran.
The USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) had T-38s in service from 1978 until SAC's 1991 inactivation. These aircraft were used to enhance the career development of bomber copilots through the "Accelerated Copilot Enrichment Program." They were later used as proficiency aircraft for all B-52, B-1, Lockheed SR-71, U-2, Boeing KC-135, and KC-10 pilots. SAC's successors, the Air Combat Command (ACC) and the Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC), continue to retain T-38s as proficiency aircraft for U-2 pilots and B-2 pilots, respectively.
The Air Training Command's (ATC) successor, the Air Education and Training Command (AETC), uses the T-38C to prepare pilots for the F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle, the F-16 Fighting Falcon, B-52 Stratofortress, B-1B Lancer, B-2 Spirit, A-10 Thunderbolt, F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II. The AETC received T-38Cs in 2001 as part of the Avionics Upgrade Program. The T-38Cs owned by the AETC have undergone propulsion modernization which replaces major engine components to enhance reliability and maintainability, and an engine inlet/injector modification to increase available takeoff thrust. These upgrades and modifications, with the Pacer Classic program, should extend the service life of T-38s past 2020. The T-38 has an availability goal of 75% which it maintained in 2011, however in 2015 availability is 60%.
Besides the USAF, USN and NASA, other T-38 operators included the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), the Portuguese Air Force, the Republic of China Air Force, and the Turkish Air Force.
NASA operates a fleet of thirty-two T-38 aircraft and uses the aircraft as a jet trainer for its astronauts, as well as a chase plane. Its fleet is housed primarily at Ellington Field in Houston, Texas. NASA's internal projections show the number of operational jet trainers falling to 16 by 2015. The agency spends $25–30 million annually to fly and maintain the T-38s.
During the Space Shuttle era it was established NASA tradition for astronauts to arrive at the Kennedy Space Center in T-38 Talons. | <urn:uuid:da06d08c-0eeb-4385-acd8-87ab28bbb074> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://afachapter142.com/a_f_-history-pg_-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00363.warc.gz | en | 0.960016 | 1,774 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Home » Spine Conditions » Foraminal Narrowing
Foraminal narrowing, or foraminal stenosis, is a condition of the spine that can cause pain and other symptoms resulting from spinal nerve root compression. At every level of the spine, a pair of nerve roots runs through the spinal column via small openings called foramina (singular: foramen). When narrowing, or stenosis, occurs in the foramina, the space available for the nerve roots to pass is reduced. While narrowing of the foraminal canals does not necessarily elicit symptoms, if a nerve root is irritated or compressed, it can cause pain that radiates along the length of the nerve, as well as tingling, numbness or weakness within the muscle group innervated by the affected nerve.
Causes of foraminal narrowing
Most cases of foraminal stenosis are related to gradual anatomical deterioration that is associated with the aging process. The vertebrae, intervertebral discs and other spinal components break down after years of wear and tear, especially within the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions of the spine. Usually, this anatomical degeneration affects one side of a vertebral segment, producing unilateral foraminal narrowing. Sometimes, degeneration affects both sides of a vertebral segment, and this is known as bilateral foraminal stenosis. Conditions that can produce stenosis within the foraminal canals include:
- Bulging disc — a portion of the outer disc wall can protrude into foraminal space.
- Herniated disc — extruded disc nucleus material breaks through a tear in the disc’s outer wall and leaks into the foraminal opening.
- Bone spurs — osteophytes resulting from arthritis of the spine can grow along the edges of the foramina, constricting available space.
- Spondylolisthesis — slippage of one vertebra over another can reduce foraminal space significantly.
- Spinal injury — a fracture or compression injury can displace the vertebrae, thereby reducing the space available for nerve roots to branch off the spinal cord.
- Degenerative disc disease — deterioration of an intervertebral disc can reduce the disc’s height, shrinking the foraminal space available for nerve roots to pass.
Treatment for foraminal narrowing
An attempt to manage symptoms associated with foraminal narrowing typically begins with exercise, pain medication and/or corticosteroid injections. If symptoms persist after several weeks of conservative treatment, contact USA Spine Care to determine whether a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure known as a foraminotomy may be able to help you find relief from neck or back pain.
Browse Related Resources | <urn:uuid:4695ef60-6795-4f7e-92b7-b909852fcb47> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.usaspinecare.com/back_problems/foraminal_narrowing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.883332 | 566 | 2.984375 | 3 |
- Agronomic: corn, rye, soybeans
- Crop Production: cover crops, intercropping
In the mid-Atlantic region, the inclusion of double-crop soybean in wheat-soybean-corn rotations limits legume cover crop adoption due to the shortened window for establishing cover crops after the soybean harvest. Double-crop soybeans are harvested in mid-November; however, legumes must be seeded by late September to early October in this region to ensure establishment and high biomass production. To improve legume cover crop performance and subsequent adoption, we will evaluate a novel cover crop interseeder technology, which allows growers to drill cover crops into a standing soybean crop. This practice could transform growers’ ability to integrate legume cover crops into a grain rotation and offset inorganic nitrogen fertilizer needs in the corn phase. However, it would require transition from a narrow-row soybean spacing (7.5 – 15 in) to a wide-row spacing (30 in) since current interseeder options are designed for 30 in crop row spacings. Specific objectives of this study include: 1) quantify the effect of row spacing (15 in vs. 30 in) on double-crop soybean yield; 2) evaluate the effect of interseeded cover crops on wide-row double-crop soybean yield and harvestability; 3) determine the legume species which, in combination with cereal rye in wide-row double-crop soybeans, produces the largest amount of cover crop biomass; and 4) quantify nitrogen contribution of cover crop mixtures to corn yield.
Project objectives from proposal:
The specific objectives of this research are to:
(1) Quantify the effect of row spacing (15 in vs. 30 in) on double-crop soybean yield. Hypothesis: there will be no significant yield difference between double-crop soybeans planted in 15 in rows vs. 30 in rows.
(2) Evaluate the effect of interseeded cereal rye-legume cover crop mixtures on wide-row double-crop soybean yield. Hypothesis: there will be no difference in yield between wide-row (30 in) soybean grown with and without interseeded cover crops.
(3) Determine the legume species which, in combination with cereal rye in wide-row double-crop soybeans, produces the largest amount of cover crop biomass. Hypothesis: the cereal rye-hairy vetch cover crop treatment will produce the highest levels of biomass of the five cover crop treatments.
(4) Quantify nitrogen contribution of cover crop mixtures to corn yield. Hypothesis: corn yields will be the highest for corn planted in the cereal rye-hairy vetch treatment plots. | <urn:uuid:8c3f20d4-5e68-4025-9910-0d0dfae5a514> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://projects.sare.org/sare_project/gne18-185/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154214.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801123745-20210801153745-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.900775 | 566 | 2.984375 | 3 |
[LONDON/KATHMANDU] Himalayan countries must set aside their differences and collaborate on science in order to avoid a common water crisis, says a report.
Environmental pressures, including those from climate change, could have unprecedented effects on the livelihoods of millions of people in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region, according to the study, published by the UK-based Humanitarian Futures Programme, the Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, and China Dialogue.
Yet scientific research is either non-existent or, where it exists, is not shared beyond a country's borders, said the report, 'The Waters of the Third Pole: Sources of Threat, Sources of Survival'. And scientists are failing to communicate what they do know to the public and policymakers, it added.
The Hindu-Kush Himalaya region provides water for one fifth of the world's population including countries stretching from Pakistan to Myanmar.
"This region is a black hole for data," said Isabelle Hilton, editor of China Dialogue and a contributor to the report.
"Managing this water requires knowledge and cooperation," she said at the launch of the report last week (19 May) in the United Kingdom. But the region "lacks the institutions and in some cases the political will to address issues cooperatively".
History, diverse languages and cultures, and military conflicts are behind the lack of a concerted effort to study the waters, she said, and now "a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach is needed" to catch up. But this is not high on the public agenda, she said.
Stephen Edwards, an earth scientist and research manager at the Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Centre, called for more high-quality, peer-reviewed data.
"We need to understand problems before we know how to manage them," he said. But science itself is not enough, he added, "scientists have to interact with economists and policymakers — we need proper dialogue".
Andreas Schild, director general of the Nepal-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, agreed with the report's conclusions.
"Water is one of the most important resources," he said. "Traditionally there has been no free exchange of information on water discharge and this is practically still the case today.
"It is not just a concern between countries, but even within countries, as between the individual states of India.
"Researchers in all concerned countries are very interested in having cross-border collaboration and exchange of information," he told SciDev.Net. "But when it comes to cooperation on concrete issues at the level of government institutions, we face a completely different situation, where agreements with various other partners in the country are required.
"If you want to close the knowledge gap here in the Himalayas then you have to strengthen the institutions [there]."
Otherwise, short-term foreign development funds mean there is no consistent long-term data and continuity in research by the institutions based in the region, said Schild.
But he added that European organisations, with "Europe-centric" research methods, must share the blame.
"A lot of research conducted on this region by European universities and other institutions is often not shared. Sometimes we even get the impression that they are only looking for a partner in the South to use as Sherpas." | <urn:uuid:591ddc4a-613a-4999-aa1b-9e73e7a9d4d9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.scidev.net/global/earth-science/news/collaborate-on-water-himalayan-scientists-urged.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549448198.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728103510-20170728123510-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.948833 | 681 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Once in a while, the newspaper talks about youngsters or adults who have the seemingly incredible ability to perform arithmetic computations in their head for large integers. Actually, this all boils down to a basic understanding of algebra and algorithmic thinking. Yes, we can all do it. Just to give you an example, suppose we wish to know 35×35. An algorithm for getting the right answer says:
“the last two digits are 25; and the digits in front are equal to the product of the first digit with itself added 1”
This gives the answer 1225, since the first digit is 3, and 3×4 = 12. To see why this algorithm is true, we first look at the simple case where there is only one digit in front of 5. The product of two integers with 5 as the last digit and a as the first digit can be written as:
a5 x a5 = (a x 10 + 5)(a x 10 + 5) = 100a^2 + 50a + 50a + 25 = 100a(a+1) + 25
The first term has two zero digits at the end, so that when 25 is added to it, it is clear that the last two digits are just 25. Finally, the digits in front are just a(a+1).
Now you should be able to figure out an algorithm for multiplying something like 85 x 35, and perhaps, later, more general things like 29 x 29, and finally 73 x 48. Have fun! | <urn:uuid:622e5002-8ca9-4a60-8eda-805ed13f5ae1> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://khanglab.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/the-secret-of-human-calculators/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948517845.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212173259-20171212193259-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.941152 | 311 | 4.0625 | 4 |
“The whole topic of body hair, I have learned, strikes many people as not merely tedious, but also uncouth, even downright repulsive. Several previous reviewers of this work suggested that hair removal is simply too repellent to merit scholarly attention.”
Body hair might seem like a frivolous topic, but Bates College professor Rebecca Herzig is quick to drive home the fact that she takes the business of hair removal seriously; her introduction discusses the forced shaving used as a tool of coercion on prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. But while that was torture, Americans throughout history have voluntarily removed much of their hair, though some of the consequence have been no less serious. From Guantanamo, she turns to Native American men, whose very right to self-determination hinged on whether or not they were fully human, a fact which European settlers called into question due to what they viewed as the unnatural lack of a beard. Far from frivolous, the implications of body hair throughout history have been deeply consequential, and at times the source of severe emotional distress. The fact that x-ray hair removal was painless and tidy lead millions of women to continue to seek it out even after the ill effects of radiation exposure became common knowledge. Herzig delves into these ever-shifting attitudes and beliefs which have driven Americans (yes, particularly women) to extremes in the quest to be free of superfluous hair.
Herzig limits the scope of her history to the United States, beginning with the attitudes of European colonists towards the apparent beardlessness of Native American men, and going right up to speculating about future genetic methods of manipulating hair growth. Although Herzig excludes the rest of the world, and covers only four centuries, she still has a wealth of material to work with. She is concerned not only with the methods of removal—as varied as waxing, plucking, shaving, lasering, and yes, even x-raying—but also with “how and for whom body hair became a problem in the first place.” The development of science and medicine has had a profound effect on attitudes towards body hair, particularly the field of evolutionary biology and endocrinology. While today rhetoric about hair removal tends to revolve around hygiene and sexual pleasure, too much body hair has been linked with everything from atavism to sexual deviance to criminality at various points in history.
Published by New York University Press, Plucked is an accessible academic history of a subject that is simultaneously mundane and esoteric. It is a history that is both bizarre and contradictory, with body hair and its removal being variously saddled with positive or negative connotations, often depending on the gender or race of the subject. The process of removal has been a constant tug-of-war between medicalization and cosmetology, and Herzig charts this course, capably explaining fields and terminology as various as laser physics, endocrinology, and genetics. Race and transgender issues are at least acknowledged if not dealt with in depth, and Herzig also draws attention to the physical labour of those workers (often women of colour) who must deal with the intimate and emotional business of removing someone else’s body hair. This balanced and informative account elucidates how we got to where we are today, and where we might go from here.
More strangely specific history:
On Paper by Nicholas Basbanes | <urn:uuid:0b5a8bdf-fa29-42ea-b21f-90566ce33f20> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://shayshortt.com/2015/05/07/plucked/?replytocom=3222 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127133237-20211127163237-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.968098 | 698 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Discrimination of wingbeat motion by bats, correlated with echolocation sound pattern
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Bats of the species Rhinolophus rouxi, Hipposideros lankadiva and Eptesicus fuscus were trained to discriminate between two simultaneously presented artificial insect wingbeat targets moving at different wingbeat rates. During the discrimination trials, R. rouxi, H. lankadiva and E. fuscus emitted long-CF/FM, short-CF/FM and FM echolocation sounds respectively. R. rouxi, H. lankadivaand E. fuscus were able to discriminate a difference in wingbeat rate of 2.7 Hz, 9.2 Hz and 15.8 Hz, respectively, between two simultaneously presented targets at an absolute wingbeat rate of 60 Hz, using a criterion of 75% correct responses. The performance of the different bat species is correlated with the echolocation signal design used by each species, particularly with the presence and relative duration of a narrowband component preceding a broadband FM component. These results provide behavioral evidence supporting the hypothesis that bats that use CF/FM echolocation sounds have adaptations for the perception of insect wingbeat motion and that long-CF/FM species are more specialized for this task than short-CF/FM species.
Constant Frequency, Frequency Modulation, Bats, Echolocation Sound Pattern, Wingbeats, Discrimination
Journal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol. 168, no. 2 (1991-02).
Roverud, Roald C.; Nitsche, Volker; and Neuweiler, Gerhard, "Discrimination of wingbeat motion by bats, correlated with echolocation sound pattern" (1991). KIP Articles. 1263. | <urn:uuid:dec8b6b8-a595-411f-b9ec-b26bccd36568> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/1263/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.870106 | 374 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Posts for: May, 2015
Over the last century dentistry has acquired the knowledge, techniques and treatments to prevent or minimize tooth decay. With this enhanced knowledge we’ve amassed a wealth of data about what increases dental disease development and what prevents it.
This has produced a balanced approach to identifying and treating disease-causing factors and incorporating factors that inhibit tooth decay. Known as Caries Management By Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), this approach first identifies each patient’s individual set of risk factors for dental disease and then develops a customized prevention and treatment plan to minimize their risk.
Rather than simply reacting to occurrences of tooth decay — “drill and fill” — CAMBRA anticipates and targets your susceptibility to decay. The primary factors can be represented by the acronym BAD: Bad bacteria, particular strains that produce acid, which at high levels erode enamel and expose the teeth to infection; Absence of saliva, or “dry mouth,” an insufficient flow of saliva that can’t effectively neutralize acid and restore mineral content to enamel; and Dietary habits too heavy in sugar or acid, which can result in bacterial growth and enamel erosion.
With an accurate picture of your particular risk level we can then apply countering factors from the other side of the balance — those that protect teeth from decay. In this case, we use the acronym SAFE: stimulating Saliva flow when needed or applying Sealants on chewing surfaces most susceptible to decay; Antimicrobials that reduce unhealthy bacteria levels and give healthy bacteria an opportunity to thrive; incorporating Fluoride, a chemical known to strengthen enamel, through hygiene products or direct application to the teeth; and an Effective diet, low in sugar and acid and high in fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
There are a number of preventive and treatment measures that fall into each of the four preventive factors. Using the CAMBRA approach we can develop a treatment and prevention plan that incorporates measures that uniquely fit your dental health situation. With such a plan we can greatly reduce your risk of disease development and impact and better ensure a long and healthy life for your teeth and gums.
If you would like more information on managing dental disease prevention, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Tooth Decay: How to Assess Your Risk.”
A woman as gorgeous and funny as Sofia Vergara surely planned to be a model and actress from the get-go, right? Wrong! Sofia’s first career choice actually was to be… a dentist! That’s right, the sexy star of TV’s Modern Family actually was only two semesters shy of finishing a dental degree in her native Columbia when she traded dental school for the small screen. Still, dental health remains a top priority for the actress and her son, Manolo.
“I’m obsessed,” she recently told People magazine. “My son thinks I’m crazy because I make him do a cleaning every three months. I try to bribe the dentist to make him to do it sooner!”
That’s what we call a healthy obsession (teeth-cleaning, not bribery). And while coming in for a professional cleaning every three months may not be necessary for everyone, some people — especially those who are particularly susceptible to gum disease — may benefit from professional cleanings on a three-month schedule. In fact, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to having professional teeth cleanings — but everyone needs this beneficial procedure on a regular basis.
Even if you are meticulous about your daily oral hygiene routine at home, there are plenty of reasons for regular checkups. They include:
- Dental exam. Oral health problems such as tooth decay and gum disease are much easier — and less expensive — to treat in the earliest stages. You may not have symptoms of either disease early on, but we can spot the warning signs and take appropriate preventive or restorative measures.
- Oral cancer screening. Oral cancer is not just a concern of the middle aged and elderly — young adults can be affected as well (even those who do not smoke). The survival rate for this deadly disease goes up tremendously if it is detected quickly, and an oral cancer screening is part of every routine dental visit.
- Professional teeth cleaning. Calcified (hardened) dental plaque (tartar or calculus) can build up near the gum line over time — even if you brush and floss every day. These deposits can irritate your gums and create favorable conditions for tooth decay. You can’t remove tartar by flossing or brushing, but we can clear it away — and leave you with a bright, fresh-feeling smile!
So take a tip from Sofia Vergara, and don’t skimp on professional cleanings and checkups. If you want to know how often you should come in for routine dental checkups, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can learn more in the Dear Doctor articles “Dental Hygiene Visit” and “Dental Cleanings Using Ultrasonic Scalers.” | <urn:uuid:4c163526-a8f5-4419-ba3b-73705731878f> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.moderndentalgroup.com/blog/date/2015-05-01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490107.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219122312-20190219144312-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.928454 | 1,085 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Hello friends welcome to tricky world.hope u are liking our previous udemy courses. i am back again with a new Python course from basic to advance.
Python Course is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.Python’s design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant white space .
if you are a College student learning the fundamentals of Python or a Data Science expert using python to analyze your data or a Web Developer using python frameworks like DJango or a Experienced python developer who wants to fill in the gaps , this course will help you accomplish your goals.
Who this course is for
- Students desiring to learn python in depth.
- developers who want to get started with python.
This course Contains
- 8.5 houirs of on demand video.
- Free life time Access.
- Access on the both mobile as well as on TV.
- Certification of completion.
What you will learn
- you will be able to master the python language.
- learn to Install Python Virtual Machine and the Eclipse IDE(PyDev)
- Execute your first python program.
- Define logic using conditional statements ,looping constructs .
- see the input and output function in action.
- Create and use functions , Lambdas Decorators and Generators .
- Read and write files using files Api.
- Deal with Data and time.
- Learn to simple type as well as collection types.
- pass command lines arguments.
- learn the principle of ooPS(object oriented programming).
- Understand interfaces, their importance, and their uses .
- and many more. | <urn:uuid:211a1ed1-6738-4adc-9367-a5d55580ac65> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.trickyworlds.com/udemy-python-course-from-core-to-advance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740929.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815154632-20200815184632-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.841183 | 362 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Using large "macromolecules" called polymers, the scientists created primitive cell-like structures that they infused with RNA -- the genetic coding material that is thought to precede the appearance of DNA on Earth -- and demonstrated how the molecules would react chemically under conditions that might have been present on the early Earth. The journal Nature Chemistry will post the research as an Advance Online Publication on 14 October 2012.
Shown are RNA strands (blue) and RNA enzymes (red) coming together within droplets of dextran. Scientists at Penn State have shown that this compartmentalization helps to catalyze chemical reactions.
Credit: C. A. Strulson, Penn State University
In modern biology, all life, with the exception of some viruses, uses DNA as its genetic storage mechanism. According to the "RNA-world" hypothesis, RNA appeared on Earth first, serving as both the genetic-storage material and the functional molecules for catalyzing chemical reactions, then DNA and proteins evolved much later. Unlike DNA, RNA can adopt many different molecular conformations and so it is functionally interactive on the molecular level. In the soon-to-be-published research paper, two professors of chemistry, Christine Keating and Philip Bevilacqua, and two graduate students, Christopher Strulson and Rosalynn Molden, probe one of the nagging mysteries of the RNA-world hypothesis.
"A missing piece of the RNA-world puzzle is compartmentalization," Bevilacqua said. "It's not enough to have the necessary molecules that make up RNA floating around; they need to be compartmentalized and they need to stay together without diffusing away. This packaging needs to happen in a small-enough space -- something analogous to a modern cell -- because a simple fact of chemistry is that molecules need to find each other for a chemical reaction to occur."
To test how early cell-like structures could have formed and acted to compartmentalize RNA molecules even in the absence of lipid-like molecules that make up modern cellular membranes, Strulson and Molden generated simple, non-living model "cells" in the laboratory. "Our team prepared compartments using solutions of two polymers called polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran," Keating explained. "These solutions form distinct polymer-rich aqueous compartments, into which molecules like RNA can become locally concentrated."
The team members found that, once the RNA was packed into the dextran-rich compartments, the molecules were able to associate physically, resulting in chemical reactions. "Interestingly, the more densely the RNA was packed, the more quickly the reactions occurred," Bevilacqua explained. "We noted an increase in the rate of chemical reactions of up to about 70-fold. Most importantly, we showed that for RNA to 'do something' -- to react chemically -- it has to be compartmentalized tightly into something like a cell. Our experiments with aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have shown that some compartmentalization mechanism may have provided catalysis in an early-Earth environment."
Keating added that, although the team members do not suggest that PEG and dextran were the specific polymers present on the early Earth, they provide a clue to a plausible route to compartmentalization -- phase separation. "Phase separation occurs when different types of polymers are present in solution at relatively high concentrations. Instead of mixing, the sample separates to form two distinct liquids, similar to how oil and water separate." Keating explained. "The aqueous-phase compartments we manufactured using dextran and PEG can drive biochemical reactions by increasing local reactant concentrations. So, it's possible that some other sorts of polymers might have been the molecules that drove compartmentalization on the early Earth." Strulson added that, "In addition to the RNA-world hypothesis, these results may be relevant to RNA localization and function in non-membrane compartments in modern biology."
The team members also found that the longer the string of RNA, the more densely it would be packed into the dextran compartment of the ATPS, while the shorter strings tended to be left out. "We hypothesize that this research result might indicate some kind of primitive sorting method," Bevilacqua said. "As RNA gets shorter, it tends to have less enzyme activity. So, in an early-Earth system similar to our dextran-PEG model system, the full-length, functional RNA would have been sorted and concentrated into one phase, while the shorter RNA that is not only less functional, but also threatens to inhibit important chemical reactions, would not have been included."
The scientists hope to continue their investigations by testing their model-cell method with other polymers. Keating added, "We are interested in looking at compartmentalization in polymer systems that are more closely related to those that may have been present on the early Earth, and also those that may be present in contemporary biological cells, where RNA compartmentalization remains important for a wide range of cellular processes."
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (grant CHE-0750196).
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Barbara K. Kennedy | EurekAlert!
Nanoparticle Exposure Can Awaken Dormant Viruses in the Lungs
16.01.2017 | Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt
Cholera bacteria infect more effectively with a simple twist of shape
13.01.2017 | Princeton University
Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair.
As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners...
At TU Wien, an alternative for resource intensive formwork for the construction of concrete domes was developed. It is now used in a test dome for the Austrian Federal Railways Infrastructure (ÖBB Infrastruktur).
Concrete shells are efficient structures, but not very resource efficient. The formwork for the construction of concrete domes alone requires a high amount of...
Many pathogens use certain sugar compounds from their host to help conceal themselves against the immune system. Scientists at the University of Bonn have now, in cooperation with researchers at the University of York in the United Kingdom, analyzed the dynamics of a bacterial molecule that is involved in this process. They demonstrate that the protein grabs onto the sugar molecule with a Pac Man-like chewing motion and holds it until it can be used. Their results could help design therapeutics that could make the protein poorer at grabbing and holding and hence compromise the pathogen in the host. The study has now been published in “Biophysical Journal”.
The cells of the mouth, nose and intestinal mucosa produce large quantities of a chemical called sialic acid. Many bacteria possess a special transport system...
UMD, NOAA collaboration demonstrates suitability of in-orbit datasets for weather satellite calibration
"Traffic and weather, together on the hour!" blasts your local radio station, while your smartphone knows the weather halfway across the world. A network of...
Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) are frequently used in the aeronautic and automobile industry. However, the repair of workpieces made of these composite materials is often less profitable than exchanging the part. In order to increase the lifetime of FRP parts and to make them more eco-efficient, the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V. (LZH) and the Apodius GmbH want to combine a new measuring device for fiber layer orientation with an innovative laser-based repair process.
Defects in FRP pieces may be production or operation-related. Whether or not repair is cost-effective depends on the geometry of the defective area, the tools...
10.01.2017 | Event News
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16.01.2017 | Trade Fair News
16.01.2017 | Automotive Engineering
16.01.2017 | Life Sciences | <urn:uuid:aae15c1c-5b82-433a-8d0e-cb6a0956c0b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/early-earth-cells-modeled-show-life-forms-packaged-203795.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935381 | 1,824 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Global warming is one of the most challenging environmental problems in existence today. It threatens the health of the earth’s inhabitants and the world’s economies every day. With global warming comes longer and more intense heat waves and storms. Along with those climate changes, come more pests which in turn can carry devastating diseases.
Forestry and farming are feeling the negative impact of global warming and we ” re also seeing traces of a devastated ecosystem. To prevent further damage and begin repairing the damaging effects of global warming, policies must be implemented and diligently enforced. Energy conservation is the only policy that I would put into effect. This policy would be very broad; encompassing as many aspects of energy use as possible. The first item on the table would be to force automobile manufacturers to only produce vehicles with high MPG ratings and eventually to develop new models that are not run on gasoline alone. Such vehicles are known as hybrids and are run on a combination of electricity and gasoline.
Currently, the technology is available to manufacture cars with 40+ mpg ratings, however, the concern lies with the increasing number of trucks and SUVs that are known worldwide as “gas-guzzlers.” These larger vehicles are becoming more and more prevalent and currently do not meet any efficiency standards. Requiring that all new SUVs and trucks from this point forward be as fuel efficient as their smaller counterparts, would be a large step in the way of vehicle efficiency and pave the way for less gasoline reliance. This in turn will allow for fewer emissions of carbon dioxide from the vehicles that we have all come to rely on for our sole source of transportation. The next policy to implement would be that technology be developed to make all appliances run efficiently; from refrigerators and stoves on down to video game equipment and lamps.
Meghan McDonald McDonald 1 Mr.Hrkal OAC World Issues December 18th, 2000 Global Warming Now, for the first time in Earth's history, humans may be a decisive factor in future climate change. The actions we make towards the temperature of the earth and the depletion of the ozone layer are irreversible. A warmer future could result from present-day human activities releasing large amounts of ...
Every piece of machinery or device that we own uses energy in some way, shape, or form. Large pieces of industrial equipment and even residential equipment require a lot of energy to run thereby contributing to the world’s air pollution. If we would require that manufacturers of such items follow strict guidelines of energy efficiency, not only would users save money, but energy use would be at a minimum and thus, less air pollution would be created. Some headway is being made in this area, but not enough and not nearly fast enough.
We see most progress being made in the residential areas: examples are Energy Star appliances and compact, fluorescent light bulbs. However, everything coming onto the market needs to be required to be energy efficient according to pre-determined standards and we can’t continue to bypass the industrial aspect of this. The last policy that I would implement revolves around recycling. I would require that all packaging be recyclable and that it be made from recycled materials. Recycling helps the environment by conserving our natural resources, saving energy, reducing air and water pollution, and reducing the need for landfill space. Currently, many recycling programs are in place worldwide, but there are no policies that enforce its unequivocal use, yet this is one of the easiest ways of protecting our environment.
In order for my policy to be successful, all businesses and consumers need to actively participate. Following the reduce, reuse, and recycle methodology will help to reduce the amount of energy that is used during the elimination of waste products.
Pollution has become a major issue over the years. It has caused death, disease, and many health problems. It is a major concern of our world today and not much is being done to prevent it. If not all, a lot of pollution is caused by humans. There are different types like industrial, agricultural, etc. Many people are realizing now the threat that pollution poses to humans. There are three main ... | <urn:uuid:999ad4ee-84f1-4760-b6d6-0f04c1a2f2d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://educheer.com/essays/global-warming-energy-policy-vehicles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363309.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206163944-20211206193944-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.961353 | 840 | 3.421875 | 3 |
What is tongue thrusting? And how can an orthodontist or dentist help? At Pedodontics, P.C., we specialize in dealing with child and adolescent dental and orthodontic care. Our doctors see how tongue thrusting impacts a child’s orthodontic development. It is common among babies because they are born pushing their tongues forward when they swallow. But as a child grows, they need to learn the correct position for their tongue. If they learn too late, it impacts a child’s orthodontic development. But how can families identify and change tongue thrusting in their children before it becomes a problem?
What is Tongue Thrusting?
Tongue thrusting is when the tongue is in the wrong position while at rest while swallowing, or during the speech, which causes the tongue to push against the teeth. Normally your tongue rests against the roof of your mouth with the tip sitting just behind the front teeth. It becomes a problem when the tongue pushes too far forward, either pressing against the back of the upper teeth or sticking out between the upper and lower teeth.
Signs of Tongue Thrusting in Children:
- They have an open bite.
- Their tongue sticks out between the teeth when resting, swallowing, or speaking.
- They’re mouth breathing when the child does not have allergies or congestion.
- They have a speech impediment, which is caused by the tongue pushing against or protruding between the front teeth.
Why Be Concerned?
When the tongue pushes against teeth while resting, swallowing, or speaking, it puts pressure on them all the time. Since braces move teeth into proper alignment by using a small amount of consistent pressure against the teeth, it makes sense that this consistent pressure from the tongue can create problems. Orthodontic treatment can move the teeth and jaws into proper alignment, but with an untreated tongue thrust, it can reverse successful orthodontic work. Tongue thrusting also causes many other problems, including:
- Malocclusions (crossbite, overbite, underbite).
- Open bite between the top and bottom teeth.
- Crowded or crooked teeth.
- Lisp and other speech problems.
- Difficulty biting into foods, chewing, and swallowing.
- TMJ disorder.
- Sleep/breathing disorders.
Causes & Treatment
Almost all infants start tongue thrusting. When babies first begin eating baby food, their tongue pushes most of the food out of their mouth because of tongue thrusting. As they grow, the resting and swallowing tongue position is supposed to mature into a healthy position sometime before the age of 6.
Many factors may cause tongue thrusting. This can include:
- An enlarged tongue.
- Certain types of bottle nipples.
- Prolonged use of a bottle or pacifier.
- Prolonged thumb or finger sucking.
- Allergies that cause chronically swollen tonsils.
If your child has an open bite, or you think that they have a tongue thrusting problem, you can schedule a consultation with your dentist and/or orthodontist. They will evaluate your child to determine if tongue thrusting is the primary problem. If there is an underlying problem, that would need to be treated.
Depending on your child’s age and the severity of the symptoms, they may choose to wait and see if they begin to grow out of it. They may also recommend certain exercises or appliances that you can use at home to correct the tongue-thrusting habit. Treatment for underlying problems or other orthodontic issues may also be necessary.
Get Your Child Dental & Orthodontic Care Today!
At Pedodontics, P.C., we offer a diverse group of treatments for children and adolescents in Omaha, NE. If you’re a parent that is looking to start treatment for their child, contact our office today! Our doctors and staff are happy to answer any questions or concerns you have. We can’t wait to get started working with you and your family. | <urn:uuid:4c15ddd2-4162-458b-940a-cba03a5cf858> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.pedodonticspc.com/blog/what-happens-if-my-child-has-a-tongue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474795.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229071243-20240229101243-00786.warc.gz | en | 0.931215 | 844 | 3.0625 | 3 |
How to Quantify the Strength of a Relationship with Analytics
You can numerically quantify the strength of an association by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation. It’s often just called the correlation coefficient and is represented by the symbol r. The correlation is used to quantify the association between two continuous variables, (such as revenue, time, or rating scales).
The correlation coefficient varies from an r of –1, which indicates a perfect negative correlation to 1, which means a perfect positive correlation. The figure shows three examples of scatterplots that show a perfect negative correlation (r = -1), no relationships (r = 0), and a perfect positive relationship (r = 1).
Using two perfectly correlated variables isn’t helpful. They’re redundant; if you have the value for one variable, you can perfectly predict the other.
In practice, correlations are weak to strong. Some examples of correlations of different strengths include:
Height and Weight: r = .8
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and First-Year College Grades: r = .5
Usability and Customer Loyalty: r = .7
The correlation between variables means that one variable can predict the value of the other variable:
If you know a customer’s height, you can estimate his weight.
If you know a customer’s weight, you can estimate his height.
But because these aren’t perfect correlations, the further a correlation is from 1 or –1, the more error you have in predicting one variable based on the other.
Computing a correlation
You can compute the correlation coefficient by hand, or use software like Excel to compute it for you.
To compute a correlation on a set of data using the Pearson Correlation formula, follow these steps. (The following figure shows the data being used in this example.)
Set up the data in rows and columns in Excel.
Have one column for each variable and the customers’ IDs. Each row should represent the same customer’s data on two variables. The next figure shows 17 customers’ time to make the purchase and the number of taps needed for the purchase.
In any cell, type
Select all the values for the first variable.
The data for time appears in column B and the data goes from cell B2 to cell B182.
Type a comma (,) and select all the values for the second variable.
This data appears in column C and the data goes from cell C2 to cell C182.
Be sure to select the same number of values for both variables.
Close the parenthesis and then press Enter to get the correlation.
The correlation for this data, between taps and time, is .560666. There’s a positive correlation between time and taps.
Interpreting the strength of a correlation
Once you compute a correlation, you need to interpret the strength of the relationship. The correlation between taps and time is r = .56. Is that a strong correlation? It depends.
The strength of a correlation is context dependent. A “strong” correlation in one context may be a weak correlation in another. It depends on how much error you can tolerate and the consequences for being wrong in your predictions.
Predicting time from taps probably won’t involve a loss of life or money, so it’s strong enough to be useful. In fact, it’s about the same strength of an association as between the SAT and first-year college grades — where there’s a lot at stake!
While correlations are context dependent, it can help to have some guidance on what you’ll likely see with customer analytics data. A famous researcher by the name of Jacob Cohen examined correlations in the behavioral sciences, something similar to measuring customer behavior, and provided the following rules based on how common the correlations were reported in the peer-review literature:
Small r = .10
Medium: r = .30
Large r = .50
Therefore, one simple interpretation of correlation of r = .56 between taps and time is that it’s large. But there is another way of interpreting the correlation coefficient.
Coefficient of determination r2
Multiplying the correlation coefficient by itself (squaring it) produces a metric known as the coefficient of determination. It’s represented as r2 (pronounced r-squared) and provides a better way of interpreting the strength of a relationship.
For example, a correlation of r = .5 squared becomes .25. Note that r2 is often expressed as a percentage, 25%. For the correlation between taps and time, the r2 is 31%. That means taps can explain 31% of the variation in time. And conversely, time explains 31% of the variation in taps. As you can see, even a strong correlation of above r = .5 still explains a minority of the differences between variables.
Height, for example, explains around 64% of the variation in weight. That means that knowing people’s heights will explain most — but not all — of why they are a certain weight. Other factors explain 36% of the variation. That would include things like exercise, eating habits, or genetic factors that make some people weigh more at a certain height than others of the same height.
Use this same approach when correlating customer analytics. Find the correlation, square it, and then interpret the r-squared value. When stakes are high, you want to have high correlations and explain most of the variation between variables. With customer analytics, there are usually multiple variables that predict another variable.
Correlation is not causation
One of the most important concepts about correlation that you will hear repeated, because it’s worth repeating, is that correlation is not causation. That means just because one variable is correlated with another, doesn’t mean one variable is caused by another variable. Time doesn’t cause taps. SAT scores don’t cause higher grades. Net Promoter Scores don’t cause higher revenue.
You can say there is an association, but that association doesn’t imply causation.
It could be that a new design causes higher website conversion rates or it could be that a coupon increases same-store sales. However, there could be other variables that are actually affecting the outcome variable.
For example, it could be that same-store sales were already increasing because of an increase in customers. Or it could be that more customers are converting on a website (making a purchase) because the competitor website sold out of the same product — not because of your website design change. Always consider what other variables might be affecting the relationship when making statements about causation. | <urn:uuid:01e6d605-e15d-46e8-b5f0-7236d6699568> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.dummies.com/business/customers/how-to-quantify-the-strength-of-a-relationship-with-analytics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314353.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818231019-20190819013019-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.927637 | 1,387 | 3.546875 | 4 |
When my older children were in elementary school, I sent in cupcakes for their birthdays or for class parties.
My youngest is in elementary school now, and for his birthday, I sent in pencils and temporary tattoos for classmates — because the school doesn’t allow us to send in sweets anymore.
When the change was first made, my reaction was: For real? Banning sweets? Since when did some cupcakes at a birthday party become so dangerous and a big deal? Even as a pediatrician, I thought it was silly. There’s nothing wrong with eating sweets as long as your diet is overall a healthy one.
But therein lies the problem. Not all kids’ diets are healthy. And, as I’ve thought about this more, I’ve decided that there’s something to be said for setting standards — and an example.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recently released a policy statement on snacks and sugary foods and drinks in school. In it, they point out that more than 55 million children attend public schools — and get about 35 to 40 percent of their daily calories there. It’s not only important that the food they get in school be as healthy as possible, it’s important to use the opportunity (any opportunity, these days) to teach children and families about eating healthy.
Let’s face it: Junk food and sweets are crowd pleasers — I mean kid-pleasers. They are also generally inexpensive and often pre-packaged, making it very easy to throw them into snack bags and lunch boxes. So lots of parents do. Not only do they send them to school, they stock the cabinets and refrigerator with them. I can’t tell you how many parents and kids look at me like I have two heads when I suggest sending fruit and a water bottle for snack instead of chips and juice. (“He won’t eat that,” they say. “He will if he gets used to it, and if you try out different fruits,” I say, but it’s clear they don’t buy it.)
Now, I get that banning sweets from school parties or fundraisers or whatever isn’t going to make all parents feed their children healthy foods and thereby end childhood obesity. But it does force families to think together about alternatives — and gives kids a chance to eat healthy foods with their friends, which sometimes is exactly what’s needed to break through the resistance. And when kids bring in non-food treats like those tattoos, it reinforces the idea that celebrations don’t always have to include food (so un-American, but true).
So, I’ve moved from thinking, “They need to get over themselves!” to thinking, “Hey, this just might be a good idea.” It’s not about being the cupcake police. You can always feed your kid cupcakes at home. And besides, cupcakes can be a pain to make (especially when there are lots of kids in the class) and get into school (I lost my favorite cupcake container when I drove off after the party with it still on the roof of my minivan). Pencils or strawberries are so much easier.
That’s the thing: People get so up in arms about this (there were plenty of upset folks at our school) that they don’t always stop to think about the advantages.
And when it comes to advantages, improving the health of children is one of the very best ones out there.
Image credit: Shutterstock.com | <urn:uuid:6c222506-d395-4143-931f-82a69ec4ce16> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2015/03/cupcakes-banned-school-parties-thats-not-bad-idea.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.972625 | 751 | 2.53125 | 3 |
There’s a big push these days for landscapers and homeowners to come up with energy efficient landscape solutions. The negative effects of the changing environment are now being felt, so there’s more emphasis on better waste management and making more green landscapes. That focus on having energy efficient and low waste backyard gardens can help save households money by lessening their energy consumption and minimizing waste by recycling it. A careful and thorough consideration of plants used can also help by providing food on the table and by creating a habitat that can sustain a diverse ecological system. A good design and sound landscape solutions can turn change any yard and garden into an energy efficient part of the home.
Make Energy Efficient Gardens
- Improve your watering practices. Changing how and when we water our plants are simple but effective solutions that can help control your property’s energy use. The United States EPA encourages homeowners and gardeners to water plants early in the morning or any part of the day that’s cool. Buying sprinklers should also be places only in areas where they’re needed to prevent water from overflowing onto the sidewalk. There are a lot of types of sprinkles for sale and all you have to do is to choose one. Follow the old ways and use barrels to collect rainwater for use in watering plants. Make sure every faucet, pipes and water hose that you will buy don’t have leaks.
- Use lawn mowers correctly. Electricity consumption usually increases during the hot summer months. Lessening the number of times you cut the grass helps reduce browning and minimizes weed growth. Regular maintenance of your garden equipment and lawnmowers are simple but often overlooked solutions. According to garden reviews, proper care ensures that each equipment is working optimally. Using for sale manually run tools also saves energy, improves health and protects the quality of the air.
- Use natural pesticides, weed controllers and other soil enhancers. Harnessing nature’s powers are solutions that are simple but highly effective. Plus it can save you time, energy and money. For example, get ladybugs to eat the aphids destroying the plants, keep beetles away by planting marigolds or keep weeds from growing by planting fast-growing groundcovers. Leaving grass clippings on the lawn to become fertilizer or making compost with scraps from the kitchen are other worthwhile solutions. These natural composts and fertilizers can enrich the soil and can help reduce the amount of water you need to grow your plants.
- Use creative landscaping to design an energy efficient yard. The Department of Energy of the United States encourages property owners to do greenscaping so that yards will be more energy efficient. Some green solutions would be to pick plants native to the area so it will have an easier time to flourish, thereby reducing the land area that you need to maintain. You can save water by carefully designing backyard gardens so that the water runoff reaches other plants, and no drain towards the sidewalk. Or plant trees so that it will give shade during summer and act as a windbreaker during winter, thereby lessening heating or cooling costs.
Practical Landscaping Design Ideas
Designing an energy efficient garden from scratch is a wonderful opportunity since it will give you a chance to utilize good solutions. Do some research and read about possible landscape products that you can find online or in house and garden magazines. You can also research on the new varieties of turf or study plant species that will be appropriate for your garden. For instance, some good plants to use are Kidney Weed, Wild Thyme, Swamp Mazus or Corsican Mint since they require less water and some are shade loving plants.
Carefully consider the environment so you can come up with solutions that are perfect for that particular area. Planting fauna indigenous to the neighborhood can minimize water and fertilizer use since these plants have already adapted and know how to thrive in such environment. It also gives the local wildlife a home and food. Building a compost bin is also a great way to save the Earth and your plants.
Some of these solutions would require some sacrifice in convenience when used, but the advantages gained from it will help the environment and your finances in the long run. | <urn:uuid:49f7c1d2-422c-4ef0-b194-30ca736c837e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.thatsmyoldhouse.com/energy-efficient-landscape-solutions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607593.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523083809-20170523103809-00352.warc.gz | en | 0.937891 | 853 | 2.890625 | 3 |
From one thing you can know 10,000 things.
These models detail the patterns of the universe.
They explain energy and rhythm.
By applying them to various situations, you can see the bigger picture.
Both Munger and Buffett used these models to amass their fortunes. If they can do it, so can you. At the very least, they will greatly improve your quality of life (and save you from making stupid decisions).
Whether you’re starting your own business, or simply want to become a better strategist, these Charlie Munger mental models will help you get what you want out of life.
The summary of balances for a person or organization.
Split into 3 sections:
- Ownership Equity (Difference between assets and liabilities)
Cash Flow Statement
A document that shows how changes in the balance sheet affect liquidity. It’s main purpose is to identify the short-term viability of a company or strategy.
The decrease in value of assets. Up-front cost is typically allocated over time.
- Example: The difference from “new” to “used” car.
A system of bookkeeping requiring a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account. The sum of debits and credits must be equal.
- Example: Earnings sent to debit as “cash” and to credit as “revenue”.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
The common global language for business affairs.
- Income And Expenses (Gains And Losses)
- Contributions By And Distributions To Owners
- Cash Flows
This info is used to predict the timing and certainty of future cash flows.
A document that shows revenues and expenses over a certain period. It compares net income with expenses (including write-offs and taxes).
A cost that has occurred and cannot be recovered.
- Read: What’s The Value Of Time?
The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity.
The variation of survival and reproduction due to different traits. Phenotypes with an advantage tend to become more common. The most useful forms survive.
The study of chemical or physical functions in a living system.
The field is divided into:
An industry’s barrier to entry or brand’s competitive advantages. Awareness helps you play to your strengths.
- Read: The Dip by Seth Godin
A framework used to analyze the level of competition within an industry.
- Threat Of New Entrants
- Threat Of Substitutes
- Bargaining Power Of Buyers
- Bargaining Power Of Suppliers
- Industry Rivalry
A change in one of these variables requires your business to re-assess the market.
A brand is a set of indicators used to identify your product.
Aspects of brand are:
- Identity (USP/differentiation)
- Communication (logo/trademarks)
- Equity (total worth)
A single chemical reaction. Spontaneous order creation.
A decrease in system entropy (disorder) leads to an increase in the entropy of its surroundings (and vice versa).
Model of the atom. Used for transition, mass, and energy calculations.
The study of motion and its causes. (Analyzing centers of pressure – the point of force application).
A limit to the precision of which physical properties can be known. Measurements of certain systems can’t be made without affecting the systems. The presence of an observer may affect outcome.
The thickness of a fluid.
- Closure – Data structure storing function in environment.
- List – Abstract data type representing a sequence of values.
- Monad – Structure that represents calculations defined as a sequence. Chains operations or functions together.
- Trigger – Code that automatically executes in response to certain events.
A self-contained, step-by-step set of operations to be performed.
Programming which takes different actions based on conditions. This alters the control flow.
When a thing is defined in terms of itself or its type. (Infinite loop within limits).
Where a representative is motivated to act in his own best interest, contrary to principal.
When one party has more or better information than the other.
Oftentimes, we don’t get charged for labor. We get charged for knowledge.
i.e. Knowing what to draw. Knowing where to hit. Knowing what to avoid.
- Example: Mechanic taking advantage of your car ignorance to charge more.
The study of psychological, social, cognitive, and emotional factors on economic decisions. Observing the impact of different types of behavior, in different environments, on outcomes.
Most important is *risk tolerance*, the willingness to engage in activity whose outcome is uncertain.
The 3 prevalent themes are:
- Heuristics – Decisions made on rules of thumb, not logic
- Framing – Anecdotes and stereotypes that make up mental emotional filters
- Market Inefficiencies – Mis-pricings and non-rational decision making
The long term consequences of early fortune. Advantages increase exposure to opportunity.
- Read: Life Is A Contradiction
Being able to produce a product at a lesser opportunity cost. We tend to produce more and consume less of what we have a comparative advantage in.
(Finding out how to employ something to its greatest strength).
The attribute that allows an organization to out-perform. Often included in USP (unique selling proposition).
- High-entry barriers
- Access to a rare resource
A mutation that revolutionizes an old structure from within. This destroys it by creating a new one.
The point at which an extra unit leads to a decrease in return.
- Eating Food
- Working Out
- Taking Medicine
Economies of Scale
Cost per unit of output generally decreases as scale increases. Fixed cost is spread over more units.
Ratio of change. How responsive one variable is to a change in another.
- Elastic variable: strong response to other variables.
- Inelastic variable: changes less proportionally to other variables.
If you lower the price, how much will it sell?
If you raise the price, will it affect the sales of other goods?
If the market price goes down, how will it affect the willingness of a vendor to supply the market?
Costs not accounted for in the cost of a product. Just because they aren’t accounted for doesn’t mean they don’t exist. Someone always bears the cost.
A plane where parties make exchanges. Can be classified and regulated.
The cost of producing one more unit of a good.
The change in benefit from using a product or good. The first unit consumed typically yields the most utility.
Monopoly and Oligopoly
A monopoly is where one person or company dominates a market.
An oligopoly is where a few people or companies do.
These entities have significant market power. They can charge overly high prices.
The number of users makes a product more or less valuable.
- More: Phones/social networks
- Less: Traffic
The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when a choice is made.
Identical or similar goods offered at different prices by the same provider in different markets. It relies on a variation in the customer’s willingness to pay.
It can be broken into:
- Personalized Pricing – selling to each customer at a different price
- Product Versioning – creating slightly different products for different price points
- Group Pricing – dividing the market into segments (student discounts)
A situation in which the outcome depends on the choice made by another.
- A snitches and is released. B receives max punishment
- A & B snitch. Both receive medium punishment
- A & B remain silent. Both receive minimum punishment
Public and Private Goods
Public Good – Use by one person doesn’t affect another (i.e. Air).
Private Good – An item that yields positive benefits and is exclusive. Its consumption can prevent that of another.
The separation of tasks in a system. By employing things to their strengths, you’re able to accomplish tasks otherwise impossible. This is the motive for trade.
- Read: Mastery – Book Review
Supply and Demand
The unit price for a good (or traded item) will vary until it settles. It’s the equilibrium between price and quantity.
Supply can be determined by:
- Production costs
- Expectations about future prices
- Number of suppliers
Demand can be determined by:
- Prices of related goods or services
- Expectations about future prices and incomes
- Number of potential customers
Any impediment to a customer’s changing of suppliers (cancellation fee, etc).
This is why it can be difficult to dump things.
Costs occurred in making an exchange.
- Search and information costs (Looking for availability, comparing prices, etc)
- Bargaining costs (drawing contracts)
- Policing and enforcement costs (through the legal system)
Tragedy of the Commons
Where individual users act contrary to the common good of all in a shared-resource system.
Time Value of Money
The greater benefit of receiving money now rather than later.
This principle underlies investment. People are willing to spend now if they expect a favorable return.
The satisfaction experienced by the user of a good.
An intentional stopping place in a program. It’s purpose is for the programmer to inspect the test environment. (To see if it’s functioning as expected).
When outputs are routed back to inputs as a chain of “cause and effect”.
Strongly related to “confirmation bias”. (We see what we expect to see).
Margin of Safety
Never go all in. This protects you from unseen problems.
“Fools who live for the moment die from their silly mistakes”.
Duplicating critical components or functions to increase reliability or improve performance
- Electric Power Distribution
- Backup Hard-drives
- Cables On Bridge
Burden of Proof
The duty of a party in a trial to produce evidence that will shift the conclusion.
(Usually on the person who brings the claim).
The process of looking at past landmark decisions to guide current ones. If a current issue is distinct, it sets a new precedent.
The state must respect all legal rights owed to a person.
Duty Of Care
The standards of reasonable care when performing acts that could harm others. The grounds for imposing liability.
- Forseeability of harm
- Degree of certainty of injury
- Closeness of connection between conduct and injury
- Policy of preventing future harm.
- Availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance.
The sincere intention to be open, honest, and fair without regard for outcome.
Failure to exercise appropriate care.
Presumption of Innocence
The burden of proof is on the one who declares.
A reasonable person would not doubt the outcome of the decision.
The hypothesis with the fewest assumptions is usually correct.
“Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.”
Process versus Outcome
Focusing on systems over results lets you learn faster, be more successful, and be happier throughout the process.
Mathematics, Probability and Statistics:
Agent Based Models
A model that simulates the actions and interactions of autonomous agents with a view to assess their effects on the system as a whole. A key notion is that simple behavioral rules generate complex behavior. Another central tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
Identifying the probability of an event based on prior knowledge of conditions that might be related to the event.
- Example: If cancer is related to age, then a person’s age can be used to more accurately assess the probability thereof.
Central Limit Theorem
For most scenarios, their sum tends towards a normal distribution (bell curve), even if the original variables don’t.
Complex Adaptive Systems
A collection of relatively similar and partially-connected micro structures formed to adapt to the changing environment and increase its survivability.
- The Internet
- Any Ecosystem
Correlation versus Causation
Correlation is a class of relationships involving dependence. It’s the suggestion of a trend.
Causation is a connection between processes where one variable is partly (or fully) responsible for the other. It’s the confirmation of a trend.
A way of selecting items such that the order of selection doesn’t matter.
A decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph of decisions and their potential consequences.
These could include:
- Chance event outcomes
- Resource costs
Asking the opposite question.
i.e. “What’s the best way to fail?”
Kelly Optimization Model
A formula used to determine the optimal size of a series of bets. The basic idea is to bet a pre-determined fraction of assets.
If losing, the size of your bet should get cut. If winning, the stake increases.
- Effective advertising spend
- Dollar cost average into index funds
Law of Large Numbers
The average results obtained from a large number of trials should be close to the expected value. It will tend to become closer as more trials are performed.
Mean, Median, Mode
With regards to a data set:
- Mean = Sum over total
- Median = The value separating the higher half from the lower half
- Mode = The value that appears most often
Random variables tend to settle in a bell curve.
Arranging the numbers of a set into some sequence or order. Different from combinations where order doesn’t matter.
- Example: Rubik’s cube
A relationship between two quantities where a change in one quantity results in a proportional change in the other quality. One quality varies as a power of another.
- If the length of a square is doubled, its area multiplies by 4.
Using independent and dependent variables to determine unknown parameters.
Return to the Mean
If a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will be closer to the average on its second measurement.
In any system, units move towards its center of gravity.
A linear transformation that enlarges or shrinks objects by a scale factor that is the same in all directions.
Uncertainty in outputs can be attributed to different sources of uncertainty in inputs. Attention should be focused on the inputs that cause significant uncertainty in the output. You can also search for errors by examining unexpected relationships between inputs and outputs.
The question to ask is, “Which variables cause deviations”?
Philosophy, Literature and Rhetoric:
A figure of speech that refers to one thing by mention of another. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between the two ideas.
Where a metaphor directly relates things, a simile draws comparisons. (Using “like” or “as”).
Seeking the simplest and most likely explanation.
(Making an uncertain assumption useful in orientating yourself to your surroundings).
Pragmatists consider thought as an instrument or tool for prediction, problem-solving, and action. Topics are best viewed in terms of practical uses and successes.
The idea that reality is independent from perception.
(Your cognitive map isn’t reality).
Making connections between phenomena or theories by reducing one to another (making more simpler or basic).
- Ontological – the belief that reality consists of a minimal number of parts
- Methodological – the attempt to provide explanation in terms of smaller entities
- Theory – A newer theory does not absorb or replace the old, but reduces it to more basic terms.
The smallest amount of material needed for a sustained reaction.
The study of electromagnetic force, the interaction between electrically charged particles.
The condition in which all competing influences are balanced.
The resistance of any physical object to change in its state of motion.
The foundation of classical mechanics.
- First Law – An object in motion stays in motion. An object at rest stays at rest.
- Second Law – Force = Mass multiplied by acceleration.
- Third Law – When one force is exerted, it’s met with an equal and opposite force.
A rocket spends most of its energy to leave the earth’s atmosphere. After that it’s only a few bursts to keep course and enjoy the view.
In chess (and life), it’s easier to set the tone in the beginning of the game.
The branch of physics concerned with atoms and photons. Subatomic particles are neither particle nor wave, but have properties of each.
The explanation of gravity to other forces of nature. Energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable.
The maximum rate that info can be transmitted across a channel in the presence of noise.
The relation of heat to forces.
Relevant Reading: Poor Charlie’s Almanack
Definitions from Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:70df498d-6f44-4f53-8715-94aad32b23ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://misterinfinite.com/2016/12/20/charlier-munger-mental-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608084.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525140724-20170525160724-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.882722 | 3,564 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Survey of Petersburg
Abraham Lincoln laid out the original sixty blocks of Petersburg, Illinois between November 1835 and February 1836. In 1832, Peter Lukins and George Warburton had laid out a few lots for a new town. Lukins and Warburton played a card game, "Old Sledge," to determine whether the town would be named Petersburg or Georgetown. Lukins won. Both partners sold their stakes in Petersburg within a year. The first detailed survey of the town was undertaken by young Sangamon County Deputy Surveyor Abraham Lincoln in 1835. Since Petersburg afforded better access to the Sangamon River than New Salem, cabins and businesses began to appear in Petersburg. new Salem was abandoned. The northwest portion of Sangamon County became Menard County in 1839, with Petersburg as the county seat. Lincoln often stayed in Petersburg while riding circuit during the 1840's and 1850's. In 1858, while speaking in Petersburg, Lincoln stated that his wife "...insists that he will be a Senator and President too. Just think of such a sucker as me as President." Lincoln spoke these words only a few feet away from this familiar spot where he---in debt and without
This Plat of Survey, in Lincoln's own hand, shows the detail of the planned town of Petersburg, Illinois. Lincoln laid a stone at this spot to mark the start of the survey. The bronze medallion on this corner commemorates this Lincoln survey Point. The survey began in November 1835, about two months after the death of Ann Rutledge. The survey was interrupted by Lincoln's attendance at the State Legislative session in Vandalia, Illinois during the months of December 1835 and January 1836. Lincoln completed the survey on February 17, 1836 and also surveyed an additional seven blocks, just north of the public square, for John Bennett. The Petersburg streets were later renamed.
The first known permanent structure in Petersburg was a cabin erected by Peter Lukins in 1832. Lukins used the cabin as a cobbler's shop, his own residence, and an inn. this cabin, which later became known as the "Bennett Inn," was two blocks south of the start of Lincoln's survey. Lincoln stayed at this cabin while surveying in the Petersburg area. The proprietor was John Bennett, who later built the Menard house across from the Public Square. John's brother, Dr. Richard E. Bennett, later built his residence on the same lot. After surveying during the day, Lincoln would retire to his room and draft his plats. Lincoln used a drawing board,
Marker series. This marker is included in the Looking for Lincoln marker series.
Location. 40° 0.609′ N, 89° 50.964′ W. Marker is in Petersburg, Illinois, in Menard County. Marker is at the intersection of West Jackson Street and 7th Street on West Jackson Street. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Petersburg IL 62675, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 3 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. The Frackelton State Bank (within shouting distance of this marker); Lincoln the Surveyor (within shouting distance of this marker); R & D Frackelton General Store (within shouting distance of this marker); Peter McCue (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Lincoln in Petersburg (about 300 feet away); Abraham Lincoln - Eighth Judicial District (about 400 feet away); Dr. Benjamin Franklin Stephenson (approx. 1.1 miles away); The New Salem Lincoln League (approx. 2.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Petersburg.
Categories. • Settlements & Settlers •
More. Search the internet for The Survey of Petersburg.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on July 9, 2012, by Bill Pfingsten of Bel Air, Maryland. This page has been viewed 417 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on July 9, 2012, by Bill Pfingsten of Bel Air, Maryland. | <urn:uuid:08df20e9-900f-4bbf-913e-2ade21dd3285> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=57348 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.96661 | 862 | 3.03125 | 3 |
What is Electricity?
We use electricity every day to power our electronic devices. And electricity is present throughout nature; from lightning emitted during storms to the synapses firing inside your body. But what is electricity?
Electricity is a naturally occurring phenomenon which takes many forms throughout nature.
This article will focus on “current” electricity – the electricity which flows through our electrical sockets and powers our electric appliances, to understand how electricity flows from a power source and through wires to provide power to our devices.
Electricity is briefly defined as the flow of electric charge. To begin to explain the fundamentals of electricity, we must start by focusing in on atoms, the basic building blocks of life and matter.
Atoms exist in 118 different forms as chemical elements such as hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), carbon (C), and copper (Cu). Different types of Atoms can combine to make molecules, which build the matter we can physically interact with.
Atoms are tiny, stretching at maximum length of about 300 picometers (3×10-10 or 0.0000000003 meters). But even the atom isn’t small enough to explain how electricity works. For that, we need to look at the building blocks of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons, neutrons and electrons: The Building Blocks of Atoms
An atom is made up of a combination of three distinct particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Each atom has a centre nucleus made up of densely packed protons and neutrons. Surrounding this nucleus of protons and neutrons are a group of orbiting electrons.
Every atom must have at least one proton. The number of protons in an atom is called the atom’s atomic number and defines what chemical element the atom represents. For example, an atom with just one proton is hydrogen; an atom with 29 protons is copper.
The proton(s) in an atoms’ nucleus is partnered with neutrons. These neutrons keep the protons in the nucleus and determine the isotope of an atom. However, as neutrons do not play a critical role in our understanding of electricity, this article will not focus on them.
Electrons are critical to the workings of electricity. In its most stable, balanced state, an atom will have an equal number of electrons as protons. As in the Bohr atom model (see diagram below), a nucleus with 29 protons (copper atom) is surrounded by an equal number of electrons.
The electrons that make up an atom are not all bound to the atom forever. The electrons on the outer orbit of the atom are called valence electrons. With sufficient outside force, a valence electron can escape the atom’s orbit and become free. Free electrons allow us to move charge.
Electricity is defined as the flow of electric charge. Charge is a quantifiable and measurable property of matter (like mass, volume or density) and can come in two types: positive (+) or negative (-).
In order to move charge we need charge carriers. Electrons always carry a negative charge, while protons are always positively charged. Neutrons as their name suggests, are neutral and have no charge. Both electrons and protons carry the same amount of charge, just a different type.
The charge of electrons and protons is important because it enables us to exert a force on them, which we call electrostatic force.
Electrostatic force (also called Coulomb’s law) is the force that operates between charges. It states that charges of the same type repel each other, while charges of opposite type are attracted together. Opposites attract, and likes repel.
The amount of force acting on two charges depends on their distance from one another. The closer two charges become, the greater the force (either pushing together, or pulling away).
Due to electrostatic force, electrons will repel or push away other electrons(-) and be attracted to protons (+). This electrostatic force holds atoms together, but it’s also the force we need to make electrons (and charges) flow.
Making Charges Flow
Every electron carries a negative charge, so if we can free an electron from an atom and force it to move, we can create electricity.
The copper atom, one of the preferred elemental sources for charge flow (used in electrical wires etc). In its balanced state, copper has 29 protons in its nucleus and an equal number of electrons orbiting around it. Electrons orbit at varying distances from the nucleus of the atom. Electrons closer to the atom’s nucleus feel a much stronger attraction to the centre than those in distant orbits. The outermost electrons of an atom are called the valence electrons, these require the least amount of force to be freed from an atom.
Applying enough electrostatic force on the valence electron – either by pushing it with another negative charge (electron) or attracting it with a positive charge (proton) – we can eject the electron from it’s orbit around the atom, creating a free electron.
Now consider an electrical wire made of copper: matter filled with countless copper atoms. The valence electron that ejected from it’s orbit is now a free electron floating in a space between copper atoms in the wire, being pulled and pushed by surrounding charges. In this chaos, this free electron eventually finds a new copper atom to latch on to; but in doing so, the negative charge of this free electron ejects another valence electron from the atom it joins! This newly ejected electron continues this cycle, on and on to create a flow of electrons called electric current.
Some elemental types of atoms release their valence electrons more easily than others. To get the best possible electron flow, we want to use atoms which don’t hold their valence electrons very tightly. The conductivity of an element is a measure of how tightly bound an electron is to an atom.
|#1||Silver||Silver is by far the most conductive metal on Earth. This is because silver only has one valence electron. This single electron is free to move with little resistance. Metals like silver and copper are a few of the metals with this particular characteristic. That is why they are great electric and thermal conductors.|
|#2||Copper||Copper (like silver) only has one valence electron – making this metal very conductive. Copper is commonly used in electrical wiring and is used to coat high quality cookware and kitchen appliances.|
|#3||Gold||Gold is resistant to corrosion and it’s high conductivity make it an extremely valuable resource, used in a large amount of industries from electronics to audio equipment.|
|#4||Aluminum||Aluminium is an excellent metal conductor. It has a low density and high resistance to corrosion, making aluminium the perfect metal for the aeronautic and communication industries.|
|#5||Zinc||Zinc is far less conductive than silver, copper, gold or aluminium. Zinc is sometimes used as less expensive and economical replacements to more conductive metals.|
|#7||Brass||Brass is far less conductive than silver, copper, gold or aluminium. Brass is sometimes used as less expensive and economical replacements to more conductive metals.|
Elements with high conductivity (weak valence electrons) have very mobile electrons and are called conductors. These conductive types of materials are used to make wires and other electrical components which enable electron flow. Metals such as copper, silver, and gold are usually our top choices for good conductors.
Elements with low conductivity are called insulators. Insulators serve a very important purpose: they prevent the flow of electrons. Popular insulators include glass, rubber, plastic, and air.
Static or Current Electricity
Electricity can take two forms: static or current. When working with electronics, we will generally be referring to current electricity, but it is important to understand static electricity as well.
Static electricity (meaning “at rest”) is created when there is a build-up of opposing charges on objects, separated by an insulator. Static electricity exists until the two groups of opposite charges can find a path between each other to balance the system out.
When static charges do find a means of equalizing, a static discharge occurs. The attraction of the static charges becomes so great that they can flow through even the best of insulators (air, glass, plastic, rubber, etc.).
Static discharges can be harmful depending on what medium the charges travel through and to what surfaces the charges are transferring.
Static charges equalizing through an air gap can result in a visible shock as the flowing electrons collide with electrons in the air, which become excited and release energy in the form of light.
A good example of static discharge is lightning. When a cloud system gathers enough charge relative to another opposite charge (be it another group of clouds or the earth’s ground) the static charges will try to equalize. As the cloud discharges, large quantities of positive (or negative) charges run through the air, causing the visible fork lightning effect we are familiar with.
Static electricity can also be witnessed in a more mundane setting when we rub balloons on our head to make our hair stand up, or shuffle our feet along a carpet and and get a shock when we touch a door handle or light switch.
Friction from rubbing different types of materials transfers electrons. The object losing electrons becomes positively charged, while the object gaining electrons becomes negatively charged. The two objects become attracted to each other until they can find a way to equalize.
With modern electronic devices, we generally don’t have to deal with static electricity, other than taking measures to avoid it. Sensitive electronic components can be damaged if they are subjected to a static discharge. Preventative measures against static electricity include wearing electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist straps, or by including special components within the electrical circuits to protect against very high spikes of charge.
Current electricity is the form of electricity which powers all of our electronic devices. This form of electricity exists when charges are able to flow continually (as opposed to static electricity where charges gather and remain at rest).
In order for electrons to flow, current electricity requires a circuit: a closed, never-ending loop of conductive material so that electrons all have a neighbouring atom and can flow in the same general direction. If a circuit is broken, the charges cannot flow through the air, which will also prevent any of the charges toward the middle from going anywhere.
We understand how electrons flow, but how do we get electrons to start flowing in the first place? And once electrons are flowing, how do electrons produce the energy required to illuminate a light or power a motor? The answer to that we need to understand electric fields.
We understand how electrons flow through conductive matter to create electricity. Now we need to find a source to induce the flow of electrons. Most often that source of electron flow will come from an electric field.
What is a field?
A field is a tool used to model unobservable physical interactions. Fields cannot be seen, but they do have a very real effect.
The Earth has a gravitational field: the effect of a massive body attracting other bodies. Earth’s gravitational field can be modelled with a set of vectors all pointing into the centre of the planet; regardless of where you are on the surface, you feel the force pushing you towards it.
The strength/intensity of fields is not uniform at all points in the field. The further you are from the source of the field, the less effect the field has. The affect of Earth’s gravitational field decreases the further you get from the centre of the planet.
Electric fields share many similarities to how Earth’s gravitational field works, except that where the gravitational fields exerts a force on objects of mass, and electric fields exert a force on objects of charge.
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The information presented on this page was originally released on October 22, 2009. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Excessive fall rains leave the state soggy
MISSISSIPPI STATE – A very wet September and October left most of the state’s soil saturated, as many places have had gotten rain in almost statistically impossible quantities.
Charles Wax, state climatologist and professor of geosciences at Mississippi State University, said February and May were unusually wet across much of the state, and the summer had few periods of dry weather. This caused many areas to have above-normal yearly rainfall totals when fall arrived. Then starting in September, rainfall began accumulating rapidly.
MSU had nearly 75 inches of rain from Jan. 1 to Oct. 20, 31 inches more than normal for this time. Jackson was 2 inches above normal with 47 inches for the year, while at 50 inches of rain, Stoneville was 9 inches above normal. Biloxi was right on track with 52.3 inches of rain.
“The big interest, though, is in the September to October period,” Wax said. “MSU received 19.44 inches of rain. The average is 6.15 inches, so that’s 13.29 inches above normal for that period. There’s a 99 percent chance of getting less than 15.9 inches during this time period, so you see how high that amount is compared to the past.”
During these same seven weeks, Jackson received 11.71 inches of rain -- 4.79 inches above normal; Stoneville received 15.64 inches of rain – 9.41 inches above normal; and Biloxi received 11.46 inches of rain – 2.67 inches above normal.
“All of the state has seen above normal rainfall during this period. Lots of places got more rain than they had a near or above 99 percent chance of getting less than,” Wax said.
Wax said current soil moisture ratings have 91 percent of the state’s soil at surplus moisture, 8 percent adequate and 1 percent is short.
Wax said the September rains were associated with an upper level low pressure area that stalled for at least two weeks just west of the state. It constantly drew in moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and dumped it across the state.
“The rain just rotated counter-clockwise around that low for days on end, moving from east to west across Mississippi,” Wax said.
More recent weather was the result of stalled fronts along the Gulf Coast, indicative of an El Nino occurrence.
“On Oct. 16, the Climate Prediction Center released its long-range forecast for a moderate El Nino to influence our winter weather,” Wax said. “Typically, that means a wet winter for us.”
Larry Oldham, soil specialist with the MSU Extension Service, said producers are trying to balance salvaging crops left in the fields and avoiding cutting ruts and compacting soil in cropland.
“If we have to go into these saturated soils with heavy equipment, we run the risk of increasing soil compaction issues,” Oldham said. “That will require effort to address when it does dry adequately.”
Saturated soils have loose water filling all the spaces between soil particles. Soil that is filled with water to what is called “field capacity” has water adhered to all available soil particles. Soil at field capacity can support weight, while saturated soil cannot support people and can become compacted.
Compacted soil has a dense layer of soil several inches below the surface. A person can test dry land for soil compaction by slowly probing the soil with a rod. The rod reaches resistance around 8-10 inches deep in soils that are compacted.
“Plant growth is limited in compacted soil, as there is reduced water and nutrient uptake,” Oldham said. “Producers must address the compaction issue, but soil has to be dry before this can be done.
“Producers who have compacted or rutted soil from running harvest equipment over saturated soils will have to factor in the additional cost of smoothing the ruts and subsoiling the land,” he said.
Compacted soils also dry out differently than other areas, keeping producers out of the field even longer.
“What’s above the compacted area may dry out sooner, but soil dries slower below that compacted layer,” he said.
Oldham said how fast land dries out depends on the type of soil it contains. Sandy soil drains and dries faster than others, and clay soils dry the slowest. Soils with actively growing crops dry out quickly, as these crops pump water out of the soil as they grow. Oldham said corn at tassel stage uses about one-fourth inch of water a day in 90 degree heat, pumping 7,000 to 8,000 gallons of water a day out of an acre of land.
Information from the MSU Extension Service dealing with crop damage and losses, as well as the status of the state’s major row crops, is available online at MSUcares.com. | <urn:uuid:f53bd57c-5f77-458c-9ae9-81988b794f8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/2009/excessive-fall-rains-leave-the-state-soggy?page=565 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.966917 | 1,125 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Essay questions on literatureRated 4/5 based on 22 review | <urn:uuid:8934219a-5173-45c4-8822-bb262971a607> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://echomeworkcquh.uncserves.info/essay-questions-on-literature.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514355.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021203102-20181021224602-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.912491 | 719 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Published onVaccine Update for Healthcare Providers
Two recent papers by researchers at Dartmouth University may have disheartened you if you heard about them:
- Nyhan B, Reifler J, Richey S, Freed GL. Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2014 Apr;133(4):e835-42.
- Nyhan B, J Reifler. Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information. Vaccine. 2014 Dec 2. pii: S0264-410X(14)01542-4.
In both of these papers, which were covered by the media, the authors concluded that vaccine messages meant to educate might actually misinform and even decrease intent to vaccinate. Let’s take a closer look at these studies, so that we can better understand what they mean for those of us who educate about vaccines. Should we just stop trying? By no means!
Effective Messages in Vaccine Promotion: A Randomized Trial
Study format: The study was conducted in two waves of online panels in which respondents during the first wave were re-contacted to complete the second wave.
Participants: 1,759 parents of children ages 17 or younger
Phase one: Measurement of health and vaccine attitudes allowing respondents to be categorized by how favorably they viewed vaccines.
Phase two: Respondents were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups:
- Autism correction group – this group received information adapted from messages promoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which corrected the myth that vaccines cause autism.
- Disease risks group – this group received information, adapted from CDC materials (VIS sheets), which explained the risks of diseases prevented by the MMR vaccine.
- Disease images group – this group was shown pictures of children with diseases prevented by the MMR vaccine.
- Narrative danger group – this group was provided a descriptive narrative about an infant who almost died from measles.
- Control group – received information about the costs and benefits of bird feeding.
Outcomes: Three main outcomes were measured; however, each was only determined by respondents’ answers to a single question (per outcome):
- Misperceptions about vaccines as the cause of autism
- Perceived side effects of vaccines
- Intent to vaccinate
- The group of people who received the “autism correction” information was significantly less likely to believe vaccines were a cause of autism after reviewing the information; however, they were also less likely to express an intention to vaccinate future children.
- The group of people who received the narrative describing the dangers of disease (“narrative danger group”) was more likely to believe that the MMR vaccine caused serious side effects.
- When respondents were sub-categorized based on how favorably they viewed vaccines, differences were not seen between the different experimental interventions for either “cause of autism” or “perceived side effects” outcomes. However, for the “intent to vaccinate” outcome, those subjects who had the least favorable attitudes towards vaccines AND received the “autism correction” information decreased their intent to vaccinate. No other vaccine attitude groups or information intervention types showed a similar decline.
Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information
Study format: Data for this study were generated as part of an online survey primarily focused on politics and government. Two waves of surveys were conducted.
Participants: U.S. adults drawn from the YouGov/PolimetrixPollingPointPanel and the E-Rewards and Western Wats panels. Phase one had 1,000 respondents, and phase two represented phase one recipients who accepted an invitation to participate in phase two. Phase two had 822 respondents.
Phase one: Prior to introduction of the interventions, all respondents were asked about their concerns related to serious vaccine side effects and this information was used to segregate respondents into high- or low-concern groups for purposes of comparison. The high-risk group represented 24 percent of total respondents.
After the concern group information was obtained, respondents were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups:
- Correction group – received CDC information addressing the myth that influenza vaccine causes influenza
- Danger group – received CDC information about the dangers of influenza disease
- Control group – received no information about influenza or the vaccine
Phase two: Designed to measure longevity of impact of interventions; however, the group suffered non-random attrition that prevented drawing valid conclusions related to this measure.
Outcomes: Three main outcomes were measured in both waves of the experiment; however, each was only determined by respondents’ answers to a single question (per outcome):
- Misperceptions about the influenza vaccine
- Beliefs about influenza vaccine safety
- Intent to get vaccinated
- Although the authors cite that randomization was successful, 74 percent of respondents had only “some college” education or a “high school degree or less.”
- Although one of the most publicized data points from the study was that 4 in 10 Americans believed the flu vaccine could give you the flu, the data also showed that more than 8 in 10 Americans believe the flu vaccine is safe.
- People who got information correcting the myth that the flu vaccine causes influenza (“correction intervention”) were less likely to believe the vaccine caused flu after reviewing the information. Likewise, these people were less likely to maintain incorrect beliefs about vaccine safety although statistical significance varied depending upon whether respondents had low- or high-levels of concern about vaccine risks. In contrast, people who got information about the dangers of influenza (“danger intervention” group) did not change their misperceptions or beliefs.
- Intent to get the flu vaccine did not change in the study population as a result of either intervention (“correction intervention” or “danger intervention” groups). However, for the one-quarter of respondents with high-risk concerns, the “correction intervention” showed significant decreases in intent to get vaccinated. Of note, based on data provided in Table 1, this group (high-risk group that received the “correction intervention”) represented 69 of the total 1,000 respondents. The high-risk “control group” represented 81 respondents, and the high-risk “danger intervention” group was comprised of 92 respondents (Note: these three groups were reported to comprise 226 total respondents, so group numbers were likely to be slightly lower than calculated using table 1. Differences are likely due to rounding.). In contrast, low-risk groups represented 240 “control” respondents, 246 “danger intervention” respondents and 272 “correction intervention” respondents, and no negative intervention effect was found.
So what does this mean for educating about vaccines?
While it is important to consider these findings, we need to realize the framework in which they were found and evaluate them in the context of the bigger picture.
- Realize the framework – Both of these studies use single questions to measure outcomes and while the questions of choice were appropriate for the measure, they do not establish the complexity of the emotional framework from which vaccine decisions are made. Additionally, intent to vaccinate was also measured by a single question and is somewhat arbitrary in that it is an answer to an online question and takes into account only that moment in time rather than in a setting where these types of information are typically shared, such as in a physician’s office, and accompanied by conversation with a healthcare professional. Indeed, the influenza survey was part of a politics and government survey.
- Look at the bigger picture – Anyone who communicates with parents or patients about vaccine decisions is likely to already realize and understand that different people will respond to different approaches and to different presentations, so that these studies found different responses to different materials is not necessarily surprising or contrary to what is known. And while these findings may be helpful to get us thinking about different forms of communication, they represent a scenario that differs from typical educational efforts. Specifically, whereas these studies were completed by giving all respondents a pre-determined piece of information via an online method, in practice, information is accompanied by conversation and likely relates to the specific questions or concerns indicated during the conversation. These in-person interactions also allow for an assessment of potential, or openness to receiving information.
From our experience, we can tell pretty early in a conversation which people will not be convinced, and it is likely that if you have these conversations in your office daily, you can too.
Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy.
You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health. You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel. | <urn:uuid:9490fe8e-72dd-4b07-a9e6-6b9e4356be76> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.chop.edu/news/education-makes-it-worse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00809.warc.gz | en | 0.96247 | 1,881 | 2.875 | 3 |
We treat everything from arthritis to pulled muscles to inflammation with ice packs or heating pads. Treating pain with hot and cold can be extremely effective for a number of different conditions and injuries. The tricky part is knowing which situation calls for hot, and which calls for cold. Sometimes a single treatment will even include both.
As a general rule of thumb, ice or cold packs should be used for acute injuries or pain, along with inflammation and swelling. And heat packs should be used for muscle pain or stiffness.
How it works
Heat therapy works by improving circulation and blood flow to a particular area due to increased temperature. Increasing the temperature of the afflicted area even slightly can soothe discomfort and increase muscle flexibility. Heat therapy can relax and soothe muscles and heal damaged tissue.
There are two different types of heat therapy: dry heat and moist heat. Both types of heat therapy should aim for “warm” as the ideal temperature instead of “hot.”
- Dry heat (or “conducted heat therapy”) includes sources like heating pads, dry heating packs, and even saunas. This heat is easy to apply.
- Moist heat (or “convection heat”) includes sources like steamed towels, moist heating packs, or hot baths. Moist heat may be slightly more effective as well as require less application time for the same results.
Professional heat therapy treatments can also be applied. Heat from an ultrasound, for example, can be used to help pain in tendonitis.
When applying heat therapy, you can choose to use local, regional, or whole body treatment. Local therapy is best for small areas of pain, like one stiff muscle. You could use small heated gel packs or a hot water bottle if you only want to treat an injury locally. Regional treatment is best for more widespread pain or stiffness, and could be achieved with a steamed towel, large heating pad, or heat wraps. Full body treatment would include options like saunas or a hot bath.
When not to use
There are certain cases where heat therapy should not be used. Such as if the area in question is either bruised or swollen (or both), it may be better to use cold therapy. Heat therapy also shouldn’t be applied to an area with an open wound.
People with certain pre-existing conditions should not use heat therapy due to higher risk of burns or complications due to heat application. These conditions include:
- vascular diseases
- deep vein thrombosis
- multiple sclerosis (MS)
If you have either heart disease or hypertension, ask your doctor before using heat therapy. If you are pregnant, check with your doctor before using saunas or hot tubs.
Applying heat therapy
Heat therapy is often most beneficial when used for a good amount of time, unlike cold therapy, which needs to be limited.
Minor stiffness or tension can often be relieved with only 15 to 20 minutes of heat therapy.
Moderate to severe pain can benefit from longer sessions of heat therapy like warm bath, lasting between 30 minutes and two hours.
How it works
Cold therapy is also known as cryotherapy. It works by reducing blood flow to a particular area, which can significantly reduce inflammation and swelling that causes pain, especially around a joint or a tendon. It can temporarily reduce nerve activity, which can also relieve pain.
There are a number of different ways to apply cold therapy to an affected area. Treatment options include:
- ice packs or frozen gel packs
- coolant sprays
- ice massage
- ice baths
When not to use
People with sensory disorders that prevent them from feeling certain sensations should not use cold therapy at home because they may not be able to feel if damage is being done. This includes diabetes, which can result in nerve damage and lessened sensitivity.
You should not use cold therapy on stiff muscles or joints.
Cold therapy should not be used if you have poor circulation.
Applying cold therapy
For home treatment, apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel or ice bath to the affected area. You should never apply a frozen item directly to the skin, as it can cause damage to the skin and tissues. Apply cold treatment as soon as possible after an injury.
Use cold therapy for short periods of time, several times a day. Ten to 15 minutes is fine, and no more than 20 minutes of cold therapy should be used at a time to prevent nerve, tissue, and skin damage. You can elevate the affected area for best results.
Risks of heat therapy
Heat therapy should utilize “warm” temperatures instead of “hot” ones. If you use heat that’s too hot, you can burn the skin. If you have an infection and use heat therapy, there is a chance that the heat therapy could increase the risk of the infection spreading. Heat applied directly to a local area, like with heating packs, should not be used for more than 20 minutes at a time.
If you experience increased swelling, stop the treatment immediately.
If heat therapy hasn’t helped lessen any pain or discomfort after a week, or the pain increases within a few days, make an appointment to see your healthcare practitioner.
Risks of cold therapy
If you’re not careful, cold therapy applied for too long or too directly can result in skin, tissue, or nerve damage.
If you have cardiovascular or heart disease, consult your GP before using cold therapy.
If cold therapy hasn’t helped an injury or swelling within 48 hours, call your healthcare practitioner.
Knowing when to use cold therapy and when to use heat therapy will significantly increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Some situations will require both. Arthritic patients, for example, may use heat for joint stiffness and cold for swelling and acute pain.
If either treatment makes the pain or discomfort worse, stop it immediately. If the treatment hasn’t helped much with regular use in a few days, you can make an appointment to see your doctor to discuss other treatment options.
It’s also important to call your doctor if you develop any bruising or skin changes over the course of treatment.
Thanks To Lily for producing this blog entryLeave a reply | <urn:uuid:0f779d80-7510-4f98-b1a0-e359b7bd9513> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.yerongachiropractic.com.au/%EF%BB%BFtreating-pain-with-heat-and-cold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540517156.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209013904-20191209041904-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.926767 | 1,285 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Flu season is here, and Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) urges everyone ages six months and older to get their flu vaccine, ideally before the end of October.
Getting vaccinated is the best way to protect yourself, your loved ones, and the community.
“We continue to see hospitalizations for both adults and children from COVID-19, as well as other respiratory illnesses, including RSV,” said Dr. Rachel Herlihy, state epidemiologist.
“The last thing we want is to further stress our health care system and providers right now, especially when it’s as easily preventable as flu.”
Last flu season was very mild in comparison to previous seasons, with only 34 hospitalizations statewide.
For comparison, more than 3,500 Coloradans were hospitalized with influenza in the 2019-2020 flu season, and three children died.
Measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19 also likely reduced the spread of flu and other respiratory diseases last season.
Therefore, it is possible that we may experience an increase in flu activity this season which may be related to more in-person and large gatherings than in 2020.
Flu seasons are unpredictable. It is too soon to know if this season will be more or less severe than recent seasons.
Flu cases start to increase in October and can peak anytime between late December and February before dropping off in the spring.
Because it takes two weeks for the vaccine to take effect, October is the ideal time to get it.
“Flu vaccines are reformulated annually to best match which strains of the flu virus are expected to be in circulation. We recommend any licensed, age-appropriate flu vaccine, including intranasal and injectable versions.
“Getting your yearly vaccine can keep you and others from getting sick, can make the illness milder if you do get sick, and can keep you out of the hospital,” said Heather Roth, Immunization Branch Chief, Division of Disease Control and Public Health Response with CDPHE.
Medicare, Medicaid, CHP+, and most private health insurers cover the full cost of the flu vaccine; you don’t have to pay anything to health care providers that accept your health plan.
If you don’t have health insurance, you can still get the flu vaccine for free at certain health care providers.
Protect yourself and your loved ones against the flu by contacting your health care provider, local public health agency, or pharmacy to make a vaccine appointment today.
“While healthy people normally recover from the flu, getting a shot keeps you from spreading the virus to those at higher risk for flu complications, including people 65 and older, children under five, pregnant people, and those with certain chronic medical conditions,” Herlihy said.
“And because babies younger than six months can’t get the vaccine, it’s up to us all to protect them.”
The state health department recommends:
•In addition to getting a flu vaccine every year, adults 65 and older should check whether they have had a pneumococcal vaccine.
There are two brands of flu vaccine specifically developed for persons 65 and older; people can talk to their doctors about which vaccine is best for them.
•Children younger than nine-years-old who are either getting the flu vaccine for the first time or have only previously received one dose of the vaccine should get two doses of the vaccine.
The first dose should be given as soon as the flu vaccine becomes available. The second dose should be given at least 28 days after the first dose.
•Pregnant women have more serious complications if they get the flu and should be vaccinated before the end of October. The flu vaccine can be given in any trimester of pregnancy.
To stay informed, visit the department’s flu web page. The department’s Colorado Flu Report, which tracks flu numbers in the state, starts Oct. 13 and is updated weekly. | <urn:uuid:58f6ec9a-d2b4-4a98-aff5-8f7cc5309c65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.burlington-record.com/2021/10/15/flu-season-is-here-get-your-annual-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.961419 | 834 | 2.65625 | 3 |
From Palmdale, California, USA:
My 25 year old son was diagnosed 4 weeks ago with Type 1 diabetes. He is currently taking 35u Regular & 20u NPH per day. His blood sugar levels are not in control. Last week his doctor said that maybe he has Type 2 diabetes. Is it possible for him to have Type 2? Why isn't the insulin bring down his blood sugar?
If your son has Type 1 diabetes and is requiring doses of insulin that high in the morning, he might do better splitting the insulin dose into at least two different doses a day. Normal blood sugar depends on a balance between food intake, insulin, and exercise.
If your son is overweight, he may have Type 2 diabetes and may be "resistant" to insulin - that is the insulin may not work normally to lower the blood sugar. If this is the case, high insulin dose may be increasing his appetite. Weight loss is critical in the control of an overweight type 2 diabetic. Oral agents which help his own insulin work better may also be of use. Insulin administration may also be necessary in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
If your son is not under the care of an endocrinologist, it would be helpful to see one to help sort out what is the best treatment. He should not make any changes in his treatment without the advice of his own physician.
Original posting 21 Nov 1998
Posted to Diagnosis and Symptoms
Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:00
This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by Children With Diabetes, Inc, which is responsible for its contents.
© Children with Diabetes, Inc. 1995-2014. Comments and Feedback. | <urn:uuid:da791f3e-e596-4b1d-9f6d-80ca63dc42a1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/dteam/1998-11/d_0d_39b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040059/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00086-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959004 | 389 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Infants who get hepatitis C from their mothers during childbirth may inherit a viral strain that replicates more quickly than strains found in non-pregnant hosts, according to a new study published Oct. 27 in Nature Medicine. The findings, from a team in The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, are the first to describe how a virus that has infected 180 million people worldwide takes advantage of immune changes during pregnancy.
About 1 percent of all pregnant women worldwide have hepatitis C, caused by a highly adaptable virus known as HCV that infects liver cells. In 3 to 5 percent of these pregnancies, the virus is passed to the newborns, accounting for the majority of new childhood HCV infections. Between 15 and 45 percent of people infected with HCV are able to mount an immune response sufficient to eradicate the virus. But in most cases, the virus eludes immunity, leading to a chronic infection that increases the risk of liver failure or liver cancer.
As part of a larger study of HCV in pregnant women and infants, researchers at Nationwide Children’s followed two women with hepatitis C over a five-year period. Both women had two children during this time, and researchers were able to track the virus before, during and after pregnancy. Their analysis revealed surprising changes in HCV genomes that not only allowed the virus to thrive, but also ensured that the strain passed on by one of the women during childbirth was particularly good at replication, says Jonathan R. Honegger, MD, an infectious disease specialist and principal investigator in the Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Children’s.
“We found that better replicating versions of the virus emerged during pregnancy, and these ‘fit’ viruses were passed to the babies.” Dr. Honegger says. “The findings actually provide unique insight into the impact of pregnancy on the mothers’ control of viral infections, and also a striking illustration of this virus’ ability to adapt to changing environmental pressures.”
HCV persists in the general population, in part, because the virus outwits the immune system with mutations that can render it undetectable to CD8+ T-cells, important weapons in the body’s antiviral immune arsenal. Although these viral variations—called immune escape mutations—protect the virus from attack by T-cells, they sometimes slow the virus replication machinery.
During pregnancy, T-cells are restrained to prevent the body from attacking the fetus as foreign tissue. Viral levels of HCV have also been known to increase during pregnancy, but whether this was related to changes in T-cell function was unknown. Working closely with Chris Walker, director of the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, and colleagues at Emory University and the University of North Carolina, Dr. Honegger found that during pregnancy, certain T-cell escape mutations were lost, resulting in a virus that could replicate far more quickly.
“This surprised us because the virus’ immune escape mutations are usually stable in a patient,” Dr. Honegger says. “The loss of these immune escape mutations from HCV during pregnancy provided strong evidence that the immune changes of pregnancy, intended to protect the fetus, significantly impaired the ability of CD8+ T-cells to exert pressure on the virus.”
Loss of the escape mutations also meant that the babies got a version of the virus that was optimized for viral replication, Dr. Honegger adds. In the children they studied, the virus persisted and did not mutate in a way to suggest that it was under significant attack by their CD8+ T-cells.
“We don’t yet know whether getting the fast-replicating, immune-susceptible version of the virus would be an advantage for the baby or the virus,” says Dr. Honegger, who also is an assistant professor of pediatrics at The Ohio State University. “We suspect that if the baby doesn’t mount a swift and strong immune response, then fast viral replication may increase the risk of persistent infection in the baby.”
On the other hand, viral loads in the mothers dropped more than 1,000 fold by 12 weeks after delivery and viral genetic analysis showed that immune escape mutations had returned. “We interpreted this to mean that T-cell activity against hepatitis C in the liver increased sharply after delivery,” Dr. Honegger says.
Researchers now are following a larger group of pregnant women with HCV, hoping to learn more about how viral mutations affect the way the body controls hepatitis C in pregnant women and infants.
“We believe that better understanding of the natural history of the infection in these patients will be critical for designing rational strategies to treat or prevent HCV in these populations.”
Honegger JR, Kim S, Price AA, Kohout JA, McKnight KL, Prasad MR, Lemon SM, Grakoui A, Walker CM. Loss of Immune Escape Mutations During Persistent HCV Infection in Pregnancy Enhances Replication of Vertically Transmitted Viruses. Nature Medicine. 2013 Oct 27. doi: 10.1038/nm.3351 [Epub ahead of print]
This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R37-AI47367 to C.W, R56-AI096882 and R01-AI096882 to C.W and J.H., RO1-DA024565 and R01-AI95690 to S.L., R01-AI070101 and R01-DK083356 to A.G., T32-HD043003 and K12-HD043372 to J.H., and the Yerkes Research Center Base Grant P51RR-000165 (A.G.)), The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital (C.W. and J.H.), and the University of North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund (S.L.). | <urn:uuid:d8af7eb8-c124-4c4b-9635-44a4c6f27449> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.nationwidechildrens.org/news-room-articles/pregnant-women-with-hepatitis-c-may-pass-swifter-viral-strain-to-newborns-study-suggests?contentid=121486 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011232483/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092032-00075-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943113 | 1,240 | 3.65625 | 4 |
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- Historical overview
- Basic concepts of chemical reactions
- Classifying chemical reactions
- Classification by types of reactants
- Classification by reaction outcome
Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products.
What are the basics of chemical reactions?
What happens to chemical bonds when a chemical reaction takes place?
How are chemical reactions classified?
Chemical reactions are an integral part of technology, of culture, and indeed of life itself. Burning fuels, smelting iron, making glass and pottery, brewing beer, and making wine and cheese are among many examples of activities incorporating chemical reactions that have been known and used for thousands of years. Chemical reactions abound in the geology of Earth, in the atmosphere and oceans, and in a vast array of complicated processes that occur in all living systems.
Chemical reactions must be distinguished from physical changes. Physical changes include changes of state, such as ice melting to water and water evaporating to vapour. If a physical change occurs, the physical properties of a substance will change, but its chemical identity will remain the same. No matter what its physical state, water (H2O) is the same compound, with each molecule composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. However, if water, as ice, liquid, or vapour, encounters sodium metal (Na), the atoms will be redistributed to give the new substances molecular hydrogen (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). By this, we know that a chemical change or reaction has occurred.
The concept of a chemical reaction dates back about 250 years. It had its origins in early experiments that classified substances as elements and compounds and in theories that explained these processes. Development of the concept of a chemical reaction had a primary role in defining the science of chemistry as it is known today.
The first substantive studies in this area were on gases. The identification of oxygen in the 18th century by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele and English clergyman Joseph Priestley had particular significance. The influence of French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was especially notable, in that his insights confirmed the importance of quantitative measurements of chemical processes. In his book Traité élémentaire de chimie (1789; Elementary Treatise on Chemistry), Lavoisier identified 33 “elements”—substances not broken down into simpler entities. Among his many discoveries, Lavoisier accurately measured the weight gained when elements were oxidized, and he ascribed the result to the combining of the element with oxygen. The concept of chemical reactions involving the combination of elements clearly emerged from his writing, and his approach led others to pursue experimental chemistry as a quantitative science.
The other occurrence of historical significance concerning chemical reactions was the development of atomic theory. For this, much credit goes to English chemist John Dalton, who postulated his atomic theory early in the 19th century. Dalton maintained that matter is composed of small, indivisible particles, that the particles, or atoms, of each element were unique, and that chemical reactions were involved in rearranging atoms to form new substances. This view of chemical reactions accurately defines the current subject. Dalton’s theory provided a basis for understanding the results of earlier experimentalists, including the law of conservation of matter (matter is neither created nor destroyed) and the law of constant composition (all samples of a substance have identical elemental compositions).
Thus, experiment and theory, the two cornerstones of chemical science in the modern world, together defined the concept of chemical reactions. Today experimental chemistry provides innumerable examples, and theoretical chemistry allows an understanding of their meaning.
Basic concepts of chemical reactions
When making a new substance from other substances, chemists say either that they carry out a synthesis or that they synthesize the new material. Reactants are converted to products, and the process is symbolized by a chemical equation. For example, iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) combine to form iron sulfide (FeS). Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s) The plus sign indicates that iron reacts with sulfur. The arrow signifies that the reaction “forms” or “yields” iron sulfide, the product. The state of matter of reactants and products is designated with the symbols (s) for solids, (l) for liquids, and (g) for gases. | <urn:uuid:99fb22ce-87b3-4822-9101-dbb6415c3c3b> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-reaction/media/1/108802/159285 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527531.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722051628-20190722073628-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.942676 | 984 | 3.96875 | 4 |
What treatment options are available?
In many cases, the shoulder can be reduced without surgery. This is called a closed reduction. Many health care professionals (especially those trained in emergency procedures) know how to manipulate the shoulder back into the socket. However, without the aid of a general anesthetic, this maneuver can be very painful.
One simple technique used by health care professionals to reduce an anterior shoulder dislocation is done in the prone (face down) position. The injured arm is supported at the edge of the table. The arm is allowed to dangle over the edge of the table with a weight attached. As the shoulder muscles relax, the humeral head passively (on its own) slips back to its normal position. Unfortunately this may take several minutes.
If passive positioning doesn't work for an anterior dislocation, then a general anesthetic is administered and traction is applied to the upper limb. The arm is held in a position of shoulder abduction while lateral (sideways) and backward pressure is applied to the head of the humerus. Posterior shoulder dislocation can be treated in a similar fashion. Under anesthesia, the shoulder is rotated outwardly and forward pressure is applied on the dislocated humeral head.
Some patients who have recurrent dislocations know how to pop their own joint back into place without help. When performed by a health care professional, the procedure is generally done in a timely manner in order to prevent further pain or soft tissue damage.
Functional outcome is also better if the dislocation is reduced early.
Following closed reduction, X-rays are used to confirm correct placement of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity. After reduction, immobilization of the arm in a sling against the chest is usually recommended for several weeks up to a month. This period of immobilization gives the soft tissues a chance to heal.
As older adults are more at risk of developing a stiff or frozen shoulder, gentle range of motion exercises called Codman's or pendulum exercises may be prescribed for these individuals. These are usually done once or twice a day with the sling removed.
Recurrent dislocation is the most common complication after dislocation, especially in young people. Older adults are more likely to experience chronic pain and stiffness. When conservative care is unable to restore shoulder stability and normal function, then surgical intervention may be needed.
All shoulder dislocations do not require surgery. Many dislocations, especially in middle or older age, can be treated non-surgically. Physical Therapy at Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers will assist you in restoring the normal function of your shoulder. Immediately following your dislocation, your shoulder will likely require a period of immobilization in a sling for 2-4 weeks. This immobilization is to assist in pain relief, and allow the soft tissue to heal. As mentioned above, in the middle age to older population, a shorter immobilization period avoids a potentially stiff shoulder, whereas in a younger population, the longer immobilization period allows scarring of the tissues to prevent a recurrence of the injury.
Initially, the treatment we provide at Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers will be focused on relieving any pain and inflammation caused by the dislocation and reduction of your shoulder joint. We may use modalities such as ice, heat, ultrasound, or electrical current to assist with decreasing any pain or swelling you have. Due to some of the muscles of the neck and upper back connecting to the shoulder, you may also have pain in these regions and require treatment for these areas. Massage may be used for the neck, upper back, and non-painful areas of the shoulder to decrease pain. In addition, taping the shoulder during the initial stages of recovery may assist with pain relief by easing the tension placed on inflamed structures.
While you are immobilized simple finger movements, elbow and neck range of motion exercises should be performed. If your Physical Therapist or doctor has stated that your shoulder is at risk of becoming stiff, pendular (Codman) exercises (with the immobilizer removed), will also be encouraged. Pendular exercises assist with pain relief, help to maintain some shoulder range of motion, and assist in preventing unwanted scar tissue forming in the joint. These exercises are performed by leaning forward or to the side, letting the arm hang clear of the chest, and then initiating movement with your trunk so that the dangling limb passively and gently moves. This action provides some traction to the glenohumeral joint, which aids in pain relief, and also assists the shoulder into a relative elevated motion (in relation to the trunk.) It is important that the pendular activity is done as passively as possible without initiating motion from the shoulder muscles. The exercise should be similar to a weighted pendulum that randomly swings on the end of a piece of string.
At Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers we highly recommend maintaining the rest of your body’s fitness with regular exercise even while your shoulder is immobilized. Cardiovascular fitness can be maintained with lower extremity fitness activities such as walking or using a stationary bike or stepper machine. None of these exercises should cause discomfort to your shoulder; if this occurs, discuss modifying the activity with your Physical Therapist.
The next part of our treatment will focus on regaining the range of motion, strength, and coordination in your shoulder. The desired outcome of rehabilitation after shoulder dislocation is a return to full function. For athletes, this means full participation in sports activities. Depending on how long you were immobilized, your age, as well as the severity of the injury, your arm may feel very weak and be limited in its range of motion once the immobilizer is removed. Shoulders that have not lost some range of movement after the period of immobilization are often suspicious for eventual recurrence of the dislocation.
In order to gain back your range of motion, strength, and function of your shoulder your Physical Therapist at Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers will prescribe a series of stretching and strengthening exercises that you will practice in the clinic and also learn to do as part of a home exercise program. These exercises may include the use of rehabilitation equipment such as pulleys and poles for range of motion exercises, and light weights or Theraband for resistance work of your upper limb. As mentioned previously, the shoulder joint is very mobile, but anatomically not very stable and relies heavily on the strength and coordinated function of the muscles around it to maintain its stability and avoid dislocation. The rotator cuff muscles that assist to hold the shoulder joint in the socket are particularly important so will be targeted with rotational resistance activities of the shoulder in different ranges of motion. Adequate strength and endurance in the rotator cuff muscles throughout a variety of ranges of motion is needed to ensure full functioning of the shoulder. An upper body bike may be useful in the early stages of rehabilitation to improve range of motion and encourage coordinated movement of the entire upper limb.
If necessary, your Physical Therapist will mobilize your shoulder joint. This hands-on technique encourages your shoulder to move gradually into its normal range of motion. Fortunately, gaining range of motion and strength once the shoulder is no longer immobilized occurs fairly quickly. You will notice improvements in the functioning of your shoulder even after just a few treatments with your Physical Therapist at Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers.
As a result of any injury, the receptors in your joints and ligaments that assist with proprioception (the ability to know where your body is without looking at it) decline in function. This is particularly true when the stability of a joint has been disrupted. A period of immobility will add to the decline of these receptors. Although your arm and shoulder girdle are not traditionally thought of as weight-bearing parts of the body, an activity such as assisting yourself with your arms to get out of a chair, pulling a glass from a cupboard, or even shaving requires weight to be put through or lifted by your shoulder girdle and for your body to be proprioceptively aware of your limb. If you are an athlete, then proprioception of your upper extremity is paramount in returning you to your sport after a shoulder dislocation. Overhead sports such as swimming, or volleyball require even more precise control of the shoulder joint and girdle in order to fully return to your sport.
Controlled scapulothoracic motion is particularly essential when using your limb near or above shoulder height and especially during rapid arm movements such as throwing. By ensuring proprioceptive control of the scapula on the rib cage (scapulothoracic motion) you decrease the risk of further injury to the shoulder and the risk of another dislocation. For this reason, your Physical Therapist will teach you how to properly control your scapula during your rehabilitation exercises but will also educate you on transferring this control to your everyday activities. As you improve with being able to control the shoulder girdle your Physical Therapist will introduce more difficult dynamic exercises for your shoulder including exercises that simulate your everyday activities, or if you are an athlete, those shoulder motions that simulate your sport. Simple proprioceptive exercises might include activities such as rolling a ball on a surface with your hand, holding a weight up overhead while moving your shoulder, or pushups on an unstable surface. Advanced exercises may include activities such as reaching and lowering a weight, ball throwing, catching overhead, or a simulated swimming stroke or overhead spike. Your Physical Therapist will tailor your proprioception exercises to best address your direction of instability, your level of ability, and your return to function goal.
No matter which direction your shoulder has dislocated gaining scapulothoracic and glenohumeral control particularly during dynamic overhead motions and weight bearing activities is paramount in returning you to your full activities. If these advanced exercises cannot be mastered without pain or a feeling of apprehension, it is often reason for a surgical intervention to be considered and your Physical Therapist will liaise with your surgeon if this is the case. Unfortunately, regaining proprioception of the shoulder girdle and upper limb requires concentrated and determined work, and most people have not previously needed to focus so intently on such controlled motions of their shoulder blade and arm. The concentrated effort, however, has a substantial reward, as good scapulothoracic control is the key to regaining maximum shoulder function after a dislocation, preventing a second dislocation, and avoiding secondary pain from shoulder impingement in the future. Whether treating a shoulder dislocation non-surgically or surgically, scapulothoracic control is an essential part of your Physical Therapy rehabilitation.
Finally, as part of your shoulder rehabilitation, your Physical Therapist will also remind you about maintaining good shoulder posture at all times even when just sitting or using your upper limb in activities below shoulder height, such as working on the computer. Rounded shoulders in any position crowds the shoulder joint and can lead to shoulder impingement and pain as you recover from your dislocation.
Rehabilitation after a shoulder dislocation responds very well to the Physical Therapy we provide at Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers. As a general guide you can return to you will be able to return to your full sporting activities as long as there is no pain or recurrent swelling, when your muscles are back to nearly their full strength and control, and you aren't having problems with the shoulder popping out of the joint.
Humpal Physical Therapy & Sports Medicine Centers provides services for Physical Therapy in Corpus Christi. | <urn:uuid:c90b20f3-0d35-4179-afa9-86b2718327c7> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.humpalphysicaltherapy.com/Injuries-Conditions/Shoulder/Shoulder-Issues/Shoulder-Dislocations/a~4156/article.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986693979.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019114429-20191019141929-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.94241 | 2,374 | 2.625 | 3 |
International Neem Network
Objectives and activities
The long term objectives of the Network are to:
- improve the genetic quality and adaptability of neem to prevailing conditions;
- improve its utilization, throughout the world, as a contribution to development in the countries concerned, in particular in meeting the needs of rural people.
In the initial stage, the main activities of the Network are focused on exploration, collection and exchange of neem germplasm for establishment of international provenance trials. In addition, the Network has set up research components dealing with seed physiology and technology, genetic diversity and reproductive biology, and genetic variation in chemical compounds.
During 1993-94, seed sources were surveyed and documented throughout the natural range of the species and in areas of introduction. Pilot seed collection and exchange were undertaken to improve the procedures of handling and storage of neem seed which has a recalcitrant or intermediate storage behaviour. A training workshop was organised in July 1994, in Coimbatore (India), to familiarize Network collaborators with the procedures for seed collection and exchange.
Following survey and description of 80 seed-sources in the natural distribution of the species and among land races, 27 seed-sources, representative of the eco-geographical zones of the area of distribution in 12 countries, were selected for seed collection, exchanged and sown in nurseries for establishment of provenance trials in approximately 20 sites in 15 countries in 1995, following standardized designs, according to plans set up by a second coordinating meeting held in December 1994.Results of seed exchange and nursery production were addressed at a workshop of the International Neem Network in Bangkok in March 1996. At this meeting guidelines for trial design of international provenance trials were discussed and adopted. In July 1997 experts and National Coordinators of the Neem Network met in a workshop in Yangon, Myanmarto discuss trial establishment, trial assessment and future activities within the network. Surveys were launched in 1999 and 2000 to assess the situation of data recording in the provenance trials. National coordinators met in Jodhpur in March 2001 for aworkshop on data analysis, to report and discuss the state of the trials, present progresses made in data collection and analysis on individual trials and discuss the future activities of the Network. It was decided to work towards a global evaluation of the trials divided into climatic sub-regions and to hold the next meeting of the network within a time frame of two years. | <urn:uuid:de93108e-840c-4ece-80a3-9d9858873ac2> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.fao.org/forestry/neem/5311/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430453257153.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501040737-00043-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951982 | 497 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Area Median Incomes Infographic
incomes compare internationally.
This infographic shows the 2011-2012 median incomes for major cities, as determined by population, throughout the United States and how those compare to median incomes throughout the world. The incomes are determined by counting wages and salaries, unemployment insurance, child support payments, disability payments, regular rental receipts, and any other kinds of income received routinely of all residents over the age of 18. The median income is calculated by dividing all incomes in a city evenly in the middle with half of all incomes measuring below the median income and half of all incomes measuring above the median income. According to the US Census Bureau, the median is "considerably lower than the average, and provides a more accurate representation” of incomes throughout the United States.
By combining the displayed statistics we can see that the median income in the U.S. is $50,233. The PewResearch Center suggests that the middle income range is 75 percent to 150 percent of the median income. This would make the middle class income range $37,675 to $75,350. To most, this range seems small, and surveys conducted by the PewResearch Center find that many who fall outside this range still consider themselves middle class. This infographic shows who is considered middle class defined by income.
The original print measure 46" x 38" | <urn:uuid:3b9c39aa-dcaf-4732-a33c-0f3ff17cf03f> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://nicolemertz.com/area-median-incomes-infographic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.946883 | 273 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Rotating shafts are used in many types of equipment in feed mills. This can vary from a simple hand wheel shaft to open or close a gate, to high speed shafts turning pulleys or blades in a piece of equipment. No matter the purpose of the shaft, it has to be supported with some type of bearing. These bearings vary from a simple plain sleeve-type bearing to a precision ball or roller bearing.
Bearings are subjected to two forces or a combination of these forces. The first force is radial based on the forces that act perpendicular to the shaft. Examples of these are forces needed to hold a shaft in place from forces pulling perpendicular to the shaft. Keeping the hand wheel shaft in a fixed location while it is used to move the slide in a gate is one example. Another is to support the headshaft and pulley on a bucket elevator or conveyor.
The second force is thrust force created parallel to the shaft that tries to pull the shaft out of the bearing. This type of force is always present in bearings securing a vertical shaft. An example of a piece of equipment that has both forces is a screw conveyor. It requires bearings that support the radial loads of the screw flight, but also needs at least one bearing to hold back the thrust that the screw flighting creates while it moves the material along the length of the conveyor. This is done by using a combination radial and thrust bearing on one end of the screw conveyor.
A radial bearing can simply be a hole bored in a block of metal to support shafts that do not continuously turn such as a shaft turned by a hand wheel or intermittent power source. As the speed increases, the bearing support may be lined with a sleeve of different metals for intermittent or slow speed light loadings. As speeds or radial load increases, a ball or roller bearing is used to carry the radial load and minimize friction between the shaft and its mounting
A plain bearing, also known as a friction bearing, is the simplest type of bearing, comprising just a bearing surface and no rolling elements. Therefore the journal (i.e., the part of the shaft in contact with the bearing) slides over the bearing surface. The simplest example of a plain bearing is a shaft rotating in a hole. Plain bearings, in general, are the least expensive type of bearing. They are compact and lightweight. They have a high load-carrying capacity but also a high friction resistance to the turning shaft or journal.
In order to reduce the friction between the shaft and the bearing surface, metal or other types of bushings are often inserted into the bearing housing to support the shaft. These bushings are usually made of a different type of material than the shaft. Some of the most common materials are babbitt, bronze, cast iron, graphite, plastic, nylon, Teflon and even oil impregnated arguto wood bearings used in many screw conveyor interior flighting bearing hangers.
Ball bearings are probably the most common type of bearing. These bearings can handle both radial and small thrust loads and are usually found in applications where the load is relatively small, but the shaft is turning at higher speeds. The balls are enclosed in a cartridge formed by an inner and an outer enclosure called a race. The load is transmitted from the inner race to the ball and from the ball to the outer race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly. But it also means that there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform or squish, ruining the bearing.
Roller bearings are used in applications like conveyer belt rollers, where they must hold heavy radial loads. In these bearings, the roller is a cylinder, so the contact between the inner and outer race is not a point but a line. This spreads the load out over a larger area, allowing the bearing to handle much greater loads than a ball bearing. However, this type of bearing is not designed to handle much thrust loading.
Tapered Roller Bearings
Tapered roller bearings can support both large radial and large thrust loads. The rolls are mounted at an angle within the races so that their contact line can handle both radial and thrust loads simultaneously. This may be a single circle of rollers or for more radial and thrust capacity, a double circle of rollers.
Bearing Shaft Connection
In a plain bearing application, the bearing surface is not attached to the shaft as the shaft must turn freely in the bearing. In ball and roller-type bearings, the inner and outer races are not connected to each other and the inner race is attached to the shaft. This connection is accomplished using set screw through a collar that attaches to the shaft and holds the inner race in place on the shaft. Another method often used where the collar is attached to the inner race using an eccentric fit. By turning the collar against the race, the collar is locked on to the shaft. This method is much more secure in locking the inner race to the shaft than just using set screws.
Bearings are offered in several types of housings. The housing holds the bearing sleeve or cartridge, but may be used for several different purposes. The most common types of housings for the bearing cartridges are pillow-block and flange types.
Other types of housings include sliding housings for moving the bearing perpendicular to the shaft for take-up applications. Bearing cartridges may be installed in other types of special housings depending on their design and use in the equipment.
All bearings supporting a continually rotating shaft require some type of lubrication. Plain bearings often have a method of dripping or applying oil directly on to the turning shaft. Bearings that use ball or rollers require that the bearing be run in oil or grease.
The purpose of bearing lubrication is to prevent direct metallic contact between the various rolling and sliding elements. This is accomplished through the formation of a thin oil (or grease) film on the contact surfaces. However, for ball and rolling bearings, lubrication has additional advantages: reduction of friction and wear, dissipation of friction heat, prolonged bearing life, prevention of rust and protection against harmful elements. In order to exhibit these effects, a lubrication method that matches service conditions must be used. In addition to this, a quality lubricant must be selected, the proper amount of lubricant must be used and the bearing must be designed to prevent foreign matter from getting in or lubricant from leaking out.
Bearings may be either sealed where the lubrication is added and then permanently sealed or they are built to be re-lubricated. Bearing seals have two purposes: to keep debris out and lubricant in. The different seal types trade sealing ability for performance. Bearing seals help enhance performance of the bearing as well as increase the life expectancy.
Bearing seals help keep out unwanted water and dirt and other particulates that can be harmful to the bearings. Seals also help keep in the lubrication, be it grease or oil, to maximize efficiency. Depending on the type, application, and material of the bearing, there can be a different choices of the seal used.
Seals and shields are both used to keep contaminants out of a bearing. In order of effectiveness, the enclosures that are offered are as follows: metal shields, rubber non-contact seals, Teflon non-contact seals and rubber contact seals. Not surprisingly, as the sealing performance is increased, the torque required to turn the bearing will also increase due to the increased friction caused by the seal/shield. The application’s condition and life requirements are important to know to determine the best shield or seal choice.
Not only is choosing the correct bearing for the application important, equally important is the proper installation of a bearing. Each bearing must be carefully installed and aligned on the shaft to avoid damage to the bearing or seals.
Often the shaft and the base on which the bearing housings are mounted are subject to linear expansion or contraction due to temperature variations, and at different rates. Axial shaft expansion can be an issue in machines where there are temperature changes between the shaft and the bearing mounts. One bearing should serve as an anchor bearing to hold the shaft lengthwise. All other bearings should permit the shaft to move freely lengthwise. Most bearings are available as fixed or expansion type. The anchor bearing must be a fixed bearing, but all others attached to the same shaft should be expansion type bearings. On long shafts, the anchor bearing should preferably be located near the center of the shaft to keep the expansion of the two ends to a minimum.
In summary, the proper type of bearing must be chosen for each application including proper mounting and lubrication. Every bearing manufacturer has available specific data and information on the selection, application, installation and maintenance of their products.
More bearings have been damaged and ruined by over lubrication than any other reason. Bearings should be lubricated according to the manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions. A sure sign that a bearing is being over lubricated is when grease oozes through the seal around the shaft.
If you are not sure if the bearing has enough lubrication, I would suggest removing the grease fitting (zerk) and run the bearing long enough to achieve normal operating conditions.
If too much lubrication is in the bearing, it will be excreted through the lubrication opening. Once the excretion is finished, stop the machine, replace the zerk, and put the machine back into operation.
Fred Fairchild is a professor in the Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University. Prior to coming to Kansas State in 1994, he worked in the industry designing, constructing and commissioning of numerous mill facilities. He is a licensed professional engineer. He can be reached by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:1c7cca78-3f7c-4870-92ff-e6d651495372> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.world-grain.com/articles/10020-choosing-the-right-bearing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363659.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211209030858-20211209060858-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.950002 | 2,054 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Times Tables Rock Stars
As well as teaching tables in lessons and fluency sessions ‘Times Tables Rock Stars’ (TTRS) is a fun way for children to get the repetition that they need for them to store the times table facts into their ‘long term memory’. Thus taking away the need for them to work them out, when tackling more complex problems.
“Not knowing all the tables is like not knowing the alphabet and trying to read!”
From Y2-Y6 each child has their own login to enable them to practise at school and at home. Children go through a series of levels, similar to computer games that they would choose for themselves.
Children can choose different games to play. As they play, they earn gold coins, which they can use to buy costumes and equipment for their virtual rock star. The games are either single player (Garage, Studio and Soundcheck) or competitive games, against their classmates, year group or other schools (Festival, Arena and Rock Slam).
When they begin, they automatically complete a ‘gig’. This assesses what they can do now and unlocks relevant tables to enable them to practise and improve their fluency and speed.
If children play regularly, they become faster and more accurate at their tables. When they play in Garage and Arena, children go through pre-programmed levels. New tables will automatically be unlocked as children develop their fluency. As children improve their speed, their status also changes to reflect this. Beginning at Wannabe status through to the fastest – Rock Hero. | <urn:uuid:c3e3549f-145f-49a1-a28f-e908b62ac569> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.pinfoldstreetprimary.co.uk/ttrs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088245.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416161217-20210416191217-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.963455 | 327 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Leininger’s theory is to provide care measures that are in harmony with an individual or group’s cultural beliefs, practices, and values. In the 1960’s she coined the term culturally congruent care, which is the primary goal of transcultural nursing practice. Culturally congruent care is possible when the following occurs within the nurse-client relationship (Leininger, 1981): Together the nurse and the client creatively design a new or different care lifestyle for the health or well-being of the client. This mode requires the use of both generic and professional knowledge and ways to fit such diverse ideas into nursing care actions and goals. Care knowledge and skill are often repatterned for the best interest of the clients…Thus all care modalities require coparticipation of the nurse and clients (consumers) working together to identify, plan, implement, and evaluate each caring mode for culturally congruent nursing care. These modes can stimulate nurses to design nursing actions and decisions using new knowledge and culturally based ways to provide meaningful and satisfying wholistic care to individuals, groups or institutions (Leininger, 1991, p. 44).
Leininger developed new terms for the basic tenets of her theory. These definitions and the tenets are important to understand. Understanding such key terms is crucial to understanding the theory. Below is a basic summary of the tenets that are essential to understand with Leininger’s theory (summarized from Leininger, 2001, pp. 46–47):
• Care is to assist others with real or anticipated needs in an effort to improve a human condition of concern or to face death.
• Caring is an action or activity directed towards providing care. • Culture refers to learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a specific individual or group that guide their thinking, decisions, actions, and patterned ways of living.
• Cultural care refers to multiple aspects of culture that influence and enable...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:7963560c-6ea6-4ec2-920c-56f7ab4d83e5> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://photoxgear.com/essays/Leiningers'-Theory-Transcultural-141142.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.928345 | 418 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Texas Panhandle wildfire raises concern for community safety
Firewise tips help Texas residents reduce their homes’ risk from wildfire
May 12, 2014 – Nearly 75 homes have been destroyed and hundreds of people evacuated around Fritch, Texas, some 30 miles northeast of Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle, according to emergency officials. The wildfire, driven by strong winds, has burned close to 1,500 acres of an area crippled by continued drought, increasing the risk for future wildfires.
To prepare for wildfire season, many residents across the state are taking steps to reduce their risk. Using proven principles for wildfire safety, 65 communities in Texas participate in the national Firewise Communities/USA® Recognition Program, which encourages residents to do their part to keep their homes and property safer from wildfire.
Wildfire doesn’t have to burn everything in its path. In fact, effectively treating the home ignition zone can dramatically increase the chances of a home surviving. Cleaning the property of debris and maintaining the landscaping are important first steps. Below are actions residents can take to reduce their risk:
· Clear leaves and other debris from gutters, eaves, porches and decks – and don’t use these areas for storage of flammable items. This helps prevent embers from igniting these materials.
· Keep lawns hydrated and maintained. Dry grass and shrubs are fuel for wildfire.
· Remove flammable materials within five feet of the home’s foundation and outbuildings, including garages and sheds. If it can catch fire, don’t let it touch the house, deck or wood fencing.
· Reduce vegetation surrounding the home’s perimeter from a 5 foot to 30 foot area and manage vegetation there to 200 feet or the property line, depending on the area’s wildfire risk. NFPA’s “basics of defensible space and the home ignition zone” page on the Firewise site provides these and other steps for homeowners to help them prepare homes/home landscapes to resist wildfire.
Learn more about how to keep families safe and reduce homeowners’ risk for wildfire damage on NFPA’s wildfire division web page. Additionally, complimentary brochures, booklets, pamphlets, videos and much more can be found on the wildfire preparedness page and ordered online through NFPA’s online wildfire safety catalog.
The Firewise Communities Program encourages local solutions for safety by involving homeowners in taking individual responsibility for preparing their homes from the risk of wildfire. Firewise is a key component of Fire Adapted Communities – a collaborative approach that connects all those who play a role in wildfire education, planning and action with comprehensive resources to help reduce risk. The Firewise Communities Program and Fire Adapted Communities are sponsored by the National Fire Protection Association and USDA Forest Service.
About the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
NFPA is a worldwide leader in fire, electrical, building, and life safety. The mission of the international nonprofit organization founded in 1896 is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating consensus codes and standards, research, training, and education. NFPA develops more than 300 codes and standards to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other hazards. All NFPA codes and standards can be viewed at no cost at www.nfpa.org/freeaccess. | <urn:uuid:c4ccb41d-9dc0-4c3d-b270-6db1f527ad90> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.gilmermirror.com/view/full_story/25096367/article-Texas-Panhandle-wildfire-raises-concern-for-community-safety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869264.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00169-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928011 | 692 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Himalayan Tradition is an unbroken lineage that dates back over 5000 years. The saints and sages of the Himalayan Tradition dwelled mostly in the caves and monastaries of the Himalayan mountain ranges in northern India. The teachings of the tradition were preserved and passed down from teacher to student in an unbroken succession.
The Himalayan Tradition has it’s roots in Sri Vidya Tantra (non ritualistic) and also encompasses all of the systems of yoga (Raja, Bhakti, Karma, Jnana). Advaita Vedanta, which asserts a non dualistic Absolute reality is the system of philosophy practiced. The Upanishads, particularly the Mandukya Upanishad, are the central text. The Yoga Sutras are the foundation for the systematic path of yoga meditation. | <urn:uuid:297ddfbf-52e1-4f2d-a423-79649eaaea5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://mipsm.org/himalayan-tradition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.913837 | 167 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|Robert Capa, Segovia front, Spain, late May-early June 1937 by Gerda Taro (© International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos)|
Hailed as the world’s greatest war photographer, Capa captured moments that became iconic war images and inspire many photojournalists and filmmakers like Steven Spielberg to this day.
The exhibition features 160 photographs selected from the 937 photographs of the Capa collection at the International Center for Photography in New York, founded by Capa’s brother Cornell in 1974.
“There are some four to five original prints at the ICP. Among them, two to three prints are owned by private collectors, one by Capa’s brother Cornell, and the remaining piece travels for photo exhibitions,” said Yang Hyung-jeong, coordinator for the Robert Capa Seoul exhibition at Sejong Art Center.
|“Death of a Loyalist Militiaman,” Cordoba front, Spain, early September 1936 by Robert Capa. (International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos)|
The photos on exhibit consist of war images from major battles of the early 20th century and portraits of leading cultural figures of the period such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse and Ernest Hemingway.
The war photographs make up a large proportion of the exhibition, covering five wars: the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), the Sino-Japanese War that Capa covered in 1938, World War II, the first Arab-Israeli War in 1948 and the French Indochina War in 1954.
Capa was always at the frontlines of major conflicts to capture moments such as a Spanish soldier collapsing after being shot in the head during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and American troops landing on a section of the French Normandy coast codenamed Omaha Beach in 1944.
The blurred image of the amphibious landing of American troops was published in Life magazine with the caption that reads “immense excitement of the moment made photographer Capa move his camera and blur pictures.” The picture inspired the director Spielberg in creating the opening battle scene in his 1998 movie “Saving Private Ryan.”
Capa later wrote in his book “Slightly out of Focus”: “The bullets tore holes in the water around me, and I made for the nearest steel obstacle … It was still very early and very gray for good pictures, but the gray water and the gray sky made the little men, dodging under the surrealistic designs of Hitler’s anti-invasion brain trust, very effective.”
There remain only 10 photographs of the life-and-death moment because of a mistake his assistant made in the printing process, according to the exhibition catalog.
As intense as the war photos look, his photographs have been the subject of controversy. An unconfirmed claim relates how the Spanish solider shot in the head was killed when Capa asked him to run down the exposed hill for a photo.
Capa died on a battlefield at age 41, at the end of the French Indochina War in 1954. He died after he left his jeep to take a photo and stepped on a landmine.
A 90-minute-long PBS documentary is screened during the exhibition starting at 10:30 a.m.
The Robert Capa exhibition continues through Oct. 28 at Sejong Art Center.
Admission is 12,000 won for adults, 8,000 won for teenagers and 7,000 won for children. For more information, visit www.robertcapa.co.kr or call (02) 3701-1216.
By Lee Woo-young (firstname.lastname@example.org) | <urn:uuid:9c97ec41-c3c6-4790-903c-f72cdd5e2616> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130812000799 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.95639 | 769 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Are you worried about your teen’s academic performance, ability to connect with peers, sudden shifts in mood or behavior or ability to manage anger, disappointment or other difficult feelings? Do you and your teen argue about everything from homework, to choice of friends to his or her rebellious behavior? Perhaps your teen skips class or refuses to go to school altogether, making every morning feel like an uphill battle. Or maybe your teen has become withdrawn, shutting you out, and spending hours alone in his or her bedroom. Are you concerned about an issue at school – be it a drop in grades, a potential learning disability or that your teen is being bullied or may actually be a bully him or herself? Does your teen seem to be struggling following a loss, trauma, divorce or another significant life transition? Do you wish you could better understand your teen’s experience and knew how to help him or her feel balanced, happy and successful?
It can be a frustrating, confusing and even seemingly helpless experience to parent a teenager who is having difficulties in school, with peer relationships or feeling good about his or herself and place in the world. As parents we want to protect our children, but many of us are not prepared or equipped to deal with some of the challenges that impact our children. Your teen may be grappling with making and keeping friends, misinterpreting social cues or becoming the subject of ridicule at school or on social media platforms. Social or other issues, such as a trauma, loss or a major life change, may be causing your child to struggle with self-esteem, self-doubt and perhaps even anxiety and/or depression. The pressure to succeed may also be impacting your teenager. You might worry that your teen has a learning disability, developed perfectionistic thinking or is simply too overwhelmed by a demanding workload. You may be concerned that he or she is at risk or currently abusing substances or is engaging in promiscuous sex or other risky behavior.
Many Teenagers Struggle Through The Ups And Downs Of Adolescence
By their very nature, the teenage years are tough. Add to that the enormous demands that are placed on today’s teenager. The pressure to succeed is rampant. Many students are taking a full schedule of classes and trying to juggle a heavy workload as well as extracurricular activities. Social media, central in most teens’ lives, presents even more complex challenges. Some students come to define their self-worth by the number of likes or followers they have. Many teens also face cyber-bullying, which can be devastating and widespread. While online gaming or forums give shy teens a social outlet, they can also prevent teens from forming deeper, more intimate relationships. In some cases, online activity can be addictive, increase social anxieties and fuel avoidant behavior.
Combine all these challenges with normal adolescent development: hormonal changes, the desire to become more independent and learning to navigate an increasingly more complex social environment. Now add to that a potential learning disability, ADHD, depression, anxiety, trouble making friends or a difficult adjustment, such as a divorce or a death, and life for your teen can feel chaotic.
While almost all teens could benefit from a little extra guidance and support during the whirlwind teenage years, there are some who really need it. If your teenager has been struggling to feel good about him or herself and/or to function well in school, with peers or at home, teen counseling can help your teen feel better, build confidence, increase self-awareness and achieve his or her goals.
Teen Counseling Can Help Your Child Manage Complex Emotions, Navigate The Social Landscape And Thrive In School
Teen counseling provides a safe space for your teenager to explore feelings, identify new ways to understand and solve problems, develop healthy coping mechanisms and feel less stuck in daily life. Developing a strong therapeutic relationship with the right professional is key. When teens feel that a therapist listens to them in a non-judgmental manner, defenses loosen, they feels understood and valued and it becomes easier to speak more openly. At this point, a teen and therapist can work together to pinpoint the dynamics that are holding him or her back academically, emotionally or socially.
In teen therapy sessions, we can help your child identify, explore and address the thoughts, feelings and issues that are causing him or her distress. Sometimes school is the cause (a learning disability, attention issue or social difficulty impacts self-esteem, for example). Some teens are faced with difficult circumstances outside of school (such as divorce, the loss of a loved one or a traumatic event), which make everyday life in school, in other social settings and at home difficult or unbearable in some cases. At other times, teenagers develop depression and/or anxiety, which can impact all aspects of their lives. Either way, teen counseling can help your child learn to manage and overcome the negative feelings associated with self-esteem, peer relationships and school.
In a safe, nonjudgmental setting, your teen can learn how to cope with difficult emotions and manage stress. Your teen can learn how to express feelings, improve social skills and identify any disruptive or unhealthy patterns. A therapist can help your teen recognize and build on his or her strengths, as well as set meaningful achievable goals, which can help build self-confidence. As your teen begins to increase confidence and self-awareness, he or she can also develop a new meaning of the world and build his or her capacity to thoughtfully reflect on experiences.
Because each teenager is different, we will tailor sessions to best support your teen and address his or her specific needs and goals. Whether it’s academics, peer relationships, anxiety or depression, his or her therapist can create a strategy that helps your child open up and develop the skills, personal insights and tools that will help him or her not only now, but also set the stage for future wellbeing and success.
You may believe that you teen could benefit from extra support, but still have some questions or concerns about teen counseling…
Many teens are ambivalent or even fearful about starting counseling. If your teen is recoiling at the idea of therapy, it can be helpful to involve your child in the process. Finding the right therapist for your teen is important, as a good fit between therapist and client is key to successful treatment. You can suggest to your teen that he or she meet the therapist and see if he or she feels comfortable. Asking your teen for input helps to establish that the therapist is there to be his or her therapist. This way, your teen can begin to “own” the process and think about his or her own goals in treatment.
I’ve heard that teen therapy can be expensive and take a long time.
We recognize that therapy is a serious commitment in both time and money. However, investing in your teenager’s mental health may prove invaluable. Seeking help for ongoing issues now may offset other or more serious circumstances down the line. It has become clear just how important it is to address mental health issues as soon as possible. Research shows that when left untreated, psychological disorders can lead to more severe illness, which can be more difficult to treat later on in life. Therapy during this critical time can also provide your teenager with useful skills that he or she can use throughout life. While Cope With School NYC does not participate on insurance panels, we can provide you with a detailed invoice that you may be able to submit to your insurance carrier for reimbursement.
How involved can I be in my teen’s therapy?
Teen counseling can help you feel supported, as well as improve the relationship between you and your teen. While ongoing collaboration is essential throughout the therapy process, your teen’s sessions are confidential (except in cases of danger of harm to self or others). That said, your teen will also understand that his or her therapist will be in regular contact with you to discuss overall progress, listen to concerns and provide updates.
You and your teen don’t have to navigate this challenging time on your own. In therapy, your teen can feel safe, understood and begin making the positive changes that can impact his or her life in positive ways. We invite you to call us for a free 10-minutes phone consultation to discuss your teen’s specific needs and to answer any questions you have about teen counseling and Cope With School NYC. | <urn:uuid:4e17d3fa-5249-4b41-9bfc-7c1ce99233e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.copewithschoolnyc.com/teen-counseling-nyc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879305.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419080654-20210419110654-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.962248 | 1,709 | 2.8125 | 3 |
1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say
For decades, scientists have debated where in the world the pandemic started, variously pinpointing its origins in France, China, the American Midwest, and beyond. Without a clear location, scientists have lacked a complete picture of the conditions that bred the disease and factors that might lead to similar outbreaks in the future.
Source & Full Story
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Questions not related to blog notes will not be answered here. Many thanks for your comprehension. | <urn:uuid:2ace9969-3148-4ee8-a9e8-1025384ad03f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://genealogyblog.geneanet.org/index.php/post/2014/01/1918-Flu-Pandemic-That-Killed-50-Million-Originated-in-China-Historians-Say.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510256757.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011736-00211-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926546 | 160 | 2.75 | 3 |
The three-year-old year is often called the magical year because of the beginnings of pretend play and the onset of socialization. During this year of life, the “baby look” disappears and the child resembles one who is maturing. So much to learn by the three year old! The three-year-old . . .
- will enjoy determining what to wear
- will pick up on your emotions and feelings
- will want to move and adjust his play with new skills being developed
- will enjoy relationships with others, though still learning to navigate the feelings and needs of others
- will like to “strike-a-deal” (“If I do _______, will you do ______ for me?”)
As the children’s Sunday School teacher, you will have the joy of investing in their lives. Look at each child differently; they are not all alike. Each has a preference for learning. Some will enjoy block play while others will sit back and watch. Some will engage in art, while others will want to work puzzles. Some will be more intense in their play, while others are quick to move on to another activity.
Below are some teaching tips to help you be more intentional as you teach on Sunday mornings.
- Encourage the child who is trying something for the first time.
- Give praise to the child when he does something to help another child.
- Sing frequently and include the name of the child in a song.
- Reassure the child who is anxious for her parents.
- Use Bible conversation to reinforce Bible learning and help the child apply what he has learned to his life.
- Share the Bible story while you engage the child in play in a learning center–homeliving, puzzles, blocks, books, nature or art.
- Use prayer when appropriate, such as: “Thank You, God, for John’s hands. He can build with blocks. God loves John.”
- Encourage the child as he plays with others.
- Use your Bible when teaching. Open the Bible to the verse for the day or place the Bible story picture near the Bible.
Learn to observe each child’s play and see what catches her attention. Try to provide activities that fit each child’s preference for learning, active or quiet play.
How wonderful that God made us all different. We can see more of His creative nature when we see the gifts and value in each child. | <urn:uuid:0c736876-72ae-492a-a56e-13d3dbe7e6b9> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://preschool.journeyonleadership.com/threes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578747424.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426013652-20190426035652-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.960573 | 517 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Unit Lesson Plan
Prepared by Judy A. Teaford
Mountain State University, Beckley, WV
in consultation with Tina L. Hanlon
Ferrum College, Ferrum, VA
A Version of this
Unit Plan was Presented at the Appalachian Teachers Network
September 24, 1999, Radford, Virginia
APPALACHIAN FOLKTALES AND OTHER MEDIA
The following materials and exercises for teachers and students have been designed for implementation at the junior high level. However, most of the materials and exercises can be used or adapted for lower and higher levels of instruction.
This unit plan consists of teacher plans and student handouts for 4 lessons. The lessons (1) emphasize Appalachian humor, using examples of jokes and cartoons, and relating this humor to folktales of the region; (2) focus on the characteristics of folktales and Appalachian values; and (3) examine selected folktales (in the following forms: oral and written, picture book, and film). The goal of this unit is to facilitate an understanding of and pride in Appalachians unique heritage.
Lesson 1: Hillbilly or Appalachian: Is There a Difference? is a survey of students' knowledge of Appalachia and Appalachians. It includes discussion of Appalachian humor using jokes and cartoons.
Lesson 2: Tell Me a Folktale examines folktale characteristics, Appalachian values, and the use of humor. This lesson uses variants of the same folktale.
Lesson 3: Whats in a Picture Book? examines picture book adaptations of Appalachian folktales, analyzing the characteristics of the Appalachian folktale, Appalachian values, and the use of humor. A brief introduction explaining the connection between text and illustrations is provided.
Lesson 4: What About Films? examines Jack and the Dentist's Daughter, one of Tom Davenports Appalachian folktale films, analyzing folktale characteristics, Appalachian values, and the use of humor.
Additional Activities provides a selection of student activities and projects for independent or group work.
NOTES TO THE TEACHER
Where is Appalachia? What is an Appalachian? Ask these questions to many people who live outside the region and you will discover that they either do not know or have based their definition on cartoons, films, television shows, and media coverage that rarely reflect the full picture, or even an accurate picture of the region and its people. And, surprisingly, many youth who live within the region and are a part of the culture are often unaware of the fact that they are Appalachians. They, like outsiders, are also unable to identify the Appalachian region. (Note: Defining the region is also problematic for scholars of Appalachia. Should Appalachia include all of the states outlined in the Appalachian Regional Commissions definition, emphasizing geographical boundaries? Should it include only the Southern Appalachian states, focusing on cultural similarities? There is no consensus among scholars, each defining the term based upon their own needs. For the purpose of this unit, the definition used by many literary scholars, that of the Southern Appalachian Region, will be utilized. Definitions are included as part of the materials and exercises that make up this unit.)
Written for Appalachian youth, this unit will aid students in identifying themselves as part of the Appalachian Region. (As a matter of introduction, students will also be made aware of the problems inherent in defining the region.) More importantly, Appalachian students will be afforded the opportunity to learn about and take pride in their unique heritage.
Historically, Appalachians have been misunderstood, stereotyped, and occasionally even dismissed as illiterate, backward people who are incapable of contributing to society. The positive qualities of Appalachians continue to be ignored. Instead, the focus for many outsiders is their perceived notion of the "hillbilly." Using this unit with students who live outside of the Appalachian Region will cultivate a positive understanding of Appalachia and Appalachians.
This page created:
Links checked in this teaching unit: 7/13/05
Last update: 7/13/05
Complete list of AppLit pages on Folklore | <urn:uuid:852146b2-e6e1-420b-aae4-8c1df5231bba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www2.ferrum.edu/applit/lessons/MtHumorLPintro.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.923587 | 852 | 3.84375 | 4 |
BUILDING THE FOUNDATION BY MASTERING THE FUNDAMENTALS 1.0
Any domain of art or knowledge can be mastered over time. The problem comes when we are in a hurry to learn. In this mental state we tend to skim over the fundamentals.
A key Law of The Universe that we live in is Things Are Build On Top of each other. Spiders have several legs, centipedes have a 100 legs and millipedes have a million legs. But they all have legs. Humans have only two legs. Legs have been perfected by the universe through iteration over many models of beings. Once…
“What appears to us is what the senses render…It is a rendered reality and it is real in the sense that a rendering is real.” Arjuna
The Dalai Lama always says, one of the key causes of suffering is to take things at face value. Reality is not as it appears. This is a fundamental tenet of Indian and Buddhist philosophy.
It is no coincidence that the software for rendering three dimensional environments is called “Maya”. In Sanskrit Maya means illusion.
The wikipedia says:
“Māyā connotes a “magic show, an illusion where things appear to be present but are not… | <urn:uuid:521e6bb3-0497-4248-8d98-43b5a361287f> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://medium.com/@arjunsinghkochhar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988758.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506144716-20210506174716-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.94425 | 267 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A new exhibit at The Phillips Collection in Washington, titled "American Moments," is a collection of more than 130 photographs taken during the 1930s to the '60s by some of the most prominent photographers in the country.
Curator Renée Maurer said the images help to tell the story of a transforming America.
“While putting the show together we realized that there was a story that could be told, that reflected time, place and experience in America," she said.
The photos include portraits of regular Americans at work and at play, the building of bridges and skyscrapers by hardworking laborers, and a series of timeless images of some of the country's most beautiful landscapes.
"The themes reveal different ideas, different moments of change that have occurred in America," said Maurer. "Whether it be Berenice Abbott on a road trip trying to capture a rural America, or Lee Friedlander taking a photograph of a World War II monument, these are things that are very familiar to our history.”
Growth of Cities
Photographers like Clarence John Laughlin, Margaret Bourke-White, Lewis Hine and Paul Strand documented the rapid growth in many of America’s cities, including the building of new roads, bridges and buildings.
Berenice Abbott was known for her documentation of bold, black-and-white photographs of New York City's architecture in the 1930s. As the city was rapidly replacing hundreds of 19th-century buildings with new Art Deco skyscrapers, Abbott shot many of them from unique angles, emphasizing their towering forms.
Louis Faurer’s street scenes highlighted the energy of New York City’s nightlife and the people reveling in its magic.
Photojournalist Esther Bubley was best known for her intimate portrayals of ordinary people. But she was just as comfortable capturing a tender moment between mother and child as she was creating a series of candid portraits of women in the workplace during the 1950s.
“I think it was the type of photographer that Esther Bubley was," said Maurer. "She was always interested in the human condition and how she could capture that in a photograph.”
During World War II, there were restrictions on gas, tires and rubber, so Bubley traveled across the country for the Office of War Information to document how Americans were getting around.
Maurer said that although Bubley didn't drive, she went on many bus trips across the country to capture an America on the move.
"She created stories, made friendships, and took wonderful photographs of men and children, older couples, people waiting for the bus, people on the bus, people sleeping on the bus, people getting frustrated by the bus,” she said.
Life in the Shadows
In the postwar years, while much of the country was going through a period of explosive innovation and modernization, there was also turmoil. Blighted neighborhoods were still a harsh reality in many of America's cities, and much of the segregated South was slow to embrace an increasingly forceful civil rights movement.
Renowned photographer Bruce Davidson was inspired to use his camera to raise awareness and promote change. In 1961, he began photographing the civil rights struggle and related topics.
He explained: “I drove through the segregated South, entering a run-down migrant camp in South Carolina, observed schoolchildren picking cotton under the noonday sun in rural Alabama.
"I wanted to experience, uncover and expose the underpinnings of segregation and the climate of poverty across the country. I needed to see for myself what was being endured and what was no longer going to be tolerated.”
He captured powerful portraits of disadvantaged Americans with a series of images he took in an impoverished neighborhood in New York.
They include a gaunt-looking woman with a newborn on her lap, and children on a fire escape above a trash-filled yard.
Davidson wrote about his New York street series: “What was important at the time was to show the politicians, the bankers and the mayor what was going on in terms of housing.
There’s enough dignity, humor, life in the body of work when you look at it. There were those who thought I made the place look too bad. Other writers said I didn’t make it look bad enough.”
Davidson also immersed himself in the world of the traveling circus, where he captured the loneliness of the performers:
“I first saw the dwarf standing outside the circus tent in the midst of a cold spring afternoon. He was half my height and I felt a certain power over him. He stood before my camera sad and silent, taking the last drag of a cigarette.
His name was Jimmy Armstrong and he was billed as ‘Little Man’ on the circus fliers. We got to know one another and after the last show went to a diner together. Sometimes people would smirk at us, but Jimmy always stayed calm and self-contained.”
Maurer said Davidson "wanted to really show America what was still going on in the '60’s, and really ask America, ‘Is this something that we can still tolerate?'
“It was important for him to show his audience that even though change is beginning, there’s still a lot of work left to do."
Maurer hopes these photographs will inspire a greater understanding of an America that was undergoing major change. | <urn:uuid:5f0d0a26-b22e-4158-92b5-ed20db9a9112> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.voanews.com/a/images-washington-exhibit-reflect-transforming-america/2848607.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743247.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116235534-20181117021534-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.980866 | 1,121 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Today, many people that white meat is healthier than red meat. But is this really true?
Let’s first understand the terms red and white meat. One of the major differences between the two comes from the amount of myoglobin in the meat. Myoglobin is a red pigment (similar to haemoglobin) that is found in muscle that carries oxygen. The more myoglobin in meat, the more red it is. The animals that use their muscle more tend to have more myoglobin.
So meat that is red includes beef, goat meat, mutton (sheep meat), wild game meat and even pork. Yes, pork is red meat at least even according to the world health organization. And white meat is food like fish, chicken and other poultry animals.
So why have we been made to believe that red meat is worse than white?
First is that myoglobin in meat has been linked to some forms of cancer. The more the myoglobin the more the risk. And red meat has more myoglobin than white.
Second is saturated fat. It was thought that saturated fat in meat caused heart disease and because red meat has more than white, red meat was deemed to be bad for health.
What does this all mean?
While it is true that myoglobin can increase cancer risk, saturated fat and heart disease is more complex than just fat. And saturated fat alone is not the cause of heart disease and some types of saturated fat are not bad for health. Saturated fat is therefore not a reason to demonise meat but the more myoglobin seems to be a risk. White meat on the other hand has less myoglobin and is higher in healthier omega-3 fats and so is thought to be better on that front. So, on this basis, white meat has an upper hand to red meat.
But is red vs white the only important thing about meat?
Not really. When we eat meat, everything in the meat that enters our body can have an impact on our health. And the quality of the meat also matters. And today we know that the way animals are reared is very important and may be more important than simply if the meat is red or white. Take poultry farming for example. In the past most chicken were reared naturally, they foraged for their own food and moved freely. Today many chicken are reared in crowded cages. These environments are often unhygienic. The animals are often modified breeds that have poor immunities and are often so sickly that they require lots of antibiotics. And in addition they are fed lots of foods that are often high in growth hormones and other chemicals/pesticides in the feeds. Some people have even claimed they are fed ARVs (anti-retroviral drugs) to fatten them. This is a reality. So when you eat this chicken although it is white meat, it cannot be good for your body. All the hormones, toxins, antibiotics render this meat unhealthy. On the other hand someone may eat red meat from a goat that has been reared naturally in the wild and has fed on natural vegetation and never been exposed to harmful chemicals. This meat is definitely much better in my opinion than a commercially reared broiler chicken that lived all its life in unhealthy conditions.
The debate should no longer be is meat simply red or white. We need to look at the whole picture. It may actually now be better to first consider the way the animal is reared than to go into whether it is white or red.
This means we need to start thinking critically about where we get our meat. Buying at the butcher may no longer be enough. Look out for local farmers you know, keep some animals for your consumption or buy meat when you travel upcountry where it is likely to be better.
But whatever the case, one of the most important messages is that we do not need a lot of animal foods in our diet. We should limit them to no more than thrice a week for all animal products combined (including eggs, dairy and any animal food). It is now known that if you eat a lot of animal food, whether it is red or white your risk for problems including cancer and heart disease will go up.
What are our summary and take home messages about this?
Although white meat may be a better choice for you than red meat, it is not whether meat is red or white that matters alone. The way the animal is reared or raised in equally and often more important.
Always select meat from animals that are raised naturally and organically over whether they are red or white. But selecting organically and naturally reared white meat such as local chicken and fresh water fish from unpolluted sources (not from caged and commercial ponds) is probably your best choice and then occasionally naturally reared red meat. You would rather eat any natural and organic meat over white meat if not raised naturally and organically
Always remember to keep your animal consumption to small quantities. If you do keep it low, once in a while it is ok to choose red meat over white. And when you do choose red meat, enjoy it and don’t feel guilty. Feelings of guilt could do more harm to you than the occasional bite of red meat
Wishing you health, wealth and happiness
Dr. Paul Kasenene | <urn:uuid:0128c15e-72fa-4912-8c15-39d3f37c67a5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.drkasenene.com/post/2019/02/25/is-white-meat-really-healthier-than-red-meat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100603.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206194439-20231206224439-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.970626 | 1,086 | 3.328125 | 3 |
15 Mar The commentary of the Qur}an authored by him, Tafsir-e-Namuna and has also been translated in to Arabic, Urdu, Turkish, Azari and English. Tafseer-e-Namoona – Volume Naser Makarem Shirazi. Read times. Published in Tafsir. Download attachments: Tafseer-e-Namoona – Volume pdf . Tafsir Nemooneh is a tafsir (exegesis on the Quran) written by Naser Makarem Shirazi and but it has been translated into other languages, including Arabic ( الأمثال في تفسير القرآن al-Amthal fi Tafsir al-Qur’an), English, and Urdu.
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Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai 5, 0. Ayatullah Sayyid Abulqasim al-Khui 4, 0.
Tafseer e Namoona
Relationship between Islam and Arabic, impact of Qur’an on the Arabic language, and the internalization of Arabic. Tafseer of ehglish Qur’an – Imamat – Part 2.
For the last three centuries, this family has produced generation after generation of renowned religious scholars in Azerbaijan Iran. Tafseer of Surat al-Baqarah – Part 1.
Skip to main content. Arguments against the literal meanings.
How did you come to know about this tafseer e namoona in english The original rendering in Arabic is replete with academic, philosophical and metaphysical terms and discussions and the translator has discharged his responsibility diligently while taking great care to ensure that the original idea is rendered into English according to his abilities and in the most faithful manner. Ali Muhammad Fazil Chinoy 2, 0. And as to those [women] on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and [if that does not make any difference, then] leave them alone in the sleeping-places and [if that does tafseer e namoona in english make any difference, then] strike them.
The official website of Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi.
Islamic Laws and Works by Makarem. Englisj eBooks for some of the volumes from the iTunes store. We would also like to thank Dr. Methodology and sources of tafsir. May God bestow His mercy on him.
This book is a comparative study of Islamic philosophy and various tafseer e namoona in english anti-Islamic schools of thoughts, especially Marxism. In a englisn commentary of Surah al-Hujurat, Ayatullah Ja’far Subhari elaborates on the ethical fnglish behinds its revelation and expounds on a range of ethical problems that are experienced in s.
Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn at-Tabataba’i 32, 0. Type a message ON YoungShia 2. Mehdi Golshani 4, 0. His father died in A collection of the Ayatullah’s last lectures on topical exegesis, norms and laws of history mentioned in the Qur’an, and man, nature and society.
In addition to this commentary, he has also authored a thematic commentary of the Quran entitled Payam-e-Quran The Message of the Quran which has opened up a new chapter in the field of exegesis of the Noble Quran.
R John 4th Muharram: For more details click here Update: This work is a ib one as some of our major scholars do not recognize this as being a direct work of the 11th Imam and that it has only been attributed to them — due to this, some are caref. Tafseer e namoona in english Naser Makarem Shirazi 12, 1.
Ayatullah Murtadha Mutahhari 13, 0. Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi. This is one of the verses that tafseer e namoona in english englisn of Islam and proponents of women’s rights have singled out in order to invalidate the ordinances of the Qur’an. Ali Haq Inqlab Download Stoning was actually an inherent custom in the Mosaic law of Jewish communities living in Medina at that time.
The second volume of the renowned commentary ehglish the Holy Qur’an written by one of its greatest modern commentators. Tafseer of Surat al-Baqarah – Part 6. Amina Inloes for undertaking the editing tasks of our new publications in an ideal and professional manner.
Shia Library (شیعہ لائبریری): Shia English Books
This volume contains exegesis of Suratul Baqarah 2 from verse 94 to verse Tafsir of Surah Englishh tafseer e namoona in english Session 5. Tafsir of Surah Yaseen – Session 7. He was a well-respected authority on religious subjects of jurisprudence and its fundamentals; a philosopher of independent views and new theories; and an inspired model tafseer e namoona in english ethical and spiritual perfection. DownloadsHoly Quran. January 1, On January 1st A Scientific Discourse about Woman. Send it to Note: This left a big void in the original criteria of WOFIS for a long period of time after the English volume 12 was published.
Muhammad and Ali written on the moon. Tafsir of Surah Al-Muzzammil – Session 4. | <urn:uuid:e795c5ba-d368-40a4-9265-f2f2592ba47b> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://vybor.online/tafseer-e-namoona-in-english-32/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578678807.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425014322-20190425040322-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.89253 | 1,261 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Focus: Burglar Alarm Based on Quantum Mechanics
The detection of unauthorized tampering—in stores of anything from sensitive documents to nuclear materials—is improved by exploiting the basic properties of quantum physics, according to a new study. Researchers demonstrated that optical monitoring systems, if made sensitive to quantum properties of light, could avoid vulnerabilities afflicting the best current tamper-detection systems. The new technique could soon find its way into practical use.
Advanced systems for tamper protection currently rely on fiber-optic cables threaded through and around stores of materials to be safeguarded. These cables carry secret optical signals, which traverse the path and return to a detector at a secure site. Efforts to tamper with the materials, by disturbing the cables, would alter the returning signal and reveal the intrusion.
But such systems remain open to a conceptually simple attack. A sophisticated intruder, upon breaking the fiber, could hide his or her presence by reproducing, or “spoofing,” the original signal. They need only detect the arriving signal and send along an exact copy. Such an “intercept-resend” attack would produce precisely the signal expected, and so avoid detection.
This problem can be overcome by using optical signals that are far harder to spoof, argues a team of researchers from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee led by Travis Humble. Quantum physics implies that photons can be created as so-called entangled pairs, where a disturbance to a physical property of one particle—say, its frequency or polarization—could also immediately alter the same property in its partner particle. In calculations and experiments, the team showed that such pairs could be used to thwart intercept-resend-style attacks.
Their idea was to create a stream of entangled photon pairs. For each pair, one would be sent directly to a nearby detector in a secure place, while the other would instead travel down a fiber and through the protected zone, before joining its partner at the detector. In the absence of any disturbance along the way, the second photon, upon reaching the detector, would still show a perfect entanglement with the first. For example, the two photons might have been created in a state with opposite polarizations: if one is vertical, the other must be horizontal. In contrast, any disturbance to the fiber would alter properties of that second photon, destroying the entanglement, so that some pairs might have the same rather than opposite polarizations.
Moreover, even a spoofed imposter particle could not replicate the expected entanglement. That impossibility, says team member Brian Williams, follows from the “no-cloning” theorem of quantum theory, which rules out the possibility of making a perfect copy of an unknown quantum state. Measuring the intercepted photon would destroy any information about its original state.
To demonstrate the scheme, the researchers generated entangled photon pairs and sent each photon through a 20-meter fiber and then back to a detector. One loop was meant to simulate passage through the protected materials; the other acted as a reference. Within one loop, the team inserted a transparent but weakly disturbing obstacle in the photon path to mimic a tampering event. In the experiments, they were able to detect the presence of the obstacle with a probability of 0.9999, while also maintaining a false positive rate of only one part in one billion.
The new method, however, would be vulnerable to still more sophisticated attacks. The no-cloning theorem prevents an attacker from measuring and reproducing a photon's state, but quantum mechanics still allows for teleportation, where the unknown state is destroyed in the process of transferring it from one photon to another. However, Williams says, teleportation requires much more sophisticated equipment, especially given the picosecond timing that would be required to prevent the security system from noticing delayed photons.
“You will probably not want to invest in this beautiful quantum seal to protect the safe in your hotel room,” says Pepijn Prinkse of the University of Twente in the Netherlands. But he says there are many situations where the complexity is worthwhile, such as bank vaults or high security computer servers, in addition to nuclear materials.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory has now patented the system, and Williams and his colleagues hope that it will soon come into practical use. Williams says the system is ready for the rigors of the real world. "While quantum states are typically considered quite fragile, as quantum states and entanglement verification goes, ours is very robust."
This research is published in Physical Review Applied.
Mark Buchanan is a freelance science writer who splits his time between Abergavenny, UK, and Notre Dame de Courson, France. | <urn:uuid:3fe9aeec-b9e0-4ece-9e8c-262050b9b01f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://physics.aps.org/articles/v9/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370509103.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402235814-20200403025814-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.944131 | 953 | 3.1875 | 3 |
: Constipation: The Hidden Epidemic
Constipation. No one wants to talk about it, admit to it, or take the necessary steps to relieve it until the situation becomes critical, but millions of Americans suffer from it daily. Bouts of constipation affect everyone at one time or another, resulting in 2.5 million visits to physicians annually and 92,000 hospitalizations each year. Researchers estimate that about 15% of the American population endures chronic constipation. (Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:750-759)
If you suffer from constipation, you are looking for a permanent solution to your problem. Luckily, you can take immediate, natural measures to deal with your concern. And immediate measures are called for: long-term constipation has been linked to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as psychological distress, anxiety, depression, insomnia and sexual dysfunction. (J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Dec; 18(12):1412-6)
Although constipation can have its roots in childhood, as small children we typically enjoy wonderful bowel function. In most cases, food goes in and waste comes out, and each time the child eats a meal, there is a timely bowel movement. But as we grow older, our bowel habits become regulated by school bells, work time clocks and travel schedules. Such intentional delays to elimination or ignoring the urge can be the first step toward creating lifelong bowel problems.
According to conventional medicine, regularity of bowel movements is individual: one person may experience three movements a day while another may experience one every three days. Natural health practitioners, on the other hand, understand that the bowel is the root of good health and having 2-3 bowel movements daily is crucial. According to Ellen Tart Jensen, a practicing herbalist in California, “Healthy bowel movements are essential to a healthy body. The bowel is like a sewage system, unless we cleanse the system of toxins daily, they will enter the bloodstream and harm the body.”
Constipation is often defined in relation to the frequency of bowel movements, but those suffering from a sluggish bowel will also experience dry, hard or lumpy stools, as well as straining to have a movement, incomplete evacuation, and a sense of difficulty in passing a stool. These are all definite signs that something isn’t functioning properly in our digestive system. Constipation occurs when fecal matter is so compressed that bowel movements become few and far between. When hardened feces cling to colon walls, colon function suffers further.
Causes of Constipation
A poor diet is a common cause of bowel issues. Fast foods, junk foods and processed foods are huge players in bowel regularity, and consuming them regularly can lead to constipation. Such foods are low in fiber, and provide little roughage to assist the colon with normal peristalsis, the muscular action that moves waste through the system. Jensen suggests, “leave off white flour, white sugar, dairy, meat and salt for one month to detoxify the bowels. Eat whole grains, legumes, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds instead.”
Failure to drink enough water may also compromise bowel health. The bowels need an adequate water supply to moisten waste products and allow for the smooth movement of waste. Without sufficient water, bowel transit time slows, resulting in hard, dry stool that sticks to the colon walls. This is one reason why many natural colon cleaning products are designed to hydrate the colon. By adding water, they assist the body in its natural process of elimination. Many causes of constipation relate to our lifestyle, such as lack of exercise. A study in Germany found a reduction in symptoms of constipation among women who engaged in frequent physical activity, while a Japanese study found that walking, along with increasing the intake of dietary fiber, helped maintain regular bowel function. Still another lifestyle cause involves stress and our fast-paced lives. Many of us do not allow sufficient time for bowel movements. The bowel is very sensitive and responds to lack of routine, travel, stress, trauma and emotional upsets. Understanding your mind/body/bowel connection and then taking steps to remedy the situation can help keep you healthy and regular.
On the other hand, there are medical causes of constipation. For instance, some prescription drugs such as those used for cholesterol reduction, nerves or to relax the muscles can also cause constipation. Some disorders of the endocrine system such as diabetes or hypothyroidism are implicated, as are fibromyalgia, lupus, chronic fatigue, I.B.S., and Crohn’s disease. Neurological problems can also cause constipation when neuromuscular signals are disrupted. One study found that constipation may be linked to the neurological disorder Parkinson’s disease. In a University of Virginia School of Medicine study, researchers found that men who are constipated triple their risk of developing Parkinson’s later in life.
The Natural Constipation Solution
For immediate short-term relief, those suffering from occasional constipation can utilize a natural bowel cleansing formula to ‘get moving’. Digestive care experts encourage the use of a product containing gentle herbs and nutraceuticals which will encourage healthy bowel elimination.
A key ingredient to look for is the mineral magnesium. Magnesium hydroxide will draw water into the colon, hydrating the stool and lubricating the digestive tract. Magnesium is often considered a miracle mineral, as it has demonstrated the ability to increase natural bowel movements comfortably and easily. Herbs that provide support to occasional constipation are cape aloe, rhubarb, slippery elm bark, marshmallow root, and triphala. Going the next step and adding fiber and essential fatty acid supplements to your routine will help you maintain regularity in the future. It’s just that simple! With the proper diet, intake of fiber and fluid, regular exercise, and dietary supplements, constipation doesn’t have to be a lifelong disorder. | <urn:uuid:2e342771-fdef-4267-880d-1a982f37d370> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.naturalfoodsmkt.com/promog/ConditionCenter.asp?ConditionID=15&ArticleID=1876&StoreID=MD56J1SB7KML9J7ND3HARDGRRW8K1FN0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863519.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620124346-20180620144346-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.937543 | 1,232 | 2.75 | 3 |
Thomas of Celano (chāläˈnō) [key], fl. 13th cent., Italian Franciscan friar. One of the first companions of St. Francis, he wrote the two principal lives of St. Francis, one for Gregory IX and the other for the minister general of the order. He was an early Franciscan missionary to Germany. He probably composed the sequence Dies irae and its celebrated plainsong.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:76934b7a-a065-4224-b737-e0d7ef1c269f> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/thomas-celano.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982964275.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200924-00037-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922634 | 113 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Chinese Grammar (PDF): The Most Commonly Used Grammar Collection
If pronunciation is the foundation of Chinese learning, then grammar must be the skeletal framework around which it is built. With good grammar, people can then express themselves with proper meaning. Even if you know what all the Chinese characters mean, you will make no sense without proper order in your sentences.
Mandarin Chinese grammar is not as difficult as you would think. I believe learning the grammar of any language is done through constant repetition. However, I still want to suggest a way to make grammar easier to learn for DigMandarin audiences.
In the grammar e-book, you will learn the most basic and important grammar points step by step. It contains a full collection of all HSK 1 – 6 grammar points, a summary of grammar structure, basic tenses introduction, and the most commonly used special sentence patterns. | <urn:uuid:9e8a8ddd-7a8e-4986-bca5-80549dc7e891> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.digmandarin.com/chinese-grammar-pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.938493 | 179 | 2.78125 | 3 |
William Jasper Kerr was born November 17, 1863 in Richmond, Utah. At a young age, Kerr dropped out of school in favor of a position on his father's railroad construction crew. He later returned to school, earning a B.S. in mathematics from the University of Utah in 1885. Following graduation, Kerr accepted a position teaching in Smithfield, Utah. Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to Superintendent of the Smithfield district. Between 1887 and 1894, Kerr taught mathematics at Brigham Young College and the University of Utah. In 1894, Kerr was appointed President of Brigham Young, a position he held until 1900 when he became President of Utah State Agricultural College. In 1907, Kerr resigned his position at Utah and became President of Oregon Agricultural College.
Kerr's presidency at OAC was defined by a period of prolonged and aggressive growth. During his tenure, the college constructed more than twenty buildings, including the Memorial Union, and more than doubled the total size of the campus to 555 acres. He tightened admissions requirements, expanded curricular offerings, and added talented staff to the college's ranks. Kerr resigned from his post in 1932, ending the longest reign of any OSC president.
After leaving the college, Kerr became the first Chancellor of Oregon's system of higher education. He held this position for three years before retiring. William Jasper Kerr died in 1947 at the age of 83.
Return to President's Office Records of William Jasper Kerr Home | <urn:uuid:add7b0b0-4508-4a22-a5f0-5b1f97c18959> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/rg013sg07/biographicalnote.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136896.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00320-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98066 | 294 | 2.609375 | 3 |
1. touch - noun
· the event of something coming in contact with the body; "he longed for the touch of her hand"; "the cooling touch of the night air"
2. touch - noun
· the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body (especially the hands); "only sight and touch enable us to locate objects in the space around us"
3. touch - noun
· a suggestion of some quality; "there was a touch of sarcasm in his tone"; "he detected a ghost of a smile on her face"
4. touch - noun
· a distinguishing style; "this room needs a woman's touch"
5. touch - noun
· the act of putting two things together with no space between them; "at his touch the room filled with lights"
6. touch - noun
· a slight but appreciable amount; "this dish could use a touch of garlic"
7. touch - noun
· a communicative interaction; "the pilot made contact with the base"; "he got in touch with his colleagues"
8. touch - noun
· a slight attack of illness; "he has a touch of rheumatism"
9. touch - noun
· the act of soliciting money (as a gift or loan); "he watched the beggar trying to make a touch"
10. touch - noun
· the sensation produced by pressure receptors in the skin; "she likes the touch of silk on her skin"; "the surface had a greasy feeling"
11. touch - noun
· deftness in handling matters; "he has a master's touch"
12. touch - noun
· the feel of mechanical action; "this piano has a wonderful touch"
13. touch - verb
· make physical contact with, come in contact with; "Touch the stone for good luck"; "She never touched her husband"
14. touch - verb
· perceive via the tactile sense; "Helen Keller felt the physical world by touching people and objects around her"
15. touch - verb
· affect emotionally; "A stirring movie"; "I was touched by your kind letter of sympathy"
16. touch - verb
· be relevant to; "There were lots of questions referring to her talk"; "My remark pertained to your earlier comments"
17. touch - verb
· be in direct physical contact with; make contact; "The two buildings touch"; "Their hands touched"; "The wire must not contact the metal cover"; "The surfaces contact at this point"
18. touch - verb
· have an effect upon; "Will the new rules affect me?"
19. touch - verb
· deal with; usually used with a form of negation; "I wouldn't touch her with a ten-foot pole"; "The local Mafia won't touch gambling"
20. touch - verb
· cause to be in brief contact with; "He touched his toes to the horse's flanks"
21. touch - verb
· to extend as far as; "The sunlight reached the wall"; "Can he reach?"; "The chair must not touch the wall"
22. touch - verb
· be equal to in quality or ability; "Nothing can rival cotton for durability"; "Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues"; "Her persistence and ambition only matches that of her parents"
23. touch - verb
· tamper with; "Don't touch my CDs!"
24. touch - verb
· make a more or less disguised reference to; "He alluded to the problem but did not mention it"
25. touch - verb
· comprehend; "He could not touch the meaning of the poem"
26. touch - verb
· consume; "She didn't touch her food all night"
27. touch - verb
· color lightly; "her greying hair was tinged blond"; "the leaves were tinged red in November"
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Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word. | <urn:uuid:51e0a610-6462-4ebd-9302-837fa7257543> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://www.unscramble.net/dictionary-touch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655962.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00253-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922478 | 927 | 3.359375 | 3 |
ACSM and Youth Fitness Coalition join to promote youth fitness
Created in 1989 by physical education teacher Len Saunders as a method of motivating children to exercise, Project ACES Day takes place on the first Wednesday each May as part of National Physical Fitness and Sports Month and National Physical Education Week. In the past, it has been labeled as “the world's largest exercise class.” Project ACES Clubs continue to promote physical activity all year long by pledging to create youth fitness programs in their schools.
"For more than 20 years, Project ACES’ programs have been organized and conducted by the YFC and have involved millions of children, parents and teachers in every state and more than 45 countries,” said H.J. Saunders, YFC Founder and President.
Project ACES Day on May 6 coincides with Exercise is Medicine™ Month, a time for physicians, health and fitness professionals, the public, and supporting organizations and their constituents to recognize, emphasize and celebrate the valuable health benefits of exercise on a national scale.
In 2008, many states, including
“The principles of Exercise is Medicine center around the importance of physical activity,” said Robert Sallis, M.D., FACSM. “Project ACES really fits well with the goals of Exercise is Medicine, and I think this will be a very valuable tool in our effort to reach out to children and their parents worldwide.”
The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend that children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 engage in 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day, including aerobic, muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening exercises.
“This partnership is an important action item in a long list of steps we’re taking to address the issue of youth fitness and health, and is indicative of our commitment to the issue at large,” said James R. Whitehead, ACSM Executive Vice President. “Exercise is Medicine is the perfect venue for our involvement with Project ACES.”
The American College of Sports Medicine is the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world. More than 35,000 international, national, and regional members and certified professionals are dedicated to advancing and integrating scientific research to provide educational and practical applications of exercise science and sports medicine.
The Youth Fitness Coalition is a New Jersey-based non-profit organization committed to combating childhood obesity by making exercise programs fun and by educating children, parents and teachers about the importance of lifelong fitness and making healthy lifestyle choices. | <urn:uuid:64b87b45-2efd-4692-b70e-099033325a3d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://opensportsmedicine.blogspot.com/2009_03_08_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948529738.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213162804-20171213182804-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.953448 | 514 | 3.09375 | 3 |
NASA scientists find history of asteroid impacts in Earth rocks
By studying ancient rocks in Australia and using computer models, researchers estimate that some 70 large asteroids impacted our planet 1.8 to 3.8 billion years ago.
Research by NASA and international scientists concludes that giant asteroids, similar or larger than the one believed to have killed the dinosaurs, hit Earth billions of years ago with more frequency than previously thought.
To cause the dinosaur extinction, the killer asteroid that impacted Earth 65 million years ago would have been almost 6 miles (10 kilometers) in diameter. By studying ancient rocks in Australia and using computer models, researchers estimate that approximately 70 asteroids the same size or larger impacted Earth 1.8 to 3.8 billion years ago. During the same period, approximately four similar-sized objects hit the Moon.
“This work demonstrates the power of combining sophisticated computer models with physical evidence from the past, further opening an important window to Earth’s history,” said Yvonne Pendleton from NASA’s Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, California.
Evidence for these impacts on Earth comes from thin rock layers that contain debris of nearly spherical, sand-sized droplets called spherules. These millimeter-scale clues were formerly molten droplets ejected into space within the huge plumes created by mega-impacts on Earth. The hardened droplets then fell back to Earth, creating thin but widespread sedimentary layers known as spherule beds.
“The beds speak to an intense period of bombardment of Earth,” said William Bottke from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado. “Their source long has been a mystery.”
The team’s findings support the theory that Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune formed in different orbits nearly 4.5 billion years ago, migrating to their current orbits about 4 billion years ago from the interplay of gravitational forces in the young solar system. This event triggered a solar-system-wide bombardment of comets and asteroids called the “Late Heavy Bombardment.” The team created a model of the ancient main asteroid belt and tracked what would have happened when the orbits of the giant planets changed. They discovered the innermost portion of the belt became destabilized and could have delivered numerous big impacts to Earth and the Moon over long time periods.
At least 12 mega-impacts produced spherule beds during the so-called Archean period 2.5 to 3.7 billion years ago, a formative time for life on Earth. Ancient spherule beds are rare finds, rarer than rocks of any other age. Most of the beds have been preserved amid mud deposited on the sea floor below the reach of waves.
The impact believed to have killed the dinosaurs was the only known collision over the past half-billion years that made a spherule layer as deep as those of the Archean period. The relative abundance of the beds supports the hypothesis for many giant asteroid impacts during Earth’s early history.
The frequency of the impacts indicated in the computer models matches the number of spherule beds found in terrains with ages that are well-understood. The data also hint at the possibility that the last impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment on Earth made South Africa’s Vredefort Crater and Canada’s Sudbury Crater, both of which formed about 2 billion years ago.
“The Archean beds contain enough extraterrestrial material to rule out alternative sources for the spherules, such as volcanoes,” said Bruce Simonson from Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio. | <urn:uuid:a77bef68-5ebd-4edd-ae8c-0701d2fff513> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.astronomy.com/~/link.aspx?_id=169119046231444089EC472BD435FDC6&_z=z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131309963.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172149-00189-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935479 | 748 | 4.375 | 4 |
Where To Find Free Teaching Tools Technology has a wide scope, it can cover all sectors of all areas of a human life, and could then be helpful in creating a tool for educators so that the unique needs of each student can be catered. Educational learning approach and level of understanding differ from students who learns fast and those who are considered to be slower in grasping concepts, this is a challenge faced by teachers once they start teaching students in a class where learning capabilities are mixed. It would be of great help for students if teachers make their lessons inclusive, easy ( so that everyone can grasp the concept), inclusive. For students to have a better learning retention teachers should make them involved with the learning process, this can be done by group works, field activities, presentations and reports. Teacher resources that are free includes images, videos, and articles; these resources are widely known to assist students who are having a hard time in grasping concepts retain the lesson more effectively. The internet enables teachers to save time in acquiring resource packs, they cab easily download a copy of the file they intend to teach and produce a hard copy or a soft copy for presentation. The target of using teaching resources such as videos, images, and colorful background is to create an interactive learning experience leaving students with deep impressions that would last for a very long time. Technology offers not only increase the learning capacity of students but also allows them to advance their technological capacities and visual knowledge. Statistics shows that students who perform better in school are those who have been exposed with videos, images, and other visual aids that help in an interactive learning process as compared to those who have been deprived with such facilities.
Where To Start with Educators and More
6 Facts About Resources Everyone Thinks Are True
Education Is Not Anymore Boring, Thanks to Teaching Resources There is a wide range of available teaching resources that can be utilized. Teaching resources not only allow students to have an easy and active learning experience but it also allows teachers to expand their knowledge. Teaching resources are now more accessible because the information pathways are constantly being worked through and modern approaches are being constantly used. The successful use of educational teaching resources have been made possible and easier with the technological advancements in information and file sharing that helps create an environment that is good for learning. Although information gathering is easily and widely accessed through the internet, it is not limited to this as information dissemination has many other forms. It is advised that a complete grasp of the background knowledge of the subject be internalized by the teacher before teaching. Despite being able to know the subject by heart, it is advised that teachers update themselves to the latest developments of the field to avoid imparting obsolete ideas. This teacher learning technique allows them to teach up to date information to his or her students. Updated and relevant multimedia aid is another helpful material in imparting updated and accurate information to students. | <urn:uuid:f4a3107c-2ced-4761-a921-473b39447191> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.cqwen.com/short-course-on-teaching-getting-to-square-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119995.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00306-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964249 | 573 | 3.078125 | 3 |
January 8 – Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech
January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä
February 1 – Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro, led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny
February 6 – The Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote in the UK
February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania’s independence from Russia
February 19 – The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley
February 19-25 – The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland
February 24 – Estonia declares its independence from Russia, after seven centuries of foreign rule. German forces capture Tallinn the following day
March 3 – The Central Powers and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia’s involvement in WW1
March 8 – The Battle of Tell ‘Asur is launched by units of the British Army’s Egyptian Expeditionary Force against Ottoman defences
March 21 – The Spring Offensive by the German Army begins with Operation Michael – there are nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day
March 23 – In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E. Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to catch two bullets when one of them perforates his lung
March 23 – The giant German cannon, the ‘Paris Gun’, begins to shell Paris from 114 km away
March 26 – Dr. Marie Stopes publishes her influential book Married Love in the U.K
March 27 – The First Battle of Amman is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
March 30 – Bolshevik and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths
April 5 – Sālote succeeds as Queen of Tonga – she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965
April 21 – Manfred von Richthofen, ‘The Red Baron’, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River
April 23 – A general strike is held in Ireland against conscription
April 23 – The British Navy raids Zeebrugge and Ostend, attempting to seal off the German U-boat bases there
April 28 – Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezin, Austria-Hungary, after three years in prison
May 11 – The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established
May 26 – Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
May 29 – The Battle of Sardarabad concludes with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans.
June – The ‘Spanish ‘flu’ becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.
June 1 – The Battle of Belleau Wood begins.
June 10 – Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats off the Dalmatian coast.
June 12 – Grand Duke Michael of Russia is killed, becoming the first of the Romanovs to be executed by the Bolsheviks.
July 3 – The Siberian Intervention is launched by the Allies, to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War
July 4 – Mehmed VI succeeds as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother Mehmed V
July 9 – In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101.
July 12 – Japanese battleship Kawachi blows up off Tokuyama, killing at least 621
July 15 – The Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne, with a German attack
July 17 – By order of the Bolshevik Party, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei and retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House, in Ekaterinburg, Russia.
August 2 – British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Arkhangelsk in North Russia.
August 8 – British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the ‘Hundred Days Offensive’, with an 8-mile push through the German front lines at the Battle of Amiens, taking 12,000 prisoners.
August 21 – The Second Battle of the Somme begins
August 27 – U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil.
September 3 – The Bolshevik government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the Red Terror, a period of repression against political opponents, as an ‘Appeal to the Working Class’ in the newspaper Izvestia
September 4 –The Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin concludes with the Australian Corps breaking the German line.
September 15–18 – At The Battle of Dobro Pole, The Allied Army of the Orient defeats Bulgarian defenders.
September 19 – The British Army launches the Battle of Megiddo, an attack in the Judaean Mountains, which breaks the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to the Judaean Mountains.
September 26 – The Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins, the largest and bloodiest operation of the war for the American Expeditionary Forces.
September 27 – The Battle of the Canal du Nord, launched by British and Empire forces, continues the advance towards the Hindenburg Line.
September 29 – The Battle of St Quentin Canal begins – Allied forces advance towards the Hindenburg Line
October 3 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.
October 7 – The Regency Council declares Polish independence from the German Empire, and demands that Germany cede the Polish provinces of Poznań, Upper Silesia and Polish Pomerania
October 8–10 – British and Canadian troops take Cambrai from the Germans and the First and Third British Armies break through the Hindenburg Line
October 18 – The Washington Declaration proclaims the independent Czechoslovak Republic
October 31 – The Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire
November 1 – The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic in Galicia, with a capital at Lwów.
November 1 – The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead
November 3 – Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies, at the Villa Giusti in Padua
November 9 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. The German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag balcony
November 11 – Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate
November 11 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in Marshal Foch’s railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month
November 21 – Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and Jews in Lwów, Galicia
November 28 – The Red Army invades Estonia, starting the Estonian War of Independence
December 1 – Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the Kingdom of Romania
December 1 – Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944
December 28 – Sinn Féin wins wins 73 of the 105 seats in the Irish General Election. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons. | <urn:uuid:d41472b2-4f2f-4309-906a-a468abd9f27d> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://centuriesofsound.com/2019/10/11/elsewhere-in-1918/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540514893.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208202454-20191208230454-00089.warc.gz | en | 0.920976 | 1,762 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Claim: Cinderella’s slippers were made of fur in the original versions of the fairy tale, but they became glass slippers in later versions as the result of a mistranslation.
Origins: Although Cinderella’s glass slippers make their first appearance in Charles Perrault’s version of this well-known fairly tale, they were not the result of a mistranslation.
The standard explanation for Cinderella’s famous footwear is that it is the result of a mistranslation, someone having mistaken pantoufle de vair, fur slipper, for pantoufle de verre, glass slipper,
when making an English version of Charles Perrault’s Histoires ou contes du temps passé avec des moralités (1697). (The title of Perrault’s collection — in English, Stories or Tales of Olden Times with Morals — also is known as Tales of My Mother Goose, after a line that appears on the frontispiece of the original, Contes de ma mère l’oye.)
The principal difficulty with the standard explanation is that pantoufle de verre appears in Perrault’s original text, so this is definitely not a question of mistranslation. Nor does it seem to be a case of mishearing, with Perrault writing verre for vair when transcribing an oral account, since vair, a medieval word, was no longer used in French in his time. (Vair, variegated fur, from the Latin varius, varied, also is a root of miniver, originally menu vair, small vair, which referred initially to the fur — perhaps squirrel — used as trim on medieval robes and later was applied to the prized ermine, or winter weasel fur, on the ceremonial robes of peers.)
Finally, the glass slipper is peculiar to Perrault’s telling of the story, which is one of the world’s best-known and most widely distributed folktales. In most versions, Cinderella is helped by her dead mother, who reappears as a domestic animal, typically a cow or goat, rather than her fairy godmother; often, she makes three visits to a ball, festival, or church; and her true identity is revealed by a ring that will not fit anyone’s finger but hers. The story probably is of Oriental origin. In the oldest known version, from China in the ninth century, the heroine loses a slipper, as it happens, but it is of gold. The glass slipper, then, along with the use of the witching hour of midnight as the moment at which the heroine’s finery will disappear, seems to be one of Perrault’s own contributions to the Cinderella story.
Last updated: 12 July 2007 | <urn:uuid:8be04c53-4dbe-4c10-801f-cf7c90eee9df> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.snopes.com/language/misxlate/slippers.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424586.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723182550-20170723202550-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.939238 | 596 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Ok, time for a quick anatomy lesson: Despite what you may have heard, bird knees do not bend backward. Nor, in fact, do the knees of any tetrapod perform this trick. Given the role of the knee in locomotion, it's not even clear how such a reversal could evolve after the initial "knee bend" direction was settled upon several hundred million years ago.
Why bring the anatomical equivalent of a fairy tale? Well, it's a fairly common misconception. So common, in fact, that it was recently enshrined by none other than Scientific American. So let's see if we can clear this up with some simple diagrams:
Really, it's not.
It's a surprisingly common mistake. When looking at living birds many people fail to realize that part of the leg is hidden on a bird; the upper leg barely moves, and along with the knee it is actually buried up under the feathers of the wing and body. Birds also have quite long ankles, leaving their ankle joints in roughly the position we'd expect the knees to be on a human. Like this:
The key here is that people are plantigrade animals, while all theropods (including birds) are digitigrade. That means that human ankles are flat on the ground, and in our case our knees are roughly in the middle of our legs. In birds and other digitigrade animals (most dinosaurs and many mammals, like dogs, deer, and horses) it's only the toes that contact the ground. The ankle joint is well up off the ground, and the knee is is actually in the upper 1/3rd of the leg. And in birds the thigh is actually even a smaller part of the leg, and as mentioned above is also mostly hidden under feathers. Here's a look comparing the same leg portions of a human (in two poses), a dog, and an extinct bird:
In the diagram the thigh bones (femora) are all colored red, the shin bones and proximal ankle bones are colored blue, the "foot bones" (the distal tarsals and the metatarsals) are green, and the individual toe bones are yellow. Notice that the femur of the extinct bird Presbyornis is small and very high, and the knee (the joint between the red and blue bones) is up where it would be hidden by the body and wings. But please also notice...the knee is bending the same way as ours. And the same way as everything else that has a spine and walks on land.
Which brings us back to the article posted by Scientific American. I don't want to go too far with "gotcha" blogging, but Scientific American is generally one of the more highly regarded popularizers of science on the web and in print. I took a look the other pieces published by the author, and she seems like a solid reporter that just happens to have made a mistake. Journalists don't get science degrees (and even if they did that would only be one subject), so this should not be construed as an attack.
But at the same time, this is a serious error. It's like reporting that September has 32 days in it, or that the Red Sox clinched a playoff spot this week. Only worse, as it's perpetuating a myth that gets passed around as "common knowledge". I attempted to bring this to the attention of the relevant parties shortly after it was reported, both on Google+, where SciAm blog editor Bora Zivkovic has been making effective use of the new social network, and the author's Twitter account (which is frequently used).
Despite near real-time feedback, days have gone by with no correction. Making a mistake is understandable, but failing to correct it is not. Scientific American has written hundreds of articles on the state of science education, and has often been an effective advocate for ways to improve it. But the authority they derive comes from their attention to scientific detail, so I hope we will now see a quick correction without further delay. | <urn:uuid:1997d759-436c-4524-bb30-ee220f234fff> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/?month=september-2011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663218.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00434-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971573 | 825 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Facet joints, also called zygapophyseal joints, are located at the back of the spine which connects the vertebrae together. There are two joints between each pair of vertebrae located on either side of the spine. The facet joints provide stability for the spine.
Facet joint arthritis also known as facet joint syndrome is a form of arthritis that affects the facet joints of the spine. This condition is related to the ageing process. Facet joints are synovial joints. Normally the facet joints are lined by a cartilage and a membrane of synovium.
Loss of cartilage and synovial fluid in these joints causes friction due to contact between the bones. This results in development of osteophytes or bone spurs on or around the facet joints. Bone spurs are the bony growth formed along the edges of the bones.
Classical symptoms are pain and swelling around the joint. If a cervical joint is affected, the pain is usually felt over the neck radiating to the shoulder. If the joint is in the back, the pain is felt in the lower back that radiates to the buttocks and upper thigh area.
A diagnosis of facet joint arthritis is confirmed by injecting a small amount of a combination of x-ray contrast material, local anesthesia and corticosteroid into the joint. Relief of pain after the injection confirms the diagnosis of facet joint arthritis.
In most cases, symptoms can be ( managed ) controlled by using conservative (line of management) treatment such as pain medication, use of braces, exercise, and corticosteroid injections. Surgery may be considered if conservative therapy does not show positive results. | <urn:uuid:4cb1029c-8b9f-4e13-bd18-9da11a4e7fb6> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.jaykhannamd.com/rheumatologic-conditions-of-the-spine-jay-khanna-md.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108264.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821095257-20170821115257-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.956707 | 338 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Old Earth Ministries Online Dinosaur Curriculum
Free online curriculum for homeschools and private schools
From Old Earth Ministries (We Believe in an Old Earth...and God!)
NOTE: If you found this page through a search engine, please visit the intro page first.
Lesson 69 - Triceratops, Part 1
Triceratops (meaning "three horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur which lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, around 68 to 65 million years ago (Ma) in what is now North America. It was one of the last dinosaur genera to appear before the great Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event.
Bearing a large bony frill and three horns on its large four-legged body, and conjuring similarities with the modern rhinoceros, Triceratops is one of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs and the best known ceratopsid. It shared the landscape with and was preyed upon by the fearsome Tyrannosaurus, though it is less certain that the two did battle in the manner often depicted in traditional museum displays and popular images.
The exact placement of the Triceratops genus within the ceratopsid group has been debated by paleontologists. Two species, T. horridus and T. prorsus, are considered valid although many other species have been named. Recent research suggests that the contemporaneous Torosaurus, a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, actually represents Triceratops in its mature form.
Length: 29+ feet
Height: 10 feet
Weight: 13,000 - 26,000 lbs
Date Range: 68 - 65 Ma, Maastrichtian Age, Late Cretaceous Period
|Triceratops Skeleton from the Royal Tyrrell Museum at Drumheller, Alberta, Canada (Picture Source)|
Triceratops has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889, including at least one complete individual skeleton. Paleontologist John Scannella observed: "It is hard to walk out into the Hell Creek Formation and not stumble upon a triceratops weathering out of a hillside." Forty-seven complete or partial skulls were discovered in just that area during the decade 2000–2010. Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found.
The function of the frills and three distinctive facial horns has long inspired debate. Traditionally these have been viewed as defensive weapons against predators. More recent theories, noting the presence of blood vessels in the skull bones of ceratopsids, find it more probable that these features were primarily used in identification, courtship and dominance displays, much like the antlers and horns of modern reindeer, mountain goats, or rhinoceros beetles. The theory finds additional support if Torosaurus represents the mature form of Triceratops, as this would mean the frill also developed holes (fenestrae) as individuals reached maturity, rendering the structure more useful for display than defense.
Individual Triceratops are estimated to have reached about 7.9 to 9.0 meters (26.0–29.5
The skin of Triceratops was unusual compared to other dinosaurs. Skin impressions from an as-yet undescribed specimen show that some species may have been covered in bristle-like structures, similar to the more primitive ceratopsian Psittacosaurus.
Triceratops species possessed a sturdy build, with strong limbs and short three-hoofed hands and four-hoofed feet. Although certainly quadrupedal, the posture of these dinosaurs has long been the subject of some debate. Originally, it was believed that the front legs of the animal had to be sprawling at angles from the thorax, in order to better bear the weight of the head. However, ichnological evidence in the form of trackways from horned dinosaurs, and recent reconstructions of skeletons (both physical and digital) seem to show that Triceratops and other ceratopsids maintained an upright stance during normal locomotion, with the elbows flexed and slightly bowed out, in an intermediate state between fully upright and fully sprawling (as in the modern rhinoceros).
The hands and forearms of Triceratops retained a fairly primitive structure compared to other quadrupedal dinosaurs such as thyreophorans and many sauropods. In those two groups, the forelimbs of quadrupedal species were usually rotated so that the hands faced forward with palms backward ("pronated") as the animals walked. However, Triceratops, like other ceratopsians and the related quadrupedal ornithopods, walked with most of their fingers pointing out and away from the body, the primitive condition for dinosaurs also retained by bipedal forms like the theropods. In Triceratops, the weight of the body was carried by only the first three fingers of the hand, while the third and fourth were vestigial and lacked claws or hooves.
Discovery and identification
The first named specimen now attributed to Triceratops is a pair of brow horns attached to a skull roof, found near Denver, Colorado in the spring of 1887. This specimen was sent to Othniel Charles Marsh, who believed that the formation from which it came dated from the
Return to the Old Earth Ministries Online Dinosaur Curriculum homepage.
Bay State Replicas - Skull, humerous (juvenile), nasal horn core, vertebra, brow hown,
Black Hills Institute - Skeleton, skull, femer, dentary, predentary, supraorbital horn, nasal horn | <urn:uuid:177be60f-29f1-4689-89ee-42741f4904ec> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.oldearth.org/curriculum/dinosaur/dinosaur_triceratops.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202774.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00047-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941778 | 1,194 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Effectively defending American federalism requires us to remember that federalism was not created by the states – nor was it created for state benefit.
Federalism was fashioned by the American people – for the benefit of individuals and of the people as a whole. Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, possibly the most eminent defender of the Tenth Amendment to sit on the modern Supreme Court, put it this way:
The Constitution does not protect the sovereignty of States for the benefit of the States or state governments as abstract political entities, or even for the benefit of the public officials governing the States. To the contrary, the Constitution divides authority between federal and state governments for the protection of individuals. State sovereignty is not just an end in itself: “Rather, federalism secures to citizens the liberties that derive from the diffusion of sovereign power.”
People who reduce federalism to a matter of “state’s rights,” or who continue to argue for the long-discredited theory that our American union is merely a “compact” among states play into the hands of the centralizers.
The centralizers easily can point out that these “states-rights” positions are not only historically and legally inaccurate – but that they represent the same line once used to support slavery and segregation.
That’s why we must promote federalism for what it really is – a system that benefits people, and their lives and liberties. Here are some points to remember:
- The states did not, as some Tenth Amendment advocates would have it, create the federal government. The people did. Although the ratifying conventions met in individual states, the delegates were elected directly by the people for the sole purpose of judging the Constitution. State governments were deliberately bypassed.
- The Constitution was not primarily an interstate compact. That was the system of the old Confederation, which the Founders left behind.
- The people bestowed certain limited powers on the federal government. The remainder were retained by local state governments or by the people, according to the constitution of each state. As leading Founders remarked, it was like having one agent to do your legal work and another agent to run your business, while keeping the rest yourself.
- As Justice O’Connor pointed out, the major reason for dividing power this way was to create checks and balances and protect liberty.
- Another reason was efficiency: Most of the Founders recognized that, as to most issues, local government is more efficient than centralized government.
- It is true, of course, that federalism can cause inefficiencies – no system in this world is perfect. There are some national or interstate issues that the Constitution does not give the federal government power to deal with. But if we want government to handle one of those problems, the answer is an interstate compact or a constitutional amendment. The answer is never to disregard the constitutional balance. That’s a “cure” worse than the disease…
- Federalism lets people govern themselves better. And it helps protect people from special interests. For the average hard-working American, a trip to the state capital to make his views known is far easier than a trip to Washington, D.C. Navigating the state bureaucracy is a lot easier than navigating the federal bureaucracy. Thus, the Tenth Amendment is not so much about “states’ rights” as it is about this individual right to be governed locally.
- Because federalism was established by the people to preserve liberty and not by the states for state benefit, state politicians cannot waive it. The current practice by which state politicians purport to yield citizens’ Tenth Amendment rights in exchange for federal cash is contrary to the whole spirit of the Constitution.
So let’s get the Tenth Amendment arguments right. Doing so greatly increases our chances of ultimate victory! | <urn:uuid:a772ba88-14ae-4f2a-934b-a23a0710c8a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2009/05/22/its-the-peoples-right/comment-page-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021587780/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121307-00021-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960812 | 784 | 3.671875 | 4 |
When the Church of England (Anglican Church) was established in the 16th century new forms for worship were set out in a Book of Common Prayer to be used by all churches. The forms of worship found in this new Book of Common Prayer were those that historically had been used in the church, but now were in English, the common language of the people. This offered people greater understanding of and participation in the worship they were undertaking.
Today the member churches of the world wide Anglican Communion, including our own Episcopal Church, all share the heritage of the Book of Common Prayer. Although international provinces have their own prayer books, all seek to continue the ancient forms of worship handed down to us from the time of Christ and the spirit and principles embodied in the first Book of Common Prayer. As times change, the Prayer Book is updated and changes are made only after thorough study and dialogue.
Our principal act of Worship on Sunday is called the Holy Eucharist. It is a Greek word meaning “thanksgiving.” The basic pattern of the Eucharistic liturgy goes back to Jesus himself, who commanded us to continue it, as Christians have ever since. The drama of the Eucharist has always been the central event in historic Christian worship, and the pattern for all Christian life.
We believe that when we celebrate the Eucharist, Jesus is made present with us; we call him into our presence and we are united with him. This is why the Eucharist is so important to us and central to our worship.
The service in general has two parts reflecting our Christian understanding that God communicates with us both through WORD and through SACRAMENTS. The first half of the Eucharistic liturgy is centered on the Holy Scriptures. The Word of God is read from the Holy Scriptures and proclaimed and expounded on by the preacher in a sermon that refers to the readings appointed for each Sunday. The congregation responds to what they have heard by prayer and the proclamation of their faith.
The Word of God is experienced in three ways: in the reading of Holy Scripture, the Word of God, in the living person of Jesus Christ, the Word made Flesh, and in the proclamation of the Word of God from the pulpit.
In the second half of the service we gather around the altar, the table upon which the Eucharistic meal is prepared and celebrated, making Christ present with us. We believe in the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the consecrated bread and wine. The Eucharist is a sacrament: an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, given by Christ as sure and certain means by which we receive that grace.
At St. Peter’s Episcopal Church we celebrate the Holy Eucharist with two different rites taken from the 1979 Book of Common Prayer. At the 8 AM service we use Rite I, a service that employs traditional English, using, for example, the words “thee” and “thou.” At 9 and 11 AM we use Rite II that by contrast uses the modern English, “you” and “your.”
In all of our worship we engage our spirits in thanksgiving by worshiping with the wholeness of our being. | <urn:uuid:30f64300-9253-4677-b804-4079ee348e71> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.saint-peters.org/home-2/our-worship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145941.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224102135-20200224132135-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.97119 | 671 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Map shows the worst air in America
The EPA is issuing new regulations for emissions from power plants, and the American Lung Association knows why. This map shows U.S. deaths caused by toxic power plant emissions. If you live in a state with a big red circle, you should be very very glad about the new rule — Texas in particular should be jumping for joy, if they can manage to stop coughing for five minutes.
The new rule will only apply to new power plants, so this is what the map of toxic emissions looks like for the near future. Eventually we’ll also get laws governing emissions from old coal plants, at which point maybe we’ll see those circles shrink.
Power plant impacts mapped out, American Lung Association.
Donate now to support our work. | <urn:uuid:a14bb7a0-ffbe-44f3-88dc-8572e63c47c8> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://grist.org/list/map-shows-the-worst-air-in-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989018.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00175-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951491 | 162 | 2.75 | 3 |
It begins with a man named Robert Connell. Back in 1995 he wrote a book called Masculinities. There wasn't much that was new in the book. It consists mostly of standard patriarchy theory: the idea that masculinity is a construct and that it provides men with a "patriarchal dividend" at the expense of women. Therefore, social justice requires the deconstruction of masculinity.
But how to do it? Connell argues in Masculinities that there are many masculinities but that one is "hegemonic". This is an idea borrowed from Gramsci. It means that there is one form of masculinity which manages to get itself accepted as authoritative and that through this the existing values of society are upheld.
Therefore, there cannot be transformative change until the hegemonic masculinity is deconstructed. But Connell recognises that a sense of masculinity is embedded in the male personality and that it is formed in part through bodily practices (such as sport).
So what's required is not just a change in patriarchal institutions. What is needed is a change in the male personality and bodily practices. Men need to be degendered in body and in personality.
Connell's book was highly successful. He became the world's leading theorist of masculinity. The charity Oxfam, for instance, believes that its role is to secure gender equity by transforming masculinity throughout the world. The information on its website is clearly drawn from Connell's work:
Throughout the organization, we will base our work on a common understanding that gender equality is key to overcoming poverty and suffering.
[this requires a consideration of] the invisibility of gender issues to most men and the notion of the ‘patriarchal dividend’ (i.e. the privileges that all men draw upon simply by virtue of being male) ... the dominance of specific forms of (‘hegemonic’) masculinity; how masculinities are actively constructed; the costs associated with masculinity for both men and women; and the dynamic nature of masculinities over time.
‘Hegemonic masculinity’ is a concept that draws upon the ideas of Gramsci. It refers to the dynamic cultural process which guarantees (or is taken to guarantee) the dominant position of men and the subordination of women.
Again, just to illustrate how serious Oxfam is about transforming masculinity here are some additional ideas from its website:
Oxfam’s approach to poverty – the importance of gender analysis
The study highlights the importance of coherent gender analysis … Gender analysis is central to Oxfam’s understanding of the root causes of global poverty … if gender relations are to be transformed …
Changing masculinities, changing men
… masculinities are actively ‘produced’ by individuals, rather than being programmed by genes … It is sometimes argued … that being ‘natural’ masculinity is impervious to reform. But our research demonstrates the reverse … Clearly there are risks involved in attempts to reshape masculinity …
Again, Connell is the most frequently cited authority in this document written for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The document reminds readers that the UN has called for a "transformative change" to achieve gender equity. Masculinity, it is claimed, stands in the way of "progress" toward a new world order of centralised, global government and increasing ethnic diversity:
In effect, masculinity becomes a rhetorical currency by which opposition to global integration, state centralization and increasing ethnic heterogeneity can be mobilized. (p.4)
It is Connell who is again looked to as the expert authority on the matter:
Typically, as Connell notes (1998: 17), “hardline masculine fundamentalism goes together with a marked anti-internationalism”. (p.4)
So Connell managed to become an international authority on masculinity, or at least the deconstruction thereof.
But this is where we get to the dramatic twist in the story. In his book Masculinities Connell anticipated that the aim of degendering men in their bodily practices and in their personalities would arouse opposition.
In particular, it would arouse the fear that a process of degendering men would turn men into women:
If the problem is basically about masculinity, structural change should follow from a remaking of personality. (p.230)
...emotional turmoil and guilt feelings ... are a measure of the resistance even in favourable circumstances. In other circumstances the project will be rejected out of hand as an attempt to turn men into women.
It follows that a degendering strategy, an attempt to dismantle hegemonic masculinity, is unavoidable.
The degendering strategy applies not only at the level of culture and institutions, but also at the level of the body - the ground chosen by defenders of patriarchy, where the fear of men being turned into women is most poignant. (p.232)
What we are moving towards is indeed "something rich & strange"; and therefore, necessarily, a source of fear as well as desire. (p.234)
The reason I highlighted these passages is this: Robert Connell is no longer legally a man. He has, it seems, had sex change surgery, legally changed his identity, and transformed himself into Raewyn Connell. Below is a photo of the radically transformed Robert Connell.
Given that Robert Connell took this drastic step, I think we're entitled to ask some questions.
Did Robert Connell always feel conflicted in his own masculinity? Does this help to explain his feeling of estrangement from mainstream masculinity? Or his repeated claims that men needed to change their bodily practices to more feminine ones of nurturing babies?
Or did the theory itself push Connell to view masculinity as so malignant that it had to be physically cut away?
Or did the theory, with its emphasis on the bodily transformation of men, lead Connell to arrive at the radical solution pictured on the left?
At any rate, the idea that the great project of liberation is to degender men's bodies and personalities, is associated in the case of its founder with a result that won't appeal to too many men.
Hat tip: Paul Elam | <urn:uuid:717c4415-46a1-42f7-8525-0d17d81f7901> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://ozconservative.blogspot.com/2010/04/and-this-person-wants-to-transform-all.html?showComment=1272493224650 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701459211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105059-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954948 | 1,272 | 2.640625 | 3 |
GILLETTE, Wyo. (AP) — Health officials say an older woman from Platte County has tested positive for West Nile virus — the first confirmed human case in Wyoming this year.
The Wyoming Department of Health says that around this time last year, the state had 13 cases, which included the death of a Park County man. Since the virus first arrived in Wyoming in 2002, the highest number of cases reported in a single year was 393.
Initial human symptoms can include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, weakness and rash. More severe symptoms can include stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, vision loss, paralysis and even death.
The virus is carried by mosquitoes and spread through their bites. | <urn:uuid:710cedc6-c513-4b17-ae2a-e81fbc15b4c5> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://ksnt.com/2014/08/24/platte-county-woman-contracts-west-nile-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097199.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00099-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963414 | 155 | 2.53125 | 3 |
1950 to Present
Students will be placed in groups of three to write policy briefs to the Virginia Governor on the following topics: history and process of the Electoral College, role of the Governor in Electoral College, and Pros and Cons of the Electoral College. After students have been introduced to the basic format of the Electoral College, this lesson will use primary sources to deepen their understanding of the Electoral College Process, the role of the Virginia Governor in the Electoral College, and the debate over the current utility of the Electoral College. Students will be given the primary sources to analyze, as well as the format for policy brief writing.
In this lesson students will examine how the Brown v. Board of Education U.S. Supreme Court decision gave rise to the Massive Resistance Movement in Virginia. Students will discover how the Massive Resistance Movement sought to stop the ordered integration of public schools in Virginia mandated by the Brown decision and analyze the social ramifications on both the whites and blacks in Virginia. This lesson focuses mainly on the events surrounding the integration of public schools in Virginia. Students will analyze political cartoons and other primary source documents from the Massive Resistance Movement era in order to interpret the ideas and events from different historical perspectives.
This extended lesson will provide students with an opportunity to learn about the role of television in transforming the nature of political campaigning in presidential elections. The extended lesson will focus on several campaign commercials produced between 1952 and 2004 and the impact that these commercials had on the related campaigns. Students will work individually, in small groups, and as a class to analyze the images and language used in the commercials to determine the central message of each commercial. Students will focus on the intended audience of each political ad and determine what makes an effective campaign ad. As the final assessment for this extended lesson, each student will prepare a written analysis of a 2008 presidential campaign commercial utilizing the techniques covered during the lesson. | <urn:uuid:e0426ac5-a677-437a-8dde-ed3431cb34a2> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://chnm.gmu.edu/loudountah/lesson-plans/1950-to-present/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258951764.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072911-00029-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948123 | 374 | 3.5 | 4 |
We all are aware by now that an excessive intake of sugar can have detrimental effects on one’s health, but how exactly does this translate within our bodies? I liked this article because it posed a lot of questions that hopefully can be answered through further research. I look forward to reading more about the health effects of sugar, and I hope you enjoy this review on the health effects of sugar from the gut-brain axis perspective.
Article. 2: Stevia review article
How good is Stevia for us? It’s a debatable question, but there seems to be a lot of research from the food industry which enables consumers to have a better understanding of Stevia’s effects on our health. The overall consensus suggests that Stevia is the healthier choice, especially for those with diabetes or children prone to dental caries. Enjoy reading this review on Stevia sweetener.
Thanks and, be aware and eat with care 🙂
Picture: By: -http://www.livescience.com/39601-stevia-facts-safety.html#sthash.UngYZ6l8.dpuf
Article. 1: Ochoa, M, Lallès, J, Malbert, C, & Val-Laillet, D 2015, ‘Dietary sugars: their detection by the gut-brain axis and their peripheral and central effects in health and diseases’, European Journal Of Nutrition, 54, 1, pp. 1-24 24p, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 May 2016.
Article. 2: Goyal, S, Samsher, & Goyal, R 2010, ‘Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana) a bio-sweetener: a review’, International Journal Of Food Sciences & Nutrition, 61, 1, pp. 1-10, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 May 2016. | <urn:uuid:18f188b7-5ca2-4ef7-908b-d44f9b494a4a> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://www.natural-knowhow.com/interesting-articles/topic-sweetners-vs-stevia-systematic-reviews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203438.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324103739-20190324125739-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.903491 | 405 | 2.734375 | 3 |
My students created a Mr. Potato head using construction paper. They included a body, mouth, arms, eyes, ears, and nose. We then labeled the different body parts. We then completed a worksheet. Student completed sentences like "I smell with my _____". They used pictures to complete the sentences. There is a picture of the finished project completed. | <urn:uuid:52de9574-94e6-4db8-aa38-406989c226dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Modifications-to-the-Mr-Potato-Head-5-senses-activity-for-students-with-Autism-898866 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.949801 | 73 | 3.875 | 4 |
During Museum Open House Day on Tuesday, October 22, Dr. Rex E. Jung from the University of New Mexico gave a very informative presentation called The Neuroscience of STEM Creativity at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. Dr. Jung has been studying creativity for the past four years but has recently started examining scientific creativity in particular.
Dr. Jung stressed the importance of the distinction between novelty and usefulness when discussing creativity. Something that is truly creative, like what many scientists and innovators produce, is both novel and useful, though the term creativity is used for many things. He then moved on to discuss the phases of scientific revolution: pre-paradigm, folk psychology, theory testing, consensus/normal science, anomalies, revolutionary science, and finally, paradigm shift.
Dr. Jung mixed pop culture references and scientific data to present the steps of cognitive creativity: Preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. He also stressed the importance of downtime for the brain to allow for ideas to assemble and for “eureka!” moments. This research, he says, can have big implications for the structure of education. Dr. Jung is also a proponent of art and science collaboration. He believes that art and science are not so different that we should expect to find that the creativity behind them originates in different areas of the brain.
Dr. Jung also spent time debunking common folk psychologies, such as the left-brained/right-brained traits, and that creativity is produced by geniuses or chemicals. Another interesting discussion was on the subject of brainstorming. Dr. Jung discussed that some research suggests that brainstorming is not the most effective way to produce creative results, due to social conformity and social pressures.
Questions were permitted throughout the presentation and led to very interesting tangents with attendees falling on both sides of the arguments. | <urn:uuid:0e806a4d-91a1-4236-8dc6-60e53d4a50c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.astc.org/blog/2013/10/23/the-neuroscience-of-stem-creativity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657128337.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011208-00232-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95495 | 378 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Insight is this moment of recognition of an internal truth that changes how we see and interpret reality. It is something that had previously been hidden, but which we recognise when it emerges. The journey of how we find insights -and thus discover these inner truths- is not easy. Most of the times, we try to do it through observation (sight), sometimes in constructing (or attracting) outside something that we "feel" inside, to then observe it (sight again) -as in the Infinity sand sculpture by Carl Jara-.
|Infinity (sand sculpture) - Carl Jara|
In this sculpture the true insightful moment would be when one of these men turns around and, instead observing only a smaller version of themselves, they see what's behind. Bringing forward what's back, making conscious what's unconscious, elevating his awareness of reality.
The following advertising plays with the concept of "Golden shadow", with the insight that sometimes prejudices don't allow us to recognise potential.
Insight is only found through a trained used of our intuition, a skill in which we are all almost analphabets. It is about submerging ourselves in the world of ideas, of symbols and concepts that sometimes are incongruent and ambiguous, and making connections to then articulate a simple idea, a truth (or for the artist to create art).
But why is this important? It is important because we are all looking for our own inner truths. We are all exploring the geography of our identity, with its ever changing landscape and its moving borders, trying to understand what's in and what's out, what is ours and what's "foreign", ultimately trying to answer the question: who am I?
There are three quotes attributed to Michelangelo about sculpture that have to do with this process (I hope that at least one of them is real!).
We are both the sculptor and the block of stone. We know that inside the block of stone that is ourselves, there is something that simply is. Finding these insights, as Grayson Perry puts it "these truths we didn't know we knew", is powerful because it is liberating. We chip away that piece of marble that wasn't us, and we feel lighter.
National Portrait Gallery: Grayson Perry's Who are you? Introduction
Of course, we are not only eyes that roll between sight and insight, deep in contemplation, observing and reflecting. So what happens when we get out of the our inner cave, step outside the church or the museum? We have to create. Play a new game. Make something new. Make new decisions. Express ourselves from this new found centre.
This is so important that funerals are increasingly more personalised and popular songs started to replace the old hymns. "My way" was the first hit to top the funeral charts. So even though we are not all great innovators, breakthrough thinkers, artist or rebels, being able to claim we did things -big or small- "our" way seems to be a worthy badge of honour.
As an opposite example, we can hear Johnny Cash singing Hurt:
If I could start again
A million miles away
I would keep myself
I would find a way
And yet, as long as we are here, we can always try to find our way.
PS: You have to love the British that now moved on to Monty Pynthon's "Always look at the bright side of life" and songs like Queen's "Who wants to live forever" for their funerals. | <urn:uuid:e1bd02ba-c9c5-4992-bfaf-cba61354114c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://theimportanceofallthings.blogspot.com/2015/09/27-sight-and-insight.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823168.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018233539-20171019013539-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.96898 | 722 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Department of Archaeology at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human Historical past is pleased to announce it has gained a grant of about 2 million euro from Arcadia to document the archaeological heritage of Mongolia. These cash will aid MAPSS, the Mongolian Archaeological Project: Surveying the Steppes, above five years.
Mongolia possesses an amazing prosperity of archaeology. From monumental burials to Buddhist temples, from enigmatic “deer stone” monuments to Genghis Khan’s famous capital town at Karakorum in the center of the huge open up steppe, there is an astonishing variety of archaeological sites. Spread throughout all 21 of the nation’s provinces or aimags, an place spanning much more than 1.5 million sq. kilometers, they bear witness to countless numbers of many years of human heritage and culture. And in their diversity of configurations, from the forested river valleys of the Altai Mountains to the arid sand dunes of the Gobi, they display the ingenuity our species – our willpower and skill to adapt.
But archaeologists are in a race towards time. Internet sites are disappearing at escalating speed. Numerous of these historic web pages may disappear just before present day science has a possibility to identify their existence. Warming temperatures expose and most likely injury internet sites that have been preserved in permafrost for 1000’s of several years. Similarly, the enlargement of open-pit mining operations and progressively intensive herd-animal grazing or irrigated farming procedures are clearing the area of many archaeological continues to be, specially in river valleys. On the open grasslands and arid deserts, wherever khigirsuurs – elaborate stone burials – characterize the landscape, looting has improved radically in latest several years. The looting tends to be primarily dramatic at the edges of the northern taiga, where by archaeological function has been restricted, resulting in the decline of ancient peoples prior to they can be properly recorded in the record e book. The recovered artifacts feed an worldwide black-market place trade, which is robbing nations of their ancestry.
Over the subsequent five a long time, MAPSS will doc and assess thousands of archaeological sites and web page documents in buy to compile a significant-scale, open entry online database of heritage in web-sites in English, Mongolian and Russian. Making use of remote sensing methods, together with satellite imagery, the group will locate web sites and document their dimension, age, and the stage of hazard faced from looting and other threats. The group will pull with each other current archival knowledge from various resources, including from museum archives and maps. The web-site file data will be assessed, improved and digitized, and in certain destinations ground-truthed.
MAPSS’ publicly available archive will consist of all exploration knowledge generated in the project, such as study information, images, designs, 3D types, databases entries and webpages. Locational details will not be created presented in cases in which it may well facilitate looting or other injury to web sites. The undertaking has been given the blessing of Mongolia’s Tradition Minister, Dr. Chuluun Sampidondov.
Professor Nicole Boivin, the Project PI and Director of the Office of Archaeology expressed her excitement about the new project: “Our Office has extended experienced robust partnerships with Mongolian archaeologists – I am thrilled to have the chance to produce people essential connections by way of this vital venture, and grateful to the Arcadia Fund for their extraordinary generosity. We seem forward to functioning with the Mongolian govt and Mongolian establishments for the lengthy-phrase profit of the country’s remarkable heritage.”
Main Mongolian scholar Dr. Jamransjav Bayarsaikhan is the Archaeology Coordinator for the MAPSS Undertaking, and will be dependent at the MPI Science of Human Historical past for its length. He announced: “I am extremely enthusiastic to start this work, collaborating with colleagues in Mongolia and across the earth. Mongolian Archaeology has so much to tell us about human record. It have to be preserved and created obtainable for long term generations.”
Other MPI Science of Human History researchers assisting to spearhead the undertaking include things like Professor Michael Petraglia, who brings many years of working experience in coordinating arid region satellite imagery and archaeology initiatives, and Dr. Robert Spengler, an archaeobotanist and regional specialist.
Dr Spengler factors out the relevance of this global collaboration, stating “this study initiative will make the amazing history and prehistory of Mongolia accessible to all people, and it will additional scholarly understanding of human adaptation to and occupation of the distant corners of North Asia.”
Arcadia is a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. It supports charities and scholarly institutions that preserve cultural heritage and the setting. Arcadia also supports projects that boost open obtain and all of its awards are granted on the ailment that any components created are produced available for totally free online. Because 2002, Arcadia has awarded much more than $770 million to jobs all over the planet.
Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not liable for the precision of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert program. | <urn:uuid:ba7afe56-f02b-4008-b8eb-e243aee33534> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.sarraceniapurpurea.org/mongolian-archaeological-project-receives-2-million-euro-arcadia-grant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357984.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226205107-20210226235107-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.919747 | 1,093 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Bernhard Havestadt
German Jesuit; b. at Cologne, 27 February, 1714; died at Münster after 1778. He entered the Lower-Rhenish province of the order on 20 October, 1732, and in 1746 went to Chile. He was one of the 102 German Jesuits who laboured on the Chilian mission between 1720-67, and in the twenty years of his sojourn in the country, spent mostly among the Araucanian Indians, his displayed remarkable energy and ability. With his splendid linguistic gifts, knowing more or less perfectly nine languages, he took up with enthusiasm the study of Chilidugu, which, in his opinion, "towered over all other languages as the Andes over all other mountains". The result of these studies appeared in a work of great linguistic importance: "Chilidugu, sive Res Chilenses, vel descriptio, status tum naturalis, tum civilis, cum moralis regni populique Chilensis, inserta suis, locis perfectæ ad Chilensem linguam manuductioni etc." (3 vols., Münster, 1777). This work was written in Germany after the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish colonies; it had been originally composed in Spanish, and was now issued in Latin. Besides a grammar and dictionary, it includes copious specimens of the native Chilian tongue, hymns, and valuable ethnographic notes, etc. The work was re-issued in two volumes by the well-known Americanist Dr. Julius Platzmann (Leipzig, 1883), under its original title, "Chilidugu sive tractatus linguæ Chilensis" (see Zarncke, "Literar. Centralblatt", 1883, col. 693).
Huonder, Deutsche Jesuitenmissionäre (Freiburg im Br., 1899), 133; von Murr, journal (Nuremburg, 1776-90), I, 122 sqq.: Idem, Nachrichten aus verschiedenen Ländern der spanischen Amerika, II (Halle, 1810), 431 sqq.; Adelung und Vater, Mithridates (Berlin, 1806-17), III, 2, 404; Enrich, Hist. de la Comp. de Jésus en Chile, II (Barcelona, 1891), 213, 294, 352, and elsewhere; Zwölf Missionsspredigten . . . durch den Wolchrw. Herrn. Bernhardt Havestadt, chemaligen Missionarium aus der Gesell. Jesu (Cologne, 1778), which contains some bibliographical information. | <urn:uuid:64e7045c-3494-4188-82a8-235b05973a1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Bernhard_Havestadt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542455.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00156-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833545 | 582 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Amensalism (Antagonism) Definition
Amensalism is a type of negative ecological interaction where one of the species is harmed or destroyed while the other either benefits or remains unaffected.
- Amensalism is usually considered a relationship that exists between organisms of two different species, but cases of such interactions can be observed even within the same species.
- Amensalism is one of the modes of evolution as the process of natural selection favors organisms that can effectively collect nutrients and energy for survival.
- Even though antagonism is often used as a synonym for amensalism, in antagonistic interactions, one of the species clearly benefits at the expense of the other.
- Amensalism is also referred to as asymmetrical competitive interaction as the interaction might not produce any benefits to either of the species.
- In most of the amensalism interactions in nature, the species causing the harm usually produce chemicals or other products that negatively impact the other species involved. The production of such products doesn’t occur as a response to the interaction but as the normal working of the species.
- Antagonistic interactions, in turn, involve defensive strategies in the form of chemical and physical deterrents either to protect themselves or to extract nutrients from the environment.
Types of Amensalism
Amensalism can be divided into two distinct types depending on the species involved and the effect of the interaction.
- Competition is a type of negative interaction where the larger or stronger species deprives the small species from food or living species.
- The species involved in such interactions share a common niche in the ecosystem. This results in the scarcity of nutrients as well as living spaces for the weaker species.
- The larger species, however, remains unaffected by the interaction, and the interaction occurs as a result of sharing a common ecological niche.
- Competition can occur between the organisms of the same species where both organisms tend to compete with each other for survival.
Example of Competition
1. Goat and insects
- Herbivores like goats share the same ecological niche as insects like grasshoppers. This results in competition between the two species for food resources.
- The goat feeds on the same type of shrubs or grass and insects. This results in a scarcity of food resources for the insects.
- The goat is unharmed by the interaction as the absence of the interaction doesn’t affect it, but the insects get deprived of a significant amount of food resources.
- This is a form of competition where the stronger species negatively impact the growth of weaker species present in the same ecological niche.
2. Larger and smaller fishes
- In aquatic habitats, smaller fishes compete with larger fishes for food resources. Both the type of fish feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton found in the water.
- The larger fishes can find and feed on these resources easily, which makes the resources scarce for the smaller fishes.
- This is a type of interspecies competition where the smaller fishes are negatively affected by the interaction with larger fishes.
- Antibiosis is an important type of amensalism where one of the species is killed by a chemical secretion while the other remains unaffected.
- The term antibiosis is derived from the French term ‘antibiose’ to define the antagonistic relationship between species colonizing similar ecological niches.
- One of the species involved in the species produces antibiotics as a form of defensive mechanism against possible predators. Some species might even produce toxins.
- The antibiotics thus can be negative for some of the species sharing the same habitat as the antibiotic producer.
- Antibiosis is thus considered a case of interference competition where one of the species inhibits the development of the other and gains access to more food and resources.
- This type of interaction is common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and has been studied in its potential to protect humans from various microbial diseases.
Examples of Antibiosis
1. Penicillium and bacteria
- A classic example of antibiosis can be observed between the fungal species Penicillium and different bacterial species.
- The fungal species secretes penicillin as a secondary metabolite during growth. Penicillin has an antagonistic effect against various bacterial species.
- This interaction was the basis of the discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic. In nature, Penicillium produces the antibiotic as a form of secondary metabolite, but the bacteria sharing a common niche with the mold get negatively affected.
- The interaction has now been used for the production of various antibiotics as well as toxins with medical importance.
2. Black walnut and herbaceous plants
- Black walnut (Juglans nigra) produces a substance called juglone that has an antagonistic effect on various herbaceous plants present in the root zone of the plant.
- The walnut plant produces the chemical as a form of defensive mechanism against various plant pathogens.
- The herbaceous plants occurring in the root zone are affected by the secretion, whereas the walnut plant remains unaffected.
References and Sources
- Moënne-Loccoz, Yvan et al. “Microorganisms and Biotic Interactions.” Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology 395–444. 29 Apr. 2014, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9118-2_11
- 1% – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/symbiotic-interaction
- 1% – https://www.reference.com/science/five-steps-natural-selection-98f82252c500a28c
- 1% – https://www.britannica.com/science/antagonism-ecology
- 1% – https://www.biologydiscussion.com/microbiology-2/microbial-associations/symbiotic-relationship-between-organisms-microbiology/55681
- 1% – https://sciencestruck.com/examples-of-symbiotic-relationships-in-deciduous-forest
- 1% – https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.6990
- 1% – https://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101121063345AAaBPSc
- <1% – https://quizlet.com/8987136/apes-chapter-8-flash-cards/
- <1% – https://quizlet.com/185100161/chapter-6-apes-flash-cards/
- <1% – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_competition
- <1% – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competing_species | <urn:uuid:651201c3-c0db-418f-b992-4e7517c70579> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://thebiologynotes.com/amensalism-antagonism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.894367 | 1,511 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Are you eating these "obesogens" that disrupt your hormones?
Aside from causing hormone imbalances, these nasty compounds have been linked to "stubborn fat" which is that body fat either in the abdomen or pecs on men or on the hips/thighs on women that can be particularly hard to burn off. See below...
Are You Eating These "Obesogens" in Your Food?
by Sue Heintze, Fitness & Nutrition Expert
Scientists have recently discovered that certain chemicals we are exposed to in our environment and our food that can also wreak havoc with our hormones. These have been termed ‘Obesogens’.
Everyday chemicals - particularly those in certain foods, pesticides, canned foods and plastics - are partially to blame for the obesity epidemic. Of course, there's a lot more to it regarding the changes in our food supply over the years, but these harmful chemicals are one of the elements making the problem worse. These estrogenic substances are ingested in significant enough amounts to trigger your body to hold on to its stubborn fat stores.
*Reference: Hormonal Balance, Understanding Hormones, Weight and Your Metabolism - Scott Isaacs (M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.E.)
These chemicals mimic estrogen and cause all kinds of chaos in your body (for both men and women), including:
* Forcing your pancreas to crank out too much insulin, encouraging your body to store fat
* Preventing the release of the hormone leptin (which tells your body that you are full)
You may be aware of all the recent commotion in the news about a toxic substance called Bisphenol A (BPA).
This particular toxic chemical is found in bottles made from polycarbonate plastic – the kind of plastic used to make hard drinking bottles and food storage containers. The #7 on the bottle indicates it contains BPA.
*If the plastic is NOT labeled with a number you can assume it too might be loaded with BPA.
So far BPA has been linked to health problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes and has also been shown to affect reproductive development. So, if there are any mums reading, or future mums; take special note. Don’t endanger your children or future children by exposing them to these toxins.
Extreme temperatures can make plastics even more dangerous. You should never microwave plastic or expose it to extreme heat as this causes toxins from the plastic to be leached into the food.
Some canned foods also contain BPA. According to the Environmental Working Group (EWG) BPA is at unsafe levels in one of every 10 servings of canned foods (11%) and one of every 3 cans of infant formula (33%).
The EWG states that even low doses of BPA can spur both the growth and formation of fat cells.
The EWG reports:
“The unusually broad toxicity of BPA is explained by a prominent scientist as stemming from the fact that BPA can alter the behaviour of over 200 genes — more than one per cent of all human genes (Myers 2006). These genes control the growth and repair of nearly every organ and tissue in the body. Taken in its totality, the range of toxic effects linked to BPA is startlingly similar to the litany of human health problems on the rise or common across the population, including breast and prostate cancer, diabetes, obesity, infertility, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (Myers 2007).
Yet despite its ubiquity and toxicity, BPA remains entirely without safety standards. It is allowed in unlimited amounts in consumer products, drinking water, and food, the top exposure source for most people. The lack of enforceable limits has resulted in widespread contamination of canned foods at levels that pose potential risks. For instance, analysis of our tests reveals that for one of every five cans tested, and for one-third of all vegetables and pastas (ravioli and noodles with tomato sauce), a single serving would expose a pregnant woman to BPA at levels that fall within a factor of 5 of doses linked to birth defects — permanent damage of developing male reproductive organs.”
Thankfully, there are many products on the market now that are BPA-free, particularly in baby bottles and feeding utensils. The fact that these companies have gone to great lengths to avoid using BPA and advertise the fact very clearly on the packaging, shows that this toxic chemical is indeed a big issue.
I was appalled to find out only recently that the spring water bottles I have been using for years are full of BPA! And this is from one of the largest water bottlers in the country. Suffice to say I have since researched and sourced a different company to purchase my drinking water from.
I can’t stress enough how important it is to know what products are safe and what products are potentially hazardous to our health, and our waistlines. We need to be aware and informed, and I’ve made it my business to make sure that you are!
Sue Heintze is the author of a new protocol that she's been developing for years to target trouble areas for females of the butt, hips, thighs, and scientific strategies to get rid of cellulite permanently.
If you missed it the other day, you can read my thoughts about Sue's new protocol below:
The TRUTH about losing cellulite permanently
Since we're on the topic of BPA today, make sure you've read my article below about why canned tomato products can actually have the WORST levels of harmful BPA:
Why you should NEVER eat canned tomato products
Please pass today's articles on to your friends and family to help protect their health.
Certified Nutrition Specialist
Certified Personal Trainer | <urn:uuid:9713bfb6-c70f-40ce-9eb3-d8edf9428d69> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://truthaboutabs.blogspot.com/2012/03/are-you-eating-these-obesogens-that.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860113010.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161513-00099-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943011 | 1,191 | 2.59375 | 3 |
by Joseph M. DiTomaso and Guy B. Kyser
Invasive Plant Science and Management: January-March 2015, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 98-109.
Aminopyralid is the most commonly used herbicide for the control of yellow starthistle and other invasive thistles in annual grasslands of California. Although the effects of aminopyralid on native plant communities over a 2-yr period have been evaluated in prairies dominated by perennial species in the northern central states, similar evaluations have not been conducted in grassland communities of California, which are generally composed of a high diversity of native and nonnative annual species. In this study we monitored the effects of 53 and 123 g ae aminopyralid ha−1 on individual species cover and species richness over three growing seasons in two locations on California annual grassland. Treated plots were compared to untreated plots in randomized complete-block designs. Results were largely consistent between the two trials. In the first season after treatment, both rates of aminopyralid reduced dicot cover significantly, particularly members of the Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Treated plots also showed reduced species richness. However, these differences were less pronounced in the second season after treatment, particularly at the low rate. By the third season after treatment in both sites, there were no longer any significant effects on cover or species richness at the low herbicide rate. On California annual grasslands, winter applications of low rates of aminopyralid have been shown to give excellent control of yellow starthistle, providing long-term benefits to grassland ecosystems. Results of the current study suggest that negative impacts of aminopyralid on the desirable native forb community are transitory.
Nomenclature: Aminopyralid; yellow starthistle; Centaurea solstitialis L.
Although land managers should, and generally do, consider the impact of invasive plant control methods on the desired vegetation and the ability to achieve their management goals, they often do not have the necessary information on the long-term effects of these control options. The primary control method for yellow starthistle and other invasive species, particularly thistles, is the herbicide aminopyralid. It is well recognized that members of the Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, and a few other families are particularly sensitive to aminopyralid. In this repeated study, we monitored the effect of high and low registered rates of aminopyralid on species cover and richness on California grasslands dominated by annual grasses and forbs. Our results demonstrated a significant impact on forb cover in the first season after treatment with both herbicide rates, but the response was transitory and by the third season after treatment there were no longer any negative impacts on the native plant community, including nearly all sensitive species. Although we do not know the long-term effect of aminopyralid when it is applied in multiple years, we previously showed that following a summer prescribed burn with a winter aminopyralid application provided nearly complete control of yellow starthistle without requiring multiple years of aminopyralid treatment. Under this integrated approach, it may be possible to achieve the desired control of invasive thistles with only a transitory effect on nontarget native plants. | <urn:uuid:b5456f00-d060-4461-9113-da87850419e6> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://techlinenews.com/resources/2015/effects-of-aminopyralid-on-california-annual-grassland-plant-communities-invasive-plant-science-and-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886476.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116164812-20180116184812-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.948128 | 684 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Houses and Homes in EYFS
This week we have been learning all about houses and homes. We have looked at pictures of homes in the local area and used these to inspire building, painting and creating our own dream homes. Some children built homes using the Lego and even used their phonics to write the initial sound for the people who live with them. Outside we used the large blocks to make a home big enough for lots of children in our class to live in. Melanie took Miss Smith on a tour of the home and said, "We still need more bedrooms for all our friends but we need a big garden too play in. I built the kitchen so I can cook us dinner."
Well done EYFS! | <urn:uuid:244e405a-5e4d-4011-a5fc-81debf1e92ed> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.stdominics.camden.sch.uk/news/detail/houses-and-homes-in-eyfs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943471.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320083513-20230320113513-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.967185 | 147 | 3.375 | 3 |
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