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To show that the area of a triangle is half the product of the base and the height.
Triangle: A triangle is one of the basic shapes in geometry: a polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are line segments.
Right angled triangle:
A right angled triangle has one of its interior angles measuring 90°. The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side of the triangle. For a right angled triangle with sides a, b, c where c is the hypotenuse, a2 + b2 = c2.
Acute angled triangle:
A triangle that has all interior angles measuring less than 90° is an acute triangle or acute-angled triangle. For an acute-angled triangle with sides a, b, c where c is the greatest side, a2 + b2 > c2.
Obtuse angled triangle:
A triangle that has one interior angle that measures more than 90° is an obtuse triangle or obtuse-angled triangle. For an obtuse-angled triangle with sides a, b, c where c is the greatest side, a2 + b2 < c2.
Cite this Simulator:
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COLLABORATIVE research by Lallemand Oenology and the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) has found that non-GMO Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast is capable of producing lower alcohol levels in wine with no production of undesirable compounds.
This particular wine yeast is the first in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae species to be selected for its low rate of sugar to alcohol conversion.
For example, in a wine with a potential alcohol level of 15.8% (v/v), this wine yeast produces a wine with 1.3 degrees of alcohol less than all other the wine yeasts utilised, and compensates by producing more glycerol – a desired natural metabolite that increases the sensation of fullness in the wine.
Interestingly, this wine yeast does not produce such undesirable compounds as acetoin and the acetate level is particularly low.
During wine trials, this new wine yeast maintained the overall quality of the wine produced.
The selection method was described as adaptive evolution, which is the selection of natural yeast with desired characteristics.
There is a patent pending method for obtaining low ethanol-producing yeast strains, yeast strains obtained therefrom and their use (January 2014, 55729550-2EP).
The challenge is now to produce this yeast in active dry yeast form to make it available to winemakers.
Lallemand has extensive expertise in the optimisation of yeast production of many species with different needs.
“We therefore undertook the development of the production process of this innovative wine yeast ensuring that it maintains its remarkable properties during winemaking, a step prior to its official launch in the wine industry,” the company said.
An announcement will be made when the yeast is commercially available.
MARKET FOR LOW ALCOHOL WINES
Nowadays, global warming, viticultural practices and vine selection tend to produce wine with higher alcohol levels.
However, the market is currently oriented towards beverages with moderate alcohol content, in line with public prevention policies, consumer health issues and preferences.
Moreover, as some countries impose taxes on the alcohol content, it raises economic issues.
High levels of alcohol can also alter the sensory quality of wines by increasing the perception of hotness and, to a lesser extent, by decreasing the perception of sweetness, acidity and aroma.
Consequently, reducing the ethanol content of wine at various steps of the winemaking process has been a major focus of winemaking research.
One of the most attractive and least expensive options is to use yeasts that produce less alcohol from the same amount of sugar, such as this new wine yeast.
For more information contact Ann Dumont
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In the 1940s, the American aviation market witnessed a major breakthrough when Trans World Airlines (TWA), then controlled by the famous American maverick film producer Howard Hughes, emerged as the pre-eminent competitor to Pan American World Airways’ monopoly of the country’s air travel.
During the Second World War, TWA also produced aircraft and spying equipment for the US government, according to documentaries on the secret life of the business magnate. Following the end of the war, the government was left with a surplus of aircraft.
These airplanes are now behind the success stories of some modern-day airlines, after the US decided to use them to cement partnerships with other countries while also looking to counter the expansion of the Soviet-led communist bloc.
The US government also used TWA to train pilots from across the world, while helping to establishing national airlines for countries in Europe, Middle East and Africa where it set up its air bases during the Cold War. These include Germany’s Lufthansa, Saudi Arabian Airlines, and today’s Ethiopian Airlines (known simply as Ethiopian). Ethiopian’s international flight story begins in April 8, 1946 when it flew to Cairo using one of the five surplus C-47 aircraft acquired from TWA with whom it established the joint venture, the Ethiopian Airlines INC.
The national carrier, which is now fully owned by the Ethiopian government, has since become one of Africa’s top airlines, with a total of 59 aircraft and 7,300 full time employees.
It has over the years braved a number of important challenges to remain in the skies, including pressure from the country’s former communist regime to dump the US and buy Soviet planes instead.
Over the past seven years Ethiopian’s revenue has grown by an average of 25 per cent. The airline recently announced $107 million in annual net profit for 2012/13, a 178 per cent leap from the previous year.
The profit comes as a result of transporting 5.5 million people and 174,000 tonnes of cargo, with 190 daily flights and 1,330 weekly.
It also received a record number of 14 new airplanes and set up nine new stations across the world last year.
“We’ve got new airplanes [such] as the B787, B777 which were fuel efficient so our fuel cost is managed, although our fuel cost has gone up,” said Mr Tewolde Gebremariam, the chief executive officer of Ethiopian.
Mr Tewolde Gebremariam, the chief executive officer of Ethiopian Airlines.
“Also the fact that we’ve got the airplanes, and are able to open nine new stations, that enabled us to grow the revenue, but the management was prudent in managing costs, so the cost hasn’t grown as much as the revenue, allowing us to register very good profit,” he said.
The revenue boost followed its membership to the Star Alliance last year and the arrivals of Boeing Dreamliners that are said to save up to 20 per cent in fuel consumption.
Of its total 13 orders, Ethiopian--the first airline outside Japan to own the model--has already received five Dreamliners so far. Next year it expects to bring in an additional four of these planes which are also said to cut carbon emission by 20 per cent. In addition to US airplanes, by 2016 Ethiopian also expects to get some 14 Airbuses from Europe.
As Africa’s trade and investment within itself and the rest of the world is on the rise, Ethiopian is eying this opportunity to expand its business and contribute to the continent’s growth of the continent. Currently, about 80 per cent of flights to and from Africa are operated by non-African airlines.
“We have to develop African aviation, it is our continental obligation. We (African airlines) should at least get our fair market share, which is 50 per cent,” Mr Tewolde said. Today, 46 out of Ethiopian’s 76 international destinations are in Africa.
By opening different hubs in Africa, Ethiopian is now working to increase the market share of African airlines, including by snapping up smaller rivals.
In 2010 the Addis Ababa-based carrier acquired 40 per cent of ASKY Airlines of Togo, followed by a 49 per cent stake in Malawi Air.
Passenger numbers are up
ASKY, currently plying 12 destinations in its region and transporting 500,000 people yearly is expected to turn in a profit next year, while Malawi Air is under formation.
In addition, Ethiopian is also negotiating the opening of another hub in central Africa, according to Mr Tewolde, who noted that the airline is also currently supporting Cameroonian and Cape Verde airlines.
Following TWA’s model, Ethiopian is also training pilots and technicians from different African countries. Its aviation academy now accepts 1,000 students annually, with plans to expand this to 4,000 every year.
The airline is also set to open a four-star hotel in the capital, a walking distance from its Bole International Airport hub.
Its revising its Vision 2015 to introduce seven profit centres, it hopes to increase its current $1.9 billion annual revenue to $10 billion by 2025.
These centres are Ethiopian cargo, Ethiopian aviation academy, Ethiopian maintenance and overhaul, Ethiopian international passenger, Ethiopian domestic and regional passenger, Ethiopian In-Flight Catering and Ethiopian Ground Services.
In today’s globalisation era, Ethiopian Airlines, a child of the Cold War, now flies to 194 countries, picking up several aviation awards, while its parent TWA airline was sold and merged with American Airlines a decade ago.
This analysis was filed by Andualem Sisay based in Addis Ababa for the Nation Media Group.
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Begin typing your question below
The vaccines were developed so fast. Were safety steps skipped?
These vaccines were developed and approved faster than any other major vaccine in history. This has caused concern that they were rushed.
They were fast-tracked, but this doesn’t mean corners were cut or important steps were skipped.
COVID is a new disease that has disrupted how people live around the world and killed millions.
The faster development, approval and delivery were possible because of:
- Unprecedented international cooperation
- Strong, uninterrupted funding for research and development
- Better coordination and information sharing between scientists and drug companies
- Faster enrolment in clinical trials due to the public concern and interest
- A regulatory approval process that reviewed trial data in real-time
- Manufacturers starting to produce vaccine supplies before approval, to avoid the usual delay between approval and production
The steps in the research and approval process were also streamlined to help speed up the work without compromising the clinical trial or regulatory processes that assure safety. All steps in vaccine development that ensure safety were followed for the approved COVID vaccines.
Find out more about how these vaccines were safely fast tracked from:
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https://www.manitobavaccine.ca/answers/the-vaccines-were-developed-so-fast-were-safety-steps-skipped/
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Aussie scientists develop radioactivity-trapping nanofibers
One gram of fiber cleans a ton of water
Scientists from Queensland University of Technology (QUT) have developed a new material for cleaning up contaminated water from radioactive leaks and medical processes.
The team mixed titanate nanofiber and nanotubes into a powder that, it says, will clean the radioactive particles in a ton of water with a single gram, provided it’s properly distributed or filtered. The outsides of the nanotubes are coated with silver oxide nanocrystals to hold and fix radioactive iodine ions, even if the material becomes wet again.
"One gram of the nanofibers can effectively purify at least one ton of polluted water," Professor Zhu said in a statement. "This saves large amounts of dangerous water needing to be stored somewhere and also prevents the risk of contaminated products leaking into the soil."
Professor Zhu makes exceedingly good nuke cleaners
The materials were co-developed with the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) and Pennsylvania State University in the US. Zhu said the development would give Australia a leading role in cleaning up both existing nuclear sites, and future ones.
"Australia is one of the largest producers of titania that are the raw materials used for fabricating the absorbents of titanate nanofibres and nanotubes,” he said. “Now with the knowledge to produce the adsorbents, we have the technology to do the cleaning up for the world."
The materials developed by the team would be of limited use in cases like the ongoing nuclear accident in Fukushima, which is now thought to have released up to double the originally reported amount of radioactivity. Given the nature of the accident, dispersal would be a problem, but it would offer a good way to clean and process waste from controlled nuclear processes. ®
Sponsored: Customer Identity and Access Management
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Child exploitation is something you might hear a lot about on the news. It can be worrying for parents and carers to think about it.
By understanding what child exploitation means, you can be more prepared to protect your child if you ever think they’re in danger.
Exploitation is when someone takes advantage of a child for their own profit or gain. It can show up in different ways. This includes child criminal exploitation and child sexual exploitation.
You may notice a change in your child’s behaviour, such as:
Not all of these things will always mean your child is being exploited, so try to take a calm and open approach with your child to find out what’s going on.
We take your safety and privacy seriously
You don’t have to share your details with us – there are lots of reasons why you might want to remain anonymous, which we will respect. All calls are confidential, and we will always seek your agreement before we share any of your details with other organisations. The only time we will share information without your consent is if we think there is a life-threatening situation, or if you or someone else might be at risk of significant harm. On these occasions we may need to contact the Police, Ambulance Service or Children’s Social Care.
We also share anonymised data with the commissioners of this service. By using Parent Talk, you understand and give your explicit consent to this.
Your email address will not be used for any reason beyond giving you parenting information, support and advice.
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Do Primitive Peoples Really Live Longer?
No. For example, Inuit Greenlanders, who historically have had limited access to fruits and vegetables, have the worst longevity statistics in North America. Research from the past and present shows that they die on the average about 10 years younger and have a higher rate of cancer than the overall Canadian population.1
Similar statistics are available for the high meat-consuming Maasai in Kenya. They eat a diet high in wild hunted meats and have the worst life expectancy in the modern world. Life expectancy is 45 years for women and 42 years for men. African researchers report that, historically, Maasai rarely lived beyond age 60. Adult mortality figures on the Kenyan Maasai show that they have a 50% chance of dying before the age of 59.2
We now know that greatly increasing the consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits, and raw nuts and seeds (and greatly decreasing the consumption of animal products) offers profound increased longevity potential, due in large part to broad symphony of life-extending phytochemical nutrients that a vegetable-based diet contains. By taking advantage of the year-round availability of high-quality plant foods, we have a unique opportunity to live both healthier and longer than ever before in human history.
1. Iburg KM, Bronnum-Hansen H, Bjerregaard P. Health expectancy in Greenland. Scand J Public Health 2001;29(1):5-12. Choinere R. Mortality among the Baffin Inuit in the mid-80s. Arctive Med Res 1992;51 (2):87-93.
UPDATE: The above links are dead, refer to this link: http://www.who.int/countries/ken/en/
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Other destinations > Islands > Subantarctic Islands > South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|Capital||King Edward Point|
|Currency||pound sterling (GBP)|
|edit on Wikidata|
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are two groups of sub-Antarctic islands in the Southern Ocean east of the southern tip of South America, north of Antarctica. The islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom that are administered from the Falkland Islands, but are also claimed by Argentina.
|South Georgia Island |
The only inhabited island.
|The South Sandwich Islands |
Nine uninhabited islands.
|South Orkney Islands |
A very cold, uninhabited island south of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
|Shag Rocks |
Shag rocks consists of bare rocks that rise high above the oceans west of South Georgia and are home to vast numbers of seabirds.
|Black Rock |
|Clerke Rocks |
While whalers and seal hunters built settlements on these islands, the only permanent settlements today are at the various research bases. A "city" in these islands may consist of no more than five people during the winter months.
- King Edward Point - Seat of Government where the Government Officer resides. Is the port of entry and home of the Fishery Research base run for the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) by the British Antarctic Survey.
- Grytviken - One of several former whaling stations on South Georgia.
- Bird Island - An island located at the north-west tip of South Georgia on which long-term research by the British Antarctic Survey is ongoing.
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are rugged islands, rising out of the Southern Ocean. There are no indigenous residents, very few people live here and only those who really want to make the trip end up coming.
The islands have played a minor role in history, including a brief occupation by Argentina during the Falklands War in 1982, the Falkland Islands themselves being 1000 km (621 miles) to the west. One famous previous visitor is Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton, who used the islands as a staging post for his 1914 expedition. He is in fact buried in the small settlement of Grytviken.
As with the Falklands, Argentina still maintains a formal claim to the islands, however the British military presence on the islands came to an end in March 2001. Today, the King Edward Point station houses a permanent group of scientists from the British Antarctic Survey, which also maintains a biological station on Bird Island.
These islands are one of the most remote places in the world, with the only access being by sea. The Southern Ocean is one of the roughest in the world with storms that can make even the most hardened sailor feel ill.
Visitors are allowed to land at multiple points around the islands. Usually all the documentation will be taken care of by the cruise or expedition you are with. Independent travel by ship requires prior approval of your entire itinerary. The application forms are available online from the islands' government website. The main requirements for independent travellers are to have insurance and to ensure you are self-sufficient. A fee of £105 is also payable per passenger for visits up to 3 days.
Only competent mountaineers need try and travel overland, because of the glaciers. The best way to get around is by boat. If you have time come by yacht - specialist charterers operate out of Ushuaia and the Falklands. If time is tight come on a cruise ship. There are around 40 visits a year between November and March. In winter the snow is down to sea level and cross-country skis, or snowshoes, are the way to get about. In summer you can walk normally, at least down near the coast.
As a British territory with such a small population and being as remote as it is, English is spoken by everyone.
There is a small gift shop at Grytviken which will accept Falkland pounds, British pounds, American dollars and Euros. Water is sold by the tonne. Most large ships visiting the islands will sell basic supplies (razors, shampoo, hats, snacks), but otherwise it is unlikely you will have any use for whatever money you bring with you.
It is illegal to kill or damage native flora or fauna, so penguin egg omelettes and albatross chicks are off the menu.
- The introduced dandelions make a good salad, washed and then tossed in oil and vinegar with beetroot and walnuts. Shooting the reindeer is prohibited except under licence from the Commissioner, but he is not likely to grant one unless you have a good reason.
- You can fish with a rod and line and may catch a marbled rock cod, or possibly one of the other Antarctic fishes in the bays. Only catch enough to eat - they are protected, and while nobody minds you catching the odd one or two, you'll need to buy an expensive licence to catch commercial quantities. If you pass a commercial fishing vessel at sea, it is worth swinging by to see if they offer you any, but be very careful not to get in the way of their fishing gear.
While there is a small bar at King Edward Point, unless you're a researcher living at the station it's not a place that visitors have access to. As a result, all alcohol and other beverages should be brought with you.
Anyone wishing to sleep ashore overnight must have their proposal vetted by the Government's Expeditions Advisory Panel. This process will cost you £1000 per expedition. As a result, nearly all visitors to the islands sleep aboard ship at night.
Camping may be permitted in the Grytviken area without going through the expensive expedition application vetting process, but you will have to have transport and medical backup prearranged.
- Beware of the sun - particularly during the September to November ozone hole season. Protect yourself with high protection factor cream (30+), a floppy hat and long sleeves. If going onto glaciers or snow this is vital as are good sunglasses.
- Fur seal bites are capable of becoming very badly infected in a short period of time. If you get bitten, even just a scratch, you must clean the wound and get onto an appropriate course of antibiotics immediately (oxytetracycline is good for this application).
- Drink plenty of water and avoid dehydration, particularly if it is windy.
Respect wildlife. It lives here, we don't. Breeding animals in particular are prone to disturbance.
During the summer mail may be left in Grytviken, and it is picked up whenever either a supply ship or a fishery patrol ship arrives - usually around once a month. The only other option for contacting the outside world is with a satellite phone, which most boats will make available at a charge of between US$2 and US$5 per minute.
There is no public Internet, phone or email access available on shore.
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Wolf Coloring Pages
Why do people call someone who like to be alone as lone wolf? Seriously, in real life, no wolves like to be alone. If they are, they will quickly howl to call the attention of their pack. Wolves simply can't survive alone in the wild. Their power is with the pack. Remember The Jungle Book? The young wolf cubs are taught to always remember to stay with the pack. Anyway, wolf howls just like dog barks. It can be a way to communicate with other members of its pack or can be a threat to anything (humans or other animals) that violate their territory. In Zootopia, wolves are pictured to be rather silly. They would howl just because the wolf near them howl. It's really for no other reason and it's true in real life. Some wolves just howl meaninglessly, following the howls of other wolves. And although their size is not very big, wolves have huge appetite. A single wolf can eat up to 20 pounds of meat at a time.
Just like many other predators, wolves are often misunderstood. In the past, humans would kill so many wolves just because they thought they would endanger their lives. As a result, wolves now become endangered. In fact, the red wolves have been declared extinct in the wild more than 20 years ago. And the highly adaptable gray wolves are also threatened. If you want to teach your children to start care about the preserve of wild animals, particularly wolves, you might want to get some of these wolf coloring pages. There are about 30 of them and most are simple enough for children to color. As you can see below, there are cute baby wolf coloring pages that your children must love to color. In some printables, the olf look more realistic but it's not necessarily more difficult. You might want to teach your kid how to apply gradient colors to these realistic wolf coloring pages. In some printables, the wolf can be seen alone while in others, you can find some wolf pack coloring pages. Check them out below and see if you can make a good use of any of these wolf coloring pages.
Also Check: Thomas the Train Coloring Pages
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Writer and professor Laura Lewis Brown thoroughly details the benefits of music education in an article on the PBS Parents website titled ”The Benefits of Music Education“. Citing a number of studies and industry professionals, she highlights the social and mental advantages of early music integration. Many of these perks are maximized with intensive study like music summer camps.
Music Education at Summer Camps Develops Diverse Capacities within the Brain
According to Brown’s article, playing music integrates large and small muscle groups as well as multi-sensory activity and responses. This makes music a great tool for social and mental development for young children as well as young adults. That is why music summer camps offer targeted programming for different age groups. Young kids ding bells and beat percussion instruments while older kids start to fine-tune their finger placements and reading abilities. Some camps let campers dabble in a variety of orchestra, band, and even electronic instruments, each of which demands attention from different muscle and mental functions.
Intensive Study like at Music Summer Camps can Actually Change the Brain
One study in Brown’s article found that kids who underwent intensive music training actually experienced a change in the areas of their brain associated with fine motor skills and sound discrimination, and even an overall jump in IQ. Another study indicated that music education improves the spatial-temporal skills, which helps with critical reasoning and fields like math, art, and engineering. Intensive study at music summer camps could not only kick-start these cognitive benefits at an early age, but could also ignite a lasting passion that provides these advantages over the span of a lifetime.
Variety Offered by Music Summer Camps Enriches Campers’ Experiences
Music summer camp provides the arena for kids to dive into an immersive musical environment, which is helpful for a number of reasons. Unless kids are in a program to train for Juilliard, their music summer camp will most likely balance music education with a number of other activities. Variety allows kids to switch gears and focus on some of the other skills mentioned in the article that correspond with music education. For example, going out and playing soccer after practice also helps kids develop motor skills and spatial awareness in a different context. Kids who shift their attention to games or artwork will ultimately be applying the skills they were developing in their music sessions through other mediums.
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The bubonic plague or “black death” killed almost china recorded the deadliest drought in history making it one of the 10 worst natural disasters of all time. Here are the five deadliest outbreaks and pandemics in history below are the five deadliest outbreaks and pandemics in history the black death. The black death: the plague that the plague is the most famous and feared disease of human history one of the largest epidemics of the plague in the history. In 1966, one historian claimed that it was one of the three greatest catastrophes in the history of the world other historians suggested that the black death. 10 things you (probably) didn’t know about the black death - it is one of the worst catastrophes in recorded history – a deadly plague that ravaged communities. 19-6-2009 and the lefts got their best on a history of the black death one of the biggest catastrophies the bench: 4 jews and a modernist catholic. Plague notes 1/26 black death resulted from a pandemic of bubonic plague one of biggest in all of history descriptve epidemiology (study of disease): sporadic.
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Old Earth Ministries Online Dinosaur Curriculum
Free online curriculum for homeschools and private schools
From Old Earth Ministries (We Believe in an Old Earth...and God!)
NOTE: If you found this page through a search engine, please visit the intro page first.
Lesson 69 - Triceratops, Part 1
Triceratops (meaning "three horned face") is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsid dinosaur which lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, around 68 to 65 million years ago (Ma) in what is now North America. It was one of the last dinosaur genera to appear before the great Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event.
Bearing a large bony frill and three horns on its large four-legged body, and conjuring similarities with the modern rhinoceros, Triceratops is one of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs and the best known ceratopsid. It shared the landscape with and was preyed upon by the fearsome Tyrannosaurus, though it is less certain that the two did battle in the manner often depicted in traditional museum displays and popular images.
The exact placement of the Triceratops genus within the ceratopsid group has been debated by paleontologists. Two species, T. horridus and T. prorsus, are considered valid although many other species have been named. Recent research suggests that the contemporaneous Torosaurus, a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, actually represents Triceratops in its mature form.
Length: 29+ feet
Height: 10 feet
Weight: 13,000 - 26,000 lbs
Date Range: 68 - 65 Ma, Maastrichtian Age, Late Cretaceous Period
|Triceratops Skeleton from the Royal Tyrrell Museum at Drumheller, Alberta, Canada (Picture Source)|
Triceratops has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889, including at least one complete individual skeleton. Paleontologist John Scannella observed: "It is hard to walk out into the Hell Creek Formation and not stumble upon a triceratops weathering out of a hillside." Forty-seven complete or partial skulls were discovered in just that area during the decade 2000–2010. Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found.
The function of the frills and three distinctive facial horns has long inspired debate. Traditionally these have been viewed as defensive weapons against predators. More recent theories, noting the presence of blood vessels in the skull bones of ceratopsids, find it more probable that these features were primarily used in identification, courtship and dominance displays, much like the antlers and horns of modern reindeer, mountain goats, or rhinoceros beetles. The theory finds additional support if Torosaurus represents the mature form of Triceratops, as this would mean the frill also developed holes (fenestrae) as individuals reached maturity, rendering the structure more useful for display than defense.
Individual Triceratops are estimated to have reached about 7.9 to 9.0 meters (26.0–29.5
The skin of Triceratops was unusual compared to other dinosaurs. Skin impressions from an as-yet undescribed specimen show that some species may have been covered in bristle-like structures, similar to the more primitive ceratopsian Psittacosaurus.
Triceratops species possessed a sturdy build, with strong limbs and short three-hoofed hands and four-hoofed feet. Although certainly quadrupedal, the posture of these dinosaurs has long been the subject of some debate. Originally, it was believed that the front legs of the animal had to be sprawling at angles from the thorax, in order to better bear the weight of the head. However, ichnological evidence in the form of trackways from horned dinosaurs, and recent reconstructions of skeletons (both physical and digital) seem to show that Triceratops and other ceratopsids maintained an upright stance during normal locomotion, with the elbows flexed and slightly bowed out, in an intermediate state between fully upright and fully sprawling (as in the modern rhinoceros).
The hands and forearms of Triceratops retained a fairly primitive structure compared to other quadrupedal dinosaurs such as thyreophorans and many sauropods. In those two groups, the forelimbs of quadrupedal species were usually rotated so that the hands faced forward with palms backward ("pronated") as the animals walked. However, Triceratops, like other ceratopsians and the related quadrupedal ornithopods, walked with most of their fingers pointing out and away from the body, the primitive condition for dinosaurs also retained by bipedal forms like the theropods. In Triceratops, the weight of the body was carried by only the first three fingers of the hand, while the third and fourth were vestigial and lacked claws or hooves.
Discovery and identification
The first named specimen now attributed to Triceratops is a pair of brow horns attached to a skull roof, found near Denver, Colorado in the spring of 1887. This specimen was sent to Othniel Charles Marsh, who believed that the formation from which it came dated from the
Return to the Old Earth Ministries Online Dinosaur Curriculum homepage.
Bay State Replicas - Skull, humerous (juvenile), nasal horn core, vertebra, brow hown,
Black Hills Institute - Skeleton, skull, femer, dentary, predentary, supraorbital horn, nasal horn
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CHARLESTON, S.C. – Five years before the first shots of the Civil War rang out from the harbor here in 1861, alderman Thomas Ryan and a business partner opened Ryan’s Mart at No. 6 Chalmers St.
Their merchandise was slaves: African men, women and children who were prodded, picked over and auctioned off to the highest bidders.
The finest adult males could fetch up to $1,600 apiece – $49,000 in today’s dollars. The most able-bodied women could sell for $1,400.
The first slaves were brought to America in 1619. By the start of the war, every other person in this Atlantic Coast seaport was the property of someone else.
“Charleston as we know it wouldn’t exist today without enslaved Africans,” said agricultural historian Richard Porcher, who lives a few miles outside Charleston and has written about the area’s reliance on slave labor.
Today, the former showroom in Charleston’s historic quarter, hidden on a narrow lane of row houses blazing with pink blossoms and palmetto trees, serves as the home of the Old Slave Mart Museum.
The museum and other historic sites in the American South lay bare a shameful chapter in the nation’s past, one that’s getting new attention in the debate over whether the government should pay financial reparations to an estimated 40 million descendants of slaves.
Many African Americans in this part of South Carolina support reparations. But they say what they want just as much is for the country to grasp the painful history they live with every day.
Their ancestors often were separated from their children on the auction block. Women were raped by their white owners. Slaves were beaten for waking up too late, not working hard enough or trying to escape. They were stripped of their African names and given the last names of their masters.
The hardship and humiliation didn’t end when the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in 1865. Black Americans continue to endure racist violence, entrenched poverty and inequities in areas such as education, employment and the criminal justice system.
“What the reparations debate is about is not so much people wanting to get money,” said Daniel Littlefield, a historian from Columbia, S.C. “Black people feel they deserve some acknowledgment of ongoing wrong.”
The reparations debate comes at an especially tense time. Since 2016, there’s been a nationwide rise in racially motivated hate crimes. Videos of police killings of African Americans have become all too common. President Trump’s attacks aimed at black leaders and immigrants have kept people on edge.
During July’s Democratic presidential debate in Detroit, a predominantly black city, several candidates stressed the need not only for a discussion of reparations but also of the racial bigotry that still limits African Americans’ prospects nationwide.
In Los Angeles, black household wealth is about a tenth that of white households, according to a report in 2016 by researchers from UCLA, the New School in New York and Duke University.
A similar wealth gap holds true in metro Charleston, where 40% of black children live below the poverty line.
Roughly half of the two dozen or so Democratic contenders have said they support House Bill 40, which would set up a reparations commission. Several have pitched proposals costing up to half a trillion dollars.
Americans are split along racial lines on the question of whether to give direct payments to slave descendants, with just 16% of white people backing the idea in a Gallup poll taken in June and July and 73% of black respondents supporting it.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Republican from Kentucky whose ancestors owned slaves, echoed the prevailing argument against reparations when he explained his opposition.
“I think we’re always a work in progress in this country, but no one currently alive was responsible for that and I don’t think we should be trying to figure out how to compensate for it,” McConnell said.
Zenobia Harper, a member of the Gullah Geechee people, who are descendants of slaves from this region, says opponents of reparations are missing the point.
“We’re talking about it as though one group of people is trying to get one over on another group of people,” she said.
She thinks Americans must see the story of her people as essential to understanding the nation’s past.
“You were owned as real estate,” said Harper, a cultural preservationist who gives talks on how slaves built the rice plantations in South Carolina that enriched their owners. “You could be mortgaged. You could be leveraged in any way that that person saw fit. You had no redress in court.”
“Everything that you were, everything that you created and procreated, belonged to the people that owned you – in perpetuity,” she said.
The slavery museum highlights the paradox of a region dripping with Spanish moss and Southern hospitality, in a country built on the idea that all are created equal, but whose economy was fueled by the trade in human beings.
On display is a leather whip crudely studded with nails to deliver maximum pain to slaves – to break the skin, and the spirit.
There are other symbols of racial oppression in and around Charleston. The Confederate flag is still proudly flown by some whites here.
On Calhoun Street, at the northern border of a historic quarter filled with soaring church spires, two landmarks highlight the white supremacy of the past and the racism of the present.
One is a statue of former Vice President John C. Calhoun, whose view that slavery represented a “positive good” benefiting captive Africans helped inspire the Southern secessionist movement that led to the Civil War.
A short walk away is Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, where white supremacist Dylann Roof murdered nine black parishioners in 2015 in a bid to start a war of his own – one pitting whites against blacks.
Democratic presidential candidate Cory Booker used the church as the setting for an impassioned speech on gun violence and white racism in the aftermath of the recent mass shootings in Dayton, Ohio, and El Paso.
A civil rights landmark where leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. once spoke, the church now attracts visitors because of the massacre, which happened two months after a white police officer in North Charleston killed motorist Walter Scott, an unarmed black man.
“A lot of things are still the same,” said Maxine Clark, 58, an African American who came here with her husband from the state capital, Columbia.
“Just what my parents witnessed is what we’re witnessing right now,” said Clark, whose mother is a native South Carolinian. “A black life does not matter.”
All along the 60-mile stretch of Atlantic coastline from Charleston to the historic port of Georgetown to the north, other reminders of what African Americans have endured, and what they’ve accomplished in spite of it, hide in plain sight.
After the Civil War, many freed slaves in the Charleston area set up homesteads on large tracts they purchased from white landowners. The plots have been informally passed down in families from generation to generation, with stakes divided up among relatives often without wills or other legal protections, making the properties vulnerable to outside developers.
Fred Lincoln lives on his family’s ancestral homestead in Wando, an African American settlement a few miles northeast of Charleston.
He and slave descendants from several other homesteads gathered at a house nearby in Old Village to talk about their campaign to preserve what their ancestors built – and to talk about reparations.
“We are damaged people,” Lincoln said of the stress and anxiety that come with being black in America. He wants the government to help descendants of slaves heal emotionally from the scars left by generations of mistreatment.
Lincoln, 74, is a retired firefighter not prone to bursts of emotion. But he switches from sadness to defiance as he reminisces about growing up in the Jim Crow era.
He and the other heirs to homesteads said that in the decades after their ancestors were freed, the former slaves built hundreds of houses using trees from the nearby woods and their skills as carpenters.
“We literally lived off the land,” said Thomasena Stokes-Marshall, 76, who was born in the nearby historic black community of Snowden.
Members of the group said their ancestors established a legacy of homeownership in a hostile environment.
In the old days, a driveway barely wide enough for one car often led to a cluster of 10 homes arranged in a circle, so neighbors could look out for each other in case the Ku Klux Klan tried to attack.
Paths leading into the backwoods that black children used as shortcuts were actually escape routes to make it easier to flee Klan raids.
“You built a house with a thought of it being burned down,” said Edward Lee, who grew up in the Scanlonville settlement in the 1950s and 60s.
Back then, residents also took turns on “church watch.” “That’s when you slept in the church when it was under threat,” said Lee, 63.
The communities were self-sustaining, with their own schools, stores and nightlife spots. Count Basie and Duke Ellington came through on their tours of segregated venues on the “Chitlin Circuit.” Entertainers would hang out with kids before shows.
“You could play baseball with James Brown,” Lee said.
Today the communities are largely intact, islands of modest homes on large lots along quiet country lanes.
What’s needed now, the property owners say, are tax breaks and other forms of aid to help heirs hold onto these homesteads as new developments spring up around them and property taxes rise.
In any case, Lincoln says, no check from the government can truly account for centuries of injustice.
“My ancestors were robbed of everything – their history, their identity, their culture,” he said. “Giving me money is an insult to my ancestors’ suffering – and all of my suffering.”
Past the African American settlements on the way to Georgetown, Gullah Geechee basket weavers earn a modest living selling handwoven sweetgrass baskets from roadside kiosks. Their ancestors used the same skills on the rice plantations.
On the bridges spanning the Santee River Delta, views open up of a vast tidal wetlands undulating with tall, green grass as far as the eye can see.
Between the 1600s and the Civil War, according to historians, thousands of slaves had to contend with snakes, mosquitoes and disease as they transformed these former cypress swamps into rice farms fed by canals they dug by hand, making the plantation owners some of the richest people in the country.
Slave children ran up and down the levies banging pans together to scare birds away from the rice harvest, while older girls pounded rice husks in wooden mortars.
The taming of the tidal wetlands has been compared to the building of the Egyptian pyramids because of the incredible feats of engineering prowess, agricultural skill and physical might involved.
“How in the hell they did that with slave labor – it’s beyond human understanding,” Porcher said. “I still can’t grasp it.”
Porcher, 80, is white, but the reparations issue is personal for him, too. He’s a descendant of aristocratic rice planters who owned thousands of slaves on hundreds of acres of plantations in the region. He lives not far from some of the black settlements.
Any frank discussion about the suppressed economic fortunes of African Americans will require white people to acknowledge the advantages that might have disproportionately expanded their own wealth, Porcher said.
“I’m not going to apologize for my folks owning slaves,” he said, “but I know that I benefited from it.”
Historical researcher Vennie Deas Moore, who lives in Georgetown, was part of a team that recently excavated the foundation of a slave dwelling at the Hampton Plantation outside that city. She believes her slave ancestors on her father’s side were born there and worked on the surrounding rice fields.
“I couldn’t escape having this feeling that the spirits of my family were out there with me,” said Deas Moore, 70. “I felt at peace.”
She laughs when people bring up the idea of the government writing her a check for her ancestors’ hardships.
“I don’t want money,” she said, raising her voice. “What I want the government to do is educate our children so they can be engineers and builders – like their great-great-great-granddaddies were.”
She wants Americans to muster the courage to face the wrongs of slavery and inequality – and take responsibility.
“We’re just starting to tell this story,” Deas Moore said. “It’s not for the weak of heart.”
Visit the Los Angeles Times at www.latimes.com
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From The Islands
To The Classroom and Back
- Literacy Statistics
- Literacy and Dialect Speakers
READ " Think 22nd Century Linguistic Rights"
What language should a nation officially call its own? Which governments give dialect official recognition?
- Karen Chung Lanugage and Linguistics Links
From The Islands To The Classroom and Back
Language is one of the deepest legacies of colonialism. In most countries that gained independence from foreign rule, the language of the colonizer persists in schools and government offices.
Yet for the business of everyday life - raising families, bargaining at the market, and chatting with friends - people usually speak something else, be it an ancient indigenous language, or a creole or pidgin that blends the colonizer's tongue with their own.
This dual-language situation gives rise to the question: What language should a nation officially call its own? In the arid Cape Verde islands, 380 miles off the coast of West Africa, this query is rising with new urgency thanks to interjection by an unlikely contingent: expatriates now living in Massachusetts.
Non-English speakers there were required by a state law to be taught in their first language. The Cape Verde immigrants in the US faced an unusual obstacle: Their language was primarily oral, not written, so suitable textbooks did not exist. As educators in Massachusetts began to design a curriculum to teach Creole, their counterparts in Cape Verde saw an opportunity.
If they could use these teaching materials in their own classes, the hope of making Creole an official language, together with Portuguese, might be realized.
Now, however, that window of opportunity may be closing. The 30-year-old Massachusetts bilingual-education law is being scrapped at the end of this school year. The statute was overturned by a 68 percent vote in last fall's elections.
"Bilingual education forced Cape Verdeans [in Massachusetts] to develop the written language," says Gunga Tavares, cultural attache for the Consulate General of Cape Verde in Boston. "There is now a whole range of experience from here that can be used [in Cape Verde]. Why reinvent the wheel?"
Too obscure a language?
Since Cape Verde won independence in 1975, sporadic efforts were made to use Creole - a mix of several African languages and Portuguese - in official situations. But Mr. Tavares says the enormous task of developing and installing written Creole in schools, courts, and ministry offices thwarted officials. "When you say you're going to have school be in Creole [in Massachusetts], it is much easier than doing it
for the whole country [in Cape Verde]."
But with fewer than 1 million Cape Verdean Creole speakers globally, opponents argue that students would be better off continuing to learn in Portuguese, a widely spoken language.
Cape Verde is home to about 430,000 people, and an estimated 350,000 immigrants and subsequent-generation Cape Verdeans live in New England, where their ancestors migrated in droves on whaling ships in the 1800s. Cape Verdean communities also dot Europe, South America, and Africa.
Because children on the islands are not exposed to Portuguese until they enter school at age 6, they spend a lot of time learning it - much the way immigrant students in an English-only classroom would do in the United States. "When you go to school in Portuguese [in Cape Verde], you spend five years learning how to say chair or table," Tavares explains, adding that students cannot express themselves or learn new
material as quickly or as well in Portuguese.
About five years ago, the council of ministers in Cape Verde agreed to put the Massachusetts-developed Creole writing system on trial in schools and government offices, says Manuel Goncalves, a bilingual guidance counselor who just published "Pa Nu Papia Kriolu" (Let's Speak Creole), a book on Creole language acquisition.
In 1999, Cape Verde's minister of education visited several Boston schools to watch bilingual education in action and to start an exchange between schools inMassachusetts and Cape Verde, Tavares says. Cape Verde's Constitution was also revised that year to endorse the idea of bringing Creole into "every segment of society."
Indigenous languages like Creole would then used for elementary education, lower courts, hospitals, and many radio broadcasts, says Eyamba Bokamba, a professor of linguistics and African languages at the University of Illinois.
At the elementary level, students study an international language - such as Portuguese - as a subject in school, and then go on to secondary school in that language to acquire fluency. South Africa, Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, and Nigeria are among the few African countries that have two official languages, he says.
"Most African countries have language policies that advocate use of the colonial language in education and government, and in most instances more than 80 percent of the population is not conversant in that language," Professor Bokamba says. "But there is a sizable population that needs to be served."
Massachusetts, which in 1971 was the first state to pass a bilingual-education law, has decided to replace bilingual education with a one-year English-immersion program for immigrants. Voters in California and Arizona also overturned bilingual-education laws in recent years.
In a bilingual-education program, students who speak little or no English could spend up to three years taking subjects like math and science in their first language while receiving supplementary English-language instruction. The idea was to bring students up to speed in English while still advancing their knowledge in other subjects.
Opponents charged that too many students languished in bilingual classes in every language, ultimately graduating from an American high school without the ability to speak, read, or write in English. In immersion programs, students focus on learning English for one year before being ushered into all their subject classes in English.
Tavares and Goncalves, who are recognized on both sides of the Atlantic as leaders in the Creole bilingual movement, agree that the demise of bilingual education is a setback for the Creole-education effort in Cape Verde - and for continued cultural development in the US. With low per capita income, according to the embassy website, and no universities, Cape Verde lacks the resident linguists needed to develop the written language and the funds to pay them.
"The seed is there," Goncalves says. "I just hope that individuals who have the knowledge will transmit it. It will be harder with no institution to guide them, but I don't think it will die."
Missing a connection
In the past few years, the movement's momentum has included the Creole publication of some dozen books on language, poetry, and fiction. There are also many instructional materials from Massachusetts that could be used in Cape Verdean classrooms. But still, supporters say, something is lost.
"It's one thing to look at a pile of books, and another to have an exchange with a live classroom," Tavares says. People also need to learn the writing system in order to read the materials in it, says Goncalves, who has taught Creole classes to adults at the University of Massachusetts, Boston University, and Rhode Island College.
As education officials in Cape Verde continue to consider schools for a Creole pilot program, the Ministry of Education has supported first-language instruction through a radio program on the station RTC. Every afternoon students can tune in to have all their subjects explained in Creole, Tavares says.
In the absence of video coverage - since television is a luxury - the program does not advance the effort of making written Creole widely available, but she says it does enable students to catch information they may have missed or misunderstood in the Portuguese classroom.
However, given Creole's obscurity and the fact that there are scores of dialects scattered about the islands, some educators feel that it is politically and logistically difficult to use Creole in the classroom. For these reasons, Rhode Island teaches its large Cape Verdean student population in Portuguese rather than in Creole.
"When students come from Cape Verde, many speak Portuguese very well," says Maria Lindia, a bilingual- education coordinator in Rhode Island. " Since there are problems in spoken and written Creole, our students participate in a Portuguese bilingual program."
Those who arrive in Rhode Island without any schooling go into an English as a Second Language program, she says.
With more than 120 language groups to cater to in the system, schools would have a tough time implementing bilingual programs, Ms. Lindia says. "Often we don't have enough students - or the qualified teachers - for a bilingual class."
Forced homogeneity is what Creole supporters and bilingual advocates in other languages are fighting against.
"Language identifies us as a separate group," Tavares says. "Otherwise we are identified as Portuguese. Using Creole is not only to learn better, but to have an identity."
Just as agreeing on a language to use in class can be a prickly issue, capturing the language in writing can be similarly challenging. Like indigenous languages around the world, a written form for Cape Verdean Creole was devised in the 19th century when missionaries and colonial officials needed a basic written language to carry out their work.
These early writing systems generally used letters and accents from the colonizing language, which linguists are trying to expunge today.
As such, the modern alphabets are usually phonetically based, with one letter representing only one sound and representing that sound consistently.
For this reason, there is no "C" in the Massachusetts-developed Creole. " C" does exist in Portuguese, but Goncalves says it is superfluous because, as in English, its soft sound can be made by the "s" (like " cyber") and its hard sound by the "k" (as in "cafe").
And with that, the name of the country changes from Cabo Verde in Portuguese to Kaboverde in Creole, a difference so dramatic even supporters like Tavares challenge it. "The argument against it is more emotional than scientific," she says. "It is strange to see Cape Verde spelled with a 'K'. I'm sure it makes sense from a linguistic point of view, but ordinary people like me don't like it or understand it."
Goncalves says that the spelling difference is the essence of the language distinction.
Beyond the loss of funding for curriculum development to aid the Creole movement in Cape Verde, educators in Massachusetts are worried about how the demise of bilingual education will affect students.
Without a gentler transition through Creole, Goncalves and Tavares say that culture shock - as well as catching up academically - may be harder for both new immigrants and students who are born into Creole-speaking homes here.
"It is a disaster," Goncalves says. "Kids were able to learn in their own language and culture. We sent thousands of kids to college through bilingual education."
(c) Copyright 2003 The Christian Science Monitor. All rights reserved.
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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https://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Linguistics/MassWriteCreole.html
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|
The first activity is used to see if students have any misconceptions regarding the use of different shape transformation terms. Unless stated, we turn shapes clockwise and flip shapes left to right.
- Identify and describe shape transformations
- Create a pattern made using shape transformations
- Copy a pattern made using shape transformations
- Continue a pattern made using shape transformations
- Explain possible variation in results
- Create a unique shape and use this to create a design
- Recognise and describe symmetry in patterns and objects
Curriculum Connections – Victorian Curriculum F-10 – Measurement & Geometry
Year 3 – Location & Transformation
- Identify symmetry in the environment (VCMMG144)
- Identify and describe slides and turns found in the natural and built environment (VCMMG145)
Year 4 – Location & Transformation
- Create symmetrical patterns, pictures and shapes with and without digital technologies (VCMMG173)
Year 5 – Location & Transformation
- Describe translations, reflections and rotations of two-dimensional shapes. Identify line and rotational symmetries (VCMMG200)
At the end of this lesson students should be able to answer the following questions
- Can you describe and model a flip, slide and turn?
- What is the difference between clockwise and anticlockwise?
- How else can we describe shape turns? Can we use degrees or clock terms?
- Why might there be variation in results?
- How can we make our descriptions more accurate?
- What is symmetry? Where do we see it? How can we describe it?
For more information, please download the attached lesson plan.
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://calculate.org.au/2018/12/03/transformations-year-3-4/
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Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat
|Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat|
Carleton & Goodman, 1998
Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat (Eliurus grandidieri) is a species of rodent from the family Nesomyidae. Morphological evidence suggests that Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is most closely related to Petter's tufted-tailed rat, E. petteri. However, Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is the smaller of the two species.
Distribution and range
Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is endemic to Madagascar. It normally lives in middle to upper montane forests between the heights of 1,250 and 1,875 m (4,101 and 6,152 ft). It resides in both the Northern Highlands and the northern part of the Central Highlands in eastern Madagascar.
Habitat and ecology
Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is present in sclerophyllous forest and is presumed to be a partly scansorial species. The species is forest depended and has not been captured outside of forest or in alpine grasslands, though it may occur just below the tree line.
Female Grandidier's tufted-tailed rats are believed to give birth to up to three young.
Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widely dispersed localities. The population trend of the species, however, is unknown. There is deforestation in the habitat of the Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat for conversion to cultivated land, but there is not enough population loss from this deforestation for the species to be listed as more threatened. There is sufficient evidence that all species from the family Nesomyidae, especially those that commonly live upwards of 800 m (2,600 ft), are susceptible to a 100 percent mortality rate from plagues carried by introduced rodents, and these seem to be localized events. The species is located in three protected areas: the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Manongarivo Special Reserves and the Marojejy National Park.
- Goodman, S. & Rakotondravony, D. (2008). "Eliurus grandidieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 949. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandidier's_tufted-tailed_rat
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Remember how your mom would always tell you to chew your food? She know from what she spoke. Proper chewing of your food not only helps to break down the food mechanically, but also helps to release more digestive-system enzymes to carry the process further. If you don’t chew your food enough, it may result in incomplete digestion. That means there are less nutrients, such as amino acids, getting to your muscles, and this could limit your muscle growth.
According to research from Japan, the rate at which you eat your meals may influence the amount of bodyfat you hold. Researchers from the National Institute of Health and Nutrition in Tokyo assessed the eating rate and the amount of food eaten by almost 1,700 female subjects along with their body mass index (the BMI is a way to determine obesity based on weight and height). They reported in a 2003 issue of International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders that the faster the subjects tended to eat their meals, the higher their BMI and, therefore, their body fatness.
In another study, researchers from Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
(Aichi) assessed the eating rate and the amount of food eaten by about 2,700 male and almost 800 female subjects, along with their BMI and blood glucose and insulin levels. They reported in a 2008 issue of Preventive Medicine
that not only did the faster eaters have higher bodyfat, but they had higher blood glucose and insulin levels than those who ate slower.
The take-home message from these studies is that eating your meals slowly can help you build more muscle mass
and keep bodyfat at bay. So slow down, enjoy your meal, and chew each bite thoroughly to start the digestion process and keep insulin levels low.
References: R. Otsuka et al., “Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: Findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women,” Preventive Medicine, 46(2):154-59, 2008; S. Sasaki et al., “Self-reported rate of eating correlates with body mass index
in 18-year-old Japanese women,” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27(11):1405-10, 2003
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<urn:uuid:dd189361-817e-4120-bd16-4ebb64cb73f0>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://anabolicmuscles.com/can-you-build-more-muscle-by-consuming-quickly/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101195.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210025335-20231210055335-00646.warc.gz
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en
| 0.963912
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Skiing for People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired
Many people who are blind or have low vision continue to enjoy the sport of skiing:
- According to the International Blind Sports Association, “Alpine (downhill) skiing is one of the rare opportunities available that allows the blind individual to move freely at speed through time and space. It provides the opportunity to embrace and commune with the primal force of gravity, thus experiencing the sheer exhilaration of controlled mass in motion, in a physically independent setting.”
- You can also try cross-country skiing. Cross-country skiing is equally challenging; the primary difference between cross-country and downhill skiing is that cross-country generally occurs on smaller slopes and hills than does downhill.
- Use a “safety skier guide.” The guide is responsible for describing the surroundings, choosing the line of descent, and providing verbal instructions to the skier who is blind or has low vision.
There are two primary ways to orient and guide skiers who are blind or have low vision:
- The guide remains behind the skier, orienting the skier with verbal descriptions and instructions. This system requires wide slopes with few obstacles.
- The guide precedes the skier and provides orientation through verbal instructions as the skier follows the outline of the guide’s body and movements. This system requires fewer precise instructions, since the skier primarily follows the voice and movements of the guide.
- A lightweight, portable amplification system, such as the Amplivox PA System, can help the guide and skier remain in close communication.
In both cases, it is important that the distance between the skier and the guide be kept to a minimum. It is also important that the skier and his or her guide wear vests that identify them as a blind skier and guide, respectively. This prevents other skiers from attempting to ski between them.
Other hints for skiers who are blind or have low vision include:
- For both cross-country and downhill skiing, enroll in a “learn to ski” clinic for beginners or for persons returning to the sport with a vision impairment.
- Use properly fitted ski equipment and clothing. Many ski resorts or clinics offer equipment for rent.
- Ask your eye doctor about lenses or goggles that can help reduce glare when skiing. Lenses can be tinted in a range of colors to decrease various wavelengths of light that can cause glare.
- For more information about tinted goggles, absorptive lenses, and other types of low vision devices and training, see What Is a Low Vision Examination?, Low Vision Optical Devices, and Vision Rehabilitation Services.
- Learn more about Brooke Sexton in this YouTube video. Brooke is a blind skier at Snowbird in Utah.
Resources for Adapted Skiing
- American Blind Skiing Foundation: Educational skiing programs for blind or visually impaired people
- Foresight Ski Guides, Inc.: Cross-country skiing for blind, visually impaired, and mobility-impaired people and their guides
- Maine Adaptive Sports and Recreation: The largest year-round adaptive recreation program in the state of Maine for adults and children with physical disabilities.
- Ski for Light, Inc.: Recreation opportunities for visually impaired and blind skiers
- See Sports & Exercise, Sports Groups, and Recreation, Sports, & Leisure Products for tips, answers to frequently-asked questions, and resources for sports and leisure equipment and activities.
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<urn:uuid:14f52f0c-4459-4a34-a051-fc83f24010e5>
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://test.visionaware.org/everyday-living/recreation-and-leisure/sports-and-exercise/skiing/
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en
| 0.925079
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Annual surface temperature change in degrees Centigrade for the period 1975?1994 relative to 1955?1974. This figure, prepared for the 1996 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, indicates that Earth?s surface has been, on average, warmer (predominating orange) over the past 20 years compared to the preceding 20 years. The cooler blue areas show, however, that the warming has not been universal.
Hemispheric and global average temperature for the past 135 years.
Scientists aboard R/V Knorr launch a rosette water sampler and conductivity/temperature/depth instrument. Much of the data discussed in this issue was collected by such equipment. Author McCartney is the fellow getting wet at top left.
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<urn:uuid:5979e31c-3787-4764-a6ea-40f3228184b9>
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CC-MAIN-2016-07
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https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/v2/article/images.do?id=2346
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- Date: 1641
- 1 : of the same or a similar kind or nature
- 2 : of uniform structure or composition throughout <a culturally homogeneous neighborhood>
- 3 : having the property that if each variable is replaced by a constant times that variable the constant can be factored out : having each term of the same degree if all variables are considered <a homogeneous equation>
In ecological terms it can also be expressed as a lack of, or reduction in biodiversity. Species richness is the fundamental unit in which to assess the homogeneity of an environment. Therefore, any reduction in species richness, especially endemic species, could be argued as advocating the production of a homogenous environment.
Homogeneity in agriculture and forestry; in particular, industrial agriculture and forestry use a limited number of species. About 7,000 plants (2.6% of all plant species) have been collected or cultivated for human consumption. Of these, a mere 200 have been domesticated and only a dozen contribute about 75% of the global intake of plant-derived calories.
95% of world consumption of protein derives from a few domesticated species, ie poultry, cattle and pigs. There are about 1,000 commercial fish species, but in aquaculture fewer than 10 species dominate global production. Human food production therefore rests on the tips of pyramids of biodiversity, leaving the majority of species not utilised and not domesticated.
- Species migration
Species naturally migrate and expand their ranges, utilising new habitats and resources, e.g. the cattle egret. These natural invasions, an incursion in the absence of anthropogenic influences, occur “when an intervening barrier is removed, or through the development of biotic or abiotic transportation mechanisms, able to overcome the barrier in question”. Introductions, or human-mediated invasions, have in the last century become more frequent. It is estimated that on an average day more than 3,000 species alone are in transit aboard ocean-going vessels.
Using species richness as the unit for which to assess global homogeneity, it appears that anthropogenic assistance in alien species establishment has done much to reduce the number of endemic species, especially on remote islands. Some ‘species-poor’ habitats may, however, benefit in diversity if an invader can occupy an empty niche. Arguably, that environment becomes more diverse, equally it has also “become more similar to the rest of the world”, though ecological interactions between the invaders and the natives are likely to be unique. Indeed, many species are so well naturalised that they are considered native, yet they were originally introduced; with the best examples probably being the Roman and Norman introduction of the hare and the rabbit respectively to Britain.
Introduction of non-endemic species and subsequent eradication of species can happen remarkably fast; evolutionary tempo is, however, slow and “succession of rapid change [will] result in a great impoverishment”. That impoverishment will indeed equate in a world that is more similar, as there will simply be less species to formulate difference.
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://nordan.daynal.org/wiki/Homogeneous
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“Once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment, that was known as Camelot”
- John F Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)
HE WROTE THE ABOVE QUOTE ON HIS BEDSIDE
Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in themedia culture in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium. In 1961 the Radio-Television News Directors Association presented Kennedy with its highest honor, the Paul White Award, in recognition of his open relationship with the media.
Mrs. Kennedy brought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed its restoration. They invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to rounds of White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America.
The president was closely tied to popular culture, emphasized by songs such as “Twisting at the White House”. Vaughn Meader’s First Family comedy album — which parodied the president, the first lady, their family, and the administration — sold about four million copies. On May 19, 1962, Marilyn Monroe sang “Happy Birthday, Mr. President” at a large party in Madison Square Garden, celebrating Kennedy’s upcoming forty-fifth birthday. The charisma of Kennedy and his family led to the figurative designation of “Camelot” for his administration, credited by his wife, who coined the term for the first time in print during a post-assassination interview with Theodore White, to his affection for the then contemporary Broadway musical of the same name.
In American contexts, the word “Camelot” is sometimes used to refer admiringly to the presidency of John F. Kennedy, as his term was said to have potential and promise for the future, and many were inspired by Kennedy’s speeches, vision, and policies.
At the time, Kennedy’s assassination had been compared to the fall of King Arthur. The lines “Don’t let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment, that was known as Camelot,” from the musical Camelot, were quoted by his widow Jacqueline as being from his favorite song in the score. “There’ll be great Presidents again,” she added, “but there’ll never be another Camelot again … it will never be that way again.”
Camelot has become a permanent fixture in interpretations of the Arthurian legend. Modern versions typically retain Camelot’s lack of precise location and its status as a symbol of the Arthurian world, though they typically transform the castle itself into romantically lavish visions of a High Middle Ages palace. It lends its name to the 1960 musical Camelot by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, which is based on T. H. White‘s literary version of the legend, The Once and Future King. The musical was adapted into a 1967 film of the same name, which starred Richard Harris as Arthur, and which featured the Castle of Coca, Segovia as a fittingly opulent Camelot. The symbolism of Camelot so impressed Alfred, Lord Tennyson that he wrote up a prose sketch on the castle as one of his earliest attempts to treat the Arthurian legend. Some writers of the “realist” strain of modern Arthurian fiction have attempted a more sensible Camelot; inspired by Alcock’s Cadbury-Camelot excavation, writers Marion Zimmer Bradley, Mary Stewart, and Catherine Christian place their Camelots in that city and describe it accordingly.
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<urn:uuid:5b1259d4-ff69-4f04-a050-9561792e0864>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://vishwacloud.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/camelot-the-quest/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143079.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217175826-20200217205826-00283.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976242
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The Katana is well-known for its use with Samurai, and its shorter cousin, the wakizashi and it's even shorter cousin, the tanto. Ninja also use it quite often as well. It is about the length of a Western longsword, but only sharp on one side. Katanas are made by folding iron (or steel) over and over again, making a very strong sword able to withstand much punishment.
Katanas are infamously known to be able to cut through anything due to the amazing razor sharpness of its blade. In legends and myths, these blades could cut through stone, tree trunks, anything in one slash. In real life, while not quite as great, are still very dangerous weapons, and can seriously harm the user if they are not careful or inexperienced.
When sheathing the sword, the blood on the sword is wrung out by a quick slash to the side before being guided back into the scabbard. When using this weapon, left handed users are taught to be right handed. There are no exceptions. Traditional etiquette suggests that placing the katana on the left side of the body, the side you could draw your sword on suggested that you were ready to fight.
- A Katana is actually a Bi-metallic blade. Its edge is made with a hard steel, so as to stay sharp, and its core is a softer iron, to give it flexibility.
- Traditional Katana are produced using a special steel called Tamahagane. Tamahagane takes three days to produce in a special furnace known as a tatara.
- In ancient Japan, Katana were tested using criminals and prisoners of war. Depending on the crime, the prisoner could be sentenced to lose an arm, a leg or to be executed using the new blade.
- A well made Katana would be capable of slicing clean through a human body in a single strike. If a sword could cut through a single person it was referred to as a "One Body Blade". However there are Katana in existence that are marked as two and even three body blades.
- In 16th century Japan there were 5 sword-smithing schools that taught the skills to make a Katana. Those 5 schools still exist today.
- The Katana's iconic shape is a result of the hardening process. Before hardening, the sword maker coats the blade in a layer of clay and charcoal powder. This clay layer is known as the Hamon. A thin layer on the cutting edge and a thick layer on the back edge. The sword is heated to red hot ( the sword-smith determines the temperature by the color of the metal) and then quenched in water. The area covered in a thin layer of clay cools rapidly followed by the thicker covered layer. The slower cooling back edge then pulls the Katana into its famous curved shape.
- Using traditional methods, it takes 6 months to produce a single Katana, three months to forge and roughly polish the sword and a further three months for the sword to be finely polished by a master polisher. After the fine polishing the sword it then returned to the sword-smith to be finished with its handle and scabbard.
- Through repeated folding and hammering, the carbon content of the steel is driven down. As a result the final sword weighs roughly 50% less than the raw materials used to make it.
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<urn:uuid:ffc76c22-b327-4549-82ea-747f4e329128>
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
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https://www.giantbomb.com/katana/3055-690/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512411.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019145850-20181019171350-00069.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962512
| 700
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What is a cholera?
Today in Yemen, the epidemic of cholera rages, the world health system headed by the WHO pays a lot of attention to this problem. This fact raises the question of what cholera is, why it is real in the XXI century and whether it is dangerous for the people of Ukraine?
Cholera: What is this illness, what are its symptoms and consequences?
Cholera is an acute, especially dangerous, infectious disease. In a short period of time, it can infect a significant number of people, causing the whole epidemic, with mortality from it reaching 50% in the absence of adequate treatment. According to WHO statistics, every year in the world 1.3 to 4 million cases of infection with cholera are recorded, with dying from 21 to 143 thousand people.
Pathogenic disease – cholera vibrio, which is part of the flora of many reservoirs. Best of all, it multiplies at a temperature of 30-40 ° C, which is why the epidemic of cholera occurs in India, Asia and Africa, where it is hot. The cholera stick dies during boiling water, as well as under the prolonged influence of direct sunlight. On the surface of vegetables and fruits, it can live up to 5 days. The method of infecting a disease is fecal-oral, from one sick person to another, due to the secretion of the pathogen from faeces and vomit masses. Also, a person can get infected by drinking water with cholera vibrio.
Cholera is not only characteristic of what is a cholera? Is it dangerous for Ukraine? hot countries, but also for those who do not adhere to the rules of elementary hygiene, the process of water supply and water treatment is badly established. For example, in Yemen, for several years now, there has been a civil war, during which virtually all water pipelines were destroyed.
The incubation period of the cholera lasts 2-3 days, after which there are the following symptoms of the disease:
very strong diarrhea (up to 10 times a day or more);
general intoxication of the body, which manifests itself in extremely intense vomiting.
Man loses huge amounts of fluid – up to 20 liters, resulting in thickening of the blood and dehydration of the body. The condition of the patient very quickly deteriorates, because of the loss of fluid may appear muscle cramps.
The facial features of the patient are exacerbated, the eyes fall, the lips are blue, the skin becomes cold, wrinkles on the hands and feet. If a person is not treated, she will die in the first day with a 50 percent probability.
Treatment and prevention of cholera
Treatment of cholera is performed exclusively under inpatient settings. The basis of treatment – replacement of the needs of the fluid and the necessary trace elements in the body, support water-electrolyte and acid-base balance. Also, people are treated with antibiotics, cholera vibration is sensitive to conventional tetracycline. If timely start therapy, the probability of mortality is only 1%.
Repeated infection with cholera is quite realistic, the disease transmitted does not provide lasting immunity. Therefore, it is impossible to get vaccinated. Prophylactic remedies for cholera are as follows:
Wash your hands before eating and cooking.
Wash your hands after a toilet.
Drink only boiled water.
Wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly before use. In regions prone to the spread of cholera, you should also treat them with boiling water.
Swim only in permitted places.
Do not buy food in questionable places.
Do not eat in untested catering establishments.
So, can cholera be dangerous to Ukraine? For our geographical latitudes this disease is not characteristic, but the probability of infection always exists, especially considering the peculiarities of life in the modern world with the possibility of visiting troubled regions with a tourist or work purpose. Therefore, caution will not hurt, especially against the backdrop of an epidemic in the region of the Arabian Peninsula.
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<urn:uuid:b1c81db7-93bb-4cbc-b053-21b6c3cdcd8c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
http://cabinfeverpottery.com/post145
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949387.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330194843-20230330224843-00439.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942821
| 853
| 3.09375
| 3
|
Objective: Diagram patients' views of the causes of adverse drug events (ADEs) in ambulatory care, examine characteristics of causes reported by patients, and identify those that have been studied in the medical and social science literatures. Methods: Twenty-two primary care patients were interviewed using a root cause analysis approach. Diagrams derived from interviews were consolidated and displayed online as a composite interactive causal diagram. Patient-reported causes were compared to evidence in the social science and medical literatures. Results: Patients ascribed 164 causes to ADEs occurring through eight major pathways, including medication nonadherence, prescriber-patient miscommunication, patient medication error, failure to read medication label/insert, polypharmacy, patient characteristics, pharmacist-patient miscommunication, and self medication. Most frequently reported causes were intrapsychic and interpersonal in nature. Most patient-reported causes have been studied, however, several practical and motivational antecedents lack research. Conclusion: Conducting root cause analysis with patients reveals multiple logically linked aspects of medication safety in community settings that merit further research and consideration in patient and prescriber education. Practice implications: This causal diagram provides a broadly accessible planning tool for reducing ambulatory ADEs by showing a comprehensive picture of potential causes, identifying causal factors supported by evidence, and disclosing likely consequences of change efforts. Also, patient-centered medication safety strategies should address psychological and practical barriers patients face in their everyday lives.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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CC-MAIN-2024-10
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https://hub.tmu.edu.tw/zh/publications/diagramming-patients-views-of-root-causes-of-adverse-drug-events-
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en
| 0.930854
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An atlas for Tolkien's world; The Atlas of Middle Earth, by Karen Wynn Fonstad. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company $14.95
Fans of J. R. R. Tolkien -- especially those who like maps -- will find this book in valuable. The author, a cartographer, has devised an atlas of all the places mentioned in "The Silmarillion," "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy. She has done a masterful job.
In addition to area maps, there are charts of migrations, of troop movements, of the routes taken by the Ring Fellowship; layouts of man-made and natural features such as Moria and Mt. Doom; and a section of thematic map illustrating climate, vegetation, population, and languages.
Portraying the geography of Tolkien's world demanded information from the real world as well.For instance, in depicting Arda the author needed to determine the size of Belegaer (The Great Sea). She knew Ar-Pharazon's armament needed 39 days to reach Valinor. By Comparison, Columbus crossed the Atlantic, covering 75 to 100 miles d aily. Using such facts she arrived at a solution.
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If NASA's Curiosity mission actually uncovers life on Mars, however microbial or subterranean, the event would reinforce humanity's yearning to shed the surly bonds of Earth. Petty questions of political sovereignty ought not to tarnish our most epochal discovery: We are not alone ("Mind & Matter: Who's in Charge if We Find Life on Mars?," Review, July 14).
Long before this journey to Mars, Earth's most renowned Martian chronicler evoked fond memories of the Red Planet. Ray Bradbury took readers on an allegorical trek to Meridiani Planum and Schiaparelli's Crater, imbuing young and old alike with a sense of cosmic awe.
In his epigraph to "The Martian Chronicles," Mr. Bradbury said it best: "It is good to renew one's wonder," said the philosopher. "Space travel has again made children of us all."
Rosario A. Iaconis
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in various fields, including web designing. AI technologies are being integrated into web design processes. AI tools assist in generating designs, optimizing layouts, providing personalized experiences, and automating repetitive tasks, streamlining the design workflow and enhancing efficiency. In this article, we have attempted to highlight some of the applications of AI in web designing.
PERSONALIZED USER EXPERIENCE
AI-powered personalized user experiences in web designing involve leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms and techniques to tailor website content, features, and interactions based on individual user preferences, behavior, and data. Here’s how AI enables personalized user experiences in web design:
- User Data Collection and Analysis: AI algorithms collect and analyze vast amounts of user data, including browsing behavior, demographic information, past interactions, and preferences. This data is used to build user profiles and understand individual user needs and interests.
- Dynamic Content Generation: AI can generate dynamic and personalized content based on user preferences and behavior. It can dynamically assemble and display content modules, such as product recommendations, related articles, or personalized offers, to provide users with tailored and relevant information.
- Recommendations and Personalization Engines: AI-powered recommendation engines utilize machine learning algorithms to analyze user data and provide personalized recommendations. These engines suggest products, content, or services that align with the user’s preferences, increasing engagement and conversion rates.
- Contextual Awareness: AI enables websites to be contextually aware by considering factors such as location, time of day, and user preferences. This allows for tailored content and experiences based on the user’s current situation or context, enhancing relevance and personalization.
- Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants can provide personalized assistance and support to users. They can understand user queries, offer tailored responses, and guide users through specific processes, providing a customized experience based on individual needs.
CONTENT GENERATION & CURATION
AI-powered content generation and curation in web designing streamline the process, improve content quality, and enhance user engagement. By leveraging AI algorithms and techniques, web designers can create and curate relevant, personalized, and high-value content that meets the needs and interests of their target audience.
- Automated Content Generation: AI algorithms can generate content for websites based on specific guidelines, desired topics, and user input. Natural Language Generation (NLG) models can produce human-like text by analyzing vast amounts of data. AI-generated content can include blog articles, product descriptions, social media posts, and more.
- Content Curation: AI algorithms can curate content from various sources to provide users with valuable and up-to-date information. By analyzing text, images, and other data, AI can filter and aggregate relevant content from articles, blogs, news sources, and social media, presenting it in a curated format on the website.
- Content Optimization: AI tools can analyze and optimize website content for search engine optimization (SEO). They can suggest relevant keywords, analyze readability, and provide recommendations to improve the overall quality and visibility of the content.
- Language Translation: AI-based language translation algorithms can automatically translate website content into different languages, enabling websites to reach a global audience. These algorithms leverage machine learning and neural networks to provide accurate and efficient translation services.
- Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze user feedback, comments, and reviews to determine the sentiment associated with specific content. This sentiment analysis can help web designers understand how users perceive and react to the content, allowing for further improvements and adjustments.
- Content Editing and Proofreading: AI-powered tools can assist in content editing and proofreading by detecting grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and style inconsistencies. These tools provide suggestions for improvements, ensuring high-quality and error-free content.
- Dynamic Content Assembly: AI algorithms can dynamically assemble content modules to create personalized web pages for users. By considering user preferences, behavior, and other factors, AI can generate web pages that display tailored content, such as recommended products, personalized offers, or relevant articles.
- Content Summarization: AI can automatically summarize long-form content, extracting key points and providing concise summaries. This helps users quickly grasp the main ideas without having to read the entire content, enhancing user experience and information accessibility.
RESPONSIVE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
AI can contribute to responsive design optimization by automating and enhancing the process of adapting websites to different devices and screen sizes. Here’s how AI enables responsive design optimization:
- Device Recognition: AI algorithms can analyze user agent data and device characteristics to identify the type of device accessing the website. This information helps in tailoring the website’s layout, content, and functionality to suit the specific device, ensuring optimal user experience.
- Automated Layout Adjustments: AI algorithms can automatically adjust the layout of web elements based on the available screen size. They can rearrange and resize elements, such as text, images, and navigation menus, to ensure that they are displayed appropriately and remain usable on different devices.
- Content Prioritization: AI can analyze user interactions and behaviors to determine which content elements are most relevant and important. Based on this analysis, AI algorithms can prioritize the display of certain content sections or modules, ensuring that the most critical information is prominently shown on smaller screens without overwhelming the user.
- Image Optimization: AI-powered tools can optimize images for different devices and connection speeds. By automatically compressing and resizing images, AI algorithms reduce page load times and improve the website’s performance on mobile devices with limited bandwidth or slower internet connections.
- Dynamic Media Queries: AI algorithms can generate dynamic media queries that adapt the website’s styles and layout based on the device’s screen size, orientation, and other factors. This allows for a seamless transition between different layouts, ensuring that the website is optimized for each device.
AI-assisted predictive analytics in web designing involves using artificial intelligence algorithms and techniques to analyze user data, predict user behavior, and make data-driven decisions for optimizing website design and user experience. Here are some ways how AI enables predictive analytics in web designing:
- User Behavior Analysis: AI algorithms analyze user interactions, browsing patterns, and historical data to understand how users navigate through the website. This analysis helps identify trends, preferences, and common user journeys, forming the basis for predictive analytics.
- Predictive Modeling: AI algorithms build predictive models using machine learning techniques. By training on historical data, these models can forecast future user behavior, such as the likelihood of conversions, click-through rates, or bounce rates. These predictions can guide web designers in optimizing website design elements and user flows.
- Churn Prediction: AI algorithms can predict when users are likely to churn or disengage from the website. By analyzing user behavior patterns, engagement metrics, and other relevant data, predictive analytics helps designers identify at-risk users and implement strategies to retain them, such as targeted offers or personalized interventions.
- UX Improvement: AI-assisted predictive analytics helps identify pain points, usability issues, or areas of improvement in the user experience. By analyzing user feedback, heat maps, and interaction data, AI algorithms can predict potential areas of friction or user confusion, enabling web designers to proactively address these issues and optimize the UX.
- User Segmentation: AI algorithms can segment users based on various factors, such as demographics, behavior, or preferences. By clustering users into meaningful segments, predictive analytics helps designers understand different user groups and tailor website experiences to each segment’s specific needs and preferences.
- Conversion Rate Optimization: AI algorithms can predict which design elements, call-to-action placements, or content configurations are most likely to drive conversions. By analyzing user behavior, historical data, and A/B testing results, AI-assisted predictive analytics helps identify the optimal design choices that maximize conversion rates.
AI in web designing empowers designers and developers to create more efficient, user-friendly, and engaging websites while saving time and effort. It enhances the user experience, personalization capabilities, and decision-making processes in web design, leading to better outcomes for businesses and users alike.
At ATC ONLINE, we have the expertise and talent that strives to deliver state of the art, highly responsive design on Websites and E-Commerce Portals. For more about ATC ONLINE’s Website Development Solutions & Services, please visit us at – https://atconline.biz/products/web-design-development/
You could also contact us at https://atconline.biz/contact/ for business enquires and product information.
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A sustainability coach rides front and center
By Stephanie Hlywak
The concept of driverless cars has come a long way since their beginnings in the 1920s as remote controlled “phantom autos.” But in the century since, their aspirations have remained remarkably consistent. A 1932 newspaper article described the promise of “travel[ling] about the city through the heaviest traffic—starting, stopping, sounding its horn, turning right or left, making U-turns and circles, and proceeding thus as though there were an invisible driver at the wheel.” That’s essentially the same vision that today’s purveyors of autonomous vehicles like Waymo and Tesla are selling.
While we may be closer than ever to realizing this long-held dream, the transition to roads populated solely by self-driving cars won’t happen instantaneously. Instead, there will likely be a period where semi-autonomous vehicles—controlled by both a human driver and automation in the vehicle—will commingle with human-driven vehicles and automated vehicles on our highways and on our city streets. How can we navigate this transition safely while also encouraging sustainable habits?
Controlling a semi-autonomous car safely in such scenarios necessitates systems that allow drivers to receive information about other vehicles in their surroundings, such as the distance from the car ahead, as well as more sophisticated data, like the presence of cars in traditional blind spots. Ideally, sensors would calculate the speed of nearby cars and indicate to drivers when it is safe to change lanes. Additionally, cars would also send signals to surrounding vehicles so that they can learn to drive in a synchronized manner.
A multidisciplinary response
Recently, ID students participated in a multidisciplinary project with colleagues from Illinois Tech’s engineering and computer science programs to bring a design perspective to matters of vehicle safety and efficiency. The project was funded by a 2019 WISER Cross-disciplinary Seed Funding Grant, given to new and innovative research concepts in sustainability, and was led by Baisravan HomChaudhuri, Assistant Professor of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering at Illinois Tech, in collaboration with Tomoko Ichikawa, Clinical Professor at ID.
The goal? Design a way to teach drivers how to conserve energy while safely operating semi-autonomous hybrid and electric vehicles on a road with other drivers—both human and machine. The assignment? Create visual interfaces for drivers in a semi-autonomous vehicle, code those interfaces so they would work with a driving algorithm developed by engineering students, and present them in a physical driving rig in a virtual city environment created by computer science students.
The project called for a human-centered approach to design, in which students focused on driver behavior, human-technology relationships, and their implications.
The interface: A sustainability coach
The first step was to design a visual interface that would both address speed acceleration/deceleration and lane changes, as well as elicit energy-efficient behaviors. ID students sought to create an interface that would coach drivers on energy consumption and sustainability.
Traditionally, a car’s center console houses navigation information and entertainment options. ID students, however, determined that driver coaching information belonged in the line of sight.
Students developed three interface prototypes:
- The Direct Message UI focused on message,
- The Gamification UI focused on coaching in the form of gamification,
- The Tire UI focused on sustainability messaging related to tire pollution.
Each used sans serif typefaces to increase accuracy in driving; mechanisms for speed- and eco- coaching to promote energy efficiency; and speed limit displays provided by GPS systems.
The Direct Message UI displayed simple text messages to indicate to the driver the need to either increase or decrease speed. A graphic representation of the driver’s car in a central lane was illuminated by arrows instructing the driver to make a lane change. A gauge signaled to the driver when power was being consumed or generated depending on the driving behavior.
Borrowing from existing displays in the auto industry and video games, the Gamification UI offered abstract representations and metaphors that relied on known symbols and concepts. The speedometer displayed a static red vertical needle and a green wedge that represented the desired speed range. The driver’s goal was to position the red needle within this range. Lane changes were indicated by lanes that pulse in green along with a leaf icon that tells the driver it is safe to change into that lane while maintaining current speed. High scores coach drivers to operate their vehicles in the most efficient manner when cruising or breaking.
The focus of the Tire UI was on the pollution caused by driving. Tire wear generates particles that can spill over into waterways, poisoning animals and eventually killing them. While speed and lane changing indicators are important for safety, drivers using this interface received information about maintaining optimal tire health (pressure and tread depth) as well as data about the load. Above the speedometer, a “too aggressive!’” message appeared along with a “tire wear pollution” and graphic when driving behaviors threaten to cause environmental damage.
Once these three interfaces were rendered using design software, they were coded (with d3.js) by an ID student with a computer science background to go “live” and respond to the driving algorithm the engineering students created. Typically, the design solutions end as hypotheticals; however, in this case, ID students could truly integrate the visual design with digital commands.
This is part of the project that Ichikawa describes as "real magic": the conversion from a design concept to live working prototypes. "We were fortunate to have a student with a computer science background at ID, who, along with Studio Instructor Zach Pino, recreated the three interfaces in d3.js so that it could actually run in the rig," she said.
Pushing a concept to a live, working prototype forced us to think through design details that usually get lost in other fast-paced work. It made us stop and ask: What is going on behind the numbers we put on the dashboard? Are we encouraging or discouraging certain behaviors? This project produced effective and tangible outcomes because we were able to work from the strategic level through to discovery and validation.—Yun Yang (MDes 2020)
Rigging the rig
An essential component of this work was the construction of a test platform that could simulate a car and its environment. ID alum Paolo Tanedo (MDes 2019) used off-the-shelf components and rapid prototyping methods to construct a simulacrum of a Tesla Model 3.
As a maker, former engineer, electric vehicle aficionado, and ID alum, I was thrilled to be able to build the simulation rig for this project. Working with the students and alongside Professor Ichikawa on such an interesting design problem brought back the best of my ID days and reaffirmed for me that ID’s philosophy of building intelligent futures empowers us to ethically leverage technological advancements to produce results. It is my sincere hope that this project shows the value of making and building in the design space.
—Paolo Tanedo (MDes 2019)
Factoring in budget, space, and time, the design left no detail overlooked. 3D printers produced fasteners and brackets to achieve the complex, nonstandard angles of the structure required to match a sedan’s windshield, wing mirrors, and seats. Tanedo considered ergonomics and other product design principles to configure the placement, angle, and height of the seat, dashboard, instrument cluster, foot pedals, and steering wheel (which was modified from a video gaming wheel)—complete with a turn signaling device and an “ABORT” button assigned to the “horn” of the wheel. Video from four projectors displayed the environment outside of the car—a city highway developed by the computer science students using Unity3D.
This game-like experience with surrounding vehicles and a display for graphical commands helped simulate a realistic driving experience. The lane change algorithm was built to guide the driver in safely carrying out such maneuvers while at the same time driving at the most fuel-efficient speed under the given conditions.
The ultimate goal of the project was to conduct human subject testing to see which interface resonated best. But the pandemic squelched that part of the plan. Nevertheless, through both physical and digital creations, the ID students brought to life what would have been theoretical thinking from the engineering team. This allowed engineering, computer science, and design students to actuate ideas in the real world while also blending elements of virtual reality to test solutions.
This is all consistent with ID’s approach: to experiment, discover, and refine—ultimately, moving from the abstract to the real, from strategy to action, and design to doing. The promise of autonomous vehicles remains compelling, and projects such as these demonstrate the potential for good design to do a world of good.
Multidisciplinary projects are both challenging and exhilarating—we can arrive at outcomes unimaginable by one discipline alone. This project compelled us to work through different engagement expectations and negotiate different workflows. These are aspects of design management that go beyond traditional design work. I’m incredibly proud of the work done here, and I hope we can continue to test and refine our approach.—Clinical Professor Tomoko Ichikawa
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- Open Access
- Authors : Karthikeyan. S , Praveenkumar. P , Mugesh M. A , Thirumurugaveerakumar S
- Paper ID : IJERTV11IS050326
- Volume & Issue : Volume 11, Issue 05 (May 2022)
- Published (First Online): 04-06-2022
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Role of Flywheel Batteries in Energy Storage System – A Review
Thirumurugaveerakumar S1, Karthikeyan. S2, Praveenkumar. P3, Mugesh M.A4
1 Associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Tamil Nadu,
2 Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. 4 Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract:- In flywheel-based energy storage systems, a flywheel stores mechanical energy that interchanges in form of electrical energy by means of an electrical machine with a bidirectional power converter. Flywheel based energy storage systems are suitable whenever numerous charge and discharge cycles (hundreds of thousands) are needed with medium to high power (kW to MW) during short periods (seconds). The materials for the flywheel, the type of electrical machine, the type of bearings and the confinement atmosphere determine the energy efficiency (>;85%) of the flywheel-based energy storage systems. A flywheel stores mechanical energy that is converted to electrical energy by an electrical machine with a reciprocal power converter in flywheel-based energy storage systems. Flywheel-based energy storage systems are ideal for applications that need a large number of charge and discharge cycles (hundreds of thousands) with medium to high power (kW to MW) over a short period of time (seconds).
Key words: Flywheel, energy storage, renewable energy, spacecrafts, microgrids
A flywheel is a mechanical battery that consists of a spinning mass around an axis. It works by spinning a rotor to extremely high speeds and storing the energy in the device as rotational energy. As a result of the theory of energy conservation, the flywheel's rotational speed is decreased when energy is removed from the device. We learned how to construct these systems based on our requirements and what criteria must be considered during the design process. Also, the tests that were needed to ensure the product's safety and efficiency. It focuses on FESS's use of microgrids and renewable energy storage systems such as solar and wind energy. It provides a good picture of how FESS can be used. It explains how FESS can be used in micro grids to stabilize an unbalanced power supply and how it is cost effective as compared to other ESS. How can it be used in combination with lead acid batteries to extend the life of the battery? Finally, these systems can be combined with hydraulic and pneumatic systems for use in other applications.
DESIGN AND CONTRUCTION Xiaojun Li and Alan Palazzolo et al explains about the features of flywheel batteries as if they have high energy density, renewable energy and mass energy storage capacity. In addition, this journal explains about steel flywheel batteries and composite flywheel batteries. Steel
flywheel batteries operate at low speed but it can be recyclable. comparatively, composite flywheel batteries have low reducing stresses in radial direction.it operates at high speed and easily store high energy compare with steel flywheel batteries. This journal explains about their applications like transportation, etc. Amiryar and Pullen et al presents that Electrical energy storage systems are primarily used to boost efficiency by balancing the input and output electric power. This paper describes the structure and construction features such as bearing systems, power electronic converters, and so on in detail. These flywheel batteries, unlike chemical batteries, have a long life, a high-power density to weight ratio, and a small footprint. As an energy storage medium, these systems are used with UPS. These are typically used in situations where a large amount of energy is required in a limited amount of time. They've been seen in transportation systems, ships, and particle accelerators. Pullen . FESS is one of the most ancient types of energy storage systems. These systems are mostly recommended because they are well-suited to high energy density applications and have long life cycles. It has been used in various applications in conjunction with lithium-ion batteries to improve performance and cost effectiveness. It is important to note that it is a renewable energy storage system. It could be a better replacement as we transition to renewable energy in all aspects. These energy systems are low-maintenance and have a 25-year life expectancy. Wang and Xue et al focus on the source storage load power characteristics, which were investigated using a simulation model created in Mat lab. FESS was chosen because it responds quickly to control strategies and provides the load with the required strength. Following these tests, it was determined that it can meet the load power and energy requirements in the early stages of fast charging, as well as compensate for DC bus voltage drop in DC fast charging stations Egor A. Kuschenko and Ekaterina P. Kurbatova et al had explained this work is devoted to the development of a contactless magnetic bearing based on high-temperature superconductors for a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Electromagnetic calculations of
various designs of high temperature superconducting (HTS) bearings are presented, their force characteristics are analysed. The construction of the magnetic bearing based on HTS tapes has been developed for use in FESS. DÃaz-González and Sumper et al A rotating disc mechanically coupled to a PMSM, a series of back-to-back power converters, and a two-winding transformer make up the system, which allows power transmission between the servomotor and the external grid. The system's energy capacity was calculated to be 30 KW by reducing the machine's speed from its rated value to 65 rad/s at a constant stator current rated discharge of 9 A. This method has been calculated to have a 73 percent energy efficiency. Furthermore, the system's power capacity has been limited to 3 kW in order to keep the system running within the power converters' safe operating limits. Jiang and Zhang et al exposed the significance of flywheel shape design and its contribution to improving flywheel energy storage efficiency was highlighted. Form optimization for the interference fit flywheel will boost not only the stored energy density, but also the stress concentration and reduce the structure stress alternation. As a result, fatigue protection has greatly improved.
ROLE IN MICROGRIDS onský, J. and Tesa, V., , authors of this paper established a unit with a spinning flywheel for storing energy and thus reducing the supply and demand for electricity. The aim of the development was to reduce the amount of energy extracted from the flywheel while maintaining all five degrees of freedom. They looked at issues like air resistance, stabilization, and bearings, and concluded that the theory could provide an advantage over other storage methods by achieving high specific energy up to 500 kJ/kg. Thomaschewski and Turnbull et al . The flywheel is connected to a battery source and a power converter via a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The PMSM was able to rotate the flywheel to store and extract energy because of the coupling. The power converter converts DC to AC and vice versa to power the PMSM. The flywheel i made of steel and has a rotational speed of 10000 rpm and a storage capacity of 240 KJ. The charging and discharging times are determined by the system's load. Samineni S and Johnson BK et al . In this case the energy storage system consists is a flywheel coupled to an induction machine. The power electronic interface consists of two voltage sourced converters (VSC) connected through a common DC link. The flywheel stores energy in the form of kinetic energy and the induction machine is used for energy conversion. Abdul Ghani Olabi andTabbi Wilberforce et al , This review presents a detailed summary of the latest technologies used in flywheel energy storage systems
(FESS). This paper covers the types of technologies and systems employed within FESS, the range of materials used in the production of FESS, and the reasons for the use of these materials. Furthermore, this paper provides an overview of the types of uses of FESS, covering vehicles and the transport industry, grid levelling and power storage for domestic and industrial electricity providers, their use in motorsport, and applications for space, satellites, and spacecraft. Different types of machines for flywheel energy storage systems are also discussed. This serves to analyse which implementations reduce the cost of permanent magnet synchronous machines. Arani and Karami et al . A close examination of previous energy storage systems reveals that FESS was the first widely used method of storing electrical energy. Later, as our experience and research in chemical engineering grew, we discovered a new path for storing energy, which is nothing but chemical batteries, which began to replace other energy storage systems due to their high energy density for long periods of time. Even, the FESS systems have their own comment in a variety of fields where no other device can replace them, such as space projects and military applications, due to their ability to produce high energy in a limited period of time. The only issue with these devices is the rate at which they discharge. While it has a high initial cost, it has the lowest maintenance cost of any other energy storage system. Their work in micro grids was critical in resolving the demand-supply power imbalance that occurs when electrical energy is derived from renewable energy sources that are dependent on nature. Clean energy was desperately needed in our country, and FESS has a better chance of replacing chemical batteries.
FIGURE 1: FESS APPLICATION IN UPS STRUCTURE Tariq Hendricks and Macro Adonis had presented a paper focusing on selecting the best and most feasible energy storage systems for African micro grids that produce electricity using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. The three systems considered were FESS, Supercapacitor storage systems, and they were compared in terms of capital and maintenance costs, annual energy production, annual input and output capacity, carbon emissions, and other factors. As a result, supercapacitor storage systems outperform FESS in terms of overall charge and discharge current, life expectancy, and other parameters, but their cost is too high to be easily accessible, so FESS was chosen because it emits no carbon into the atmosphere and has the lowest maintenance cost among the ESS. Barelli L and Bidini G et al ran several tests with different AC and DC bus configurations to see which one provided the best energy conversion. These tests were carried out in a HESS system that included a photovoltaic cell and a flywheel battery. Under normal operating conditions, performance tests revealed that current stabilisation in the AC configuration is 30ms faster than in the DC configuration. The AC configuration never reaches
0.2 percent in voltage distortion study.
ROLE IN RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE Hutchinson, A. and Gladwin, D.T., said that because of the unpredictable existence of power production, it often reaches or falls short of the site's export limits. Flywheels are suitable for acting as an energy store because of their resistance to high cycle speeds. This paper describes how real-world data are used to model a wind farm with a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) and the efficacy of various storage capacities. De Siqueira, et al analysed that, wind energy plays an important role in the global energy mix. However, BESS has a broad capacity to compensate for deviations, which raises the capital cost and reduces its suitability. Some studies focused on implementing control systems to optimize BESS and reduce its necessary size to solve this problem. This paper provides a literature review of control strategies for smoothing wind power output using battery energy storage systems, which can be used to direct future practical applications. Killer, M, et al explained this paper is to provide an outline of how large-scale Li-Ion BESS are currently being implemented in the EMEA area, as well as the main use-cases for large-scale. Li-ion batteries that are being implemented and the key factors that are enabling the deployment of BESS projects in current markets. They concluded that Li-ion BESS are a viable technology for enabling a gradual shift toward decentralized renewable energy generation. Li-ion battery projects are usually not economically feasible. The effect of Li-Ion BESS on the potential evolution of electricity networks to achieve a large share of renewable energy generation is highly significant. Qian, X, et al explained that, Because of the speed limit of chemical reactions and the slow charge and rapid discharge of batteries, wind and solar power generation is unstable. As a result, the author Xianyi Qian, et al. used statistical and data analysis to examine the merits and drawbacks of flywheel energy storage based on economic and social benefits. As a result, they concluded that storing huge amounts of wind and solar power as mechanical energy would be beneficial.
FIGURE 2: FLYWHEEL BATTERY Mahmoud, M., et al discussed that in recent years, the mechanical energy storage system has proven to be the most effective energy storage system. The author discussed the parameters that affect the utilisation and performance of flywheel batteries in short-term applications using recent developments in MESS coupled with both wind and solar, and also discussed the parameters that affect the utilisation and performance of flywheel batteries in short- term applications using flywheel batteries. As a result, the writers came to the conclusion that pumped or compressed air was preferable for long-term use. Delille, G., et al focuses on how to minimize the effect of wind and solar power systems in the event of a power failure. Many other aspects of renewable energy incorporation in independent power systems must also be studied, but it is unclear how this would help. Additional research on these subjects, as well as the evolution toward properly identifying risk levels and drawn definite conclusions, are required.
FIGURE 3: DYNAMIC FREQUENCY CONTROL SUPPORT BY ENERGY STORAGE Berrada, A. and Loudiyi, K., Renewable energy sources, as we all know, minimize greenhouse gas emissions while also reducing the energy sector's reliance on fossil fuels. The unpredictable nature of these sources raises questions about the electric grid's stability. Energy storage is
essential for integrating these sources into the electric grid. The methods for determining the best operation and sizing of a machine are described in detail in this paper. Case studies have been conducted to check the validity of these approaches. The authors suggest an economic study to figure out how much each KWh of stored energy. Arianna Baldinelli and Linda Barelli et al had developed an idea by integrating renewable sodium oxide cells and a flywheel, he came up with the concept of hybrid energy storage systems (HES). In comparison to other ESS, the self-consumption efficiency has improved to 58.04 as a result of this. In a year, energy wastage was reduced by up to 88 kWh. This paper also includes information about how these systems operate in various weather environments and how well they perform. From May to April, the flywheel's angular speed and power varied, providing a good indication of its contribution throughout the year.
FIGURE 4: MICRO GRID GENERATION AND STORAGE DC BUS
ROLE IN HYBRID VEHICLES Leila Abdullina et al explains about eco- friendly mechanized rotary parking lots with a flywheel energy storage device. The purpose of this study was to propose a solution to improve the operation of a multi-storey rotary car park, as well as to increase its efficiency and environmental friendliness. First, the choice of execution depends on the cost of the parking space. Recently, hybrid power plants with recovery of braking energy (which reduce energy loss by up to 50% depending on the frequency of the braking process) have become widespread in the world. In practice, engineers usually use various types of electric, pneumatic and flywheel energy batteries. The methodology for calculating the main parameters of the energy storage brake system and determining the parameters of the flywheel accumulator. The use of a flywheel battery allows reducing energy losses and increasing the efficiency of rotary car parks in unsteady operating modes. Dhand A and Pullen K et al explains about the role of flywheel in hybrid vehicles. The flywheel is coupled to the driveline with a continuous variable transmission (CVT). T1o\he flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is an ideal secondary storage technology for the conventional ICEV since it is able to store the energy in the form that it was recovered i.e., mechanical kinetic energy. By utilizing the FESS, the energy lost in conversion from one form to the other is saved. The FESS can be classified as low speed and high-speed systems or subcritical and supercritical systems depending on their maximum speed. The FESS would be
charged at the recharging stations placed along the route using 360 V, 50 Hz AC supply. The bus could run for an average distance of about 1.2 km on one single charge. Hossam A and Ibrahim Md et al Adham explains about fast charging with flywheel batteries. The flywheel energy storage has advantages to fast-charging applications. Besides, the target fast-charging system will support transportation electrification infrastructures, reduced operational costs, and CO2 emissions. The design of the system can use flywheel technology to reduce the adverse effects of the high demand in the power grid. Also, the proposed system can reduce the charging demand around 66%. This show that the flywheel can help to control high demand caused by ultra-fast chargers. A. H. Atienza et al , In the Philippines, the motorized tricycle is one of the most common means of public transportation order to store the kinetic energy recovered by the braking system, a mechanical component called flywheel is used. The braking process with the use of KERS will not be able to completely stop the vehicle but rather only slow down the vehicle to a certain amount of reduced speed. Whenever the driver switches on the flywheel KERS, the actuator pulls up the steel lever that engages the flywheel. While the flywheel is engaged, it serves as an engine brake that decelerates the vehicle and harnesses the kinetic energy from the rear wheels and transfers to the flywheel in the form of stored kinetic energy. Nguyen and Hoang et al . Electricity is one of the most important requirements for industry to function. The world has begun to use renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy because most non-renewable methods of production pollute the environment. Since the majority of energy is dependent on weather conditions, which induces power output variability, it is not ideal for consumption. As a result, FESS has evolved into the ideal solution for controlling and stabilising power fluctuations in microgrids. In hybrid cars, energy is stored in the flywheel during regenerative braking and returned when acceleration is needed. These are recommended as a replacement for chemical batteries and super capacitors in electric vehicles. Akagi H and Sato H et al explains that paper proposes a new control strategy for a doubly-fed induction machine intended as a flywheel energy storage system, which is characterized by the combination of vector control and decoupling control. Alan I and Lipo T.A et al . Flywheel energy storage (FES) system fed from a 20 kHz high frequency (HF) ac link and pulse density modulated (PDM) Converter. The feasibility of FES system is investigated both in software and hardware and is demonstrated successfully in both cases. The investigated system offers a good potential as a temporary energy storage system for various applications from automobile industry to aerospace applications. Richardson, M.B . The flywheel system can resolve many of the problems encountered in traction supplies due to the 'peaky' nature of the loads caused by trains accelerating and braking. In addition, the UPT system can provide energy savings by improving the system's receptivity to energy from trains with regenerative braking. This paper describes how the system was applied to London Underground's Piccadilly line for a trial application and presents some of the data from these tests. This successful trial has now led to the first commercial application with the New York City Transit Authority. Finally, the paper reviews some of the possible developments which may lead to the application of this technology to higher voltage systems. Hong LI and Jiangwei CHU et al explains about traditional vehicles with internal combustion engine (ICE) can only add secondary energy storage devices to recovery of part of braking energy. The Rag one diagram shows that flywheel energy storage (FES) has many merits such as higher power density, higher efficiency, fast response, environmental-friendly performance and long cycling using life, which becomes an ideal secondary energy storage technology for traditional ICE vehicles. Despite some progress, there is no systematically review on the recent progress of flywheel energy storage system in the automotive industry. Barbashov NN and Barkov AA explained for the development of the agricultural industry, the current task is to design mobile robots that can independently perform a wide range of tasks. In this area, it is necessary to achieve both a reduction in the mass of the robot to reduce its impact on the top layer of soil, and an increase in its operating time without recharging from batteries. A promising method for improving the efficiency of agricultural machinery is the use of braking energy recovery, its accumulation and use during further acceleration. Ayodele and Ogunjuyigbe et al presented the complementary effect of battery and flywheel hybridization on battery ageing for a PV-powered application has been investigated. The battery's age was predicted using a Schiffer weighted Ah-throughput model. When used in a PV-powered mixed fishery and poultry farm, a hybrid of battery and flywheel had a lower capital and lifecycle cost than a battery alone. When used in a hybridised device with a flywheel, the life of a lead acid battery was extended by two years. Higher discharging current may have a negative impact on battery ageing, according to the sensitivity study, while differences in corrosion and deterioration limits have no effect on battery ageing.
FIGURE 5: PV BATTERY STANDALONE SYSTEMS Barbashov and Leonov et al established a dynamic model for a life-saving appliance, as well as the computation and study of its variables. In the event of a fire on the drilling platforms, thi life-saving device may be used. The energy of descent is converted to the rotational energy of the flywheel by the flywheel energy storage. After the launch, the accumulated energy can be used to rotate the survival capsule's propeller to increase the distance between the fire and the capsule. Cronk and Van de Ven et al examined the current state of mechanical energy storage devices for hydraulic systems was investigated. Flywheels aren't exactly new, but advances in composite materials, continuously variable transmissions, and magnetic bearings have made them viable options for a variety of energy storage applications. Van de Ven's Hydraulic Flywheel Accumulator is another way of integrating kinetic and pneumatic potential energy storage in one device (2009). The system spins a piston-style accumulator around its axis, storing energy in the pressurised gas as well as kinetically in the accumulator's spinning fluid and structural components.
ROLE IN SPACE VEHICLES Aydin, K. and Aydemir, M.T., described that in recent years flywheel energy storage system is mostly used for space application. In that manner the FESS has been designed for the control system in satellite attitude. To simulate the low orbit operation the machine is run as motor for 60 min and the following 30 mins the stored energy is discharged. To achieve high efficiency the magnetic suspension and integrated motor will be used for future work. Kenny, B.H. et al reviewed that for space application the charge and discharge modes of flywheel energy storage system is operated by novel control algorithm. By this algorithm the technique which controls the speed limits are signal injection and electromotive force techniques in low and higher speed respectively in motor- controlled portion. And the command feedforward and disturbance decoupling algorithm controls chare and discharge. Christopher, D.A. and Beach, R., said earlier that FESS plays vital role in aerospace, so that the advanced flywheel development in aerospace application is described in this paper. However, due to this emerging technology NASA is working closely with industries to develop the advanced flywheel system which will useful for both altitude control system and for potential terrestrial applications and also for launch vehicles. Ginter, S., et al said that due the emergence of FESS in communication and data access in satellite, there is an increasing demand. So that increasing in growth of number of satellite system according to their performance requirements. The emergence of LEO vehicles is heavy, life limited and difficult to handle so FESS make an alternate to that with more benefits. Richie, D.J, et al explained that the sizing the actuators for practical space mission with required energy storage for small satellites. The cast the design as a constrained programming problem with the help of performance index and solve the problem using gradient based solver code. It results in most efficient, structured approach to develop a combined energy storage and altitude control system
Both energy storage systems, such as chemical and thermal energy storage systems, currently contain chemical waste and emissions. Because of different forms of emissions, the existing environmental conditions are very grim. As a result, the increase of renewable energy output is booming, and it would be a perfect substitute for energy storage systems or in conjunction with other ESS at this time. Through doing so, we can learn more about its potential applications, such as FESS in spacecraft and the design and optimization of composite flywheels to improve energy storage. Currently, research is being conducted on the hybridization of FESS, which shows promise in terms of improved efficiency and energy storage on both a theoretical and practical level. Which can be predicted to become common in the future.
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The main reason is that Mars is a very unhealthy place, not just for humans but for all life. Forget the temperature extremes. The biggest problem with Mars for maintaining life is that it has almost no protection against radiation. It has no iron core like Earth and thus it does not have the magnetic field that protects humans from cosmic rays and solar mass ejections.
Read this article for more information.
Six feet of soil can shield against cosmic rays as can a few centimeters of water. Since hauling water to Mars hardly seems practical, unless an ample water supply is found on Mars, the "explorers" will have to be satisfied with living and exploring under the surface.
Also, the human body is so adapted to our level of gravity that almost absent gravity (as in the space station) damages bone density. In a large space craft that rotates, you can use centrifugal force to simulate gravity, but how do you do that on the surface of Mars? Not exactly a vacation and no place anyone would want to live for long.
Terraforming isn't practical unless there's a way to give the planet a magnetic field. Otherwise, the atmosphere will simply be lost to space.
What do you think?
Early 70's, our high school had a visiter to the science department that was researching the use of radiation for food preservation. During that talk he mentioned the discovery of a bacteria that could survive very high radiation exposures. The bacteria was red, and if memory serves, produced a mercaptan like compound in the cell membrane that had a very large shielding capacity. I think the reseacher's name was Jessy Bone, of OSU. He also said that he was a science fiction writer. He mentioned that his last book was titled 'Nobel Red Man'.
I did some Googling and didn't find anything hopeful in regards to mercaptan and radiation shielding for humans. Anyway, if the radiation didn't kill ya, the low gravity would.
The memory was from about 40 years ago, but it 'felt' ok when I wrote it. It is doubtful that Dr. Bone is still alive, and I don't know if his work has been classified or just an interesting little datum.
I find it interesting that no permanent, self contained, sealed human environment has ever been constructed on this planet, how can we expect to do so on another?
Well Obama is not convinced with the plan for a man mission by 2030. That all will change depending on the outcome of the next election. The absence of an iron core does preclude terraforming outside an enclosure. Thus enclosures must be built to maintain biospheres. Glass could be manufactured on the planet to create enclosures over creators. Glass enclosed craters have been observed on the moon, albeit, natural (or maybe unnatural.)
Mars does not have a steady precession like earth. it has an erratic wobble which could wreak havoc on any seasonal dependencies.
But what is motivating missions is the search for extraterrestial life. Carbonate in former water basins would suggest life in the past.
Michael! Good to see you participating in a purely secular discussion. Bienvenido!
All of the things that could provide aid and succor to people on Earth, in the probably vain attempt to determine if there's some bacteria below the surface of Mars.
Get real, masses of people in Europe were starving when the expeditions that resulted in the discovery of the Americas was financed, we are explorers, and financial gain has always been the bottom line.
YES, you are right on the ball my friend
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Phenergan, also known as Promethazine in medical terms,is used primarily for the treatment of allergic reactions, nausea, & vomiting/motion sickness induced due to any underlying illnesses. If you ever had such an episode with your pooch, your doctor must have recommended the use of Phenergan. Apart from the generic usage, the medication is also fed to the dog before surgery to induce sedation.
It can help counteract nausea and pain post-surgery. The good news is that dogs are a good candidate for this drug to be used to treat any ailment. Moreover, this drug works without any complications.
However, the deal is not to give them Phenergan without the veterinarian’s consultation.
Is Phenergan Safe for Dogs?
With Phenergan, the primary concerns are factors such as inappropriate dosing, misuse, & interaction with any other medication. This medication is mostly safe and should be administered only under a veterinarian’s supervision.
What is Phenergan used for?
Phenergan is a highly favored medication because it provides ideal treatment for different types of canine issues. Dogs that suffer from hypersensitivity disorders or allergies tend to respond amazingly to the promethazine composition. This anti-histamine enjoys a glitch-free track record amid the canine population.
This particular drug is perfect for problems such as motion sickness. It also helps your dog deal with anxiety issues and helps them calm down. However, there could be better & more appropriate choices for the pet’s condition and could only be diagnosed better by a veterinarian.
How does Phenergan work?
Phenergan is actually a commonly give prescription drug used in both dogs and humans for the treatment of issues such as vomiting or nausea. This medication comes in the form of injectables, oral pills, & even rectal suppositories.
This drug belongs to the anti-emetic family of medications that are also known as “phenothiazines.”Phenergan is designed to target specific sections of your dog’s brain that are involved with the induction of vomiting & helps them calm down.
There are other drugs that can be used to take care of nausea & vomiting that are actually better than Phenergan. Although these new drugs are still not as popular, they are quickly replacing Phenergan as the mainstay for the treatment of both pups and humans.
Phenergan: Harmful Interactions with other Drugs
Before you start your dog on Phenergan, you need to inform your veterinarian about any other medications that your pooch is being given. The reason being promethazine can interact negatively with other drugs like Hydroxyzine.
The possibilities of bad interactions compound amid the canines. That is why dogs are susceptible to complications. Dog’s internal organs tend to be smaller as compared to that of humans. That is why the reactions are multi-folded in dogs.
Although stated to be safe, the drug interaction factor can also make it equally dangerous.
What is the safe dosage of Phenergan for dogs?
Keep in mind that this dosage is only for reference purposes. To ensure that your dog is safe and sound, make sure you administer the dosage suggested by the veterinarian. The safe dosage of Phenergan is 1 mg of the medication for every 2lb.
It must be taken twice daily for most dog breeds. At times, a higher dosage is required for the dog to treat the ailment. However, this can also increase the risk factor. So, the key is to consult a veterinarian depending on the treatment objective.
Most dog owners tend to crush up the tablets & mix them with the daily dog food to ensure the pet gulps it down completely. However, make sure you don’t feed your dog Phenergan in case you lack medical knowledge and aren’t confident of the same. It applies to all other anti-histamines.
What are the side effects of Phenergan?
The fact is that every drug has its own range of side effects. While some are mild, some are regular; others could be potentially dangerous. In this scenario, Phenergan isn’t any different. Unchecked dosing of this medication can make your pooch suffer from issues such as CNS depression that could be very serious.
When your dog is being given Phenergan, make sure you keep an eye on their behavior and report any abnormalities to your veterinarian immediately. Keep in mind that dry mouth can be a common side-effect of Phenergan, and it’s completely normal. So, don’t worry about it!
The sedative feature of Phenergan tends to be overwhelming and weird for some animals.
The commonly seen side-effects of this medication include:
- Heavy Sedation
- Paradoxical Agitation
- Muscle Tremors
- Dry Eyes
- Dry Mouth
- Low Blood Pressure
- Urinary Retention
Apart from this, you also need to keep in mind that Phenergan must not be administered to dogs suffering from kidney disease, heart disease, or liver problems.
It should also be avoided in dogs with bowel obstruction, toxic ingestion, or a foreign body suspected to be present.
Can you give Phenergan to a high-energy dog to help him calm down?
Phenergan isn’t a medication that has to be used for the long term. Pet pharmaceuticals should always be a final resort in case the situation doesn’t come under control. Dogs are normally energetic, and yes, Phenergan can help calm them down.
However, this medication comes with a range of side effects that should better be avoided. There are better solutions to help calm down your excited pooch, which your veterinarian can suggest as an alternative to Phenergan.
Phenergan can surely help your pet when given under medical supervision. Depending on the circumstance, medical condition, and dosage, the effects of Phenergan can vary. The drug is a sedative & works perfectly for your high-strung pet. This anti-histamine medication is also used for dogs who suffer from anxiety during road trips or allergies. The key is proper dosing & interactions as suggested by your veterinarian.
Also, keep in mind that Phenergan is no more on the list of medications used for dogs. So, it is better to consult your veterinarian and do as they say to avoid any unforeseen circumstances.
Dr. Aram Baker has been with Santa Clarita Animal Hospital since 1995 and his special interests include behaviour medicine and dermatology. He graduated from the Cleveland Humanities Magnet Program in Reseda, CA and attended California State University at Northridge where he received a Bachelor’s degree in biology. He went on to pursue his Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine at the University of California at Davis. He also spent time in the zoological medicine department at U.C. Davis during his Junior and Senior years. He is dedicated to caring for all pets big or small, young or old with compassion, patience, kindness, and love.
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How Smart Sensors Can Help People With Dementia Live Independently Longer
By Katherine O'BrienApril 6, 2018
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Acting as a dementia caregiver can be a tricky business, especially when your loved one wants to live on their own and you have concerns about their safety. Luckily, advancements in technology mean people with dementia can live independently longer.
One promising technology is smart sensors, which have the potential to revolutionize dementia care once we figure out how to use them in the most effective way, according to Ottawa-based expert Dr. Frank Knoefel.
How Smart Sensors Can Help People With Dementia
Before we delve into some of the finer aspects of sensors, here are the basics. Broadly speaking, smart sensors fall under the umbrella of the Internet of Things (IoT), which consists of devices that are connected to the internet and share data. In a smart home, sensors are seamlessly embedded into the environment, collecting and processing data as people go about their daily activities.
The data that sensors collect can be instantly analyzed using algorithms to detect and report signs of problems to caregivers and others before they become serious. In other words, these sensors allow caregivers to keep tabs on their loved one from afar.
Some smart sensors can even identify the progression of dementia by identifying patterns of use and movement. Once a behavior pattern is learned, any behavior out of the ordinary could then be detected, investigated and reported on. For example, a smart coffee maker could alert caregivers if a loved one deviates from their regular coffee-making routine, (e.g., they forget to use the coffee filter).
There are a plethora of smart home devices to choose from on the marketplace. In addition to a smart coffee maker, you can buy a smart stove that automatically shuts off when the kitchen is empty. You can also find sensors that control climate; detect fire, flooding or smoke; and check carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide levels. In addition, motion sensors can automatically turn on lights to help prevent falls, while entry point sensors can discern whether a door or window has been opened.
Smart Sensor Research in Canada
Some interesting smart sensor research is taking place in Canada. For instance, in Toronto, a team at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute is developing a talking bathroom that detects when people forget to turn off the tap or use soap, then prompts them by voice to take the next appropriate action. Another Toronto team is building a predictive system that uses sensors and other technology to detect subtle biological signs of agitation in people with dementia, which could allow caregivers to calm loved ones before symptoms escalate.
Then, in Ottawa, there’s the Sensors and Analytics for Monitoring Mobility and Memory (SAM3) hub, which happens to be where the aforementioned Dr. Knoefel co-leads sensor research. Launched last fall, this apartment laboratory is embedded with sensors that monitor cognitive impairment and predict what is happening with people’s cognitive abilities, based on their daily activities, their sleep quality and their ability to use everyday objects such as a television remote control.
Putting It All Together
The SAM3hub is an initiative of AGE-WELL, an organization that is looking at “how we design society so that we are ready for this reality, which is coming at us at 100 miles an hour,” says Knoefel. When it comes to society, the issue around smart technology is that “we haven’t figured out how to put it all together,” he says.
On an individual level, caregivers who want to use smart sensors need to decide whether to receive sensor feedback directly or to have it sent to the call center of a bigger system, like an alarm company, says Knoefel.
“The question is: who owns the system, does the family buy the system and then it’s just a closed little loop that works in its own little bubble?… What are you connected to, and then, what’s the action that happens? How do you ensure that a sensor [like a smart thermometer] doesn’t just blink wildly on the window sill, which is not going to help anyone?” he asks. “How do we get it to do something or call someone.”
In and of themselves, smart sensors are just passive devices unless they provide an action that promotes safety or diagnoses a condition or its progression, says Knoefel, who likens sensors to eyes. “If they’re on the table they’re not really good. If they’re in my head connected to my brain, those eyes are really good.”
Have you used smart sensors in your home? How have they improved your life or that of a loved one with dementia? We’d like to hear your stories in the comments below.
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Life appeared on Earth about 3 billion years ago, but measured in geologic time, the story of our food began only lately. When our friends, the dinosaurs, roamed the earth before their extinction 66 million years ago, they mostly ate ferns and each other. There was nothing else. As reptiles, dinosaurs relied on the ambient temperature for warmth and, with a sluggish metabolism, they consumed comparatively little. In the millions of years when these reptiles reigned, the prospect of haute cuisine looked bleak indeed. Our ancestors then were pint-size, rat-like creatures.
But then a revolution occurred on which our species now depends. It gave us the fruited earth. This was the birth of angiosperms, or flowering plants.
As the age of reptiles came to a close, evolution developed a remarkable way to sustain a vulnerable seed until it germinates: By enclosing it in a hard shell packed with food, the seed is protected and nourished. Until the encased seeds appeared, all plants then existing reproduced, like mushrooms, by the release of defenseless and short-lived spores. With the angiosperms came a way for seeds to travel with the wind or on our ancestor’s tail, and grasses and other flowering plants quickly covered the earth. Our dirty planet turned colorful. And these seeds also provided a miraculous source of nutritious food for evolving mammals and birds.
With adequate food those insignificant rats propagated and grew in size. Sufficient nutrition fueled their body warmth and enabled constant movement even in cooler weather. And at a much later point, perhaps only a million years ago, our closer ancestors came down from the trees and began to run. Although without fangs or horns or hooves, but sustained by food and inspired by a larger brain, they learned to throw stones and swing sticks and later to make tools and, as we know, weapons. This incredible descent took place only a short while ago in Earth time. And we know where this evolution led: to us.
What is also remarkable in this story is how our forerunners then learned to take advantage of the growth of angiosperms.
And Then There Were Gardens
A mere 10,000 or so years ago, there occurred another revolution: agriculture. Humanity learned to cultivate seeds, ancient grains that gave us bread and much else to eat. And we learned to cultivate flowers, fruits, and vegetables, all nourished by a temperate climate, and with this we covered the earth. And with friendly fire we even learned to cook. As the anthropologist Loren Eiseley wrote in his essay “How Flowers Changed the World”: “The weight of a petal has changed the face of the world and made it ours.”
Today, removed from these gigantic revolutions, we take for granted the bountiful food supply on which civilization absolutely depends. Favored human beings on this planet are nourished by grains and vegetables, and we consume domestic animals and their milk fed by grass that we cannot eat ourselves, and birds fed by grain, and fish and mollusks sustained by organic matter grown or washed into the sea, and honey made for us by bees from pollen, and all kinds of fruits that enclose their own seeds, and the list goes on.
But to grow, plants must have the right amount of life-giving sunlight and adequate fresh water and a temperate climate. In the 17th century, the earth’s climate, apparently due to volcanoes and a lack of sunspots, cooled by just two degrees Fahrenheit. Droughts and years without summers cut off critical food supplies. Up to a third of Europe starved, as did Native Americans, and dynasties fell in China and India and wars and violence among humans spread everywhere. We are now—in the blink of a geologic eye—facing a climate warming by several or more degrees, and this time looming climate change is caused by our burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The science is confirmed. Droughts and storms have already seriously upset the production of our food and promise much worse. For the first time in the evolution of life on this planet, this change in climate is manmade.
Almost everything we need (and are) comes from seeds grown, protected, and nourished by a stable and moderate climate. The story of our food celebrated by this brave magazine does not begin or end at our local market. This history did not begin yesterday.
The story of our food is no less than the story of our planet, as well as of our own immense—albeit so far brief—journey as a species, which has been made possible by particular conditions found on earth that are favorable to angiosperms. As the Roman poet Lucretius reminded us 2,000 years ago, this bounty earns our planet its name. Should we ignore Mother Earth, it will be at the peril of her offspring.
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A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Risperidone Versus Placebo for the Treatment of Conduct Disorder in Children With Mild, Moderate, or Borderline Mental Retardation
The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of an oral solution of risperidone (an antipsychotic medication) versus placebo in the treatment of conduct disorder in children with mild, moderate, or borderline mental retardation.
Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
|Study Design:||Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:||The Safety And Efficacy Of Risperidone Versus Placebo In Conduct Disorder and Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders In Mild, Moderate And Borderline Mentally Retarded Children Aged 5 To 12 Years|
- Change in the Conduct Problem subscale of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (N-CBRF) at end of treatment compared with baseline
- Changes in Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Behavioral Problems Inventory (BPI), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) at end of treatment compared with baseline; incidence of adverse events throughout study.
|Study Completion Date:||October 1998|
Conduct and psychiatric disorders are found among a higher proportion of people with mental retardation than among people who are not mentally retarded. Among the many different treatment approaches to conduct disorder are drug therapy, behavioral treatment, psychotherapy, and training for cognitive and social skills. Studies have suggested that neuroleptic drugs, such as risperidone, may be beneficial in treating conduct disorder in mental retardation. This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of risperidone (0.02 to 0.06 mg/kg/day) compared with placebo in the treatment of children 5 to 12 years of age with mild, moderate, or borderline mental retardation, and who display destructive behaviors. The study has two phases: a run-in phase of 1 week and a treatment phase of 6 weeks. Patients receive placebo to be taken orally once a day during the first week (run-in). On the basis of scores on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (N-CBRF) and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale after the first week, patients either continue in the double-blind treatment phase or discontinue the study. During the treatment phase patients receive an oral solution of risperidone (increasing gradually to a maximum dose of 0.06 mg/kg) or placebo to be taken once daily for 6 weeks. A parent or caregiver evaluates the child's behavior and symptoms at scheduled office visits during the course of treatment. The primary measure of effectiveness is the change in the Conduct Problem subscale of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (N-CBRF) at end of treatment compared with baseline. Additional assessments of effectiveness include: the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), the Behavioral Problems Inventory (BPI), and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Safety assessments include the incidence of adverse events throughout the study; weekly measurement of vital signs (pulse, temperature, blood pressure) and evaluation of the presence and severity of extrapyramidal symptoms by the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS); and clinical laboratory tests performed both before study initiation and at the end of treatment. The study hypothesis is that risperidone is well tolerated and effective for the treatment of conduct disorder in children aged 5 to 12 years with mild, moderate, or borderline mental retardation. Risperidone oral solution 1 mg/mL or placebo oral solution, once daily on Days 1 and 2 at dose of 0.01 mg/kg body weight. Dose is 0.02 mg/kg on Day 3, increasing gradually to 0.06 mg/kg (maximum) once daily through 6 weeks. Dosage may be increased or decreased at investigator's discretion.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00266552
|Study Director:||Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Clinical Trial||Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.|
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Learn how to calculate overtime pay, and what formula to use for exempt and non-exempt employees
In 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the landmark Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA), which includes the federal overtime pay regulations. Since then, many employers have struggled to comply with the Act’s overtime rules; some have even faced lawsuits for unpaid overtime.
One of the first steps toward FLSA compliance is knowing how to calculate overtime pay.
What is overtime pay?
Under the FLSA, overtime pay is compensation for work hours exceeding 40 in a workweek. Overtime hours must be paid at 1.5 times the employee’s regular rate of pay.
To qualify for overtime, the employee cannot be exempt from the FLSA’s overtime pay provisions. In other words, they must be nonexempt. Generally speaking, most hourly employees are nonexempt and most salaried employees are exempt.
If your employees work in a state that has its own overtime pay regulations, you’ll need to consider those laws as well. For instance, in California, nonexempt employees must receive overtime pay — at 1.5 times their regular rate — for work hours over 8 in a day (up to 12 hours for the day) and the first 8 hours worked on the 7th straight day of the week.
Other states that currently have daily overtime laws include Alaska, Nevada, Colorado, and Oregon.
Is double-time pay required?
The FLSA does not require double-time pay, which is twice the employee’s regular rate of pay. The state, however, might mandate double-time pay. In California, for example, work hours over 12 for the day and work hours exceeding 8 on the 7th straight day of the week must be paid at double-time.
How to calculate overtime pay
For hourly, nonexempt employees, FLSA overtime is determined by multiplying the regular rate of pay by 1.5 and then multiplying the result by the number of overtime hours for the workweek. Let’s say the employee makes $15 per hour and has 48 hours for the workweek.
FLSA Hourly Overtime Calculation:
40 regular hours x $15/hour = $600, regular hourly wages
$15/hour x 1.5 = $22.50/hour, overtime rate
$22.50 x 8 overtime hours = $180, overtime wages
$600 + $180 = $780 total wages for the week
Note that the employee must physically work more than 40 hours to receive overtime pay under the FLSA. For instance, if the employee works 40 hours for the week and takes 8 hours of PTO, you can pay the entire 48 hours at their regular rate.
When calculating overtime, it’s important to know what encompasses the employee’s workweek and regular rate of pay. Generally, regular rate of pay includes all remuneration to the employee — such as hourly wages, salary, nondiscretionary bonuses, and commissions — except those excluded by law. Refer to the DOL’s final rule — published on Dec. 16, 2019 — to see what can be excluded from the regular rate of pay.
If the state has overtime pay rules that differ from the FLSA, do the math for both the FLSA and state requirements. Then, apply whichever one gives the hourly, nonexempt employee the most overtime pay.
How to calculate overtime pay for salaried employees
One of the biggest wage-and-hour pitfalls among employers is assuming that all salaried employees are exempt from overtime pay. Federally speaking, salaried employees are excluded from overtime pay only if they meet the FLSA’s criteria for exemption. Those who don’t meet the FLSA’s criteria are salaried, nonexempt and must receive overtime pay for work hours exceeding 40 for the week. Consequently, you must track hours worked for salaried, nonexempt employees.
When calculating overtime for salaried, nonexempt employees, you’ll need to convert the salary into an hourly rate. Again, make sure you take into account what can and cannot be included in the regular rate of pay. Let’s say the employee earns a weekly salary of $700 and has 50 hours for the workweek.
FLSA Salary Overtime Calculation:
$700 (salary) / 50 hours = $14/hour, regular rate of pay
$14/hour x 1.5 = $21/hour, overtime rate
$21 x 10 overtime hours = $210
$700 + $210 = $910, total pay for the week
If your salaried, nonexempt employees are subject to both federal and state overtime laws, use the higher standard.
There are several other aspects of overtime pay, besides what’s presented in this article. For instance, there’s premium overtime, weighted average overtime, and overtime for fluctuating workweeks.
For more information on overtime pay, visit the DOL website, contact the state labor department, or consult with a wage-and-hour expert. Moreover, you can utilize the DOL’s FLSA Overtime Calculator Advisor, which is designed to help employers calculate overtime pay correctly, according to FLSA standards.
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The previous article in this four part series about moving beyond the P Mode on your DSLR explained what your camera assumes about the quantity of light when being used in Program mode and that combinations of shutter speed and different apertures can result in the same amount of light reaching your DSLR’s sensor. This article explains how to choose the ideal combination of shutter speed and aperture. It also introduces ISO, which allows you to vary the sensitivity of your DSLR’s sensor.
Imagine two very different scenes you want to photograph: your son standing resolutely in the mountains, a backdrop of glorious scenery, and your daughter dancing at a party, a distracting background of chairs and tables behind her.
In the photo of your son, the mountains behind are sharp whilst in the photo of your daughter, the distracting background is a blur.
What is your camera assuming about the importance of the background in P Mode so it can decide whether or not to blur the background? Your camera generally has no idea about what’s in the background. Depending on the model, a camera may have thousands of images of scenes, and the ideal shutter speed and aperture for each of those scenes, stored in its memory and will try to match your scene with its memory so it can then impose the ideal shutter speed and aperture. This ‘memory’ approach can never match what you know about the scene. So once you have decided whether or not you want the background, how do you communicate this to your camera?
You control how much of the background will be in focus by changing the aperture of your camera. The larger the aperture (e.g., f/5.6 instead of f/11), the more the background will be blurred. In the two photos imagined above, your son’s photo has an aperture of f/16 while your daughter’s photo has an aperture of f/4.
Why does your camera give you so many apertures when you only need f/4 and f/16? The answer is complex – aperture essentially affects the plane of focus or how much is in focus in front of and behind your subject and different lens lengths and your distance from the subject will affect the plane of focus. For the purpose of this article, which is written for anyone seeking to move beyond the P mode, use the largest aperture possible when you want to blur the background and use either f/11 or f/16 when you want to preserve the details of the background.
But how do you change the aperture on your camera? The answer is to change your DSLR’s command dial from P to A (Aperture priority) and once you have done this, you simply dial in the aperture you want; the camera will automatically select the appropriate shutter speed. This sounds so easy, and it would be if we didn’t have to worry about shutter speed. With a very small aperture, only a tiny amount of light is able to register on your camera’s sensor, which means you have to keep the shutter open for longer than you would if you had used a very large aperture. In the two photos imagined above, the boy is stationary so the actual shutter speed of 1/180 second is not a problem, but the girl is dancing and had I used a shutter speed of 1/180 second, she would have been blurred. In actuality I used a shutter speed of 1/1500 second. So what shutter speeds will give you the best results?
If you are photographing a landscape, your shutter speed should be 1/60 of a second or faster (e.g., 1/250 of a second). If you are photographing a stationary person in a landscape, then your shutter speed should be at least 1/180 of a second or faster. If you are photographing a dancing girl in a landscape, then your shutter speed should be 1/500 of a second or faster. If you want to be artistic when photographing a running girl and want her to be blurred, you should ensure the shutter speed is about 1/15 of a second.
Say you want to take a photo of your daughter dancing in the mountains. In Aperture priority mode, you select a very small aperture, say f/11, to make sure the mountains behind her aren’t a blur. But disaster—your camera’s read out indicates the camera has selected a shutter speed of 1/125 of a second, which is nowhere near fast enough since it is only a third as fast as what you need (1/500 of second is twice as fast as 1/250 second, which is twice as fast as 1/125 of a second), so what to do? You could increase your aperture to f/5.6 (remember from the first article that f/11 lets in half the amount of light that f/8 does, which in turn lets in half the amount of light that f/5.6 does).
But a f/5.6 aperture would make the mountains blurred. What to do? Ask your daughter to stop moving and somehow make her dance in Photoshop when you get home? No, what you need to do is make your camera’s sensor more sensitive to light. If you make it three times as sensitive, then at f/11, your shutter speed will be what you want—1/500 of a second.
But how to make your camera’s sensor more sensitive? In the dark era before DSLRs, you would use a faster film in your camera. Films were rated on their sensitivity to light with an 800 ISO (ISO is also known as ASA) film being twice as sensitive as a 400 ISO film which in turn was twice as sensitive as a 200 ISO film. This meant that an 800 ISO film required only a third of the light required by a 200 ISO film to register the same amount of light information on the film.
So why is this relevant in the digital era? Because you can easily change the sensitivity of your DSLR’s sensor ‘mid-roll’ so to speak. Going back to wanting to photograph your dancing daughter on the hillside, if your camera’s ISO was 200 when you found out the camera selected 1/125 second when you selected f/11, all you have to do is increase the ISO from 200 to ISO 800 and your daughter will be beautifully sharp as will be the mountains behind her.
So why don’t cameras use a very high ISO all the time? The faster the camera’s ISO, the more ‘noise’ there is—little dots start appearing in the darker or shadow areas of the picture where there shouldn’t be any dots, and this isn’t aesthetically desirable. Furthermore, sometimes you want a combination of slow shutter speed and small aperture.
In summary, for a given ISO, a large aperture will blur the background and require less light than a small aperture which will preserve detail in the background but requires more light. Increasing the ISO will make your DSLR’s sensor more sensitive to light, which will then allow you to use an appropriate shutter speed for a desired aperture.
The next article will explain how your camera focuses in P mode and what you need to know to ensure your subject is perfectly in focus.
About the Author:
This article was written by John Slaytor. “I find it difficult to narrow my photographic interest. This inattention to detail gives me plenty of subject matter. My range of work includes Macedonian Weddings and Christenings, Nigerian 21st Birthday parties, Presbyterian and Catholic funerals, Indian and Greek family portraits, Chinese and Ghanaian football supporters, Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps, and Sydney Opera House.
I live and work in Sydney but can and do travel anywhere for my vocation. I would like to think I have been positively influenced by Werner Bischof for his quiet humanistic vision, Jane Bown for her minimalist approach to technology, Eve Arnold for her compassion and Peter Dombrovskis for his pristine imagery. After visiting Auschwitz I came across Michael Kenna whose work has helped me understand how buildings can have mood.
(I avoid formality and artificial lighting believing these things draw far too much attention to the process of photographing people. I have no qualms about making buildings endure long exposures with a tripod.)
I use Nikon cameras and process my images (RAW only) using DXO. I print with an Epson 4800. My computer is a Mac and my screen is an Eizo.”
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From 1962 to 1971, the United States Air Force (USAF) sprayed various herbicide mixtures (chemicals that kill plants) in South Vietnam. The purpose of the spraying was to defoliate jungle growth to deprive the Communist forces of ground cover, and to destroy enemy crops to restrict food supplies. The most extensively used of these herbicide mixtures was known as Agent Orange, a 50:50 mix of two common herbicides called 1,4,5-T and 2,4-D (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The third chemical present in the mixture in small amounts was TCDD, an inevitable by-product of the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. This chemical, called tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin or simply "dioxin," is highly toxic to laboratory animals when administered in its pure form. CRS has been unable to locate any report of a human death from exposure to pure TCDD. This report discusses the human health effects that have occurred from exposure to TCDD, as well as related Congressional concerns.
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At the spot where the old Buckhead Road crossed the railroad tracks at the J.W. Brinkley home, there was a settlement called Maxwell. A post office was established on January 15, 1858. The land were Maxwell was located is now within the city limits of Bolton. The name of the post office was changed from Maxwell to Bolton on April 26, 1866.
The town of Bolton was incorporated in 1915. Apparently it was named for Samuel Bolton. At the time of his death in 1872, he and William Lloyd operated Bolton and Company.
Bolton eventually became known for timber. The Waccamaw Lumber Company began operation in 1907. In 1937, Riegel Paper Corporation purchased the Waccamaw Lumber Company and established an office in Bolton. Riegel Paper was purchased by The Federal Paper Board Company in 1972 and it was eventually bought out by International Paper Company. During all this change the office was never moved from Bolton. The “Woodlands” Division of International Paper was a main employer in Bolton until its closing in the late 1990’s.
In its heyday Bolton was a bustling town. There were hotels, medical offices, schools, and restaurants. People used to catch the train from Whiteville and come to Bolton to have Sunday dinner. At one time the population of Bolton was near 1800. Today the population is officially listed as 492.
Although the lost of the timber industry hit Bolton hard, the Town still managed to survive. Under the leadership of several mayors and council members, Bolton managed sustain itself.
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THE BEGINNINGS OF CZECHOSLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF CZECH HISTORIOGRAPHY (Poczatek stosunkow czechoslowacko-polskich wedlug czeskiej historiografii)
Languages of publication
The paper presents the conclusions of Czech historiography about the beginnings of Czechoslovak-Polish relations in 1918. Czechoslovakia was becoming a new state at that time and its territories had earlier formed a part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In October 1918 the process of creating local organs of a new state began. It also took place in Silesia, where Polish and Czech communities were living together. The Polish community also created its local organs. There were even some contacts established between Polish and Czech local institutions and a provisional territorial agreement was signed. It was not approved by the Prague government, which in November and December 1918 was not able to decide about the future of Silesia. These decisions were taken later.
Publication order reference
CEJSH db identifier
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The oxygen and carbon-14 methods were used to measure photosynthesis in Clear Lake, Iowa during 1958 and 1959. Differences in the rates of photosynthesis at widely separated stations were generally small. Daily variations in the rate of photosynthesis were not greater than two-fold. The correlation between the rate of photosynthesis and the incident illumination was 0.81, and the efficiency of utilization of incident light energy was 0.72 per cent. The net gain of organic matter at the phytoplankton level during the period May 1 to November 1 was equivalent to 3480 pounds of glucose per acre.
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science
© Copyright 1963 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc.
Weber, Cornelius I.
"A Study of Photosynthesis in Clear Lake, lowa,"
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 70(1), 79-87.
Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol70/iss1/18
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About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - At this serving size there are 2 Calories per serving. A closer look shows: 0 Calories from Fat, 0 Calories from Protein, and 2 Calories from Carbohydrate. If you're keeping track, a good calorie counter can make this easy -- see the software below.
Fat - This food has 0 grams of Fat per serving. This means that there is 0 Trans Fat, which makes this a healthy food choice from that standpoint.
Cholesterol - Watching your Cholesterol? One serving has 0 mg, which should make healthy eating a little easier.
Carbohydrates - One serving of this food has 1 gram of Carbohydrate. There is an unknown quantity of Sugar in this food and zero grams of Fiber. Also, a serving of this size has 1 Net Carb. Net Carbs are calculated by subtracting Fiber and Sugar Alcohols (if known) from the total Carbohydrate amount. This is useful to know if you are counting carbs or living with diabetes.
Protein - This food has no Protein at this serving size.
Minerals - At this serving size the Iron and Calcium amounts could not be obtained (they were not provided to us).Tzero grams of Fiber.
Vitamins - The amounts of Vitamin A and Vitamin C are unknown for this food.
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Population and poverty
Published on: Mar 4, 2016
Transcripts - Population and poverty
Poverty is a complex phenomenon,and many factors are responsible forit. Rapid population growth alonecannot explain poverty. Badgovernance, high wealth and incomeinequality and weak economic growthand high fertility rates, especiallyamong the poor, do exacerbatepoverty and make it harder for thegovernment to address it.
Filipino women acrossall socio-economicclasses have expressedtheir desire for fewerchildren. But manyparticularly the poor andless educated, have morechildren than they wantand are unable to achievetheir desired number ofchildren.
An unequivocal and coherent national policy-backed by anadequately funded family planning program that provides accurateinformation and endless access to methods of contraception ofchoice- is pro-poor, pro-women, pro-people and pro-life.
Population growth in the Philippines declined slowly from 3.0% per annum in the early 1970s to 2.5% in the mid-1980s, then levelling to 2.36% in the 1990’s and remaining at this rate today. The leveling of the Philippines population growth decline in the late 1980s through 1990s has resulted in a population size that is larger than the United Nations medium variant population projections. The UN projected RP’s population to reach 86 million by 2010; in fact, that size would already be reached by 2005.
By comparison, Thailand andIndonesia’s population growthrates which were similar to thePhilippines in the early 1970sare down to1.4% and 1.5%,respectively. Likewise, whileThailand’s poverty incidence isdown to 9.8% and Indonesia’s to18.2%, the Philippines povertyincidence remains high at 33%.
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|High Court of Australia|
|Location||Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (Map)|
|Composition method||Vice-regal appointment upon Prime Ministerial nomination, following advice of Attorney-General and Cabinet|
|Authorized by||Constitution of Australia|
|Appeals from||Subject to section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903:|
|Judge term length||Until age of 70 years (Constitution of Australia, s 72 following 1977 referendum)|
|Number of positions||7, by statute|
|Chief Justice of Australia|
|Since||30 January 2017|
The High Court of Australia is the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the states and territories, and the ability to interpret the Constitution of Australia and thereby shape the development of federalism in Australia.
The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Australian Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the constitution, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel , and six other justices. They are formally appointed by the Governor-General of Australia on the advice of the federal government and under the constitution must retire at age 70.
The High Court has had a permanent home in Canberra since 1980. The majority of its sittings are held in the heritage-registered High Court building, located in the Parliamentary Triangle overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. With increasing utilisation of video links, sittings are also often held in the state capitals.
The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction (cases that originate in the High Court) and appellate jurisdiction (appeals made to the High Court from other courts). The High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia, not just the state or territory in which the matter arose. The High Court's broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada and unlike the Supreme Court of the United States which has a more limited jurisdiction. As such, the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories. This role, alongside its role in constitutional interpretation, is one of the court's most significant. As Sir Owen Dixon said on his swearing in as Chief Justice of Australia:
"The High Court's jurisdiction is divided in its exercise between constitutional and federal cases which loom so largely in the public eye, and the great body of litigation between man and man, or even man and government, which has nothing to do with the Constitution, and which is the principal preoccupation of the court."
This broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states.
The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are originally heard in the High Court. The Australian Constitution confers actual (section 75) and potential (section 76) original jurisdiction.
Section 75 of the constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to "all matters":
The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court. For example, challenges against immigration-related decisions are often brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court.
Section 76 provides that Parliament may confer original jurisdiction in relation to matters:
Constitutional matters, referred to in section 76(i), have been conferred to the High Court by section 30 of the Judiciary Act 1903. However, the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76, rather than section 75, means that the High Court's original jurisdiction regarding constitutional matters could be removed. In practice, section 75(iii) (suing the Commonwealth) and section 75(iv) (conflicts between states) are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction. The original constitutional jurisdiction of the High Court is now well established: the Australian Law Reform Commission has described the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76 rather than section 75 as "an odd fact of history." The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament. Failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step.
The requirement of "a matter" in section 75 and section 76 of the constitution means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved and the High Court cannot give an advisory opinion.
|Australian court hierarchy|
|Federal Law Courts|
|Courts of Australian states and territories|
The High Court's appellate jurisdiction is defined under section 73 of the Constitution. The High Court can hear appeals from the supreme courts of the states and territories, any federal court or court exercising federal jurisdiction (such as the Federal Court of Australia, the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, or other federal courts), and decisions made by one or more justices exercising the original jurisdiction of the court.
However, section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited "with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes". Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903. This requires "special leave" to appeal. Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance, or involves a conflict between courts; or "is in the interests of the administration of justice". Therefore, while the High Court is the final court of appeal, it cannot be considered a general court of appeal. The decision as to whether to grant special leave to appeal is determined by one or more Justices of the High Court (in practice, a panel of two or three judges). That is, the Court exercises the power to decide which appeal cases it will consider.
The issue of appeals from the High Court to the United Kingdom's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was a significant one during the drafting of the Constitution and it continued to be significant in the years after the court's creation. The wording of section 74 of the constitution that was put to voters in the various colonies was that there was to be no appeal to the Privy Council in any matter involving the interpretation of the Constitution or of the Constitution of a State unless it involved the interests of some other dominion.
Section 74 of the Constitution, as enacted by the Imperial Parliament, prohibited appeals on constitutional matters involving disputes about the limits inter se of Commonwealth or state powers, except where the High Court certified it was appropriate for the appeal to be determined by the Privy Council. It did so only once: in the 1912 case of Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth) when the Court was equally divided. After that case, in which the Privy Council refused to answer the constitutional questions put to it, the High Court never certified another inter se appeal. Indeed, in the case of Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (1985), the court said that it would never again grant a certificate of appeal.
In general matters, however, section 74 did not prevent the Privy Council from granting leave to appeal against the High Court's wishes and the Council did so often. In some cases the Council acknowledged that the Australian common law had developed differently from English law and thus did not apply its own principles (for example, in Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren (1967), or in Viro v The Queen (1978)), by using a legal fiction that stated that different common law can apply to different circumstances. However, in other cases, the Privy Council enforced English decisions, over-ruling decisions by the High Court. In Parker v The Queen (1963), Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon led a unanimous judgment that rejected a precedent of the House of Lords in DPP v Smith saying, "I shall not depart from the law on this matter as we have long since laid it down in this Court and I think that Smith's case should not be used in Australia as authority at all". The following year the Privy Council upheld an appeal, applying the House of Lords precedent.
Section 74 did provide that the parliament could make laws to prevent appeals to the Privy Council and it did so, beginning in 1968, with the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968, which closed off all appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation. In 1975, the Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 was passed, which had the effect of closing all routes of appeal from the High Court. Appeals from the High Court to the Privy Council are now only theoretically possible in inter se matters if the High Court grants a certificate of appeal under section 74 of the Constitution. As noted above, the High Court indicated in 1985 it would not grant such a certificate in the future. In 1986, with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia (with the request and consent of the Australian States), appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were closed off, leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal. In 2002, Chief Justice Murray Gleeson said that the "combined effect" of the legislation and the announcement in Kirmani "has been that s 74 has become a dead letter, and what remains of s 74 after the legislation limiting appeals to the Privy Council will have no further effect".
Thirteen High Court judges have heard cases as part of the Privy Council. Sir Isaac Isaacs is the only judge to have sat on an appeal from the High Court, in 1936 after his retirement as Governor-General. Sir Garfield Barwick insisted on an amendment to Privy Council procedure to allow dissent; however he exercised that only once. The appeals mostly related to decisions from other Commonwealth countries, although they occasionally included appeals from a State Supreme Court.
As per an agreement between Nauru and Australia signed on 6 September 1976, in application of article 57 of the Constitution of Nauru, the High Court of Australia became the ultimate court of appeal for the sovereign Republic of Nauru, formerly an Australian League of Nations mandate. The High Court was empowered to hear appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru in both criminal and civil cases, with certain exceptions; in particular, no case pertaining to the Constitution of Nauru could be decided by the Australian court. There were a total of five appeals to the High Court under this agreement in the first 40 years of its operation. In 2017, however, this jumped to 13 appeals, most relating to asylum seekers. Some legal commentators (including the Australian Law Reform Commission) have argued that this appellate jurisdiction sits awkwardly with the High Court's other responsibilities and should be renegotiated or repealed. Problems identified including the need to apply Nauruan law and customary practice and that the High Court need not grant leave for an appeal to be heard.
Matthew Batsiua, a former Justice Minister of Nauru, has suggested that the Nauruan government was unhappy with the arrangement following an October 2017 decision from the High Court. Following a protest in May 2015 outside the Nauruan parliament, 19 people were charged with unlawful assembly and other civil offences. The Supreme Court of Nauru subsequently increased the sentences imposed by the District Court, leading to an appeal in which the High Court quashed the decision. The case was remitted to the Supreme Court "differently constituted, for hearing according to law."
On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Nauru's independence, President Baron Waqa declared to parliament that "[s]everance of ties to Australia’s highest court is a logical step towards full nationhood and an expression of confidence in Nauru’s ability to determine its own destiny." Nauruan Justice Minister David Adeang cited the cost of appeals to the High Court as another reason for Nauru to establish its own Court of Appeal as the country's highest court. Under the agreement, the government of either country could end the arrangement with 90 days notice. Nauru unilaterally exercised that option on 12 December 2017 and the High Court's jurisdiction ended on 12 March 2018. However, the termination of the arrangement did not become known until after the Supreme Court had reheard the case of the protesters and again imposed increased sentences. With the new Court of Appeals not yet established, the defendants are left with no avenue of appeal, a situation criticised as deeply unfair.
The genesis of the court can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. Before the establishment of the High Court, appeals from the colonial supreme courts could be made only to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which involved the great expense of travelling to London. For this reason some politicians in the colonies wanted a new court that could travel between the colonies hearing appeals.
Following Earl Grey's 1846 proposal for federation of the Australian colonies, an 1849 report from the Privy Council of the United Kingdom suggested that a national court be created. In 1856, the then Governor of South Australia, Richard Graves MacDonnell, suggested to the Government of South Australia that they and the other colonies should consider establishing a court of appeal that would hear appeals from the Supreme Courts in each colony, and in 1860 the Parliament of South Australia passed legislation encouraging MacDonnell to put forward the idea to his colleagues in the other colonies. However, only the Government of Victoria seriously considered this proposal.
At an inter-colonial conference in 1870 in Melbourne, the idea of an inter-colonial court was again raised and subsequently a Royal Commission was established in Victoria to investigate options for establishing a court of appeal and for unifying extradition laws between the colonies and other similar matters. A draft bill establishing a court was put forward by the Commission, but it completely excluded appeals to the Privy Council, which reacted critically and prevented any serious attempts to implement the bill in London (before federation, any laws affecting all the colonies would have to be passed by the British Imperial Parliament in London).
In 1880 another inter-colonial conference was convened, which proposed the establishment of an Australasian Court of Appeal. This conference was more firmly focussed on having an Australian court. Another draft bill was produced, providing that judges from the colonial Supreme Courts would serve one-year terms on the new court, with one judge from each colony at a given time. New Zealand, which was at the time also considering joining the Australian colonies in federation, was also to be a participant in the new court. However, the proposal retained appeals from colonial Supreme Courts to the Privy Council, which some of the colonies disputed, and the bill was eventually abandoned.
The Constitutional Conventions of the 1890s, which met to draft an Australian Constitution, also raised the idea of a federal Supreme Court. Initial proposals at a conference in Melbourne in February 1890 led to a convention in Sydney in March and April 1891, which produced a draft constitution. The draft included the creation of a Supreme Court of Australia, which would not only interpret the Constitution, like the United States Supreme Court, but also would be a court of appeal from the state Supreme Courts. The draft effectively removed appeals to the Privy Council, allowing them only if the British monarch gave leave to appeal and not allowing appeals at all in constitutional matters.
This draft was largely the work of Sir Samuel Griffith, then the Premier of Queensland, later Chief Justice of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of Australia. Other significant contributors to the judicial clauses in the draft included Attorney-General of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark, who had prepared his own constitution prior to the convention. Inglis Clark's most significant contribution was to give the court its own constitutional authority, ensuring the separation of powers; the original formulation from Griffith, Edmund Barton and Charles Kingston provided only that the parliament could establish a court.
At the later conventions, in Adelaide in 1897, in Sydney later the same year and in Melbourne in early 1898, there were changes to the earlier draft. In Adelaide, the name of the court was changed from Supreme Court of Australia to High Court of Australia. Many people also opposed the new court completely replacing the Privy Council: many large businesses, particularly those which were subsidiaries of British companies or regularly traded with the United Kingdom, preferred for business reasons to keep the colonies under the unified jurisdiction of the British courts, and petitioned the conventions to that effect. Other arguments posited against removing Privy Council appeals were that Australian judges were of a poorer quality than English ones, and that without the Council's oversight, the law in the colonies risked becoming different from English law. Some politicians, such as Sir George Dibbs, supported the petitioners, but others, including Alfred Deakin, supported the design of the court as it was. Inglis Clark took the view that the possibility of divergence was a good thing, for the law could adapt appropriately to Australian circumstances. Despite the debate, the portions of the draft dealing with the court remained largely unchanged, as the delegates focused on different matters.
After the draft had been approved by the electors of the colonies, it was taken to London in 1899, for the assent of the British Imperial Parliament. However the issue of Privy Council appeals remained a sticking point with a number of Australian and British politicians, including the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, the Chief Justice of South Australia, Sir Samuel Way, and the Chief Justice of Queensland, Sir Samuel Griffith. Indeed, in October 1899, Griffith made representations to Chamberlain soliciting suggestions from British ministers for alterations to the draft, and offering some alterations of his own. Indeed, such was the effect of these and other representations that Chamberlain called for delegates from the colonies to come to London to assist with the approval process, with a view to their approving any alterations that the British government might see fit to make; delegates were sent, including Deakin, Barton and Charles Kingston, although they were under instructions that they would never agree to changes.
After intense lobbying both in Australia and in the United Kingdom, the Imperial Parliament finally approved the draft constitution, albeit with an altered section 74, which represented a compromise between the two sides: there would be a general right of appeal from the High Court to the Privy Council, except that the Parliament of Australia would be able to make laws restricting this avenue, and also that appeals in inter se matters (matters concerning the boundary between and limits of the powers of the Commonwealth and the powers of the states) were not as of right, but had to be certified by the High Court.
The Constitution was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and came into effect on 1 January 1901. However, the High Court was not established immediately; it was necessary for the new Parliament of Australia to make laws about the structure and procedure of the court. Some of the members of the First Parliament, including Sir John Quick, then one of the leading legal experts in Australia, opposed legislation to set up the court. Even H. B. Higgins, who was himself later appointed to the court, objected to setting it up, on the grounds that it would be impotent while Privy Council appeals remained, and that in any event there was not enough work for a federal court to make it viable.
In 1902, the then Attorney-General Alfred Deakin introduced the Judiciary Bill 1902 in the House of Representatives. Although Deakin and Griffith had produced a draft bill as early as February 1901, it was continually delayed by opponents in the parliament, and the success of the bill is generally attributed to Deakin's passion and effort in pushing the bill through the parliament despite this opposition. Deakin had proposed that the court be composed of five judges, specially selected to the court; opponents instead proposed that the court should be made up of state Supreme Court justices, taking turns to sit on the High Court on a rotation basis, as had been mooted at the Constitutional Conventions a decade before. Deakin eventually negotiated amendments with the opposition, reducing the number of judges from five to three, and eliminating financial benefits such as pensions.
At one point, Deakin even threatened to resign as Attorney-General due to the difficulties he faced. In what is now a famous speech, Deakin gave a second reading to the House of Representatives, lasting three and a half hours, in which he declared:
"The federation is constituted by distribution of powers, and it is this court which decides the orbit and boundary of every power... It is properly termed the keystone of the federal arch... The statute stands and will stand on the statute-book just as in the hour in which it was assented to. But the nation lives, grows and expands. Its circumstances change, its needs alter, and its problems present themselves with new faces. [The High Court] enables the Constitution to grow and be adapted to the changeful necessities and circumstances of generation after generation that the High Court operates."
Deakin's friend, painter Tom Roberts, who viewed the speech from the public gallery, declared it Deakin's "magnum opus". The Judiciary Act 1903 was finally passed on 25 August 1903, and the first three justices, Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith and Justices Sir Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor were appointed on 5 October of that year. On 6 October, the court held its first sitting in the Banco Court in the Supreme Court of Victoria.
On 12 October 1906, the size of the High Court was increased to five Justices, and Deakin appointed H. B. Higgins and Isaac Isaacs to the High Court. In February 1913, the High Court was increased again, with the addition of two justices, bringing the total to seven. Charles Powers and Albert Bathurst Piddington were appointed. The outcry against their appointments was so great, however, that Justice Piddington resigned on 5 April 1913 without having taken up his seat.
After the court's first sitting in the Banco Court in Melbourne, the court continued to use that court until 1928, when a dedicated courtroom was built in Little Bourke Street, next to the Supreme Court of Victoria, which provided the court's Melbourne sitting place and housed the court's principal registry until 1980. The court also sat regularly in Sydney, where it originally shared space in the Criminal Courts in the suburb of Darlinghurst, before a dedicated courtroom was constructed next door in 1923.
The court travelled to other cities across the country, where it did not have any facilities of its own but used facilities of the Supreme Court in each city. Deakin had envisaged that the court would sit in many different locations, so as to truly be a federal court. Shortly after the court's creation, Chief Justice Griffith established a schedule for sittings in state capitals: Hobart, Tasmania in February, Brisbane, Queensland in June, Perth, Western Australia in September and Adelaide, South Australia in October; it is said that Griffith established this schedule because those were the times of year he found the weather most pleasant in each city. The tradition remains to this day, although most of the court's sittings are now conducted in Canberra.
Sittings were dependent on the caseload and to this day sittings in Hobart occur only once every few years. There are annual sittings in Perth, Adelaide and Brisbane for up to a week each. During the Great Depression, sittings outside of Melbourne and Sydney were suspended to reduce costs.
During World War II, the court faced a period of change. The Chief Justice, Sir John Latham, served from 1940 to 1941 as Australia's first ambassador to Japan, although his activities in this role were limited by the mutual assistance pact that Japan had entered into with the Axis powers before he could arrive in Tokyo, and were curtailed by the commencement of the Pacific War. Justice Sir Owen Dixon was also absent for several years, while he served as Australia's minister to the United States in Washington. Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Latham's absence. There were many difficult cases concerning the federal government's use of the defence power during the war.
From 1952, with the appointment of Sir Owen Dixon as Chief Justice, the court entered a period of stability. After World War II, the court's workload continued to grow, particularly from the 1960s onwards, putting pressures on the court. Sir Garfield Barwick, who was Attorney-General from 1958 to 1964, and from then until 1981 Chief Justice, proposed that more federal courts be established, as permitted under the Constitution. In 1976 the Federal Court of Australia was established, with a general federal jurisdiction, and in more recent years the Family Court and Federal Magistrates Court have been set up to reduce the court's workload in specific areas.
In 1968, appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation were barred by the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968. In 1975, the Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975 closed all routes of appeal from the High Court. In 1986, with the passing of the Australia Act by both the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Australia (with the request and consent of the Australian States), direct appeals to the Privy Council from state Supreme Courts were also closed off, leaving the High Court as the only avenue of appeal.
The life tenure of High Court Justices was ended in 1977. A national referendum in May 1977 approved the Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) Act (Cth), which upon its commencement on 29 July 1977 amended section 72 of the Constitution so as require that all Justices appointed from then on must retire on attaining the age of 70 years.
The High Court of Australia Act 1979 (Cth), which commenced on 21 April 1980, gave the High Court power to administer its own affairs and prescribed the qualifications for, and method of appointment of, its Justices.
The legal history of the court is commonly summarised by reference to the Chief Justice of the time. While it is a convenient way of breaking the history of the Court into periods, it tends to overstate the importance of the Chief Justice and ignores the influence and tenure of other members of the Court. For example, Isaacs J was the primary force in the Knox Court, while the time of his own appointment as Chief Justice saw the emergence of Dixon J as the new intellectual leader of the Court.
As the first High Court, the court under Chief Justice Sir Samuel Griffith had to establish its position as a new court of appeal for the whole of Australia and had to develop a new body of principle for interpreting the Constitution of Australia and federal legislation. Griffith himself was very much the dominant influence on the court in its early years, but after the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins in 1906, and the death of foundation Justice Richard O'Connor, Griffith's influence began to decline.
The court was keen to establish its position at the top of the Australian court hierarchy. In Deakin v Webb (1904) Griffith criticised the Supreme Court of Victoria for following a Privy Council decision about the Constitution of Canada, rather than following the High Court's own decision on the Australian Constitution.
In Australian constitutional law, the early decisions of the court were influenced by United States constitutional law. In the case of D'Emden v Pedder (1904), which involved the application of Tasmanian stamp duty to a federal official's salary, the court adopted the doctrine of implied immunity of instrumentalities which had been established in the United States Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1803). That doctrine established that any attempt by the federal government to interfere with the legislative or executive power of the Australian states was invalid, and vice versa. Accompanying that doctrine was the doctrine of reserved State powers, which was based on the principle that the powers of the Australian parliament should be interpreted narrowly, to avoid intruding on areas of power traditionally exercised by the state parliaments. The concept was developed in such cases as Peterswald v Bartley (1904), R v Barger (1908) and the Union Label case (1908).
Together the two doctrines helped smooth the transition to a federal system of government and "by preserving a balance between the constituent elements of the Australian federation, probably conformed to community sentiment, which at that stage was by no means adjusted to the exercise of central power." The court had a generally conservative view of the Constitution, taking narrow interpretations of section 116 (which guarantees religious freedom) and section 117 (which prevents discrimination on the basis of someone's state of origin), interpretations that were to last well into the 1980s.
Two of the original judges of the Court, Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton, were frequently consulted by governors-general, including on the exercise of the reserve powers. This practice of consultation has continued from time to time since.
Adrian Knox became Chief Justice on 18 October 1919 and less than three months later, foundation Justice Sir Edmund Barton died, leaving no original members. The most significant case of the era was the Engineers case (1920), decided at the beginning of Knox's term. In that case, the doctrines of reserved State powers and implied immunity of instrumentalities were both overturned, and the court entered a new era of constitutional interpretation in which the focus would fall almost exclusively on the text of the Constitution, and in which the powers of the Australian parliament would gain increasing importance.
Knox was knighted in 1921, the only Chief Justice to be knighted during his term. Some of the Knox court's early work related to the aftermath of World War I. In Roche v Kronheimer (1921), the Court upheld federal legislation which allowed for the making of regulations to implement Australia's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles. The majority decided the case on the defence power, but Higgins decided it on the external affairs power, the first case to decide that the external affairs power could be used to implement an international treaty in Australia.
Sir Isaac Isaacs was Chief Justice for only forty-two weeks, before leaving the court to be appointed Governor-General of Australia. Isaacs was ill for much of his term as Chief Justice and few significant cases were decided under his formal leadership; rather, his best years were under Knox, where he was the most senior Justice and led the court in many decisions.
Sir Frank Gavan Duffy was Chief Justice for four years beginning in 1931, although he was already 78 when appointed to the position and did not exert much influence, given that (excluding single-Justice cases) he participated in only 40 per cent of cases in that time, and regularly gave short judgments or joint judgments with other Justices. In the context of the Great Depression, the court was reduced to six Justices, resulting in many tied decisions which have no lasting value as precedent.
During this time, the court did decide several important cases, including Attorney-General (New South Wales) v Trethowan (1932), which considered Premier of New South Wales Jack Lang's attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council, and the First State Garnishee case (1932), which upheld federal legislation compelling the Lang government to repay its loans. Much of the court's other work related to legislation passed in response to the Depression.
The court under Chief Justice Sir John Latham, who came to the office in 1935, was punctuated by World War II. Although it dealt with cases in other areas, its most important and lasting work related to wartime legislation, and the transition back to peace following the war.
The court upheld much legislation under the defence power, interpreting it broadly wherever there was a connection to defence purposes, in cases such as Andrews v Howell (1941) and de Mestre v Chisholm (1944). In general, the Curtin Labor government was rarely successfully challenged, the court recognising the necessity that the defence power permit the federal government to govern strongly. The court also allowed the federal government to institute a national income tax scheme in the First Uniform Tax case (1942), and upheld legislation allowing the proclamation of the pacifist Jehovah's Witnesses religion as a subversive organisation, in the Jehovah's Witnesses case (1943).
The court reined in the wide scope of the defence power after the war, allowing for a transitional period. It struck down several key planks of the Chifley Labor government's reconstruction program, notably an attempt to nationalise the banks in the Bank Nationalisation case (1948), and an attempt to establish a comprehensive medical benefits scheme in the First Pharmaceutical Benefits case (1945). However the court also famously struck down Menzies Liberal government legislation banning the Communist Party of Australia in the Communist Party case (1951), Latham's last major case.
Apart from the wartime cases, the Latham court also developed the criminal defence of honest and reasonable mistake of fact, for example in Proudman v Dayman (1941). It also paved the way for the development of the external affairs power by upholding the implementation of an air navigation treaty in R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry (1936).
Under Chief Justice Sir Owen Dixon, who was elevated to that role in 1952 after 23 years as a Justice, the court enjoyed its most successful period, with British judge, Master of the Rolls Lord Denning, describing the time as the court's "Golden Age". Dixon, widely regarded as Australia's greatest judge, had a commanding personal and legal influence over the court in this time, measurable in the rise in joint judgments (many of which were led by Dixon) and good relations between the Justices.
While there were fewer cases which tested the limits of federal power, probably due to the Menzies government which was firmly entrenched in its conservative phase throughout Dixon's tenure, the court did decide several important constitutional cases. Dixon led the court in firmly establishing the separation of powers for the judiciary in the Boilermakers' case (1956), and the court also upheld the continuing existence of the federal government's income tax scheme in the Second Uniform Tax case (1957).
During Dixon's time as Chief Justice, the court came to adopt several of the views that Dixon had advanced in minority opinions in years prior. In several cases, the court upheld Dixon's interpretation of section 92 (one of the most troublesome sections of the Constitution), which he regarded as guaranteeing a constitutional right to engage in interstate trade, subject to reasonable regulation. It also followed Dixon's interpretation of section 90 (which prohibits the states from exacting duties of excise), although both these interpretations were ultimately abandoned many years later.
Sir Garfield Barwick came to the court as Chief Justice in 1964. A significant decision of the Barwick court marked the beginning of the modern interpretation of the corporations power, which had been interpreted narrowly since 1909. The Concrete Pipes case (1971) established that the federal parliament could exercise the power to regulate at least the trading activities of corporations, whereas earlier interpretations had allowed only the regulation of conduct or transactions with the public.
The court decided many other significant constitutional cases, including the Seas and Submerged Lands case (1975), upholding legislation asserting sovereignty over the territorial sea; the First (1975) and Second (1977) Territory Senators' cases, which concerned whether legislation allowing for the mainland territories to be represented in the Parliament of Australia was valid; and Russell v Russell (1976), which concerned the validity of the Family Law Act 1975. The court also decided several cases relating to the historic 1974 joint sitting of the Parliament of Australia, including Cormack v Cope (1974) and the Petroleum and Minerals Authority case (1975).
The Barwick court decided several infamous cases on tax avoidance and tax evasion, almost always deciding against the taxation office. Led by Barwick himself in most judgments, the court distinguished between avoidance (legitimately minimising one's tax obligations) and evasion (illegally evading obligations). The decisions effectively nullified the anti-avoidance legislation and led to the proliferation of avoidance schemes in the 1970s, a result which drew much criticism upon the court.
Sir Harry Gibbs was appointed as Chief Justice in 1981. Under his leadership, the court moved away from the legalism and conservative traditions which had characterised the Dixon and Barwick courts.
The Gibbs court made several important decisions in Australian constitutional law. It allowed the Federal Parliament to make very wide use of the external affairs power, by holding that this power could be used to implement treaties into domestic law with very few justiciable limits. In Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) four judges to three upheld the validity of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975, although no single view had majority support. However, in the Tasmanian Dams case (1983), a majority of the court upheld federal environmental legislation under the power.
The court also adopted a more expansive interpretation of the corporations power. In the Actors Equity case (1982), the court upheld regulations which, although they did not directly regulate corporations, indirectly protected corporations. In the Tasmanian Dams case, the court indicated that it would interpret the power to uphold legislation regulating the non-trading activities of corporations, although it did not decide the case on that basis. The external affairs power and the corporations power have both been increasingly relied on by the federal government to extend its authority in recent years.
In administrative law, the court expanded on the doctrines of natural justice and procedural fairness in Kioa v West (1985). Although Gibbs himself dissented on those points, he did decide that executive decision makers were obliged to take humanitarian principles into consideration. Outside of specific areas of law, the court was also involved in several cases of public significance, including the Chamberlain case (1984), concerning Lindy Chamberlain, and A v Hayden (1984), concerning the botched ASIS exercise at the Sheraton Hotel in Melbourne.
Sir Anthony Mason became Chief Justice in 1987. The Mason court was very stable, with only one change in the bench in its eight years, the appointment of Michael McHugh after Sir Ronald Wilson's retirement. The court under Mason was widely regarded as the most liberal bench in the court's history.
The Mason court made many important decisions in all areas of Australian law. One of its first major cases was Cole v Whitfield (1988), concerning the troublesome section 92, which had been interpreted inconsistently and confusingly since the beginning of the court. For the first time, the court referred to historical materials such as the debates of the Constitutional Conventions to ascertain the purpose of the section, and the unanimous decision indicated "a willingness to overturn established doctrines and precedents perceived to be no longer working", a trend which typified the Mason court.
The most popularly significant case decided by the Mason court was the Mabo case (1992), in which the court found that the common law was capable of recognising native title. The decision was one of the High Court's most controversial of all time and represented the tendency of the Mason court to receive "high praise and stringent criticism in equal measure." Other controversial cases included the War Crimes Act case (1991), regarding the validity of the War Crimes Act 1945; Dietrich v The Queen (1992), in which the court found that a lack of legal representation in a serious criminal case can result in an unfair trial; Sykes v Cleary (1992), regarding the disputed election of Phil Cleary; and Teoh's case (1995), in which the court held that ratification of a treaty by the executive could create a legitimate expectation that members of the executive would act in accordance with that treaty.
The court developed the concept of implied human rights in the Constitution in cases such as Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992), Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) and Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994), in which the court recognised an implied freedom of political communication arising from the nature of the Constitution in laying out a system of representative government.
In other areas of law, the court developed doctrines of equity in relation to commercial law and contract law, in cases such as Waltons Stores v Maher (1988) and Trident General Insurance v McNiece (1988), and made significant developments in tort law, in cases such as Rogers v Whitaker (1992) and Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd (1994).
Sir Gerard Brennan succeeded Mason in 1995. In contrast to the previous court, the Brennan court had many changes in its membership despite being only three years long. The court decided many significant cases.
In Ha v New South Wales (1997) the court invalidated a New South Wales tobacco licensing scheme, reining in the licensing scheme exception to the prohibition on states levying excise duties, contained in Section 90 of the Constitution. While it did not overturn previous cases in which schemes had been upheld, it did emphasise that the states could not stray too far from the constitutional framework.
The Brennan court made a number of significant decisions in relation to the judiciary of Australia. In Grollo v Palmer (1995) and Hindmarsh Island Bridge case (1998), the court developed the persona designata doctrine, and in Kable v DPP (1997), the court rejected attempts by the Parliament of New South Wales to establish a system of preventative detention and found that the states do not have unlimited ability to regulate their courts, given the place of the courts in the Australian court hierarchy.
The court decided several cases relating to the implied freedom of political communication developed by the Mason court, notably Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) and the Duck shooting case (1997). It also decided several native title cases, including the controversial Wik case (1996).
Murray Gleeson was appointed Chief Justice in 1998. The court under Gleeson's leadership was generally regarded as more conservative than under Mason or Brennan, favouring legalism in the tradition of the Dixon and Barwick courts. In the Cross-vesting case (1999), the court struck down legislation vesting state jurisdiction in the Federal Court. In Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) a majority of the court applied a narrow interpretation of the Migration Act 1958, finding that it permitted executively-imposed indefinite detention of stateless persons. However, the court did not entirely shy away from principle and public policy in its decisions.
In Egan v Willis (1998), the court supported the New South Wales Legislative Council's ability to suspend the Treasurer when he failed to produce documents before the Council, emphasising the purpose of the ability in facilitating responsible government. In Sue v Hill (1999), the court recognised Australia's emergence as a sovereign independent nation, finding that the United Kingdom was a "foreign power".
The Gleeson court decided a number of important native title cases, including Yanner v Eaton (1999), Western Australia v Ward (2002) and the Yorta Yorta case (2002). In tort law, the court's significant decisions include Perre v Apand Pty Ltd (1999), concerning negligence actions where there is only pure economic loss as opposed to physical or mental injury, Dow Jones v Gutnick (2002), regarding defamation on the Internet, and Cattanach v Melchior (2003), a wrongful life case involving a healthy child. In criminal law, the court in R v Tang (2008) upheld slavery convictions against the owner of a brothel who had held several women in debt bondage after they had been trafficked to Australia.
Perhaps the Gleeson court's most significant case was among its later ones. In the WorkChoices case (2006), the court finally explicitly accepted a wide reading of the corporations power, after years of gradual expansion following the Concrete Pipes case (1971).
Robert French was appointed Chief Justice in September 2008. The first decision handed down by the French Court was Lujans v Yarrabee Coal Company Pty Ltd (2008), a case dealing with a motor vehicle accident. One of the most notable judgments handed down by the French Court was Pape v Commissioner of Taxation (2009), a constitutional law case concerning the existence of the Commonwealth's so-called "appropriation power" and the scope of its executive and taxation powers.
Susan Kiefel was appointed Chief Justice in January 2017. The Kiefel court has decided two important constitutional cases: in Brown v Tasmania, its members adopted a conflicting variety of approaches to the implied freedom of political communication; while in Re Canavan, which attracted huge public interest, the court's unanimous decision adhered to an interpretation of section 44 of the Constitution according to its "ordinary and natural meaning". In Wilkie v Commonwealth the Court held that expenditure for the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey had been approved by Parliament and was the collection of "statistical information" that could be conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. In Pell v The Queen, a case of large public interest, the Court unanimously quashed Cardinal George Pell's conviction of child sexual abuse and overturned the ruling of the Victorian Court of Appeal, entering verdicts of acquittal on all charges. The Court held that the jury, "acting rationally on the whole of the evidence, ought to have entertained a doubt as to the applicant's guilt with respect to each of the offences for which he was convicted."
Main article: List of Justices of the High Court of Australia
The High Court of Australia is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia and six other Justices. Their salaries are determined by the Remuneration Tribunal, an independent statutory authority. Since 1 July 2017, the Chief Justice has received an annual salary of $584,520 and the other Justices have received $530,440.
Appointments are officially made by the Governor-General in Council. In practice, appointees are nominated by the Prime Minister, on advice from the Cabinet, particularly from the Attorney-General for Australia. For example, four Justices were appointed while Andrew Fisher was Prime Minister, but it was largely on Attorney-General Billy Hughes' authority that the candidates were chosen. Since 1979, the Attorney-General has been required to consult with the attorneys-general of the states and territories of Australia about appointments to the court. The process was first used in relation to the appointment of Justice Wilson, and has been generally successful, despite the occasional criticism that the states merely have a consultative, rather than a determinative, role in the selection process.
There are no qualifications for Justices in the Constitution (other than that they must be under the compulsory retirement age of 70). The High Court of Australia Act 1979 requires that appointees have been a judge of a federal, state or territory court, or that they have been enrolled as a legal practitioner for at least five years with either the High Court itself or with a state or territory Supreme Court. There are no other formal requirements.
The appointment process stands in stark contrast with the highly public selection and confirmation process for justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. While there are people who are critical of the secrecy of the process and who advocate a more public method for appointments, there are relatively few who dispute the quality of appointees. Three Chief Justices (Sir Adrian Knox, Sir John Latham and Sir Garfield Barwick) had previously been conservative politicians prior to their appointment. However, there is frequent criticism of Barwick's intervention in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, when he gave advice to Governor-General Sir John Kerr. On the other side of politics, Labor politicians Dr H. V. Evatt QC, Sir Edward McTiernan and Lionel Murphy QC were also appointed to the High Court; Murphy, Attorney-General in the Whitlam government, was criticised by the conservative side at the time of his appointment but after a decade in office had risen, on occasion, to the heights of Acting Chief Justice. His reputation was gravely damaged in 1985 after illegal police phone-tapping led to charges that he had attempted to pervert the course of justice. He was eventually acquitted of all charges.
|Name||State||Date appointed||Mandatory retirement||Appointing
|Previous judicial posting(s)||Education|
|Queensland||30 January 2017
(as Chief Justice)
4 September 2007
|17 January 2024||Sir Peter Cosgrove (as Chief Justice)
Michael Jeffery (as Justice)
|Malcolm Turnbull (Liberal, as Chief Justice)
John Howard (Liberal, as Justice)
|Supreme Court of Queensland
Federal Court of Australia
|Queensland Barristers' Admission Board|
University of Cambridge
|Virginia Bell||New South Wales||3 February 2009||7 March 2021||Dame Quentin Bryce||Kevin Rudd (Labor)||Supreme Court of New South Wales||University of Sydney|
|Stephen Gageler||New South Wales||9 October 2012||5 July 2028||Dame Quentin Bryce||Julia Gillard (Labor)||None; former Solicitor-General of Australia||Australian National University|
|Patrick Keane||Queensland||1 March 2013||26 October 2022||Dame Quentin Bryce||Julia Gillard (Labor)||Supreme Court of Queensland
Federal Court of Australia
|University of Queensland|
University of Oxford
|Geoffrey Nettle||Victoria||3 February 2015||2 December 2020||Sir Peter Cosgrove||Tony Abbott (Liberal)||Supreme Court of Victoria||Australian National University|
University of Melbourne
University of Oxford
|Michelle Gordon||Victoria||9 June 2015||19 November 2034||Sir Peter Cosgrove||Tony Abbott (Liberal)||Federal Court of Australia||University of Western Australia|
|James Edelman||Western Australia||30 January 2017||9 January 2044||Sir Peter Cosgrove||Malcolm Turnbull (Liberal)||Supreme Court of Western Australia
Federal Court of Australia
|University of Western Australia|
University of Oxford
The first three justices of the High Court were Chief Justice, Sir Samuel Griffith, Justice Sir Edmund Barton, and Justice Richard Edward O'Connor. There were a number of possible candidates for the first bench of the High Court. In addition to the eventual appointees, names which had been mentioned in the press included two future Justices of the court, Henry Higgins and Isaac Isaacs, along with Andrew Inglis Clark, Sir John Downer, Sir Josiah Symon and George Wise. (Crucially, all of the above had previously served as politicians, with only Griffith and Inglis Clark possessing both political and judicial experience.) Barton and O'Connor were both members of the federal parliament and both from the government benches; indeed Barton was Prime Minister. Each of the eventual appointees had participated in the drafting of the Constitution and had intimate knowledge of it. All three were described as conservative and their jurisprudence was very much influenced by English law, and in relation to the Constitution, by United States law.
In 1906, at the request of the Justices, two more seats were added to the bench, with Isaacs and Higgins the appointees. After O'Connor's death in 1912, an amendment to the Judiciary Act 1903 expanded the bench to seven. For most of 1930 two seats were left vacant due to monetary constraints placed on the court by the Depression. The economic downturn had also led to a reduction in litigation and consequently less work for the court. After Sir Isaac Isaacs retired in 1931, his seat was left empty, and in 1933 an amendment to the Judiciary Act officially reduced the number of seats to six. However, this led to some decisions being split three-all. With the appointment of William Webb in 1946, the number of seats returned to seven, and since then the court has had a full complement of seven Justices. As of 2015[update] there have been 52 Justices, twelve of whom have been Chief Justice.
Current Justices Susan Kiefel, Virginia Bell and Michelle Gordon are the third, fourth and fifth women to sit on the bench, after Justices Mary Gaudron and Susan Crennan. There are three women sitting concurrently on the bench, alongside four men. In 2017, Justice Kiefel became the first woman to be appointed Chief Justice.
More than half of the Justices, twenty-six, have been residents of New South Wales (with twenty-four of these graduates of Sydney Law School). Thirteen have been from Victoria, eight from Queensland and four from Western Australia. No Justices have been residents of South Australia, Tasmania or any of the territories. The majority of the Justices have been from Protestant backgrounds, with a smaller number from Catholic backgrounds. Sir Isaac Isaacs was of Polish/Jewish background and current Justice James Edelman is also Jewish: they have been the only representatives on the Court of any other faith. Many Justices have not indicated whether they have religious views.
Michael Kirby was the first openly gay justice in the history of the Court; his replacement, Virginia Bell, is the first lesbian, who has been an active campaigner for gay and lesbian rights and was one of the participants in the first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras in 1978.
Almost all judges on the High Court have taken silk as a Queen's Counsel (QC), King's Counsel (KC) or Senior Counsel (SC) before appointment. The exceptions are: Justice Sir Hayden Starke, Justices Sir Edward McTiernan, Sir William Webb, Sir Cyril Walsh, Michael Kirby, Robert French and James Edelman.
From the retirement of Ian Callinan in 2007 until the appointment of Stephen Gageler in 2012, every justice of the High Court had prior judicial experience (serving on state supreme courts or the Federal Court of Australia) for the only time in its history. Although 13 justices of the Court had previously served in state, colonial or federal Parliaments, no parliamentarian has been appointed to the Court since Lionel Murphy's appointment in 1975.
The Chief Justice and each of the justices engage associates to assist them in the exercise of their judicial functions. At present, all members of the High Court engage two associates for one-year terms. In addition, the Chief Justice is assisted by an employee of the library as a legal research officer. The role of the associate is broadly equivalent to that of a law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States. Depending on the judge, an associate's responsibilities will typically include legal research, assistance in preparation for oral arguments, tipping in court during oral argument, editing judgments and assisting with extrajudicial functions, such as speechwriting. Associates generally will have graduated with first class honours, at or near the top of their class, from a leading law school. Associates will typically also have research experience (and often experience working for a law firm or university or another court). Accordingly, competition for associate positions is very high with hundreds of applications being received annually.
|High Court of Australia building|
High Court building, viewed across Lake Burley Griffin
|Architectural style||Late Twentieth-Century Brutalist|
|Location||King Edward Tce, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,|
|Construction started||April 1975|
|Inaugurated||26 May 1980Queen Elizabeth IIby|
|Height||41 metres (135 ft)|
|Other dimensions||24-metre-high (79 ft) atrium|
|Design and construction|
|Architecture firm||Edwards Madigan Torzillo Briggs|
|Structural engineer||Miller Milston and Ferris|
|Quantity surveyor||DR Lawson and Associates|
|Main contractor||PDC Construction ACT Pty|
|Awards and prizes||Canberra Medallion, The Royal Australian Institute of Architects (1980)|
|Official name||High Court of Australia, King Edward Tce, Parkes, ACT, Australia|
|Criteria||A., E., F., G., H.|
|Designated||22 June 2004|
In the 1950s, Prime Minister Robert Menzies established a plan to develop Canberra and construct other important national buildings. A 1959 plan featured a new building for the High Court on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin, next to the location for the new Parliament House and the National Library of Australia. This plan was abandoned in 1968 and the location of the Parliament was moved, later settling on the present site on Capital Hill.:ch 4
In March 1968, the government announced that the court would move to Canberra.:ch 4 In 1972 an international competition was held attracting 158 entries. In 1973 the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo Briggs was declared the winner of the two-stage competition. Architect Chris Kringas was the Principal Designer and Director in charge working with Feiko Bouman. In March 1975, only one month before construction began, Kringas died, aged 38. Following his death, Feiko Bouman, Hans Marelli and Colin Madigan supervised the construction of the design. The constructed building is largely identical to the 1973 competition design.
Construction began in April 1975 on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Parliamentary Triangle. The site is just to the east of the axis running between Capital Hill and the Australian War Memorial. The High Court building houses three courtrooms, Justices' chambers, and the Court's main registry, library, and corporate services facilities. It is an unusual and distinctive structure, built in the brutalist style, and features an immense public atrium with a 24-metre-high (79 ft) roof. The neighbouring National Gallery was also designed by the firm of Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs. There are similarities between the two buildings in material and style but significant differences in architectural form and spatial concept. The building was completed in 1980 and the majority of the court's sittings have been held in Canberra since then. The High Court was awarded the Canberra Medallion by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1980. The building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II, on 26 May 1980. The Court and its Principal Registry were immediately transferred to the new building and the first sitting in this location took place in June 1980.
The building is primarily constructed from bush-hammered, in-situ, reinforced, off-white concrete as a monolithic structure. The bush-hammering is achieved by constructing the walls using formwork and hammering the concrete when the form work is removed. Large areas of glazing are supported on tubular steel frame structural back-ups. Careful attention has been paid to detailing and the use of controlled natural light in the courtrooms is noteworthy. Internal finishes are rich yet restrained. Flooring is aurisina stone, pirelli rubber or carpet. Wall finishes are concrete, plaster or timber panelling. Ceilings are plywood panelling, timber battened, plaster or concrete. Australian timber is used throughout the building.
Courtroom 1 is the main courtroom with an imposing timber panelled wall of red tulip oak from Queensland, 17.5 metres high. It also contains a long curved bench and bar table of jarrah timber. Blackwood panels are used in the ceiling. The Courtroom has a sound system reticulated to a room which accommodates court reporting services. It contains a woven tapestry incorporating the badges of the States and the Crest of the Commonwealth. Doors for each of the three courtrooms incorporate a special design, those of Courtroom No. 1 featuring a silvered bronze grid partly recessed and fixed into the laminated plate glass. The theme of the design is a shield, emphasising the Court's function as a protector of the Constitution and the liberties of the citizen. The door handles continue the emblematic design. Courtroom No. 2 is described as the "Working Courtroom", as it is the venue for the majority of hearings. It has similar wall panelling and fittings to No. 1 Courtroom, although the ceiling is of painted moulded plywood. Courtroom No 2 is also used for hearing applications for leave to appeal by video link. It therefore is fitted with special equipment for the transmission and reception of pictures and sound between the Courtroom and other cities in Australia. Courtroom No. 3 has been designed for cases which will be dealt with generally by a single Justice and is the smallest of the three courtrooms. It has a jury box so that a trial can be conducted on the rare occasions that such a case comes before the High Court. The Courtroom has been furnished with coachwood timber with a ceiling mainly of glass that provides a high level of natural lighting.
Specially commissioned art works complement the public hall as applied finishes or are integrated into the building's detailing. Included are the water feature designed by Robert Woodward, murals by Jan Senbergs forming an integral part of the public hall, doors at entry to Court 1 designed by Les Kossatz and George Baldessin and a wax mural by Bea Maddock in the public hall outside Courtroom 1. Photographic portraits of all Chief Justices and Justices who have sat on the Court since its inception are displayed along the wall outside Courtroom No. 1.
The building has been subject to critical acclaim:
With its recessed and projecting forms, the building exploits the plastic characteristics of reinforced concrete. The differing expressions of each facade arise from the internal functions and the external conditions. The building was designed to read clearly from across the lake to the north. The meticulous, hand-worked surfaces of both buildings demonstrate the craft-based attitude to concrete construction shown in Madigan's architecture. This is the most successful elevation and it has been enhanced by imaginative terracing and landscaping, in particular by a generous but gentle cascade that flows beside the pedestrian path to the forecourt.— Taylor, J. (1990). Australian Architecture since 1960. Royal Australian Institute of Architects. pp. 93–102.
The High Court makes itself generally available to the public through its own website. Judgment Alerts, available on the Court's website and by email with free subscription, provide subscribers with notice of upcoming judgments (normally a week beforehand) and, almost immediately after the delivery of a major judgment, with a brief summary of it (normally not more than one page). All of the Court's judgments, as well as transcripts of its hearings since 2009 and other materials, are made available, free of charge, through the Australasian Legal Information Institute. The Court has recently established on its website an "eresources" page, containing for each case its name, keywords, mentions of relevant legislation and a link to the full judgment; these links go to the original text from 2000 onward, scanned texts from 1948 to 1999 and facsimiles from the Commonwealth Law Reports for their first 100 volumes (1903 to 1959); there are also facsimiles of some unreported judgments (1906-2002). Since October 2013, audio-visual recordings of full-court hearings held in Canberra have been available on its website.
The High Court of Australia is the highest court of appeal
Recommendation 19–1. The Attorney-General should consult with the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade regarding the feasibility of terminating the treaty between Australia and Nauru, which provides for certain appeals to be brought to the High Court from the Supreme Court of Nauru. If termination is considered feasible, the Nauru (High Court Appeals) Act 1976 should be repealed.
|journal=(help) (2007) 31(2) Melbourne University Law Review 646.
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Kent State Professors Turn to Technology to Reduce Teen Stress
Have too much stress? There is an app for coping.
Researchers from Kent State University’s College of Arts and Sciences worked together to develop an app that not only measures stress levels in teenagers, but also teaches them how to manage anxiety.
The app gathers data in real time using two teen favorites: technology and music.
Angela Neal-Barnett, Ph.D., professor and director of the Program for Research on Anxiety Disorders Among-African Americans in Kent State’s Department of Psychological Sciences, and Arden Ruttan, Ph.D., professor in Kent State’s Department of Computer Science, employed the help of their students to bring the app to life.
“If you learn early how to manage your stress and anxiety, it makes a profound difference in your life going forward,” Neal-Barnett said.
She and her research team are testing the app at the Buchtel Community Learning Center in Akron, Ohio, with the help of eighth graders, including Michelli Phinnessee, who experiences stress and anxiety about her schoolwork.
“I’m worried about how my grades are going to be on my report card,” Phinnessee said.
To counteract stress, the teens are given iPods with the installed app. Kent State student researchers also visit the Buchtel Community Learning Center on a regular basis to work with the teens as a group.
Together, they talk about techniques that replace negative thoughts with positive ones in hopes of changing behaviors.
“It was a support for each other, a place to talk, get out their feelings and all their stress, turn it more positive and go in a different direction when they got angry and stressed,” said Kallie Petitti, a Kent State graduate student who is earning her master’s degree in the School Psychology Program in the College of Education, Health and Human Services.
USING POSITIVE KEYWORDS AND MUSIC
Before the teens open the app, they create positive keywords about who they want to be. They use those words to write their own theme song and record it on the app using a tune from their favorite artist. Some of the most popular artists chosen include Beyoncé and Pharrell Williams.
“Once the song is recorded, they can play it back, listen to it and ask if it’s what they really want to say,” Neal-Barnett said. “If it’s not the way they want it to sound, they might re-record, but they’re usually really happy with the way they recorded it.”
The app is designed to send push alerts to the teens encouraging them to take a survey, which measures their stress level. When the score is too high, the teens listen to their theme song and envision the positive person they want to be.
“They didn’t even know what stress was when we started,” said student researcher Leia Belt, who is majoring in psychology and sociology at Kent State. “By the end, they would say that when they felt stressed they would listen to their song and calm down. It made us feel good because it meant that we were really doing something.”
DEVELOPING THE APP
Developing the app was not a simple task. It started with an idea Neal-Barnett had about using music to teach teens how to change their thought process. She then approached Ruttan for help in integrating the technology. It took 16 weeks and two technically gifted students dedicated to making the app as functional as possible.
“They went out in the field,” Ruttan said. “They talked to the students. They made corrections to make the app easier to use. They were just completely involved. At some point, we just sat back and let them do the work.”
The data gathered allows researchers to see when and how often the teens are listening to their theme songs. Neal-Barnett says a follow-up survey also shows that the app is effective at helping the teens reduce their stress and anxiety.
REACHING MORE TEENAGERS
Neal-Barnett would like to use the technology to reach even more young people outside of the Buchtel Community Learning Center.
“We want to take this into the community, in after-school programs and churches, Boys & Girls Clubs,” Neal-Barnett said. “Wherever adolescents want to learn how to manage their stress more effectively, we intend to go.”
As for Phinnessee, she has advice for anyone dealing with stress.
“Keep going, don’t let stress stop you,” she said. “Everybody has it. It’s just the way you deal with it.”
The study is into its second year. It is funded by the Women’s Endowment Fund of the Akron Community Foundation. It is also sponsored by Kent State’s Division of Research and Sponsored Programs and the Applied Psychology Center.
More information about Kent State’s Department of Psychological Sciences may be found on their website.
For more information about managing stress, please review this article.
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Machine learns to read, write and invent handwritten characters like us
A new computer model learns to recognize and create handwritten characters just as well as people, and can even invent new characters that look correct to the human eye.
The model learned to recognize 1,600 types of handwritten characters in 50 alphabets including Latin, Greek and Sanskrit. To build it, researchers used a new framework called Bayesian Program Learning that imitates the way that humans learn.
“The ultimate learning machines are humans,” says Ruslan Salakhutdinov (University of Toronto), a senior fellow in CIFAR’s program in Learning in Machines & Brains (formerly known as Neural Computation & Adaptive Perception). He co-authored the paper in Science describing the new research, along with Joshua Tenenbaum (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and lead author Brenden Lake (New York University).
Humans can see an example of something — say a car — only once, and immediately learn a great deal about it. They can classify it in a category of objects they already know, such as bikes and motorcycles, draw what it looks like and understand its components, such as wheels and doors. By contrast, it takes hundreds or thousands of examples for a computer to learn to recognize and classify an object in an image.
Lake, who is a cognitive scientist and a computer scientist, noticed that humans were also excellent at learning and reproducing hand-written characters with only one example, even when the characters were in an unfamiliar script such as Tibetan. He found people could also invent new characters with similar styles easily.
“People are very creative. It’s very hard for machines to do that,” says Salakhutdinov. Bayesian Program Learning tries to mimic that ability, in part by incorporating prior knowledge in order to learn new concepts. For example, the model can learn that in handwriting people tend to write in short, unbroken strokes. Building on that knowledge, it learns to recognize new concepts about writing in other languages and generate new examples.
For instance, the model might first learn only how to generate a simple stroke, Then it can build on that ability to combine strokes. Based on what it learns, the model generates hypotheses about what characters look like and how each stroke leads to the next.
The approach drastically shortens the number of examples needed to learn a hand-written character.
The researchers also tested the model’s knowledge by comparing its outputs to humans’ and asking judges to tell them apart. Three quarters of the judges had difficulty telling the difference between the computer-generated characters and the human-drawn ones.
Salakhutdinov was a PhD student of CIFAR Distinguished Fellow Geoffrey Hinton (University of Toronto). They co-authored a seminal machine learning paper a decade ago describing an algorithm that learned handwritten numerals through thousands of training examples. That model used an approach called deep learning, which is now in use by major companies such as Google, Microsoft and Baidu.
The new model performed better than recent deep learning models, but Salakhutdinov says there could be ways of integrating them to improve performance even more. The main difference is that deep learning is “data hungry,” he says, requiring thousands of examples, whereas Bayesian Program Learning tries to learn from prior knowledge and incorporate creativity.
He says applications could include speech recognition that is more human. Current speech recognition models struggle to learn rare words. Salakhutdinov gives the example of the word “Darth Vader.” The first time a person hears it, they may learn some context about where it comes from, but after that they will recognize it and connect it with Star Wars. An algorithm that could learn like that would have a much better vocabulary.
“Imagine that you are building a robot that can roll around and learn tens of thousands of different concepts. It needs to learn just like kids do — the first time they see something, they learn it.”
Just as kids quickly learn what a high five means, a robot built successfully to learn this way could recognize gestures upon first encounter too. So your hypothetical robot could discuss the next Star Wars movie and give you a high five when you buy the tickets.
One of today’s most exciting areas of artificial intelligence research focuses on “deep learning”. This case study outlines the critical...
By Yoshua BengioJune 1 2016 Computers generated a great deal of excitement in the 1950s when they began to beat...
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Egyptian Trail Question 2
Read carefully to access Question 3
Ancient Egypt lasted for thousands of years and it existed concurrently (at the same time as) with lots of other civilisations such as Ancient Sumer, Indus Valley, the Shang Dynasty, the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans. Because Ancient Egypt existed at the same time as these other civilisations, they had contact with many of them through trade and war. The pyramids that Egypt is famous for were built in the earlier part of its history, from around 2630 BC to around 1525 BC. The timeline above starts at 3100 BC when Egypt came together and ends in 322 BC when Alexander the Great (a Macedonian/Greek general) invaded Egypt and it started becoming more Greek.
Question 2: Which word means 'living at the same time as'?
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The esophagus is a tube that functions as a conduit for food once it is chewed and swallowed. Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor of the esophagus. There are two main types of esophageal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Barrett's esophagus is a precursor condition to esophageal carcinoma — specifically, adenocarcinoma.
The specialists in the Center for Advanced Digestive Care (CADC) of NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center are experienced in diagnosing and treating esophageal cancer. Our interdisciplinary team includes gastrointestinal specialists in endoscopy, radiology, surgery, and oncology who work together to provide each patient with coordinated, advanced, and individualized care. The team includes experts with specialized training in advanced interventional endoscopy, which can be used to diagnose, stage, and treat esophageal cancer, as well as upper GI and thoracic surgical specialists, all of whom work together in esophageal case conferences to discuss the best treatment option for each patient.
Our team is also conducting clinical research assessing novel therapies to raise the survival rate for esophageal cancer and improve patients' prognosis. Patients may have opportunities to participate in clinical trials of promising new approaches.
Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer can be associated with a variety of symptoms, including:
- Difficulty swallowing solid or liquid materials (dysphagia)
- Vomiting of blood
- Chest pain/discomfort
- Regurgitation of food
- Weight loss
- Anemia (low blood count)
Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer can be diagnosed by your gastroenterologist using the following tests:
- Barium swallow — this test involves swallowing a liquid that can be seen on x-rays as it goes down the esophagus.
- Chest CT scan — this test involves a radiologist taking an image of the esophagus and chest to visualize the tumor and also to see if cancer has spread.
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) — a gastroenterologist uses a fiber optic instrument (scope) to see the inside of the esophagus and take tissue samples of any abnormal tissue.
- Endoscopic ultrasound — this test is used to see how deeply a cancer has grown (invaded) and to see if it has spread to other places in the chest (see below for more information).
- PET scan — an imaging test used to help stage esophageal cancer.
- Probe-based confocal endomicroscopy — a small microscope is used to analyze cells within the wall of the esophagus to determine if they are normal or precancerous; tissue may be immediately removed through the endoscope for further examination. The CADC is one of few centers offering this highly specialized approach.
Treatment of Esophageal Cancer
The CADC offers the full range of treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer. Therapy depends on the size, location, and extent of growth of the esophageal cancer and may include endoscopic techniques or surgery. Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor, or after surgery to kill any remaining tumor cells.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
CADC physicians increasingly use endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to help diagnose and stage esophageal cancer. It is performed using an endoscope with an ultrasound probe at the tip. The test is used to help see the tumor, determine its depth, and see if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or invaded surrounding organs or vessels.
EUS is beneficial for providing additional information about esophageal cancer and can aid the planning of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatment. If abnormal lymph nodes are found, they can also be sampled and sent to a pathologist to determine if they contain cancerous cells.
Insertion of a stent into the esophagus
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a technique use to remove small superficial cancers. Prior to EMR, your gastroenterologist can perform endoscopic ultrasound to be certain the cancer is superficial. These decisions are also made in conjunction with a thoracic surgeon.
Removal of the superficial cancer with EMR is accomplished by placing a small rubber band around the tissue after it has been suctioned into a cap at the end of the endoscope. Once the area of concern has been banded, a "snare" is inserted and closed around the tissue. Electrocautery (heat) is then applied through the metal snare to cut the tissue out of the esophagus. The area is then allowed to heal, and in a few weeks, it is re-inspected with upper endoscopy and biopsied to ensure that all abnormal tissue has been removed.
The CADC offers cryotherapy, a novel endoscopic procedure used to help treat superficial cancers of the esophagus that cannot be removed through other means. Cryotherapy involves the use of a super-cooled liquid or gas to freeze abnormal cells. In some cases, cryotherapy can be used to help treat bleeding from esophageal tumors.
A stent may be inserted in the esophagus to enhance swallowing
In some patients, an esophageal tumor can prevent the swallowing of solid and/or liquid foods. In these cases, esophageal stenting can be performed. It involves the use of an endoscope and x-rays to help place a metal stent across the esophageal tumor and helps to force the tumor up against the wall of the esophagus.
The stent has a hollow center that permits the passage of pureed foods and liquids into the stomach so the patient can still eat and get nutrition. The placement of a stent does not interfere with the patient's ability to have chemotherapy or radiation treatment. In some cases, the stent can later be removed if the disease responds to treatment. For more about esophageal stenting, visit Advanced Interventional Endoscopy.
Esophageal Cancer Surgery
Surgical removal of esophageal cancer remains a major treatment option for many patients. Your doctor may have you see a thoracic surgeon to consider minimally invasive surgery or more comprehensive surgery to remove a portion (or all) of the esophagus (an operation called esophagectomy). NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell's upper GI and thoracic surgeons are highly skilled in the range of surgical techniques. Depending on the stage of the esophageal cancer, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may also be used before or after surgery.
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- The 5 identified forms of viral hepatitis affect about 400 million people worldwide.
- The viral hepatitis pandemic is responsible for an estimated 1.4 million deaths per year. 47% are attributable to hepatitis B virus and 48% to hepatitis C virus.
- Viral hepatitis A and E are food- and water-borne infections that can result in acute outbreaks in communities with unsafe water and poor sanitation.
- More than 95% of people living with chronic hepatitis don’t know they have it.
- In 2015, less than 1% of people with chronic hepatitis infection were receiving treatment.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Acute infection of some types of hepatitis can lead to chronic infection, potentially causing liver diseases including cirrhosis and cancer. It can be developed as a result of alcoholism or medications, but is most commonly caused by viral infection. Five distinct hepatitis viruses have been identified: A, B, C, D and E. Together they affect about 400 million people worldwide. Hepatitis A, B, and C are the most commons types.
Hepatitis B and C, which can lead to chronic hepatitis, are particularly prevalent. They are leading causes of liver cancer, liver cirrhosis and mortality1,2,3. Cirrhosis due to hepatitis is one of the main reasons for liver transplants2.
The means of transmission differs according to the type of viral hepatitis (see chart). Vaccines are available for HAV and HBV; otherwise hygiene and education contribute to prevention. During the acute phase, hepatitis may cause “flu-like” symptoms (e.g. nausea, vomiting), jaundice, white stools, and dark urine. Yet viral hepatitis is largely asymptomatic nature, so most people don’t know they are affected. That’s why viral hepatitis is called a “silent epidemic”.
Means of potential viral hepatitis transmission
|Food and water contamination||most common||no||no||HDV infection is linked to HBV infection.||most common|
|Blood e.g. through transfusion; contaminated instruments in healthcare settings; sharing needles among drug users||no||yes||yes||rare|
|Sex with an infected person||rare||yes||yes||rare|
Hepatitis can be difficult to diagnose because it can be asymptomatic or symptoms may be non-specific.
- Non-specific or absent symptoms (90% of cases):
- pain in right hypochondrium - fever
- nausea and vomiting - arthralgia
- Specific symptom (≤ 10% of cases)4:
- icterus (jaundice)
- Severe form: fulminant hepatitis
- clinical signs: hepatic encephalopathy
- biological signs: prothrombin level (< 50%) ; transaminase level not correlated with the severity of fulminant hepatitis
When a patient is suspected to have hepatitis knowing their background often helps clinicians orient their diagnosis.1,2 People at higher risk include:
- HIV-infected individuals are at higher risk of both hepatitis B and C. An estimated ¼ of HIV-infected people in the US are also HCV-infected2
- Men who have sex with men2
- Injection drug-users2
- People in healthcare facilities and correctional facilities2
- Healthcare workers2
- Most people from low-resource countries will contract hepatitis A in childhood1,2
- Asians and Pacific Islanders are at higher risk of hepatitis B2
Because the different types of hepatitis cause similar symptoms during the acute phase, serological tests are important to determine the type of virus and when it was contracted. Once the serology results have been obtained (and possibly a liver biopsy performed to evaluate severity),appropriate treatment and management measures can be implemented.
Viral Hepatitis: Quick Guide to Serologic Markers
HBsAg / Anti-HBc, then HBe Ag / Anti-HBe
|Prenatal HBV screening||B||
HBsAg: if HBsAg + :
• Mother: monitored for HBe Ag / Anti-HBe and
• Newborn: quantitative anti-HBs after vaccination
Pre-vaccination: Quantitative Anti-HBs Total
• if - → vaccinate
• if + → quantitative HBsAg / Anti-HBc Total Post-vaccination: quantitative anti-HBs Total
Patient > 30 years: Total anti-HAV
• if - → vaccinate
Prevention / Treatment
The incidence of viral hepatitis is not distributed equally around the world. This is mainly due to lack of access to prevention measures in low-resource populations and countries. For this reason, the WHO global policy for the prevention and control of viral hepatitis aims to tailor responses to the specific national or regional context3. In general, this falls into alignment with essential global health strategies. For hepatitis, the most important prevention strategies are universal access to childhood vaccination for hepatitis B; improved hygiene and practices in and out of the healthcare setting; and screening.
Vaccination: Effective vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B2,3. The vaccine for HBV also protects against HDV, since HDV only affects populations already infected with HBV.
- Universal vaccination in childhood is showing very good results in containing the number ofHBV infections.
- Vaccination is helping to reduce mother-to-child transmissions (principal transmission for HBV)
- Awareness and vaccination programs are also part of reducing the spread among adults, in particular at-risk groups. Vaccination is compulsory for some at-risk groups in some countries
Hygiene: Proper hygiene is an important prevention method for all types of viral hepatitis. This includes:
- Clean drinking water and hygienic food handling
- Proper hand washing
- Safer sex
- Injection drug users: not sharing needles and needle exchange programs
- Health-care settings: fundamental infection control measures; aseptic techniques; no reuse of needles and syringes; safe injection practices
Screening: Screening of people in at-risk populations and of blood products is helping to reduce the spread of hepatitis2,3.
Treatment for the various types of hepatitis varies greatly, as does treatment of acute versus chronic illness.
Usually resolves on its own. Treatment of symptoms includes rest and elimination of alcohol.
Acute HBV infection is not usually treated in immunocompetent adults, as it should resolve naturally.
Current treatments for chronic HBV5:
- Pegylated Interferon alpha (Peg-IFN)
- Nucleotides analogues (NAs):
- First line: Entecavir (ETV), Tenofovir( TDF)
- Second line: Adefovir, Telbivudine, Lamivudine
- Liver transplant can be considered for decompensated cirrhosis
- Therapeutic monitoring recommended during, at the end of treatment, and at a period after end of treatment
No specific treatment for acute HCV.
Reference treatment for chronic HCV6:
- Genotype 1 (60% patients) Pegylated-interferon-α + ribavirin + Direct Antiviral Agent (Boceprévir or Telaprévir)
- Other genotypes: Peg IFN + ribavirin
- Treatment duration: 48 weeks for genotype 1, 24 weeks for other genotypes
- Intermediate criterion to determine therapeutic efficacy: sustained viral response
- Duration and efficacy of therapy depends on the genotype
- Treatment monitoring should be done:
- At T0 before starting therapy,
- Regularly after several weeks of therapy, generally at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, etc.
- Depending on genotype, drugs, viral response
- New triple therapy treatments to become available in 20147:
- PegIFN + RBV+ Sofosbuvir or Simeprevir
- PegIFN-free regimens will also be available in 20147:
No specific treatment for acute HDV. See prevention and treatment of its helper virus, HBV.
Generally, no specific treatment for acute HEV, although treatment with Ribavirin may be effective. For immunocompromised patient, immunosuppressive treatment may be lowered. Otherwise, treatment is usually focused on relieving signs and symptoms.
- WHO Guidelines on hepatitis B and C testing. 2017.
- WHO: Global policy report on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in WHO member states. 2013.
- WHO: Guidance on prevention of viral hepatitis B and C among people who inject drugs. 2012.
- CDC: Recommendations for Routine Testing and Vaccination for Chronic Hepatitis B virus Infection. 2008.
- CDC: Recommended Testing Sequence for Identifying Current Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection. 2013
- American Association for the Study of Liver Disease/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis. 14.02.2014
- World Gastroenterology Organisation Practice Guideline for Hepatitis B. 2015.
- EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection
- European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatitis C virus infection. 2013.
- Health Protection Agency (UK). Guidance for the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis A Infection. 2009.
1) WHO fact sheets: Hepatitis A (No 328), B (No204), and C (No 164), July 2013
2) CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/
3) WHO: Global policy report on the prevention and control of viral hepatitis in WHO member states. July 2013.
4) Lefrère JJ, Lunel F, Marcellin P, Pawlotsky JM, Zarski JP. Guide pratique des hépatites virales. MMI Ed, Paris, 1998.
This Site is Not a Source of Medical Advice
The Healthcare Content of this Site is presented in summary form, is general in nature, and is provided for informational purposes only. It is not intended nor recommended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the Healthcare Content of this Site for diagnosing a health or fitness problem or disease. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider regarding any medical condition or treatment. Nothing contained on this Site is intended to be for medical diagnosis or treatment. It should not be used by physicians as a single source of information for making prescribing decisions. Never disregard medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this Site.
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Washington: Scientists have discovered a natural substance in dairy fat that may substantially reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
The compound, trans-palmitoleic acid, is a fatty acid found in milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter. It is not produced by the body and so only comes from the diet.
Investigators at the Harvard School of Public Health and collaborators from other institutions explain that trans-palmitoleic acid may underlie epidemiological evidence in recent years that diets rich in dairy foods are linked to lower risk of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities.
The HSPH researchers examined 3,736 participants in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded Cardiovascular Health Study, who have been followed for 20 years in an observational study to evaluate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in older adults.
Metabolic risk factors such as blood glucose and insulin levels, and also levels of circulating blood fatty acids, including trans-palmitoleic acid, were measured using stored blood samples in 1992, and participants were followed for development of type 2 diabetes.
During follow-up, individuals with higher circulating levels of trans-palmitoleic acid had a much lower risk of developing diabetes compared to individuals in the lowest quintile.
The study appeared in the December 21, issue of Annals of Internal Medicine.
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Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as global warming.
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record—extending deep into the Earth’s past—has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change.
On the broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the Sun and the rate at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and climate of Earth. This energy is distributed around the globe by winds, ocean currents, and other mechanisms to affect the climates of different regions.
Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or “forcing mechanisms”. These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth’s orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond more slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly. There are also key threshold factors which when exceeded can produce rapid change.
Arctic sea ice loss
The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change. Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. It covers millions of square miles in the polar regions, varying with the seasons. In the Arctic, some sea ice remains year after year, whereas almost all Southern Ocean or Antarctic sea ice melts away and reforms annually. Satellite observations show that Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 13.3 percent per decade, relative to the 1981 to 2010 average.
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Last Friday, we hosted a mini-exhibition for our parents so they could view some of the self-portrait work we've been doing as part of our inquiry into how 'Who we are is shaped by the people around us'. We were so excited to share our pieces, as well as some other works of art and different projects around our classroom. Thanks to everyone who joined us!
Here are our reflections from the event which we completed this week:
There are many ways of making meaning and representing thinking, and oral language is one of them. Through our Philosophy for Children sessions, children gain confidence and skills in expressing themselves through oral language, also developing their capacities as respectful listeners.
After creating watercolour portraits of our families last week, we sat in a circle to discuss the following question: Why do you think families are important? As with all of our philosophy sessions, we lit a candle in the middle of our circle to help us concentrate and be peaceful.
As part of our 'Who We Are' unit of inquiry, we have been exploring who we each are as individuals through the line of inquiry 'Who I Am'. Since the beginning of the year, we have been investigating our physical features, likes, dislikes, and favourite things and activities and have worked on representing these in different ways. Recently we have been making connections between our unique selves and the people around us, including friends and family.
We practiced sketching what we saw with pencil and charcoal.
We spent many days continuing to study, describe, and discuss the features of our faces. We found similarities and differences between our physical features and learned new words to describe ourselves. We then represented this knowledge in a different way, using the digital tool Make a Face from ABCYa!
Next we spent time exploring and representing our whole bodies, experimenting with clay and clay tools as "languages" for self-expression.
For several weeks, we used our varieties of self-portraits as provocations for self-description and analysis. We used the physical pieces to explore more conceptual understandings, like individuality and personal preference.
Finally, we worked on combining the information and ideas we had explored through self-portraits in one final piece: a whole body representation. One morning we took turns tracing our bodies on big pieces of white paper. These tracings became canvases for us to document what we now knew about our physical features, personal preferences, and connections to family. Our collage approach demonstrated the interconnection between these things and how all these aspects combine together to make us 'Who We Are'.
As our unit of inquiry continues, we have also continued to add to our whole body representations, always deepening and extending our understandings of 'Who We Are' and how the people around us play a role in shaping this.
On Friday we participated in our very first Sports Day! It was a hot, hot day, but we braved the heat and had lots of fun running in a race and playing the games in our activity rotations. Thanks to all the families who came out to support us!
After we had collected all of the love hearts and peace signs, we brought them back to our classroom. We started to talk about how some of them were the same and some were different. First we sorted them into 2 groups: hearts and peace signs. Then we noticed that these symbols were different colours, so we sorted them into 4 groups: pink hearts; red hearts; peace signs with green, blue, pink and purple; and peace signs with yellow, pink, blue, and orange. We are becoming very good sorters!
For the last two weeks our Star Name has been Mana. We learned more about Mana through our Star Name interview. We have explored the letters in her name, learning their sounds and formations. We played with this knowledge in different ways, including forming letters with play dough, writing the letters with chalk and acting out the sounds. As we become more familiar with our friends' names we are becoming more and more excited about writing and more confident with letter and sound identification.
We are a group of Kindergarten 1 students at an IB World School in Singapore. Our teacher is Miss Alison. Follow us on our blog and Twitter to see how much we're learning and growing!
More Blogs to Follow at ISS:
Elementary Principal (Mr. Pinchbeck)
ISS Phys Ed (Mr. Nathan)
ISS Art Factory (Ms. Caz)
ISS Music (Ms. Stacey)
ISS Mandarin (Ms. Linda)
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Scientists identify key genes for increasing oil content in plant leaves
Scientists at the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE)'s Brookhaven National Laboratory have identified the key genes required for oil production and accumulation in plant leaves and other vegetative plant tissues. Enhancing expression of these genes resulted in vastly increased oil content in leaves, the most abundant sources of plant biomass—a finding that could have important implications for increasing the energy content of plant-based foods and renewable biofuel feedstocks. The research is described in two publications in The Plant Journal and Plant Cell.
"If we can transfer this strategy to crop plants being used to generate renewable energy or to feed livestock, it would significantly increase their energy content and nutritional values," said Brookhaven biochemist Changcheng Xu, who led the research. The experiments were carried out in large part by Xu's group members Jilian Fan and Chengshi Yan.
Think about it in the familiar terms of calories: Oil is twice as energy-dense as carbohydrates, which make up the bulk of leaves, stems, and other vegetative plant matter. "If you want to cut calories from your diet, you cut fat and oils. Conversely, if you want to increase the caloric output of your biofuel or feed for livestock, you want more oil," said Xu.
But plants don't normally store much oil in their leaves and other vegetative tissues. In nature, oil storage is the job of seeds, where the energy-dense compounds provide nourishment for developing plant embryos. The idea behind Xu's studies was to find a way to "reprogram" plants to store oil in their more abundant forms of biomass.
The first step was to identify the genes responsible for oil production in vegetative plant tissues. Though oil isn't stored in these tissues, almost all plant cells have the capacity to make oil. But until these studies, the pathway for oil biosynthesis in leaves was unknown.
"Many people assumed it was similar to what happens in seeds, but we tried to look also at different genes and enzymes," said Xu.
Unraveling the genes
The scientists used a series of genetic tricks to test the effects of overexpressing or disabling genes that enable cells to make certain enzymes involved in oil production. Pumping up the factors that normally increase oil production in seeds had no effect on oil production in leaves, and one of these, when overexpressed in leaves, caused growth and developmental problems in the plants. Altering the expression of a different oil-producing enzyme, however, had dramatic effects on leaf oil production.
"If you knock out (disable) the gene for an enzyme known as PDAT, it doesn't affect oil synthesis in seeds or cause any problems to plants, but it dramatically decreases oil production and accumulation in leaves," Xu said. In contrast, overexpressing the gene for PDAT—that is, getting cells to make more of this enzyme—resulted in a 60-fold increase in leaf oil production.
An important observation was that the excess oil did not mix with cellular membrane lipids, but was found in oil droplets within the leaf cells. These droplets were somewhat similar to those found in seeds, only much, much larger. "It was as if many small oil droplets like those found in seeds had fused together to form huge globules," Xu said.
Bigger droplets may seem better, but they're not, explained Xu. Oil in these oversized droplets is easily broken down by other enzymes in the cells. In seeds, he said, oil droplets are coated with a protein called oleosin, which prevents the droplets from fusing together, keeping them smaller while also protecting the oil inside. What would happen in leaves, the scientists wondered, if they activated the gene for oleosin along with PDAT?
The result: Overexpression of the two genes together resulted in a 130-fold increase in production of leaf oil compared with control plants. This time the oil accumulated in large clusters of tiny oleosin-coated oil droplets.
Identifying the mechanism
Next the scientists used radio-labeled carbon (C-14) to decipher the biochemical mechanism by which PDAT increases oil production. They traced the uptake of C-14-labeled acetate into fatty acids, the building blocks of membrane lipids and oils. These studies showed that PDAT drastically increased the rate at which these fatty acids were made.
Then the scientists decided to test the effects of overexpressing the newly identified oil-increasing genes (PDAT and oleosin) in a variant of test plants that already had an elevated rate of fatty acid synthesis. In this case, the genetic boost resulted in even greater oil production and accumulation—170-fold compared with control plants—to the point where oil accounted for nearly 10% of the leaf's dry weight.
"That potentially equals almost twice the oil yield, by weight, that you can get from canola seeds, which right now is one of the highest oil-yielding crops used for food and biodiesel production," said Xu. Burning plant biomass with such energy density to generate electricity would release 30 to 40% more energy, and the nutritional value of feed made from such energy-dense biomass would also be greatly enhanced.
"These studies were done in laboratory plants, so we still need to see if this strategy would work in bioenergy or feed crops," said Xu. "And there are challenges in finding ways to extract oil from leaves so it can be converted to biofuels. But our research provides a very promising path to improving the use of plants as a source of feed and feedstocks for producing renewable energy," he said.
Xu is now collaborating with Brookhaven biochemist John Shanklin to explore the potential effect of overexpressing these key genes on oil production in dedicated biomass crops such as sugarcane.
Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory
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Cbse Class 8 English Grammar Ncrt Direct Download speed 4787 Kb/s
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An expert in sustainable development from De Montfort University Leicester (DMU) has helped create a crucial UN report into making world cities as sustainable as possible.
Dr Obas John Ebohon was elected by the UN to oversee the compilation of the 2016 World Cities Report, which looks how the expansion of cities can be carried out in an environmentally-sound way.
Dr Ebohon, a Reader in Energy and Sustainable Development at DMU, has extensive knowledge and of the ways the built environment can be designed to be more sustainable and therefore, how cities can be expanded with minimum impact on the natural environment.
The report has been released ahead of the Habitat III conference, which is taking place in Ecuador this month and at which urbanists, mayors and national leaders from around the world will try and agree on policy which can address the challenges of city expansion and globalisation.
This is the third of the Habitat conference series, which is held every 20 years to track and create sustainable city growth across the world.
Because, as Dr Ebohon said, more and more of the world’s population is living in cities or urban areas.
He said: “Right now, around 54% of the people on earth live in urban areas. We expect that by 2030, that figure will be more like 90%.
“Cities are engines of growth, so for developing economies, like those of Africa, or Asia, the concentration of movement will be ever more into cities.
“The question then becomes how we can accommodate this without destroying the natural environment. Can we build up, into the sky, or below, into the ground, while retaining essential farmland and rural areas?”
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The report finds that while well-managed and sustainable urban development is possible, the majority of cities are unprepared for the likely growth – and unsustainable - and that a new agenda needs to be agreed by leaders across the world at both local and national level.
It is a discussion about this new agenda which the Habitat III conference hopes to foster.
Dr Ebohon said: “I have learned a lot from helping compile this report. There is a divide between academics like myself and the people who this work needs to connect with.
“We have made this report as accessible as possible, in the hope that it can be relevant and understood at all levels, because we need to engage everybody in the creation of this policy.
“It will not work to have a few people telling others what to do. It needs to be something all people want to do.”
Posted on Thursday 20th October 2016
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A recent study has identified that a braking mechanism in the brain, which swings into effect can make us tired when exercising.
What may be occurring is what is referred to as 'central fatigue,' said researchers.
"Our discovery is helping to shed light on the paradox which has long been the subject of discussion by researchers," said Associate Professor Jean-Francois Perrier from the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, who has spearheaded the new research.
"We have always known that the neurotransmitter serotonin is released when you exercise, and indeed, it helps us to keep going. However, the answer to what role the substance plays in relation to the fact that we also feel so exhausted we have to stop has been eluding us for years. We can now see it is actually a surplus of serotonin that triggers a braking mechanism in the brain. In other words, serotonin functions as an accelerator but also as a brake when the strain becomes excessive," said Jean-Francois Perrier.
He hopes that mapping the mechanism that prompts central fatigue will be useful in several ways.
Central fatigue is a phenomenon that has been known for about 80 years; it is a sort of tiredness, which, instead of affecting the muscles, hits the brain and nervous system.
By conducting scientific experiments, it is possible to observe and measure that the brain sends insufficient signals to the muscles to keep going, which in turn means that we are unable to keep performing. This makes the mechanism behind central fatigue an interesting area in the battle against doping, and it is for this reason that Anti Doping Danmark has also helped fund the group's research.
"In combating the use of doping, it is crucial to identify which methods athletes can use to prevent central fatigue and thereby continue to perform beyond what is naturally possible. And the best way of doing so is to understand the underlying mechanism," said Jean-Francois Perrier.
The brain communicates with our muscles using so-called motoneurons. In several diseases, motoneurons are hyperactive. This is true, for example, of people suffering from spasticity and cerebral palsy, who are unable to control their movements.
Jean-Francois Perrier therefore hopes that, in the long term, this new knowledge can also be used to help develop drugs against these symptoms and to find out more about the effects of antidepressants.
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What Does Stress Testing Mean?
Stress testing refers to the testing of software or hardware to determine whether its performance is satisfactory under any extreme and unfavorable conditions, which may occur as a result of heavy network traffic, process loading, underclocking, overclocking and maximum requests for resource utilization.
Most systems are developed under the assumption of normal operating conditions. Thus, even if a limit is crossed, errors are negligible if the system undergoes stress testing during development.
Techopedia Explains Stress Testing
Stress testing is used in the following contexts:
- Software: Stress testing emphasizes availability and error handling under extremely heavy loads to ensure software does not crash due to insufficient resources. Software stress testing focuses on identified transactions to break transactions, which are heavily stressed during testing, even when a database has no load. The stress testing process loads concurrent users beyond normal system levels to find the system's weakest link.
- Hardware: Stress testing ensures stability in normal computing environments.
- Websites: Stress testing determines the limitations of any of the site's functionalities.
- CPU: Modifications such as overvolting, undervolting, underlocking and overlocking are verified to determine whether they can withstand heavy loads by running a CPU-intensive program to test for system crashes or hangs. CPU stress testing is also known as torture testing.
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Posted 19 December 2013
A postgraduate researcher at Harper Adams University has set up a long-term trial to investigate the effect of farm traffic and tillage on crop yields, soil structure and energy requirements of agricultural production systems.
Emily Smith, who is currently in the final year of her PhD ‘Investigating the interaction of traffic and tillage on soil, crop and energy parameters’, has been working within a team of researchers at the university near Newport, Shropshire, over the past two years to establish plot trials and gather data.
Agricultural machinery currently causes a lot of damage to soil, and this impacts on a farmer’s ability to produce crops.
The use of appropriate systems, both traffic and tillage, to reduce soil degradation and increase efficiency is essential in terms of future sustainability.
The trial set up by Emily is looking at three traffic systems – random traffic farming, low ground pressure and controlled traffic farming - and three tillage systems – deep tillage, shallow tillage and zero tillage.
Funded by the Douglas Bomford Trust and the university, the research is being supported by links with several industrial contacts including Michelin, AGCO Challenger and Vaderstad.
Since the start of the work Harper Adams has welcomed team members from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Brazil and Greece.
25-year-old Emily, from near Pershore, Worcestershire, said: “In February 2013 several members of the Harper Adams team travelled to Australia to attend the first International Controlled Traffic Farming Conference in Queensland.
“This gave me the opportunity to present the work being done at Harper Adams on the international stage and create links with researchers and farmers around the world.
“The trip to Australia provided an opportunity not only to attend the conference but also to travel around several farms to see how they produce their crops, the machinery they use, the problems they encounter and solutions that they have come up with.
“It was a fantastic opportunity to experience farming in very different conditions to those that we experience here in the UK.”
Back at Harper Adams, the second year of the trial has just begun following a challenging 2011/2012 season due to the weather.
“We were in the same situation as the majority of UK farmers last year, the heavy rainfall made it extremely difficult to get the crop into the ground,” added Emily, who has a BSc (Hons) Geography and Environmental Management degree from the University of Exeter.
“A year on it was a lot easier. We had a very good harvest this year compared to last year and the next crop is in and growing well already.
“The aim of this work is to find the most suitable traffic and tillage system to improve agricultural production systems.
“At the moment we need funding to continue the trial as we want it to run for 10 years to further understand the difference in the tillage systems.
“If we get funding for a postdoctoral I will continue to be involved in the trial and will hopefully see it through to the end.
“The trial will enable us to gather data to back up educating farmers into how they can better manage their soils. With changing demands farmers need to rethink how they do this.”
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Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more of your joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age.
Exercise is crucial for people with arthritis. It increases strength and flexibility, reduces joint pain, and helps combat fatigue. But with stiff and painful joints, exercise might not seem doable.
Here are some tips to protect your joints, and ease your pain and stiffness, with an arthritis exercise program.
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Communities across the country are banning the tradition of burning autumn leaves – and for good reason. That pile of burning leaves could trigger a serious asthma attack.
Even small fires release a large amount of air pollution that can aggravate respiratory problems. These toxic fumes can aggravate allergies, trigger asthma attacks, corrode metal siding and paint, and release dioxin that causes cancer. A study from the American Lung Association found that a pound of burning leaves produces significantly more air pollution than a pound of coal burned in a plant. Backyard air pollution is also at breathing level, rather than high up in the air.
In this case, the eco-friendly solution is also the easiest: Forget raking! Simply leave the leaves on the ground and run over them with a lawnmower. The mulched leaves will supply nutrients to your lawn. You could also start a compost pile with raked leaves.
If you have asthma, see Dealing with Asthma to learn how to eliminate common indoor asthma triggers.
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Math is an important feature in any scripting language. Math support in a language includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, of course, but extends into more advanced mathematical operations. So it should not surprise you that PowerShell provides a strong suite of mathematical and calculation-oriented features.
Since PowerShell provides full access to its scripting language from the command line, this keeps a powerful and useful command-line calculator always at your fingertips! In addition to its support for traditional mathematical operations, PowerShell also caters to system administrators by working natively with concepts such as megabytes and gigabytes, simple statistics (such as sum and average), and conversions between bases.
You want to use PowerShell to calculate simple mathematical results.
Use PowerShell’s arithmetic operators:
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
Assignment variations of the previously listed operators
Precedence/order of operations
For a detailed description of these mathematical operators, see Simple Operators.
One difficulty in many programming languages comes from the way that they handle data in variables. For example, this C# snippet stores the value of 1 in the result variable, when the user probably wanted the result to hold the floating-point value of 1.5:
double result = 0; result = 3/2;
This is ...
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I have nothing against trees. Love them, in fact -- their bark: rough, smooth, or grooved; their needles or leaves: angular, flat, jagged, or pointed; branches crooked or straight; roots gnarled. I'll forbear quoting Joyce Kilmer about how lovely trees can be (but you hear that poetic ditty in your head, don't you?), and will just confess that I'm a big fan of the arboreal.
If you'd like a more scientific reason to applaud their virtues, then consider Jim Robbins' op-ed in the New York Times late last week. Central to his claim for why trees matter is the positive role they can play in sustaining public health.
More on Climate, Trees, and FirefightingBook Review: Bill McKibben's Doomsday Book 'Eaarth'
Opinion: The Problem with Planting Trees in Los Angeles
History: Remembering the LA County Fire Department's 100 Years of Service
Because of their remarkable -- their life-essential task -- of converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds such as sugar and then releasing oxygen (their waste, our gain), trees have the unusual ability to cleanse the air we breathe.
By themselves, they cannot compensate for the all toxins that blow out of the tailpipes, smokestacks, or cooling towers in Los Angeles or Houston -- cities with some of the nation's dirtiest air. Yet at a more micro-level, such as a blockface, their presence has been linked to the reduction of asthma.
Like a host of foresters and urban planners, Robbins is convinced too that trees form a kind of green shield. Their canopy as forests, and as cover along streets, can cool soil and concrete, decreasing temperatures and moderating heat-island effects; by releasing an aerosol mist (forest bathing, the Japanese call it) they can make life more bearable for any species inhabiting these particular landscapes.
But can they help humanity adapt to and mitigate the immensity of climate change?
That they can sequester carbon has been much touted in policymaking circles as one tool to help shrink our carbon footprint; and thus trees seem critical to the larger effort to reduce global warming.
Yet it does not necessarily follow, as Robbins assumes, that we must reforest the planet as rapidly as possible; his evidence and motivation for this conclusion comes through his citing of a much-loved aphorism: "'When is the best time to plant a tree?' The answer: 'Twenty years ago. The second-best time? Today.'"
That's where I balk.
Sure: if we had a more complete picture of the variations of potential temperature change across ecosystems and typographies; if we could pinpoint when and where alterations in precipitation will occur; and were we able to calibrate the shifting influence that heat, light, and wet will have on differing soil types, then we might have a clue about what tree species to plant in which biota and at what times.
But we don't. So to plant trees in hopes that they will survive -- and thus increase the odds of us doing so -- seems, at best, random.
Take a local analogy. In the scorched aftermath of the Station Fire the U. S. Forest Service feared that the erosive force of coming rainy seasons would strip the burned-over district of its soil. It thus launched an aggressive restoration project. Beginning in April 2011, contract labor planted one million seedlings of an expected three million over five years. The goal was to re-green approximately 11,000 acres of the 160,000 that burned at a white heat during August and September 2009. The Angeles National Forest, or at least a portion of it, would be reborn.
It has not happened. Only about 25 percent of the seedlings dug into charred slopes, cindered meadows, and blackened canyon floors have survived, a mortality rate that has stunned agency foresters. "When we planted seedlings, conditions were ideal in terms of soil composition and temperature, rainfall and weather trends," one of them told the LA Times. "Then the ground dried out and there just wasn't enough moisture after we planted."
The Forest Service has gone back to the drawing board, shrinking the number of acres to be planted and, where possible, switching to tree species that are indigenous to the San Gabriel Mountains.
Critics are unappeased. One of them is Rick Halsey, of San Diego's California Chaparral Institute. He was skeptical a year ago when he first heard about the project, lambasting the choice of Coulter pine as the keystone tree in the regenerative mix. The news of the past year's die-off came as no surprise: "The reality we live in is a Mediterranean climate, and there is just not enough water to create what they have in mind. I do not believe they will succeed because this is Southern California, not rain-drenched Oregon."
This climatic reality is part of the reason why there has been a very long history of flawed regeneration projects on county and federal lands in the San Gabriels. When he was hired in 1911 as the County's first trained forester (and later its fire warden), Stuart J. Flintham instigated an aggressive firefighting operation throughout the foothills; it included lookout towers, an extensive network of firebreaks, and the massing of tools and men to help suppress wildfire. He also promoted, in the aftermath of the big burns of the 'teens and early 'twenties, reforestation and afforestation initiatives.
Convinced that if they could replace the Mediterranean-zone plants dominating the flammable landscape with pine and fir they might decrease the major fires that cyclically swept across this rugged terrain, and also slow hillside erosion, the county forester's office (which evolved into the L.A. County Fire Department) planted tens of thousands of seedlings.
After 20 years of backbreaking labor, and with little to show for it, the local agency abandoned the project. Flintham's successor, Spencer Turner, "was disillusioned with the high tree mortality," according to a county report, and recognized the "value of chaparral as a precious watershed cover that perhaps is fire dependent and best adapted to the site."
In 1930, three years after Turner and his colleagues paid tribute to the late Flintham's devoted service by planting in his memory a 20-acre Coulter-pine plantation in the Angeles National Forest, (it was incinerated in the 2002 Williams Fire), the new chief issued a restraining order: his foresters henceforth would "plant less, plant better."
The Forest Service has never quite learned L.A. County's hard-won lesson. Despite what federal foresters long have understood about the low fertility of local soils, mercurial weather patterns, and steep canyon walls, they have repeatedly endeavored to re-engineer the San Gabriels' ground cover.
Early in the 20th-century, they collaborated with county efforts to plant seedlings in this rough terrain, with predictable results: "In the 1920s, a million trees including exotic Canary Island pines were planted in the San Gabriel Mountains in a misguided effort to fix something that was not a problem -- a predominance of native chaparral," asserted Rick Halsey. "Most of those trees died because of drought."
Undaunted, as the smoke cleared from a 1960 blaze that roared through upper San Dimas Canyon, agency researchers decided again that chaparral had to go. As part of a revegetation project, scientists at the San Dimas Experimental Forest randomly selected eight watersheds to seed with annual grasses and eight with perennial grasses; four were left untouched as a control group. What they (re)discovered was that native plant material is a fierce competitor.
To restrain it, the research team sprayed the grass-planted watersheds with herbicides, a strategy that comes with two ironies. The first is cultural: Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring" had just been published, a book that decried the very poisoning of America's waterways and life systems in which the agency was complicit. The second is ecological: whatever the downstream consequences of the herbicidal spray, upslope the grasses' growth rate slowed over the project's lifetime, and, despite the chemical assault they endured, indigenous plants took root.
Back in the set of control-group watersheds, chaparral, Manzanita, and buckwheat, ceanothus, deervetch, and morning glory -- which began sprouting within ten days of the fire -- did even better. After four years these and other opportunistic plants had revegetated approximately 50 percent of the burned watersheds, a speed of recovery and density of cover that modern technology could not replicate.
The scientists did not fully accept the evidence their research revealed; instead, they insisted that under ideal conditions -- ample rain, significant labor, and chemical applications -- "land managers appear justified in trying to establish a grass crop." Still, they admitted, "this treatment should not be taken as a cure-all."
Why this institutional memory has not surfaced to check the Forest Service's current aspirations to reforest portions of the Angeles is an open question.
More to the point, the agency's century-long inability to rearrange the San Gabriels' biota to its liking is a powerful rejoinder to those who so confidently believe that planting trees, indiscriminately and in large number, will help resolve some of the challenges that a climate-changed world is bringing.
After all, when some of the world's most-accomplished land managers have a hard time getting it right, it's difficult to believe that modern-day Johnny Appleseeds will do better.
If they persist, however, their success will depend on how they approach their self-appointed task. Only the most humble will have a chance, for at least they will recognize that they'll be mucking with complex ecosystems whose mysteries we have yet to penetrate.
What they'll need most of all is the kind of knee-bending humility evoked in the final line of the poem earlier I promised not to quote: "...only God can make a tree."
Char Miller is the Director and W.M. Keck Professor of Environmental Analysis at Pomona College, author of "Public Lands, Public Debates: A Century of Controversy" (Oregon State University Press), and editor of "Cities and Nature in the American West." He comments every week on environmental issues. Read more of his columns here
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|Home A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z|
|Home V Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid): Benefits, Sources, RDA, Deficiency|
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid):
We have all been hearing a lot about folic acid lately, and many people already know that getting enough folic acid is important for any women who plans to get pregnant. Folic acid has a vital role to play in the protection of growing cells, including of course the cells of the growing baby.
Folic acid, also known as folacin or folate, is one of the B-complex vitamins, and it is also known as vitamin B9. Folic acid is manufactured by the body, but it can be stored by the liver as well. Folic acid helps to turn the food we eat into energy, and it also plays a vital role in producing heme, the iron rich substance contained in hemoglobin.
Folic acid is important to the growth of healthy cells and proper cell division as well, making it vital for all women of child-bearing age. A deficiency of folic acid during the earliest stages of pregnancy can result in serious birth defects, and for this reason many foods, from cereals to breads, are now supplemented with folic acid.
Dietary Sources of Folic Acid:
Some of the best sources of folic acid include green vegetables, starchy vegetables, fruits, beans and liver. In addition, many common processed foods are supplemented with folic acid.
Recommended Daily Intake of Folic Acid:
The recommended daily intake of folic acid is 400mcg.
Folic Acid Supplements:
Most folic acid supplements are about 400mcg, and folic acid is a part of most multivitamin formulas as well. Folic acid combines well with vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and vitamin C.
Side Effects and Toxicity of Folic Acid:
None are known.Symptoms of Folic Acid Deficiency:
Symptoms of folic acid deficiency include acne and fatigue. Long-term deficiencies can lead to anemia and osteoporosis, as well as bowel and cervical cancer.
Glossary References Links Contact
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They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillae. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvae, called caterpillars, are often brightly coloured, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers.
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Heading in soccer should be reduced in the professional game, not just in the under-12s, according to the leader of an influential study which found an increased risk of brain disease among footballers.
The Scottish Football Association (SFA) is moving towards a ban on heading in training for under-12s, something which no other European country currently has in place. However, the timescale remains unclear.
The move follows the publication last October of the initial findings from Field Study, which was carried out by researchers at the University of Glasgow. It discovered that footballers were 3½ times more likely to die of neurodegenerative disease than age-matched members of the general population.
Prof Willie Stewart is the consultant neuropathologist leading that research, and argues that while no definitive link between head injury or impact and dementia among footballers has been established, there is enough evidence to require action to be taken now.
He insists heading has to be curtailed at all levels of the game, not just in the youngest players.
He told the PA news agency: “A move to reduce head impacts in youth sports is a good idea, but I would caution that that’s probably not enough.
“It’s not enough just to say ‘let’s take heading out of the game in under-12s’. I think we need to look across the entire game – amateurs, seniors, professionals – and say ‘where else can we make changes to be effective?’
“And not just in football, look across all sports and think ‘what could we do differently?’ It’s a good start, but I hope that this isn’t the end, that by changing under-12s we’re somehow solving the problem.
“We haven’t got the cast-iron evidence of direct causality, but what we have is more than enough evidence, adding up over the decades and right up to the Field Study at the end of last year, which says there’s a strong association between contact sports and development of dementia.
“And when we look at what is the common factor, exposure to head injury and head impact is the one thing that stands through.
“Now there may be other things we haven’t yet recognised, but Lord knows we’ve been working hard to identify them and we haven’t yet identified them.”
Dawn Astle has campaigned for greater research into the issue ever since the death of her father Jeff Astle, a former West Brom and England forward, in 2002.
He died aged 59 from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The coroner ruled that his death had been caused by the repeated trauma of heading a ball, describing it as an "industrial disease".
She welcomed the news of a possible ban as “a positive step”, and added: “My dad’s dementia started at some point didn’t it? It’s always been my belief that it manifested in my dad, although no one was aware of it, when heading footballs as a kid. Children’s brains are more vulnerable because they’re still growing.
"Going back to Scotland, I wished our [English] FA would do it. I hope now one [association] has they will all follow suit. It's not like a metatarsal injury – this is something that kills you."
It is understood there is unanimity between the SFA board, the professional and non-professional game boards and medical representatives to recommend such a ban. It could be in place for the grassroots season, which runs from March to November.
The English FA's head of medicine, Dr Charlotte Cowie, said last month that a research task force was now conducting a review of possible changes to heading coaching and training at all levels. It is understood this does not mean banning heading, but an emphasis on quality over quantity.
The Irish FA is aware of the Field Study, while in Wales “mini football” is the only recognised form of football for children under 11 years old.
A Football Association of Wales spokesperson said: “While the game has all the features of real football, the smaller scale of the game means that the focus is on ball-to-feet practices and technique.
“We are currently reviewing mini football in Wales, and in all the reviewed matches over the last season there were no incidents of heading the ball in play. The findings of this review will be published later this year, and any guidance on heading will form part of the recommendations.”
Rangers manager Steven Gerrard believes more needs to be done to examine the link between football and dementia, but hopes heading in children's football is not completely phased out.
“I used to love heading balls, probably from the age of four. So I wouldn’t take it away from them completely because they will be watching their heroes every day on the TV heading and scoring goals.
“But you can certainly do things; you can help them by making the balls smaller or lighter, or doing heading in a different way, without using the heavy-case balls.”
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<urn:uuid:ee9c8d6c-daef-4137-a5dc-65f470b18926>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/soccer/leading-neuropathologist-wants-restrictions-on-heading-at-all-levels-1.4142314
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100873.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209071722-20231209101722-00271.warc.gz
|
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| 0.965942
| 1,084
| 2.65625
| 3
|
public class FileDataSource extends Object implements DataSource
The FileDataSource class implements a simple DataSource object that encapsulates a file. It provides data typing services via a FileTypeMap object.
FileDataSource Typing Semantics
The FileDataSource class delegates data typing of files to an object subclassed from the FileTypeMap class. The
setFileTypeMap method can be used to explicitly set the FileTypeMap for an instance of FileDataSource. If no FileTypeMap is set, the FileDataSource will call the FileTypeMap's getDefaultFileTypeMap method to get the System's default FileTypeMap.
public FileDataSource(File file)
Creates a FileDataSource from a File object. Note: The file will not actually be opened until a method is called that requires the file to be opened.
file- the file
public FileDataSource(String name)
Creates a FileDataSource from the specified path name. Note: The file will not actually be opened until a method is called that requires the file to be opened.
name- the system-dependent file name.
public InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException
This method will return an InputStream representing the the data and will throw an IOException if it can not do so. This method will return a new instance of InputStream with each invocation.
public OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException
This method will return an OutputStream representing the the data and will throw an IOException if it can not do so. This method will return a new instance of OutputStream with each invocation.
public String getContentType()
This method returns the MIME type of the data in the form of a string. This method uses the currently installed FileTypeMap. If there is no FileTypeMap explictly set, the FileDataSource will call the
getDefaultFileTypeMap method on FileTypeMap to acquire a default FileTypeMap. Note: By default, the FileTypeMap used will be a MimetypesFileTypeMap.
public String getName()
Return the name of this object. The FileDataSource will return the file name of the object.
public File getFile()
Return the File object that corresponds to this FileDataSource.
public void setFileTypeMap(FileTypeMap map)
Set the FileTypeMap to use with this FileDataSource
map- The FileTypeMap for this object.
© 1993–2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Documentation extracted from Debian's OpenJDK Development Kit package.
Licensed under the GNU General Public License, version 2, with the Classpath Exception.
Various third party code in OpenJDK is licensed under different licenses (see Debian package).
Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
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<urn:uuid:c892c664-85cb-4a71-9764-b9cc4c16ef30>
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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https://docs.w3cub.com/openjdk~8_web/javax/activation/filedatasource/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573368.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918213931-20190918235931-00450.warc.gz
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en
| 0.662867
| 597
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Kaiser Permanente, which operates the world’s largest private electronic health record, Kaiser Permanente HealthConnect, estimates that EHR could lower carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 1.7 million tons across the entire U.S. population, according to a study published in the May issue of Health Affairs.
This year, health care organizations are set to receive incentives worth billions of dollars to digitize records, according to the NY Times..
The study evaluated the effects of EHR use on greenhouse gases, waste, toxic chemicals and water use within the Kaiser system, which serves more than 8.7 million members in nine states and the District of Columbia. Kaiser Permanente operates the world’s largest private electronic health record, Kaiser Permanente HealthConnect.
The analysis found that Kaiser’s use of health IT:
– Avoided the use of 1,044 tons of paper for medical charts annually,
– Eliminated up to 92,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions by replacing face-to-face patient visits (and the associated travel) with virtual visits,
– Avoided 7,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions by filling prescriptions online, and
– Reduced the use of toxic chemicals, such as silver nitrate and hydroquinone, by 33.3 tons by digitizing and archiving X-ray images and other scans.
Health care-related activities account for 8 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gases and 7 percent of total carbon dioxide emissions.
“Prior to this study, the benefits of electronic health records were categorized primarily by their impact on the quality of care and potential to improve efficiency,” said study co-author Terhilda Garrido, vice president of Health Information Technology Transformation and Analytics at Kaiser. “As the country increases its ‘meaningful use’ of HIT, we should consider other macro impacts as well.”
In January, the company went live with the first stage of its California-based solar power initiative at Santa Clara Medical Center. The solar panels will produce 8.5 percent of the power used at the medical center. It is the first of 15 locations that will turn on sustainable energy programs this year, the company reported.
In 2010, Kaiser launched a Sustainability Scorecard, the first effort in the health care sector to evaluate the sustainability of each medical item it purchases.
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<urn:uuid:a5e7404b-dce0-46e7-aed1-1ff0df2a0426>
|
CC-MAIN-2018-22
|
https://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/05/kaiser-says-electronic-health-records-lower-co2-emissions/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864999.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522225116-20180523005116-00539.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940781
| 489
| 2.671875
| 3
|
Lucy Francis Simms was an educator who dedicated her life to teaching young children at segregated schools in Harrisonburg, Virginia. She also served as acting principal for the Effinger School, where she also taught primary grades until her death.
Simms was born into slavery around 1857. She grew up on a plantation in Harrisonburg and was owned by the Gray family. She was later able to attend Hampton Normal and Agriculture school (Hampton University), and after receiving her education, she returned to Rockingham County to began her career as a teacher.
Simms attended teacher training schools during the summer, occasionally working as an instructor. She helped organize the county’s association for teachers and served a term as auditor of the Negro Teachers’ Association and School Improvement League of Virginia, which worked to increase support for universal education and better public schools for African Americans.
It is estimated that over Simms 56-year career, she taught more than 1,800 students and was a well-known figure throughout her community.
Her accomplishments were recognized by the City of Harrisonburg when it opened the Lucy F. Simms School in 1939. The public school systems of Harrisonburg and Rockingham County honor their outstanding teachers with the annual Lucy F. Simms Educator of the Year awards. The Lucy F. Simms Continuing Education Center continues to operate in the 1939 school building in Harrisonburg.
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<urn:uuid:d4a5dc7f-f46d-4647-8ea5-ae0ae13cd0b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2019-35
|
https://blackthen.com/lucy-francis-simms-dedicated-life-educating-children-segregated-schools/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319470.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824020840-20190824042840-00485.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989519
| 282
| 3.125
| 3
|
These events are usually classified as long-distance according to athletics terminology, with races typically ranging from 5 kilometers to 42.2 kilometers in the marathon. They may involve large numbers of runners or wheelchair entrants. The three most common IAAF recognized distances for "road running" events are 10K runs, half marathons and marathons. Despite this, there are far more 5K road race events, due to their popularity for charity races and similar, less competitive reasons to hold an event.
Road running may offer those involved a range of challenges and interests such as dealing with hills, sharp bends, varied surfaces, inclement weather, and involvement in a large group. Aerobic fitness, or the ability of the body to use oxygen, is the biggest factor contributing to success.
The impact of running on roads puts more stress on the feet, knees and lower back than running on dirt or grass. It can compensate by providing a consistent, level surface. It may put less strain on the Achilles tendon. Before engaging in road running, one should choose a shoe that best suits one's foot type and running style.
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<urn:uuid:ac43213f-2d1f-438c-8d05-c84fd40c91de>
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
|
https://wn.com/15_km_from_the
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512014.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018194005-20181018215505-00083.warc.gz
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en
| 0.947224
| 226
| 2.78125
| 3
|
Cavities are decay growing from inside your tooth. It eats away at the pulp of your tooth, and can even eat through the hardest substance in the human body - tooth enamel.
If you have a cavity, the easiest way to treat it is by having your dentist remove the cavity, then fill it. This restores your tooth and lets your tooth be safe. However, your tooth will continue to decay if you don't get it treated properly.
When a Cavity is Left Untreated
At first, cavities start off small. They are literally too small for a dentist to notice when they first get started. They take time to grow. The cleaner you keep your mouth, the longer they usually take to grow. After some time, they are able to be seen, either by a manual examination or on an x-ray. This is usually when a cavity gets treated with a filling.
If that cavity is left alone, it will continue to grow. It will invade any space it can while it grows, and it doesn't have any type of concern about what types of tissues it pushes into. This can leave your tooth to become hollowed out and prone to fracture. Plus, it can also put a lot of bacteria right next to your gums, leading to gum disease.
Eventually, a cavity will consume the entire tooth. The tooth will break, and it will not be able to be salvaged. This won't be a painless process, and it will leave you in pain as you go. You never want this to happen to any of your teeth.
Talk to your dentist if you suspect you have a cavity. They will take a look and let you know what treatment option will work best for you. Typically, this simply means getting a filling, but sometimes it means a root canal.
If you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment, please call us at (503) 968-6101 today.
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<urn:uuid:3d2e6c63-8a89-4d56-9c13-9366fbdb1dbe>
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
|
http://totalhealthdental.com/index.asp?N=BLOG-40450-2017.8.15-The-Dangers-of-Not-Treating-a-Cavity&C=1006&P=0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891980.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123151545-20180123171545-00523.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970906
| 398
| 2.828125
| 3
|
The nursing network. Aquatic resources management for sustainable livelihoods of poor people.
This poster details a simple system of improving the quality of fish fry production and distribution from hatcheries using a nylon bag called a hapa, which was suspended in existing water sources. It was found that the hapa system allowed small scale farmers to cheaply and easily intensify production without making extensive changes to existing ponds or rice fields. The scheme has expanded and now encompasses 70 hatchery farmers in 15 districts of nothern Thailand.
Regional Development Committee (RDC) in Southern Laos. The nursing network. Aquatic resources management for sustainable livelihoods of poor people. Presented at the DFID-SE Asia Aquatic Resources Management Programme E-Mail Conference, June 2000. (2000)
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<urn:uuid:5c33c83b-edf8-4a3a-9592-6ff0f6594653>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/the-nursing-network-aquatic-resources-management-for-sustainable-livelihoods-of-poor-people
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323801.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628204133-20170628224133-00639.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901133
| 156
| 2.53125
| 3
|
IMAGE CAPTURE: GigE camera spots solar cell defects
Driven by government-funded programs such as the German “100,000 Roofs” program, solar power is one of the fastest growing alternative energy sectors in Europe.
Driven by government-funded programs such as the German “100,000 Roofs” program, solar power is one of the fastest growing alternative energy sectors in Europe. To achieve the maximum power output, the photovoltaic devices used in solar cells must be manufactured as effectively as possible to produce highly efficient products. Manual quality assurance is next to impossible as the fragile wafers are difficult to handle—even more so at the high throughput rates required for production.
To overcome this limitation, companies such as Eckelmann (Wiesbaden, Germany; www.eckelmann.de) are developing wafer inspection systems to ensure that the polycrystalline silicon from which solar wafers are manufactured is free from chips, cracks, and broken edges that will cause power loss in finished solar panels. Currently, Eckelmann is developing a test and inspection station for a customer who wishes to equip several wafer production lines, each with a throughput of 3600 wafers/h (see figure).
To test these 0.2-mm-thick raw silicon wafers, each part must be individually tested for purity and freedom from defects. A machine-vision system inspects each wafer for flaws, chipping, and edge defects and measures its surface area and the angle of each chamfered corner at a rate of one wafer per second.
“One of the most challenging aspects of the system,” says Jan Helmerichs, a software developer with Eckelmann, “is to achieve the necessary accuracy at a throughput rate of one wafer every 0.8 s.” In the wafer inspection station, a camera is installed in a metal housing that is open at the bottom and has built-in lighting. During production, a rotary table positions the sawn silicon wafers below the camera for in-line inspection.
To capture images of the approximately 150 × 150-mm wafer at a 50-μm resolution, Helmerichs used the UI-5480-C from IDS Imaging (Obersulm, Germany; www.ids-imaging.com), a camera that uses a CMOS color sensor with 2560 × 1920 pixels and an area of interest (AOI) function for limiting the field of view to a square partial image. Image data is transmitted at 15 frames/s to the system’s host PC using the camera’s Gigabit Ethernet port. Cable lengths up to 100 m allow flexible positioning of the camera even at a large distance from the host computer.
In operation, the camera exposes two successive images, each with different lighting. First, the wafers are examined in red LED backlight to make through-cracks visible. The LED backlight consists of a frame of red LEDs covered by a diffusion plate and a glass carrier to hold the wafer. Because the LED backlight has a hole in the middle, a vacuum can be used to fix the wafer during measurement. After the backlit image is exposed, a second image is taken using diffuse incident white LED light, which clearly contrasts impurities and defects on the surface and non-through-cracks.
This image is also used for measuring the wafer size and the chamfers at the corners. While the camera takes the second image, image-analysis software based on the Halcon software package from MVTec Software (Munich, Germany; www.mvtec.com) segments the first image using grayscale operators. As image capture and analysis can be performed in parallel, this solution saves time.
The measuring system can be operated either locally or remotely through a graphical user interface called E.See Waferinspect developed by Eckelmann. According to Eckelmann, the system can be tailored for other measurements such as wafer thickness and grain size.
“Because the camera’s uEye SDK provides an interface for the Halcon software library, it was quickly integrated into the PC-based system. And, because all IDS USB and GigE cameras use the same SDK, no programming is necessary to change to a different camera model should the system need to be upgraded,” says Helmerichs.
|
<urn:uuid:405cf129-bce6-4be3-9de0-a284c41f3d40>
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
|
https://www.vision-systems.com/factory/article/16747926/image-capture-gige-camera-spots-solar-cell-defects
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528208.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722180254-20190722202254-00374.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926575
| 925
| 2.796875
| 3
|
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement Holds Strategic Underpinnings
Das, Sanchita Basu | May 2016
After prolonged negotiations since 20102, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement was broadly agreed upon in October 2015 among the twelve parties – Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States (US) and Vietnam. The agreement aims to eliminate barriers to trade and update rules that had been written under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the several free trade agreements (FTAs) signed by the Asia-Pacific nations. A recent study by Petri and Plummer (2016) estimated that the TPP will raise global annual income by US$492 billion and US annual income by US$131 billion by 2030. Large gains are to be expected for Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam. Some non-members such as Indonesia and the Philippines will suffer small losses while Thailand will face relatively significant setbacks. China will also experience a moderate loss of US$18 billion by not being part of TPP. This is mainly because of trade diversion from non-members to members and dilution of earlier preferences in TPP countries.
CitationDas, Sanchita Basu. 2016. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement Holds Strategic Underpinnings. © ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. http://hdl.handle.net/11540/10525.
Regional Economic Integration
Economies in transition
Gross domestic product
Economic development projects
Success in business
Communication in economic development
Restraint of trade
International economic integration
Economic ZonesShow allCollapse
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<urn:uuid:2828b9da-3f3b-45f8-b70e-2971866e1540>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/10727
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494974.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127065356-20230127095356-00668.warc.gz
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en
| 0.856572
| 492
| 2.546875
| 3
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- Author: Kathy Keatley Garvey
When you're trying to rear Gulf Fritillary butterflies (Agraulis vanillae), expect the expected: predators.
It doesn't take long for European paper wasps (Polistes dominula) to find the butterfly's host plant, the passionflower vine (Passsiflora) and prey. We've seen the wasps, with their long hind legs dangling, follow the butterflies as they flit from tendrils to leaves to lay their eggs. The wasps grab the tiny yellow eggs and squirming caterpillars and rip into chrysalids.
They'll attack adult butterflies, too, especially the crippled ones.
Then off they fly with bits of food--protein--for their colony. Wasps are carnivores (unlike their cousins, the honey bees, which are vegetarians).
The European paper wasp, so named because of its European origin, is relatively new to the United States. Scientists tell us that the P. dominula was not recorded in North America until 1981. P. dominula was first discovered in the United States in the late 1970s near Boston, Mass. This invasive species has since spread rapidly across the country. Entomologists worry that it is displacing the native species of Polistes wasps.
Have you ever seen these wasps attack other insects? Butterflies?
Last Sunday we were watching a crippled butterfly (no doubt crippled by a predator such as a bird or praying mantis) clinging to a Passiflora leaf as males tried unsuccessfully to mate with her. Eventually, the males all fluttered away and a European paper wasp patrolling the area zeroed in for the attack.
Like a hungry lion singling out a crippled gazelle from a stampeding herd, the European paper wasp knew just what to do.
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<urn:uuid:0644493f-0327-414f-b5d1-645a8e37e751>
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CC-MAIN-2015-14
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http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=14976
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00231-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951916
| 382
| 3.078125
| 3
|
The Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive: Your Guide to When and How to Use It
If you’re talking about the past in Spanish, you’ll eventually need to use the imperfect subjunctive tense.
This post covers when this will happen and how to use the imperfect subjunctive properly so you can talk about the past in a way that makes sense.
- When to Use the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish
- How to Use the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish
- The Alternate Conjugation of Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive
- How to Practice the Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive
When to Use the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish
So, what exactly is the imperfect subjunctive? It’s the past version of a subjunctive!
Just as with the present subjunctive, the past subjunctive is triggered when we talk about opinions, hopes, denials, doubts and hypothetical situations, and we have two clauses with different subject nouns.
The only difference is that now we’re talking about the past.
Talking about the past
You can use the past perfect in the subjunctive in the same way as in the indicative past perfect by conjugating the verb haber and adding the past participle (-ado, –ido form).
This is for talking about a hypothetical, doubted or emotionally commented on “past before the past.”
Le impresionó mucho que hubieras tomado clases de baile. — She was very impressed that you had taken dance classes.
Talking about the present
It may seem a bit odd, but we can also use the imperfect subjunctive after como si to talk about the present. If it makes you feel any better, we also often use our (disappearing) English subjunctive in this context.
Baila contigo como si ya fuera tu amante. — She is dancing with you as if she were already your lover.
Talking about hypotheticals
Finally, a clause in the imperfect subjunctive can be coupled with a clause in the conditional to talk about fantastic, unlikely situations (not necessarily past). This also seems a bit weird until you realize that we follow exactly the same pattern in English.
Si yo fuera muy rico, ella estaría todavía conmigo. — If I were very rich, she would still be with me.
Si yo supiera bailar tango, podría reemplazarla con cualquiera. — If I knew how to dance tango, I would be able to replace her with anyone/whomever.
The construction you see above is si + imperfect subjunctive clause (the if-only-it-were-so clause), conditional clause (the how-things-would-then-be clause).
When certain verbs are present
There are certain verbs that if present in the main clause, will commonly trigger the imperfect subjunctive in the second clause. Here are some of those verbs:
|Alegrarse||To be happy|
|Encantar||To be delighted|
|Enojar||To be angry|
|Estar triste/contento/etc.||To be sad/happy/etc.|
|No creer||To not believe|
|Pedir||To ask that|
|Quejarse de||To complain|
|Sorprender||To be surprised|
How to Use the Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish
1. Take the ellos form (third-person plural) of the preterit.
bailar ⇒ (ellos) bailaron
poder ⇒ (ellos) pudieron
2. Remove the -on from the end.
bailaron ⇒ bailar__
pudieron ⇒ pudier__
3. Add the ending from the following table:
bailar ⇒ (ella) bailara
pudier ⇒ (ella) pudiera
The Alternate Conjugation of Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive
While the above -ra endings are the most common form of the imperfect subjunctive, and the ones I’d recommend learning first, you’ll sometimes see -se endings instead, especially in Spain.
The meaning is exactly the same. If you want to do the alternate conjugations, start with the ellos form again, but this time remove the last three letters, –ron, and add:
So these would look like:
bailar ⇒ (ella) bailase
pudier ⇒ (ella) pudiese
How to Practice the Spanish Imperfect Subjunctive
It can be difficult to understand when to use the imperfect subjunctive. If you’re struggling with this, using other resources can help you grasp this more quickly.
The best way to practice using the imperfect subjunctive is by speaking. Especially speaking with a native Spanish speaker will help you incredibly as you can hear how they use it and they can give you feedback when you use it yourself.
Even if you can’t find a conversation partner, listen to as much authentic content as possible. FluentU is a great option for this as there is a wide offering of native Spanish clips that can show you how the imperfect subjunctive is applied.
There are even great learning resources such as flashcards and quizzes that will only enhance your understanding of this tense.
There are also some great podcasts such as Lightspeed Spanish podcast and Coffee Break Spanish that will give you even more listening practice.
Learning the imperfect subjunctive will not always be easy, but you can always improve with lots of practice!
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<urn:uuid:b8a243ae-fe36-4cdc-8d98-ac58dc1fe074>
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CC-MAIN-2022-49
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https://www.fluentu.com/blog/spanish/imperfect-subjunctive-spanish/
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|
en
| 0.850867
| 1,438
| 3.015625
| 3
|
African nightshade is another star food plant from the family Solanaceae – the same family that provides tomatoes, brinjals, potatoes and, our previously featured indigenous food crop, the African eggplant.
Prepared in African kitchens, the leaves and fresh shoots of this nightshade offer diversity and nutritive value to the menus of the continent’s people.
Research scientist Matt Styslinger says broad-leafed African nightshade is an “excellent source of protein, iron, vitamin A, iodine and zinc”. Other sources include folic acid, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid in the nightshade’s list of benefits.
Africa’s small-scale farmers have a unique opportunity to grow and market indigenous, nutritious food crops, cost-effectively, to the continent’s consumers.
DESCRIPTION, RANGE AND REQUIREMENTS
- Mnavu, Managu, Mamaska and Osuga are some of the local names given to the popular African nightshade (Solanum scabrum).
- This broad-leafed annual, reaching heights of between 0.5 m to 1 m, is found across the western, central and eastern regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
- Tolerant of many habitat types, it grows in low-lying valleys and in highlands at altitudes of 2 000 m above sea level.
- This nightshade likes direct sunlight and temperatures of between 20°C and 30°C in regions with an annual rainfall over 500 mm.
- It is usually grown as a dryland crop in the long and the short rainy seasons because it is drought sensitive and must have water throughout the growing period.
- Seeds and seedlings in the nursery need daily watering, which may be reduced to twice a week after transplanting.
- Mulching your crop can mitigate against dry periods by protecting and cooling the soil and improving its water holding capacity.
- Use straw, old leaf material, wood chips as mulch and make it part of your farming practice.
- Frost is a no-go zone for African nightshade, so don’t cultivate it in areas that experience frost.
- Like many native plants, it is resilient and will tolerate soils that are less than ideal, but it performs best in sandy loam and friable clay soils with a pH of between 6 and 6.5 (see previous article I wrote on how to test your pH)
- The nightshades are heavy feeders and need N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) with decent amounts of organic material added to the soil.
- N is vital for leaf production and without enough of it you will have a smaller leaf area, reduced yield and less money in the bank for the same work. Apply top and side dressings of Urea (N) after every third cut at 60kg/ha.
- Do not be tempted to keep adding N ad lib to get higher yields because too much of it can make the soil toxic.
- Work 5t/ha to 10t/ha of properly decomposed cattle or chicken manure into the soil.
Also read: Make a plan to apply top dresser fertiliser
- African nightshade may be sown year round, as long as there is water available to irrigate the crop.
- An inter-plant and inter-row spacing of 20 cm is recommended for small-scale growers, who harvest leaves continuously during the crop season.
- Growers who have access to more land will get better leaf yields using greater distances of 50 cm between plants and 50 cm between rows.
- If you are planting for a seed crop use even wider spacing, 60 cm X 50 cm or 80 cm X 50 cm.
- Seed can be grown in flat trays or nursery beds, or broadcast directly into the field.
- Because the seed is so fine it is best to mix it with a medium like river sand to help even sowing.
- The fast-growing seedling is ready to transplant a month to 6 weeks after sowing when it is about 7 cm tall.
- Don’t leave it to get too tall because you will get weak plants.
- Flowers appear from eight to 11 weeks and first leaf harvest begins between 8 and 12 weeks after sowing.
- When the leafy stems are cut down (to between 5 cm and 15 cm) side shoots start regrowth immediately.
- After the first cut, growers can harvest every week to 2 weeks for up to 10 cuts. The length of harvested shoot really depends on the cultivar.
- Yields begin to fall off after the 6th cut without enough of the right kind of fertiliser.
- Yields increase significantly (7 t/ha to 27 t/ha) depending on good farming practices, a reasonable fertiliser programme and a solid knowledge base.
There is no better teacher for a farmer than experience, but farming can be an unforgiving business. The experience of your farming friends and neighbours, or family members who have farmed the crop is an invaluable learning resource.
Indigenous food crops are becoming more popular and the African nightshade now appears on supermarket shelves in East African countries, but is found throughout the region in local informal, fresh produce markets.
The one challenge with this crop is that is must be marketed on the same day it is picked. This is difficult, but not insurmountable, for growers who live far from urban areas.
The solution is to form groups and rent or jointly buy a light delivery vehicle. I met a farmer in Zambia who drove 400 km to the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s border every weekend to market his cabbages during the season. He did not do it to break even – he did it because it was profitable.
The high demand for the African nightshade guarantees a strong market, always a winning trait in a commercial crop.
It’s productive, generous, nutritious and popular with consumers, and almost certainly worth a trial, especially if you are a grower with tomato or potato experience and already familiar with the possible disease challenges the solanaceous plants suffer.
Indigenous crop production: The versatile African eggplant
Indigenous crop production: How to grow African eggplant seedlings
Indigenous crop production: Preparing land for African eggplant and managing your crop
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CC-MAIN-2021-43
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https://www.africanfarming.com/indigenous-crop-production-introduction-african-nightshade/
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Epithelial surfaces are plentiful in the human body. The entire body has an epithelial covering called skin. The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary tract all have epithelial linings. Any glandular, exocrine secretion must pass through an epithelial-lined duct.
Epithelia form a mechanical barrier on surfaces exposed to the external environment. Epithelia can be specialized to perform additional functions such as removing inhaled debris with cilia in the respiratory tract, or absorbing nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, or secreting mucin and fluid to provide lubrication and transport in ducts.
There are several major types of epithelia:
Stratified squamous epithelium: the cells originate from a layer of cells along a basal lamina and form a multilayered structure. Cells toward the surface have smaller nuclei and greater amounts of cytoplasm with keratin. Mucosal surfaces without much wear and tear are not covered with a layer of keratin (non-keratizining squamous epithelium), as on the cervix. On surfaces receiving greater wear and tear, there is a thick layer of acellular keratin (keratinizing squamous epithelium), as on skin.
Columnar epithelium: there are tall cells along a basal lamina. They typically line glandular lumena or ducts. Columnar cells often produce mucin and may be called a mucinous epithelium. An example is the surface lining of the colon. They may have cilia or microvilli along the lumenal border. The cell nuclei are typically located toward the basal lamina. A variation of this pattern is a cuboidal epithelium where the cells are about as tall as they are wide, but there are gradations between cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: not all the cells along the basal lamina reach the lumenal surface, though all contact the basal lamina. This type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nasopharynx down into the bronchioles of the lung. Cilia are present.
Transitional epithelium: the cells are multilayered. The cells are connected in a way that allows stretching and expansion. The overlying cell layer next to the lumen ("umbrella cells") can spread thinly. This epithelium lines the urinary tract from the renal calyces down to the urethra. An example is the ureter.
Cuboidal epithelium: the cells are box-like to rounded. Cuboidal epithelium typically lines ducts draining glands. The small ducts of sweat glands (including breast, a modified sweat gland) can pile up to a stratified cuboidal appearance in larger ducts. Cuboidal epithelium is also found in renal tubules. The mesothelium that lines many body cavities, such as the pleural space, has a simple cuboidal appearance, but mesothelial cells are of mesenchymal origin and thus, technically, are connective tissue.
Glands are composed of collections of specialized epithelial cells that secrete one or more substances. Glands can be categorized as:
Exocrine glands: secretion occurs into a duct which drains to a lumen or a surface. Types of exocrine glands include mucinous glands in which the product secreted has a high concentration of mucinous material and serous glands in which the secretion is watery and often contains proteins such as enzymes. If the secretory product leaves the cell by exocytosis, then merocrine secretion occurs. If a portion of secretory cell cytoplasm forms the secretion, then apocrine secretion has occurred.
Endocrine glands: secretion occurs directly into the bloodstream. The secretion product acts as a hormone, a substance with an action on tissues located at a distance from the endocrine gland. There are also single scattered cells in tissues which have a neuroendocrine function.
Gland structure can be simple or complex. The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract are unicellular mucinous glands. Multicellular glands can be tubular, such as those in the gastric mucosa or colon, or acinar, such as those around a central lumen in the pancreas. A large gland can be divided into lobes and lobules, such as in the parotid glands or the breast. Myoepithelial cells, such as those around breast lobules, aid in contraction for secretion.
Specialized Epithelial Components
Basement membrane: every epithelium lies on a basement membrane that separates the epithelial cells from the underlying connective tissue. Integrins in the epithelial cells extend into the basement membrane and attach to laminin which in turn attaches to type 4 collagen and to fibronectin in the portion of the basement membrane known as the basal lamina. There are anchoring fibrils of type 7 collagen. Thus the basal lamina acts as an anchoring point for the epithelium. The basal lamina forms a meshwork that acts as a filter, both physically and electrically, to trap or exclude molecules. A lamina reticularis of the basement membrane interfaces with the underlying connective tissue.
Keratin: this substance is produced by squamous epithelium and provides protection. It is essentially the layered remains of dead cells. The keratin layer is continuously being desquamated and replaced. Hair and nails are additional forms of keratin.
Microvilli: these tiny structures form a brush border that increases the absorbtive area on the surface of the cell. Microvilli have a central core of actin filaments anchored by villin and a terminal web with spectrin.
Cilia: these are motile structures that have a characteristic structure of microtubules with 9 doublets surrounding two central singlets to form an axoneme. Dynein arms with ATPase activity attach to the microtubules to power movement.
Terminal bars at the apical region of epithelial cells represent junctional complexes with several components. "Tight junctions" or zonula occludens form an impenetrable barrier between cells. The zonula adherens has extracellular cadherins which join cytoskeletal elements through transmembrane proteins. The desmosomes have attachment proteins that link to intermediate filaments of cytokeratin. There are also gap junctions that provide a means for selective communication by passage of small molecules between cells.
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<urn:uuid:61ad8748-218c-40f9-9326-c8c35816928e>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://webpath.med.utah.edu/HISTHTML/NORMAL/NORMAL05.html
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History of the National Opera
The Opera and Ballet Theatre of Republic of Moldova is the pride of national musical culture. Long since, this land has been famous for its singing voices. It is very rich in gifted men whom nature has endowed with vocal ability. This country has always attracted many opera tours in past times. Many famous singers visited and performed here, such as Fyodor Shalyapin, Enrico Caruso, who conquered many admirers’ hearts. In such conditions, the idea of creating an own opera interprise had been up in the clouds at the boundary of the XIX-XXth centuries yet, getting the real art lovers’ minds, came true.
The early periods of vocal art were marked by the famous names of world opera stars. Paris and Berlin, Vena and Milan, Bucharest and Sydney, Moscow and St. Petersburg – opera stages of these cities had received, at the beginning of this century, many singers whose country was Bassarabia. The world found out then the names of L.Lipovskaya, M. Cibotari, E.Cuza, A. Antonovsky. Further – educating vocal singers in pre-war Bassarabia, openingin the middle of 40s local classes at musical high schools, performing operas by the Moldovan Musical-Dramatically Theatre – in this way opera art was set up and flourished in Moldova. In 1946, the performances of the above-mentioned opera studio of the musical-dramatically theatre became a peculiar prehistory. They are – “Evghenii Onegin”, “Madama Butterfly”, “Demon” with T.Ceban, V.Dorosh, E.Ureche, P.Esina, N.Calcatov, V.Petliuk, S.Weinstein and other’s participation.
In 1956, the first performance was acted on the independent opera slage in the Moldovian SSR. D.Gershfeld’s opera “Grozovan”, reviving historical pages of Moldovan people, became a great public event. It served as a group for the governmental Order to open the National Opera and Ballet Theatre. In such a way, the long creative work in the area of vocal art was rewarded on Moldovan land.
Thus, beginning with the opening of Opera Theatre in the middle of 50s, the continuous creative work in this domain has already numbered four decades. One can notice a permanent flow of new singers bringing with them a fresh breathing of youth, a feeling of dynamic modern life. All these years, the life of the theatre was full with enthusiasm, hard creative work, accumulation of practice, repertory as well, seeking clear decisions, successful attempts of own classical interpretation - in short, it was full with everything that could show and consolidate the results of collaboration of many generations of artists – singers and dancers, conductors and producers, of many art adherends, of that big collective whose name is THEATRE.
In spite of all difficulties of growth, ascents and falls down, alternating naturally as in any other creating process, the theatre has always lived an intensive creative life. The history of our theatre has begun in the difficult post-war period, when Moldova, recalling to life, was curing its injury after the invasion. The very first steps of the opened Opera Theatre were impetuous and fruitful. At those years performances, the spectators could need then young singers as V. Savitskaya, F. Kuzmin, P. Botezat, B. Raisov, A. Fomenco, N. Bashkatov, V. Tretyak.
The beginning of the 60s was the boundaring stage in the life of the theatre. First of all, a new young generation joined the theatre company, one of which was the young graduate of the local conservatory Maria Bieshu. Assuredly speaking, since then till now the theatre, in spite of natural dynamic change of generations, has been performing under the influence of this excellent singer’s great talent. Annual international festival “Maria Bieshu invites”, gathering many world-known artists on this land, largely makes famous the National Opera and Ballet Theatre of Moldova. The theatre is also truly proud of other great singers who are bringing it a deserved glory. T. Alyoshina, L. Erofeeva, M. Munteanu, V. Drahosh, I. Paulencu are among them. Many different characters were performed in their parts by B. Raisov, I. Gheyl, S. Alexandrov, A. Jarikov, L. Mihailova, E. Parniki, A. Shevcenko. Now other talented singers are performing on the stage of our theatre. Among them we may notice the following experienced artists, such as L. Aga, V. Calestru, I. Cvasniuc, B. Materinco, A. Arcea, N. Covaliov, A. Donos. The creating youth is worthy mentioned here: E. Gherman, E. Gudz, A. Buruiana, N. Kurbatova, P. Racovita, V. Cojocaru, V. Ciresh, N. Busuioc, O. Kobzeva, B. Ganzel, T. Busuioc and others.
The last years performances have been very impressive. The theatre has got an ample repertory. Theatre play “Duanya” by S. Prokofiev and “Bell” by G. Donizetti, severe tragical picture of “Norma” by V. Bellini, frenzy passion of “Rustic Cavalry” by P. Mascagni, playful intrigues in “The wedding of Figaro” by W.A. Mozart – through all these the artists try to embody truly men characters and life circumstances by playing them in different ways.
Everything is performed with the help of experienced conductors and producers. A great contribution has been brought in the work of this group by the conductors M. Shepper, I. Alterman, L. Hudoley. Many pages of our theatre life are connected with the names of L. Gavrilov, B. Miliutin, A. Mocealov, M. Enaki. Recently, a new generation of conductor has joined the theatre company, who has greatly revived its work. They are: A. Samoila, A. Gershfeld, M. Sechkin, I. Florea, N. Dohotaru.
It is well-known that a firm basis of rich theatre performances is done by the conductor’s labour, whose personality determines the manner of playing. The Moldovan conductor’s works are well-known far away from the native theatre. Working here now E. Platon, E. Konstantin, M. Timofti (the graduates of Leningrad Producers High School) are using on the Moldovan stage the creative principles of leading producers well-known all over the world, such as Boris Fizenstein, B. Pokrovsky. Our conductors also aim, as E.Konstantinova says, to train the singer-actor as they did. The Moldovan master’s performing conceptions show good knowledge of world theatre modern experience, aspiration to keep in step with time.
The Opera Theatre of Moldova became known because of a great number of performances repeadly mentioned by public option, awarded different prizes at prestigious competitions.
In the repertory bill of the National Opera and Ballet Theatre, an Italian classic has the main place among foreign operas. Having been performed on Moldovan stage Bellini and Rossini, Verdi and Puccini, Leoncavallo and Mascagni’s characters have been a good material for our group’s creative work for many years.
Maria Bieshu touching Aida and majestic Norma, seized by revenge Tamara Alyoshina’s tragic Asucena, Ludmila Yerofeeva’s delicate Gilda, Mihail Munteanu’s brave Calaf and courageous Radames, Boris Raisov’s unhappy, deceived Rigoletto, Vladimir Dragosh’s heroic Count di Lunaand Boris Materinco’s cruel Scarpia – all these remembering characters played by the masters of different generations can be continued further.
Some artists of our theatre worked on probation in the famous theatre La Scala, where the teachers invariably mentioned that the Moldovan singer’s voices correspond to Italian bell canto. Evghenii Platon , the leading producer of our theatre, explains this attraction towards Italian repertory in his own way: “Elevated emotionality, sincere opening of Italian music, its heartiness are related to artistic temperament of Moldovan artists”. Evidently, because of this, Maria Bieshu’s debut in “Tosca” is also connected with Italian Art, as well as her remarkable triumph at the international competition in Tokyo, which brought this excellent singer the name of the best Cio-Cio-San. Thanks to Maria Bieshu’s creative search, many Italian operas have found their staging life in Moldova. For example, in such a way “Norma” by V.Bellini and “Turandot” by G.Puccini were staged. The performances of “Adriana Lecouvreur” by F.Cilea and “Don Carlos” by G.Verdi have become the summit in mastering the Italian classical opera.
The artistic leaders of the National Opera and Ballet Theatre’s attitude is unanimous that none opera theatre can develop without Russian music. The repertory bill of last years has been decorated with operas by P.Tchaikovsky, N.Rimsky-Korsakov, A.Borodin, P.Musorgsky, S.Rahmaninov.
One of the main aspects of its activity is the creative contracts with local authors. As a result, we have staged many performances of different genre. The theatre worked out historical performances, such as “Petru Raresh” by E.Caudella, “Grozovan” and “Serghei Lazo” by D.Gershfeld, “Domnica’s heart” by A.Stircea, “Alexandru Lapusneanu” by G.Mustea, the ballet “Luceafarul” by E.Doga, “Andries” by Z.Tcaci.
The maturity of the National Opera and Ballet Theatre, which enjoys rich own traditions, is shown in its various activities, mainly of creative research. The theatre group pays great attention to experimental, courageous projects. Side by side with opera performances, many masterpieces, such as “Requiem” by G.Verdi, “Carmina Burana” by C.Orff, “Stabat Mater” by G.Rossini, appeared in the theatre repertory and when are played in big concert music-halls are enthusiastically received by the audience. Theatre artists often perform with concert programs. Many such programs were performed in different towns by Maria Bieshu, M.Munteanu, S.Strezeva, V.Dragosh, I.Paulencu, E.Gherman, P.Racovitsa. Many of opera and ballet artists have been awarded the highest ranks and merits.
The dynamic modern life is dictating new forms and realities in the life and activity of the opera theatre. Lately, our theatre has been touring much abroad. Visiting theatre impresario “refers” to a certain, concrete repertory. Thus, one or another performance finds itself as “departing”. In such a way, the stages of many countries have seen our operas and ballets: Italy, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, etc. This new kind of activity makes the theatre to improve its repertory. So, the opera “Nabucco” by G.Verdi appeared in its repertory.
At present, the theatre is going with its intensive creative work, taking into consideration the prospect of its increase. By touring abroad, by its aspiration to stabile what was reached, by using each artist’s potential and by renewing the company, the National Opera and Ballet Theatre of Moldova has gained the merit to join the world of big art.
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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http://nationalopera.md/?l=en&a=16
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A remaining challenge for the human genome project involves the identification and annotation of expressed genes. The public and private sequencing efforts have identified ∼15,000 sequences that meet stringent criteria for genes, such as correspondence with known genes from humans or other species, and have made another ∼10,000-20,000 gene predictions of lower confidence, supported by various types of in silico evidence, including homology studies, domain searches, and ab initio gene predictions. These computational methods have limitations, both because they are unable to identify a significant fraction of genes and exons and because they are unable to provide definitive evidence about whether a hypothetical gene is actually expressed. As the in silico approaches identified a smaller number of genes than anticipated, we wondered whether high-throughput experimental analyses could be used to provide evidence for the expression of hypothetical genes and to reveal previously undiscovered genes. We describe here the development of such a method - called long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE), an adaption of the original SAGE approach - that can be used to rapidly identify novel genes and exons.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Molecular Medicine
- Biomedical Engineering
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<urn:uuid:6ad4e5b0-387a-444a-a56e-5d78bf8e842f>
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CC-MAIN-2022-05
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https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/using-the-transcriptome-to-annotate-the-genome-4
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These days, within the IT realm, the question of on-premises versus cloud environments often comes up. Which type of computing solution will work the best for different kinds of companies? Cloud adoption is ticking upward at an ever-increasing rate, and businesses are taking advantage of the benefits that storing data and applications in off-premises environments can provide.
Cloud Computing is the new and encouraged trend for IT System deployment. Its top benefits are scalability, responsiveness and cost efficiency. Transforming your On-Premise platform into the cloud will help you to easily and quickly scale up, scale down your system, ensure 99.9% uptime, reduce maintenance effort and therefore better control your cost.
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and more—over the Internet (“the cloud”).
Cloud computing is a type of computing that mainly depends on resource sharing instead of handling applications by local servers or individual devices. Using the internet enabled devices, cloud computing permit the function of application software. Cloud computing, also known as the cloud, can be used as a synonym for the Internet. Cloud computing can serve a diverse range of functions over the Internet like storage and virtual servers; applications and authorization for desktop applications. By taking advantage of resource sharing, cloud computing is able to achieve consistency and economies of scale. The types of cloud computing are classified based on two models. Cloud computing service models and cloud computing deployment models.
Why should you move to Cloud?
When moving to Cloud, you get some points following below:
Next to Azure, we also provide services for Amazon Web Services (AWS), a cloud platform from Amazon. This includes developing AWS-compatible applications as well as deploying and maintaining your system at the AWS.
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<urn:uuid:16518431-aadc-4862-ab1f-42f7a4528afe>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://www.sea-solutions.com/web/cloud-computing/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736962.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806121241-20200806151241-00213.warc.gz
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en
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The gambin distribution is a sample distribution based on a stochastic model of species abundances, and has been demonstrated to fit empirical data better than the most commonly used species-abundance distribution (SAD) models (see @matthews2014gambin and @ugland2007modelling). Gambin is a stochastic model which combines the gamma distribution with a binomial sampling method. To fit the gambin distribution, the abundance data is first binned into octaves using a simple log2 transform that doubles the number of abundance classes within each octave. Thus, octave 0 contains the number of species with 1 individual, octave 1 the number of species with 2 or 3 individuals, octave 2 the number of species with 4 to 7 individuals, and so forth (method 3 in @gray2006).
The gambin distribution is flexible, meaning it can fit a variety of empirical SAD shapes (including lognormal and logseries-like shapes), and that the distribution shape (in the context of the unimodal gambin model) is adequately characterised by the model’s single parameter (α): low values of alpha indicate logserieslike SADs, and high alpha values indicate lognormal-like SADs. As such, the alpha parameter can be used as a metric to compare the shape of SADs from different ecological communities; for example, along an environmental gradient (e.g @arellano2017)
The expected abundance octave of a species is given by the number of successfull consecutive Bernoulli trials with a given parameter $p$. The parameter $p$ of species is assumed to distributed according to a gamma distribution. This approach can be viewed as linking the gamma distribution with the probability of success in a binomial process with $x$ trials. Use the fit_abundances() function to fit the gambin model to a vector of species abundances, optionally using a subsample of the individuals. The package estimates the alpha (shape) parameter with associated confidence intervals. Methods are provided for plotting the results, and for calculating the likelihood of fits. The summary() function provides the confidence intervals around alpha, and also the results of a X2 goodness of fit test. Prior to package version 2.4.4, we simply used the default degrees of freedom in this test (i.e. number of data points - 1). This is not optimal as the degrees of freedom should arguably also include the number of parameters used to fit the gambin model itself. As such, in version 2.4.4 we have edited the degrees of freedom to reflect this. One problem is that the chisq.test() function in R does not have an argument for setting the degrees of freedom; thus, we have had to use a workaround. As a result of this change, X2 results generated using older versions of the package will differ slightly from those using 2.4.4 and later.
It has become increasingly apparent that many empirical SADs are in fact multimodal (@antao2017). As such, recent work has focused on expanding the standard unimodal gambin model to allow it to fit distributions with multiple modes (@Matthews2019). For example, the bimodal gambin model can be calculated as the integration of two gambin distributions. The corresponding likelihood function for the bimodal gambin model contain's four parameters: the shape parameters for the first and second group, the max octave of the first group (as this is allowed to vary), and one splitting parameter (split) representing the fraction of objects in the first group.It is relatively straightforward to extend the above approach for fitting the bimodal gambin model by maximum likelihood, to fitting gambin models with g modes. For each additional mode, a further three parameters are needed: the additional alpha, max octave and split parameters (see @Matthews2019). Use the fit_abundances() function in combination with the no_of_components of argument. The default is no_of_components = 1, which fits the standard unimodal gambin model. no_of_components = 2, fits the bimodal gambin model, and so on. As the optimisation procedure takes long with no_of_components > 1, it is possible to use the cores argument within fit_abundances to make use of parallel processing in the maximum likelihood optimisation.
The deconstruct_modes() function can then be used to examine a multimodal gambin model fit. The function provides the location of the modal octaves of each component distribution and (if species classification data are provided) determines the proportion of different types of species in each octave.
Often the aim of SAD studies is to compare the form of the SAD across different sites / samples. The alpha parameter of the one component gambin model (alpha) has been found to provide a useful metric in this regard. Use the mult_abundances() function to calculate alpha values for a set of different samples / sites. However, because the alpha parameter of the gambin model is dependent on sample size, when comparing the alpha values between sites it can be useful to first standardise the number of individuals in all sites. By default, the mult_abundances() function calculates the total number of individuals in each site and selects the minimum value for standardising. This minimum number of individuals is then sampled from each site and the gambin model fitted to this subsample and the alpha value stored. This process is then repeated N times and the mean alpha value is calculated for each site.
library("gambin") data(moths, package="gambin") ##unimodal model fit = fit_abundances(moths) fit$alpha barplot(fit) points(fit) AIC(fit) ##unimodal model (fit to a subsample of 1000 individuals) fit2 = fit_abundances(moths, subsample = 1000) fit2$alpha barplot(fit2) points(fit2) AIC(fit2) ##bimodal model (using 3 cores) #simulate bimodal gambin distribution x1 = rgambin(600, 5, 10) x2 = rgambin(300, 1, 10) x = table(c(x1,x2)) freq = as.vector(x) values = as.numeric(as.character(names(x))) abundances = data.frame(octave=values, species = freq) #fit bimodal model to simulated data fit3 = fit_abundances(abundances, no_of_components = 2, cores = 1) barplot(fit3) points(fit3) AIC(fit3) #compare with AIC of unimodal model AIC(fit_abundances(abundances)) #fit a bimodal model to a species classification dataset #and calculate the number of the differet categories in each octave data(categ, package="gambin") fits2 = fit_abundances(categ$abundances, no_of_components = 2) d1 <- deconstruct_modes(fits2, dat = categ, peak_val = NULL, abundances = "abundances", species = "species", categ = "status", col.statu = c("green", "red", "blue"), plot_legend = FALSE) #do the same but don't provide category data - this just highlights the modal octaves d2 <- deconstruct_modes(fits2, dat = categ, peak_val = NULL, abundances = "abundances", species = "species", categ = NULL)
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Add the following code to your website.
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<urn:uuid:41de0835-eaa0-4649-90a4-524e38ecc1fe>
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CC-MAIN-2022-21
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https://rdrr.io/cran/gambin/f/vignettes/overview.Rmd
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00408.warc.gz
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en
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Feeding low protein diets to pigs can reduce nitrogen excretion, new research has found.
This is encouraging for pig producers who will come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen emissions, although the impact on growth and fat deposition must also be taken into account.
Three different diets were fed to finisher pigs of a lean genotype, between 40 kg and 115 kg, and pig growth and carcase quality were measured. A high-protein, standard commercial diet was compared with two low-protein diets: one (LP1) which reduced nitrogen intake by 11% while maintaining dietary amino acid levels and the other (LP2) which reduced nitrogen intake by 16% but did not maintain essential amino acids in the later stages of growth.
Growth measurements showed that growth rate for pigs fed the LP1 diet was the same as the standard commercial diet but feed conversion was slightly worse.
Professor Jeff Wood from the University of Bristol explained: “This was due to slightly greater fat deposition, especially within-muscle fat which creates marbling. Growth rate was lower in LP2 pigs and they also became much fatter.
“Both LP1 and LP2 regimes would cost producers more than typical higher-protein diets at present because of the higher cost of fortifying the diets using amino acids and the poorer growth performance, especially with LP2.”
“However, tighter controls on nitrogen emissions in the future may mean pig producers will need to make use of this knowledge and alter feeding regimes. And, given the LP2 diet was shown to improve pork eating quality, greater incentives for quality would make this regime more attractive.”
It may also be possible to reduce nitrogen intakes even more in the future and lower the cost of these diets.
This research was jointly funded by Defra’s Sustainable Livestock Production LINK programme and the following project partners: University of Bristol (BU), Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), BPEX, QMS, JSR Genetics, Tulip Ltd, ABN and Forum Products.
For more information, visit the BPEX website.
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Ten weeks of STEM and Digital Technologies homework tasks are included in this engaging bundle designed for students aged 9 - 12 years old.
Absolutely no prep required. Just print out and away you go... All instructions are easy to follow and will involve students completing all tasks at home.
Visual Representation of Recycling at home
Pixels and Sprites
Painting images with numbers
Technologies that changed our world
Mapping and co-ordinates with BOLTS
Codes and Encryption
Analysing data and Inferring
Recording sounds as images.
Best of all if you buy in early you will get all subsequent updates for free as we are intending to add 10 more each term in 2017. These additions will incur a greater expense for late adopters.
Two displays designed to encourage students to develop a growth mindset. They were originally put together for a maths classroom, but are relevant to, and very easily adapted for, any subject.
Credit must be given to Sarah Hagan (@mathequalslove) for originally posting the ideas on Twitter. She has kindly allowed me to share my versions here.
A pack of team-building games split into communication, problem-solving and physical challenge games - a bit like the Crystal Maze! You can print off the main slides and laminate them for pupils to follow. The notes pages give a guide as to how all the challenges can be led.
Topic: Pure Substances and Mixtures (Junior Chemistry).
Neatly laid out with clear and detailed explanations of the topic, including a summary of key points.
Comprehensive enough for self-directed learning, although equally useful as a classroom presentation.
Also includes detailed Lesson Plan and Unit Outline.
Aligned to the Australian National Curriculum.
Year 7 Chemistry.
Science Understanding ACSSU113.
Although this resource is made specifically for the Australian curriculum, it would be useful for other junior science curriculums as well.
*Presentation is in Adobe Acrobat format.
View in full screen mode (Ctrl L) and scroll through slides with arrows; Esc to get out of full screen view, navigate through slides using Page Thumbnails on left side of page, just like a PowerPoint presentation.
A full preview of this resource is available at:
Also available as part of various discount bundle options, including accompanying worksheets:
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A Dear Reader who calls themself Ophistokont made me curious about what this intriguing word might mean. It’s very rare, with only seven Google hits and no entry in Merriam-Webster. Ophi- should have to do with snakes. -stok- calls stoichiometry to mind, having to do with elements. -ont has to do with being. Something that forms the basic element of a snake-like thing, maybe?
I didn’t make that up unaided. Those seven Google hits explain (mostly in German) that an ophistokont is the end of a single-cell being from which its motile flagellum extends. These little whip-like outboard motors have been the object of creationist speculation along the lines that “this is too cool to have evolved by natural selection”: speculation refuted here.
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IAS stands for Islam Awareness Series. It is an ad-hoc that seeks to educate and increase awareness of what Islam is to the masses. Booths, dakwah programmes and talks are held to achieve that goal.
"Every believer embarks on a beloved journey of sharing the beauty of Islam to those around them - IAS provides a platform for students to experience this blessed journey with their friends."
Messages of Peace
In collaboration with Roses of Peace and as an effort to brighten up people’s day, volunteers of different race and religious background distribute passers-by roses with quotes on hardship, kindness, mercy from the Prophet SAW, as well as quotes from other religious figures.
IAS Activity Booth
With several games made to interact with the audience in a funfair-like event, IAS aimed to educate the wider community on Islam.
Wheel of Faith
By a spin of the wheel, participants will attempt to answer the question based on the theme that it stops at. The questions will be regarding different themes in Islam such as prayers and history of Islam. For example, the concept of Jesus (AS) as our prophet but viewed differently by Christians.
Participants will be able to take photos with our exclusive kaleidoscope replica backdrop. They will also be provided with various props.
Participants will be able to purchase a brownie for themselves, and at a discounted price if they buy another for others.
Friends Beyond Faiths
Friends Beyond Faiths aims to bring people of different beliefs together to forge friendships and share feelings over dinner.
This interfaith session has an apparent purpose of building a strong community, with emphasis on mutual understanding and sharing. Through which we will be engaging in a two-way interaction (mutual sharing) with regards to our faiths which is a form of da’wah.
We have to look at their belief from
their point of perspectives (mutual understanding).
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What Is Sodium Saccharin?
Sodium saccharin is the solid form of the artificial sweetener saccharin. Saccharin is non-nutritive and is used to add sweetness to beverages and foods without the calories or detrimental effects of consuming sugar. Using artificial sweeteners can help you reduce your consumption of sugar. High sugar consumption is common and can contribute to a wide range of health concerns including Type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease.
Substituting saccharin, or another sugar substitute, for table sugar, or sucrose, can help aid in weight loss and long-term weight control, reduce the incidence of dental cavities and be an important factor in the management of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Saccharin is typically used to sweeten beverages rather than in baked goods or other foods. It is several hundred times sweeter than table sugar and contains no calories.
Acceptable Daily Intake
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has established an acceptable daily intake, ADI, of saccharin of 5 milligrams per kilogram of body mass. This is equivalent to approximately nine packets of sweetener. The ADI is established to be 100 times lower than the lowest dose that has been demonstrated to have adverse effects in lab animals.
Research studies in the 1970s linked a diet very high in saccharin to an increased incidence of bladder cancer in lab rats. However, further studies have suggested that the mechanism is unique to lab rats; It has not been shown to occur in humans. Several decades of population studies in the U.S. and abroad have failed to show any adverse health effects of saccharin. However, saccharin is not a panacea for weight loss or the treatment of diabetes. It is important to use artificial sweeteners as part of an overall health lifestyle under the guidance of a trained health professional.
Each sugar substitute has a distinct taste. Your choice will depend mainly on your taste preference. Sugar substitutes may also be combined to produce a taste that is more palatable. Other sugar substitutes approved for use in the U.S. include aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, highly refined extract of the stevia leaf, and rebiana. You may also choose to use sugar alcohols or other sweeteners such as honey or agave nectar, as they contain fewer calories than sucrose.
Chris Daniels covers advances in nutrition and fitness online. Daniels has numerous certifications and degrees covering human health, nutritional requirements and sports performance. An avid cyclist, weightlifter and swimmer, Daniels has experienced the journey of fitness in the role of both an athlete and coach.
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A group of girls in the Batia group in Bad Gastein Displaced Persons' Camp, Austria
The Jews of the Displaced Persons' (DP) camps developed a culture all their own. More than 70 newspapers were published, commemoration projects were initiated, and even theaters and orchestras were established. People married and had children, and waited to begin their new lives outside of Europe.
Emissaries of Jewish youth movements and agricultural settlement organizations, a group of Jewish teachers from Eretz Israel, and a Jewish Agency delegation came to help run the camps and train the DPs for life in Eretz Israel. They also helped set up a school system, and taught the DPs how to farm in preparation for the agricultural life in kibbutzim in Eretz Israel.
See here for more information on the DP Camps
Yad Vashem Photo Archives 3380/92
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In this current age where people are more concerned about their health than ever, one of the current trends is to opt for natural medical treatments. This is the go-to alternative to taking drugs or pharmaceuticals that have been manufactured in a laboratory and consist primarily of unknown chemicals. This is one reason that one of the most contentious issues as of late has been whether or not medical marijuana should be used and adopted widely.
Medical marijuana is used for medical purposes to treat various diseases or health conditions. Today, medical marijuana is available and legal to use in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and in 32 other states in the country. Although research is still being done as to the extent of its effectiveness in treating various diseases, there are other benefits that users have reported. Here are some of them:
Treat and mitigate various health conditions
Medical marijuana is currently being used to treat a number of diseases, including Alzheimer’s Disease, Crohn’s Disease, and various mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia and posttraumatic stress disorder. New research also suggests that medical marijuana could be effective in treating cancer by killing cancer cells and helping reduce the nausea and vomiting that is associated with chemotherapy.
However, one of its most important contributions in the field of health has been in treating and mitigating the symptoms of seizure disorders. Various individuals have reported that taking medical marijuana has led to seizures being able to be managed and controlled in children. Studies have also shown that a drug made from the same plant as medical marijuana has proven effective in reducing the number of seizures suffered by epileptic individuals.
Another one of the primary reasons why people use medical marijuana is that it is able to relieve pain without being addictive. Unlike opioids, medical marijuana is all-natural, which makes it more acceptable as well to people who are seeking pain relief but are a bit conscious with what they put in their bodies.
Medical marijuana has been found to be able to reduce inflammation and swelling, thus helping to relieve pain after a physical injury. It has also been found to be able to help relax tightened muscles in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis, thus aiding in their mobility and relieving the pain in their bodies.
Stimulate the brain in a positive manner
People who have used medical marijuana have reported that doing so has contributed positively not only to their physical welfare, but to their mental and emotional well-being as well. For example, it has been found to help stimulate appetite in people suffering from Alzheimer’s and other diseases, which aids greatly in their road to recovery.
Various medical marijuana users have also reported that it helps elevate their mood and happiness, thus helping them become more productive and lead better lives. Thus, medical marijuana is not only able to treat physical symptoms, but help alleviate the symptoms of various mental conditions as well. This is also a reason why it is preferred over prescription drugs among those suffering from mental health problems.
Although it may take time before its use is widely accepted by society and made legal throughout the country, there are many signs that point to the effectiveness of medical marijuana as a treatment option. Hopefully, research into the subject will continue to grow, and that it may truly be accepted as a legitimate medical treatment option.
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Unhealthy eating habits are an important reason that the epidemic of obesity in the United States triggered. Total one-third of adults (33.8%) in the US are overweight. About 17% of children and youth aged 2 to 19 years old are overweight.
Why lose weight?
Losing weight has an optimistic effect on your health. Although, if you have no health problems at present, the possibility of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, cancer and diabetes can be. The people lose weight and keep regularly experience an improved way of life, both physically and mentally.
Why you adopt proper diet plan instead of exercise?
Lose weight and keep it off, is difficult. Most people go to a laborious exercise regime or diet plan. Apparently, they losing a significant amount of weight, but as soon as they return to their former eating habits, they gain even more weight.
The reduction in the weight with fat burner pills is effective for the individual. There is forming of the habits for the elimination of the fat from the body. The amount of the weight reduction is high for the benefit of the individual. The charges are less when compared to the other pills.
Instead of irregular diet and the choice of grueling workouts that are hard to follow, it is necessary to know what foods are healthy and maintain weight loss.
Bob Harper, celebrity trainer from “The Biggest Loser”, a television program shows that the consistent training exceeds regime. He learned from experience that obese people through the stages of strenuous physical training.
Understanding Calories and movement
People are conscious that running burns a lot of calories, but they do not understand exactly how much exercise is required to balance the unhealthy eating habits.
If you understand how education who want to plan influence on the weight loss, and a training program to burn off the calories of a favorite food. Burn calories differs from one person to another, so that the amount of exercise a person needs also varies.
If your favorite fruit is an apple and eats an average size contains 95 calories down. You must walk or run on the treadmill to burn these 95 calories.
The required to burn calories time depends on your current weight, age and power of movement. It will range from 5 to 10 minutes, just for a medium sized apple! Now calculate how long it will take to burn a disk with 800 to 900 calories.
Use the three “P” and create an effective diet program for weight loss
For a successful last long weight loss plan, much more is needed, in addition to diet and exercise. Diet must to control the three “P” in order to enjoy the weight loss journey
The three ‘P to overcome the weight loss problem
Physiology: Physical structure of each human body is different from the other. The diet plan that is suitable for one, may not be best for another, so that you have to understand your body. The physiological factors play an important role in bringing success to your weight loss program. Medical conditions may prevent, therefore you should consult your doctor during this trip. Psychological: Obesity is already an emotional result topics that begins more psychologically than are weight loss journey flows. Therefore, it is important to explain the reason for being overweight to understand. In addition, the emotions experienced endeavor, as you in the best diet plan to avoid to lose weight fast program. Physical: Even if you take the better diet plans to lose weight quickly program physical movement is necessary for successfully molting calories. Incorporate exercise into your daily routine prepares your body with physical challenges to deal.
Change your diet style
To lose weight, create some lifestyle changes and focus on cutting calories and drink foodstuff, chart, control diet and a healthy portion.The best diet plans for quick weight loss program should be the daily nutrients necessary for your body to function properly, while your goal remains in some calories.
For a weight loss program, cut calories from food and beverages and increase physical movement. To lose one to two pounds per week, you need to decrease the daily intake of 500-1000 calories. Together with the right exercise routine and chart for the great diet to lose weight fast program you will have to follow the first rule, that is portion control. Therefore, you will be on your effective mission of fast weight loss.
The best food which helping weight loss fast
Oatmeal: start the day with Oatmeal breakfast which contains good fats, rich in fiber, protein, minerals and vitamins. A loaded with energy for physical activity.
Green Tea: Antioxidants or phytochemicals called catechins in green tea helps to burn fat faster, increases the metabolic rate and thus help in weight loss. Lean Protein: Non-vegetarians get lean protein from eggs and lean meats. Vegetarians should take soybeans, tofu, chickpeas, beans and dairy products in your diet. Peanut Butter is also a good substitute for the control of appetite.
Fruits and vegetables: In the long term for weight loss -This is the best practice. You could include 2-3 fruits with vegetables that curb your hunger and helps rapid weight loss. Broth soups: Hot vegetable and pureed soups and mashed potatoes can satisfy cravings, fill your stomach with healthy low calorie food.
Nuts: Nuts snack to boost your metabolism, burn calories and helps digestion. Nuts have omega-3 reduces bad cholesterol and increases energy.
Schedule a daily chart performance by healthy foods that support your weight loss program. Follow your diet and exercise program carefully and in a few weeks you will see amazing changes in your weight.
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The Story of Vastu Purush
The ancient texts (Matsya Purana) have depicted variations in how Vastu Purush actually manifested on Earth in various cycles of creation.
At one time, the Creator Brahma was inspired by the Supreme Lord Visnu to create a multitude of subtle and gross bodies for all types of beings. As he attempted to create the ‘aura’ a formless, chaotic and unrestrained cosmic male appeared, who was later given the name Vastu Purush.
During another cycle, Vastu Purush was instead created by the sweat of Lord Siva whilst he was in battle with evil forces. Vastu Purush meditated upon Lord Shiva so devoutly that Shiva was compelled to grant Vastu Purush a boon. However, when Vastu Purush asked that Lord Shiva would make him so powerful that he could devour the 3 planetary systems, since he was very hungry, Vastu Purush’s intentions caused the celestial beings and devatas (universal rulers) to became very fearful and perturbed. With blessings from Lord Visnu, Lord Brahma helped them devise a plan to arrest him before he could undertake such a catastrophic task.
In both these incidences Vastu Purush was thrown to Earth and the Avatars of the Lord, devatas and sages sat on him and pinned him face down.
Vastu Purush’s Transformation and Spiritual Awakening
The Vastu Purush now begged for his freedom, since he was uncomfortable and still hungry. However the Divine association of the Avatars, and Lord Brahma’s presence in the middle of his body, along with the many exalted demigods and sages completely surrounding him, caused a positive transformation within his body. He became completely cleansed of all negative influences and great devotee of the Lord. Having realised his true position as a servant of Lord Visnu, he surrendered himself unto Lord Brahma and asked “How can I be of service ?”.
Lord Brahma, being pleased by his surrender, offered blessings to him in the form of service to mankind.
The Vastu Purush’s Service
Lord Brahma decreed that these blessings would come into fruition when he would stay here on Earth and embody the ‘spirit’ of any given space. Vastu Purush was ordered to take responsibility of well-being by maintaining the energy balance within all constructions and buildings.
After agreeing to carry out Lord Brahma’s wish the Vastu Purush inquired, “In the golden, silver, and bronze ages, people are more conscious and will build their houses according to natural universal energy flow and in this way I become satisfied. But in the Kali-Yuga (the present age of quarrel and hypocrisy), people will build without these considerations, and I will suffer due to being neglected. What will I eat, and how shall I maintain myself without positive energies?”
Lord Brahma replied: “If people in the Kali-yuga cramp you into inauspicious buildings, without consideration of universal energy flow and thus neglect to satisfy you, then you may sustain yourself by feeding off their energy levels.”
If Vastu Purush is Not Happy Nor are We
What does this mean for us?
This means disturbances to the bio-energetic field of any given space also disturbs the bio-energetic field of the Vastu Purush, and thereby the inhabitants of such a structure. We will discuss the implications of this in a later post. Vastu Purush’s anatomy corresponds to that of human anatomy, in the shape of a human body, in this way the space within any property is treated as a living being with consciousness and life energy. The Vastu Purush becomes a symbol of life space as he lies with his head to the North East and feet towards the South West.
Prior to commencement of any construction work taking place, and again before Graha Pravesh (the housewarming ceremony), the Vastu Purush would receive offerings and worship from the inhabitants as a reward for his services. He would be evoked and honoured for his contribution to maintaining positive energies within that building. Even today, in India this ceremony for worshipping Vastu Purush before construction is still prevalent.
Later, a disciple of Lord Brahma named Maya Danava founded the science of Vastuvidya which is still prominent throughout India today. Vishwakarma, architect to the devatas, declared that because of the Vastu Shastra (scripture) the entire universe enjoys good health, happiness and prosperity. Since that period of time our ancestors have built constructions in accordance to the position of Vastu Purush Mandala and nature’s energy flow.
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The Little Dinosaurs of Ghost Ranch
Edwin Harris Colbert
A handy litttle volume on Coelophysis, the late Triassic dinosaur that is one of the earlier dinosaurs for which we have complete skeletons. Numerous complete skeletons, actually, because a mass die-off a little over two hundred million years ago was preserved in a bed of the Rock Point Formation near Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Colbert was one of the discoverers, who more or less chanced upon the bed while staying briefly at Ghost Ranch on the way to the Painted Desert. It seems he had, at great trouble, obtained permits to prospect for dinosaurs in the Painted Desert. However, some interesting fossils had been found around Ghost Ranch, and he decided to check out the area briefly as he passed through. The bed he discovered turned out to be one of the most spectacular of dinosaur fossil finds, and he ended up apologizing to the Department of the Interior for not showing up in Arizona because he thought the Ghost Ranch find was more important. They were okay with it, actually, as was his university for spending their research funds somewhere other than expected. It was 1942; different world.
The book has a bit of the feel of an old man’s memoirs, possibly because it is more or less an old man’s memoirs. Nevertheless, it has some nice descriptions of the geologic formations of the Ghost Ranch area, and concludes that the fossils were in beds that should be assigned to the upper Chinle Formation, though he mentions the possible assignment to the Rock Point Formation (which is what younger geologists seem to prefer.) The beds were located in silt under what looks like an old river channel; possibly the dinosaur carcasses were buried in a flood event, though he notes evidence that the carcasses underwent some dessication before deep burial, such as heads bent clear back over their pelvises, presumably from shrinking ligaments.
There’s some good description of how dinosaurs were quarried and prepared back then. Lots of shellac, plaster of Paris, and burlap, with branches cut from nearby juniper trees as splints. I can sympathize. It’s a pretty interesting problem: How do you extract an 8-ton slab of not very strong siltstone with very delicate dinosaur bones embedded, and get it intact to the East Coast? Then prepare it for display in a museum?
There is a chapter that describes the skeleton of Coelophysis in a fair amount of detail. The brain was relatively large for a dinosaur, and the anatomy was clearly build for speed. Not surprising given that these little fellows had to deal with the big lumbering amphibians that dominated the Triassic. Well, not exactly amphibians; tetrapods of distinct lineage from any modern forms.
Another chapter talks about the environment, which was apparently tropical fluvial plain with some high ground. Early seed plants, including conifers, dominated, but there were still some tree ferns.
The quarry is no longer there; it has more or less been washed out and/or buried under more sediments eroded from above. Presumably all the good stuff was extracted first. Other spectacular quarries have been found in the area; Colbert doesn’t write about these, but it’s worth noting that some have been deliberately buried to preserve the remaining fossils while the preparation folks catch up on the ones already quarried.
Cross-posted at Debunkers.org
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The recent spike in international food and fertilizer prices has underlined the vulnerability of poor urban and rural households in many developing countries, especially in Africa. The combination of factors that resulted in this spike has renewed policymakers’ focus on the need to increase staple food crop productivity. While the pros and cons of input subsidies have been hotly debated over the past decade, input subsidies are being introduced (or re-introduced) in several countries as a means to shore up food security in the short-term while also implementing longer-term investments to raise productivity. With fertilizer prices likely to remain high in the short to medium term, such subsidies will inevitably imply a high budgetary burden. The challenge is to design so-called “smart” input subsidy programmes that have a significant impact on the availability of food in the short run while stimulating growth and rural development and increasing (or at least not suppressing) effective demand for and commercial distribution of inputs in the long run. Beginning in 2005/6, after almost a decade of experience with smaller-scale subsidy programmes, Malawi introduced a large-scale input subsidy programme using vouchers. The purpose of this brief is to review Malawi’s experience in order to identify the challenges facing “smart” subsidy programmes if they are to be sustainable and cost effective in delivering on their goals.
Andrew Doward, Ephraim Chirwa, Duncan Boughton, Eric Crawford, Thom Jayne, Rachel Slater, Valerie Kelly and Maxton Tsoka
Read the research
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North vs. South:
Elizabeth Gaskell reinforces the contrasts of gender and class by illustrating the differences in location. She demonstrates how the North and South of England are incompatible and incomprehensible to one another. She shows the differences in setting, but also using economic and ethical value systems. The pastoral South esteems classical education (113), emphasized politeness (113), refined behavior, farming (101), and a slow leisurely pace of life (59, 101). The South is a relic of an older societal model. Feudalism and unchangeable position in society are the norm. The poorer classes are something to be pitied and then promptly forgotten.
The North-- on the other hand-- is a fresh, booming industrial area, with less rigidity in class structure--where fast business is praised and, as a result of this, money is something to earn and to showcase (60). It is an ugly, smoky place, with visible strife between classes. The conflict between classes occurs partially because society has a new format where those in the lower classes can work their way up the social ladder, becoming the nouveau riche (69). Northerners have a more Teutonic value system, taking pride in fierce independence and strength of will (326).
Power vs. Subjugation:
North and South explores the concepts of power and subjugation on many different levels. The two title characters of the piece, Margaret Hale and John Thornton lock horns on several occasions with their fiery debates. The lovers must first determine which of the two is the dominant figure in the association, and as Margaret is the unconventional strong woman, it is John Thornton who first humbles himself to achieve the match (61). John Thornton's accustomed role of power-wielder in his master-minion relationship makes it more difficult for him to understand and empathize with Margaret (161, 270). Once Thornton takes the upper hand in their relationship, with the perceived-indiscretion of Margaret, the relationship practically terminates (274). Only with the Christian humbling of both partners are they able to unite in a happy union (425).
Gaskell exposes the Nietzschean relationship between the masters of the mills and their workmen, or in societal terms, the nouveau riche and the working lower class. The strike that occurs in the pages of this novel is the climactic point where the cruelties of both classes come to the fore, with starvation, suicide, bankruptcy, double-dealing, and violence being the most visible symptoms of this sort of societal structure (216, 177, 266, 408). Gaskell intones through her heroine Margaret that the ruling classes, i.e. the masters in power, have a responsibility towards their underlings’ wellbeing, and should take that into account rather than indulging in “the tyranny they exercised over their work-people” (70, 109, 84). The masters practice their witticisms on the dehumanized lower class, ridiculing them for their lack of logic and inability to feed themselves (119, 102).
The unwieldy role of power in this novel also brings forth the issues inherent in the class conflicts of the newly reformed society of the north. The class conflicts are most obvious between the southern gentry characters (the Hales) and their northern nouveau riche counterparts, as well as between both of the above and the lower working class (141, 74, 176, 409). At the beginning of the novel, the Hales look down on anyone associated with trade, such as the Thorntons (20). As the novel progresses these preconceptions are subtly extinguished, and only with the late introduction of Margaret’s brother does the reader recall that in society in general, these prejudices are still the norm (252).
From the beginning, religion plays a significant role in the Hale family’s lives. The Hales leave Helstone because Mr. Hale has decided to leave his position of pastor in the Church of England due to doubts of faith in the system, but the reason is never fully explained. Margaret does not outwardly question her father’s decision, but Mrs. Hale expresses her disagreement. Further on, the Higgins family is influenced by religion, as well. Bessy Higgins struggles with the idea of God because her father, Nicholas, has strong doubts, but Margaret strengthens her beliefs through frequent visits and sharing her strong belief in God. During one of these visits, Margaret upsets Nicholas with her strong faith in God, which, at first, she is sharing with Bessy:
‘Bessy, don’t be impatient with your life, whatever it is---or may have been. Remember who gave it to you, and made it what it is!’ … ’Now,I’ll not have my wench preached to. She’s bad enough as it is, with her dreams and her methodee fancies, and her visions of cities with goulden gates and precious stones’...’But surely…you believe in what I said, that God gave her life, and ordered what kind of life it was to be?’ ‘I believe what I see, and no more (91, Chapter 11, Vol. 1).
Bessy is quite ill during this time from working in the cotton mills, so Margaret’s intention is to bring hope to Bessy in a seemingly hopeless time. However, Nicholas sees it as false hope. He does not have the same faith in God as Margaret does, but for good reason. He has had a much harder life and has not been raised in a religious home, like Margaret. However, Margaret does not back down from her faith throughout the novel, and it only makes sense that it is the underlying force that gets her through the many hard times she endures.
The traditional gender roles are manipulated throughout the novel. For example, in the strike scene, Margaret is the protector of the man, Mr. Thornton, from the angry mob: “She only thought how she could save him. She threw her arms around him; she made her body into a shield from the fierce people beyond. Still, with his arms folded, he shook her off” (179, Chapter 22, Vol. 1). If this situation were to abide by traditional gender roles, then it would be Mr. Thornton shielding Margaret from the mob; however, the gender roles are reversed. Instead, Margaret uses her femininity with the thought that the mob is less likely to hurt a woman, to literally shield Mr. Thornton from any harm. Not only is this a selfless act, but a courageous one. Mr. Thornton’s initial reaction is to shake her off and in a way reclaim his manhood, but later on, he visits Margaret to thank her for her bravery. She truly believes she did the right thing; but under the terms of traditional gender roles, it was inappropriate.
Another example is after the dinner party when everyone is conversing, but not together. The men converse with the men and the women converse with the women, which abides by the traditional gender roles. However, Margaret finds the women's conversation boring, which is exemplified in the following quote: "She was glad when the gentlemen came, not merely because she caught her father's eye to brighten her sleepiness up; but because she could listen to something larger and grander than the petty interests which the ladies had been talking about. She liked the exultation in the sense of power which these Milton men had" (163, Chapter 20, Vol. 1). Again, the reader finds Margaret shying away from the woman's traditional role. She wants to be freed from the limitations which are brought upon her simply by being a woman. Unfortunately for Margaret, the idea of a woman engaging in meaningful conversation with a group of men such as the Milton men, especially at a dinner party, was unheard of at the time of the novel. Despite traditional gender roles, Margaret tests the boundaries, which is wonderfully audacious; and if it wasn't for women like Margaret, then women would not have the rights they have today.
Secrets and Lies:
Gaskell explores the use of miscommunications and disinformation to move her plot forward in a variety of ways. The initial move up to Milton is done promptly, with little reason given by the head of house, Mr. Hale. He is very reserved on the subject of why he left the Church of England (35). The entire character of Frederick is shrouded in secrecy and mystery, due to unfortunate circumstances that occurred years prior (22). Another character who takes advantage of her family’s willingness to uphold secrets is Mrs. Hale, who hopes no one will find out about the truth of her condition, and only when pressured by her daughter does she confirm the truth of the matter (167). Margaret lies to herself and others repeatedly throughout the novel. Most obviously, Margaret blatantly lies to a police inspector to save her brother and ruin her own reputation (267). She deceives herself about loving Mr. Thornton (192).The masters of the mills use deception to bait their workers (135). All of these secrets and lies create turbulence for the characters and move the plot forward. Frederick himself was a mere plot device used to illuminate some internal characteristics of Margaret that would have otherwise not been seen.
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Iliotibial Band (IT Band) Syndrome is second most common injury in endurance sports making up almost 10% of all reported injuries. As endurance athletes we can’t look around without finding an athlete who has not experienced IT Band Syndrome, and in many cases, just by looking in the mirror.
IT Band Syndrome is avoidable. Through simple exercises, you can learn to train hard without ever having to deal with this injury. To understand how these exercises will keep you healthy, you first have to understand what the IT Band syndrome is.
The IT band is a long band of tissue that runs from the hip abductors located at the top of your hips (a.k.a., your butt) down the outside of your upper leg to the top of your lower leg. Its main function is to act as a stabilizer/shock absorber for the hip joint. The most common symptom of IT Band syndrome is a very sharp pain or clicking on the lateral side of your knee during any activity when the knee is flexed. It is an over-use injury most often brought on by adding volume or intensity to your training at a rate to which the supporting muscles of your IT Band cannot adapt. As you exercise, if the muscles that comprise the hip abductors are weak or imbalanced, they will begin to fatigue and other muscles will subsequently compensate resulting in poor mechanics, and cause inflammation of the IT Band.
The single most important factor in avoiding IT Band Syndrome injury is to develop your hip abductor strength.
These 4 exercises should be in every athlete’s repertoire to prevent IT Band Syndrome. They take very little time to do—only 15 minutes, 3-4 x/week—making them easy to fit into any workout routine.
- Double/Double-Lift (Use an exercise strap or belt, and couch pillow)
The Exercise: Lie on your back with your knees bent and your arms relaxed out to the sides, and palms up. Your ankles, knees, hips and shoulders should be in alignment. Place the strap around your knees so they can go no more than hip width apart. Place a pillow between your feet/ankles. Simultaneously pull your knees out against the strap as you squeeze the pillow with your feet. Lift and lower your feet about 2 to 3 inches off the floor per repetition. To get the best results, aim for 3 sets of 20 reps.
Why Do It: This exercise isolates and strengthens the Glutes and forces you to use each side of your hips evenly. Your Glutes are the largest muscle group connected directly to the IT Band.
- Double Switch – Lift (Use an exercise strap or belt, and a couch pillow)
The Exercise: Lie on your back with your knees bent and your arms relaxed out to the sides, and palms up. Ankles, knees, hips and shoulders should be in alignment. Place a pillow between your knees. Place a strap around your ankles so they can go no more than hip width apart. (The is the opposite placement of the pillow and strap from Exercise 1.) Simultaneously squeeze the pillow between your knees while pulling your ankles/feet outward against the strap. Lift and lower your feet about 2 to 3 from the floor. Just like with the Double/Double, aim for 3 sets of 20 reps.
Why Do It: If you’re thinking that this exercise sounds very similar to the first, you’re right. The two exercises complement each other, and work opposing muscle groups. The Double Switch isolates and strengthens the hip flexors while forcing you to use each side evenly.
(Thanks for help on these exercises to Michael Bellofatto, Egoscue Senior Therapist and Master Instructor.)
- Hip Bridges
The Exercise: Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet, hips and shoulders in line with each other. Keep your arms out at a 45 degree angle, with your palms up. Lift your hips off the floor as high as you can and slowly lower them back down. To maintain better alignment, I recommend placing a pillow or volleyball between your knees with light pressure on it while performing each rep. Aim for 2-3 sets of 15-20 reps.
Why Do It: Hip Brides strengthen your Glutes while decreasing the tightness in your hip flexors through a range of motion at your hip joint that is almost universal in endurance sports.
- 3 Way Leg Raises (With Resistance Band)
The Exercise: Start from a standing position (you might use a wall for balancing if just starting to perform this exercise) with the resistance band placed around both legs just above the knee. Bend both knees slightly, and lift your left foot off the ground with the knee bent to 90 degrees. In a controlled and slow motion, lift your left leg forward until the thigh is parallel to the ground. Slowly returning to the middle. Without placing your left foot on the floor, slowly move the left leg out to the side. Slowly return to the middle. Finally, slowly extend the left leg behind you. Again, slowly returning the middle. This is one rep. For the best result, aim for 2-3 reps of 5, and repeat the same motion on your right side. You may find that you need to start without the resistance band the first few times that you do this exercise.
Why Do It: Life is not linear. We move in 3 dimensions. This exercise brings all the hip abductor muscles together and moves them through a large range of motion.
This series of exercises can be done anywhere as part of your next workout, or while you’re watching your favorite tv show (you’ll be finished before American Idol is over). Each exercise uses accessories that you likely already have around your house. Most importantly, these exercises will keep your IT Band happy and healthy ensuring that you’ll stay on track for your next finish line!
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Are you obese and don’t know it? What exactly is obesity? When most people hear “obesity,” they conjure up an image of someone who’s 400 pounds, perhaps so large it’s impossible to walk or even get out of bed. But the truth is, obesity is much more common and, sadly, easily achievable with the Standard American Diet, than you might realize.
When men have a body fat percentage greater than 25 percent and women have a body fat percentage greater than 30, they are considered obese. One way of measuring body fat is by calculating your body mass index (BMI). To calculate your BMI, input your weight and height into this calculator.
For example, a women who’s 5’4” tall weighing 180 pounds or a man who is 5’8” and 170 pounds are considered obese, per the BMI calculator.
Obesity has been one of the major focal points of health news for years and years. Despite the rising awareness and public health efforts surrounding the obesity epidemic, the problem is only getting worse. Consider these statistics:
- About 35% of adults and 17% of youth in the U.S. are obese.
- A study by the RAND Corporation pointedly states: “Obesity is linked to a big increase in chronic health conditions and significantly higher health expenditures. And it affects more people than smoking, heavy drinking, or poverty.”
- What’s more: A recent study published by McKinsey Global Institute concluded that the global cost of obesity is about $2 trillion, a dash under smoking and war & terrorism, which cost $2.1 trillion each.
THE RISK FACTORS OF OBESITY
The issue of obesity extends far beyond looks, weight and food consumption. It is a severe condition that’s strongly linked to:
- Heart disease
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome
- Liver disease
- Type 2 diabetes
- Various types of cancer
THE SOLUTION TO OBESITY
The troubling thing is, obesity is highly preventable. The McKinsey Global Institute presented a list of “interventions” to reduce obesity:
Credit: McKinsey Global Institute
As you can see, the solutions that provide the greatest results directly involve what you eat, what you put in your body.
A mostly raw, plant-based diet is not only the healthiest choice you have to combat obesity, but it’s also the most accessible solution to obesity (or even regular weight gain).
Commit to eating about 85% fresh vegetables, organic when possible. Choose cooked food and fruit for the remaining 15%. The raw foods contain living enzymes and nutrients that effectively nurture and empower your body, while the cooked foods contain additional vitamins and minerals that are only available from cooking.
Whether or not you’re facing obesity, you may be looking for a way to detoxify and kickstart the road to your healthiest body, inside and out. If you are, you’ll be thrilled to partake in our brand-new 7-Day Detox Program, starting January 19th!
Our 7-Day Detox Program is the ONLY cleanse that detoxifies + nourishes + energizes you, supercharging you with the vitamins, minerals and other nutrients your body needs to do its best work while “decongesting” your essential organs.
By taking care of yourself and your family first, you will help make small waves in the fight against obesity—we can only solve this person by person, starting with YOU.
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Women’s Suffrage Parade, Chicago, 12 May 1914, courtesy of the Library of Congress, American Memory.
In response to this humorous article that we posted a few weeks back, we received a wonderful explanation from our friends at the Cambridge Women’s Heritage Project for what might have been going on:
“These are definitely made up letters representing different stereotyped husbands, wives, and ‘spinsters’, rather in the spirit of Punch Magazine of the same period. In fact the mention of Caudle and Mrs Caudle is a reference to a humorous series of diatribes given by ‘Mrs Caudle’ in Punch magazine as part of Mrs Caudle’s Curtain lectures...the complaints of the wife just before her husband falls asleep. Alas, none of the letters are real and all are…’outrageous’. The real reaction of women in this area at the time are shown very differently in the letters of Caroline Dall in the Mass Historical Society (and of course by Margaret Fuller herself).”
**A special thanks to Joy Harvey of the Cambridge Women’s Heritage Project and Sarah Burks at the Cambridge Historical Commission for pointing out this article.**
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What is going on in Japan since March 11, 2011?
Radiation generated by collapse of radioactive material that is invisible to the eye pierces cells of animals and plants and human body.
In Fukushima contamination is now omnipresent, you cannot see it nor smell it, nor taste it but it is there.
And in 2016, an unprecedented public project is about to start in the world. Japan’s contamination is made visible by its 1/1000 second clicking sounds.
You can’t see it but you can now visualize the power of those radioactive disintegrations by hearing their sounds, so that the inoffensive looking becquerel per kg numbers of an invisible contamination now take a new dimension, as the violence of their power is suddenly revealed through their disingration sounds…..
Completion of drilling a hole toward investigation inside Unit 2 Primary Containment Vessel (PCV) at Fukushima Daiichi
TEPCO released a video showing a drilling rig, used in preparation for internal investigation of containment vessel No. 2 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The drilling was seated against the CRD hatch inside unit 2, the selected site where a robot will be inserted into unit 2 containment to collect data and images.
Due to shielding blocks difficult to remove and high radiation levels found where the hatch gasket had melted away, this work has been repeatedly delayed.
Logos from IRID, Toshiba and IHI are displayed on that drilling rig. IRID is the decommissioning research and development group. Toshiba handles the inspection and response work at the site and was a prime contractor at Daiichi before the disaster. IHI Corporation does a variety of high tech work including the energy and aerospace industries.
Little is known about the capabilities of that drilling rig. To conduct the containment inspection the workers will have to insert a robot into the CRD hatch tube.Earlier in the process it was decided to drill out an opening on the hatch rathen than trying to open it. In similar works at unit 1 a large tube shaped rig is connected to the containment port to act as a hot cell, to enable the robot to enter and exit the containment structure without having radiation or radioactive materials to escape.
Similar efforts at unit 1 involved connecting a large tube shaped rig to the containment port that acts as a hot cell. This allows the robot to enter and exit the containment structure without allowing radiation or radioactive materials to escape. Earlier practiced work at Unit 2 showed workers training with such a hot cell unit.
Asahi Shimbun had reported on September 2016 that TEPCO has announced they would begin the robotic containment inspection of unit 2’s containment in early 2017. This new development might be a sign that they have overcome the difficulties that caused delays since 2014.
My deep respect for this father courage and perseverance to search for his child beyond his pain and the tragedy. It must be awful to search for the remains of your beloved daughter like he did for 6 years. I have been repeatedly hearing about his relentless search over and over again during these past 6 years. I am happy for him that he finally found her.
My own daughter was very lucky, at the time the tsunami hit the place where they lived on the north-east coast of Iwaki city, right by the sea, they were all in town, far from their house and the seashore. They lost their house but no life.
Yuna Kimura was 7 years old when the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami struck.
OKUMA, Fukushima Prefecture–A man’s painstaking search over nearly six years has finally uncovered remains of his 7-year-old daughter who disappeared in the 2011 tsunami.
But the discovery has not brought closure for the father, Norio Kimura, who plans to keep sifting through the debris on the coast of this town in the shadow of the ruined Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
“I am glad, but only small parts of her have been recovered,” said Kimura, 51. “I will continue my search until I find everything.”
A breakthrough in his private search for daughter Yuna came on Dec. 9, when a volunteer found a scarf she was wearing on the day the tsunami struck. It was near the coast only a few hundred meters from where Kimura’s home once stood in Okuma.
A further search of the area uncovered parts of neck and jaw bones among the tsunami debris.
A DNA test conducted by Fukushima prefectural police showed the remains were of Yuna. Kimura was informed of the test result on Dec. 22.
However, he said he still has no intention of submitting a document to officially certify her death until the rest of her body is found.
Yuna was the last resident of Okuma officially listed as missing.
Kimura’s house was located about 4 kilometers south of the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant and 100 meters from the coast. The tsunami spawned by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, destroyed the home and swept away Yuna, Kimura’s wife, Miyuki, then 37, and his father, Wataro, then 77.
The bodies of Miyuki and Wataro were recovered that year. But Yuna remained missing.
The meltdowns at the nuclear plant forced Kimura to evacuate from Okuma and halt his search for Yuna.
Although the Self-Defense Forces, firefighters, police and volunteers conducted searches along the coast of the Tohoku region, radioactive fallout prevented extensive checks around Okuma in the early days of the recovery effort.
Most parts of the town are still located in the government-designated “difficult-to-return zone” because of high radiation levels. Access is limited to former residents, but only for short periods.
Kimura resumed his personal search for Yuna at the end of 2011, when the government allowed those limited-period returns to Okuma.
After settling in Hakuba, Nagano Prefecture, with his mother and surviving daughter, Kimura frequently made round trips of about 1,000 kilometers in his search for Yuna. He often wore protective clothing against radiation in his endeavor.
Yuna’s remains were found in an area where Kimura discovered a shoe in June 2012 that his daughter was wearing on the day of the disaster.
Kimura said he intends to increase his trips to Okuma and focus his search on the area where Yuna’s bones were discovered.
“I do hold anger toward TEPCO, which caused the nuclear crisis, and the government, which was not committed enough to the body-recovery effort,” Kimura said. “I am mortified that it took nearly six years to find her.”
An agency affiliated with the Japanese government is to study the possibility of burying nuclear waste at a depth of about 5,000 meters. That’s much deeper than proposed in the government’s current plan.
Researchers from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, or JAMSTEC, will carry out a basic survey for the new disposal option after next April.
The survey will be conducted at Minamitorishima, a remote island above the geologically stable Pacific Plate.
JAMSTEC says it will use a research vessel to collect data on the topography and geology of the area.
No technology exists to bury nuclear waste 5,000 meters below ground as there are many technical challenges.
The Japanese government has been planning to bury high-level radioactive waste from nuclear plants at a depth of more than 300 meters in final disposal facilities. Officials are currently looking for candidate sites.
Nagasaki University Professor Tatsujiro Suzuki is a former member of Japan’s Atomic Energy Commission. He says it is too soon to discuss a technology that has yet to be developed, but he thinks basic research by the agency could help to create more options.
Ukraine Energy Wars Are Leading To A Fukushima-Chernobyl Debacle In Europe
Archives edition Looking back on the dodgy Ukrainian nuclear energy industry a possible source of HEU for Jihadists in our latest report
By Yoichi Shimatsu
Exclusvie to Rense
Clashes over energy in Ukraine between the West and Russia could prompt another Chernobyl-type accident or a catastrophe on the order of a Fukushima that will complete the nuclear devastation of the Northern Hemisphere. As news media fixate on conflicts over pipelines that supply Europe with Russian gas, another energy war is erupting over control of Ukraine’s nuclear-power industry, which generates half that nation’s electricity.
Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenuk’s campaign for “energy independence” from Russian-sourced natural gas and nuclear fuel is not a study in cost control, economic security or even national sovereignty. His corporate-giveaway policies are actually a concession to Western energy interests in return for their influence over the EU, which can provide loans to avert an imminent default on Kiev’s debt to the IMF and World Bank. With an annual budget shortfall of $15 billion and a currency collapse, Ukraine is staggering under external sovereign debt estimated at between $140 and $200 billion.
The IMF and World Bank have halted further transfers of loan tranches to Kiev, which is now unable to make payments on its gas imports from Russia. Kiev policymakers are therefore desperately looking to expand their nuclear industry. Unfortunately two recent accidents at its largest nuclear-power plant highlight the serious risks to a nation still grappling with the long-term effects of the 1986 Chernobyl meltdown.
Boom and Bust
In stark contrast with eco-conscious capitals across Europe, Kiev is unable to resist foreign demands to adopt the Texan model of boom-and-bust energy extraction. Chevron and Shell have launched fracking projects to tap shale-oil deposits across Ukraine, but exploration and revenues have been delayed by the fierce fighting in the Donetsk region.
Ukraine also possesses one of Europe’s few exploitable uranium reserves in its Kirovograd and Dnipropetrovsk regions, now being targeted by the French nuclear giant AREVA in cooperation with local partner VostGOK.
An ongoing series of nuclear-fuel deals between Toshiba-Westinghouse and Ukraine energy monopoly Energoatom is aimed at severing Kiev’s reliance on Russian technology and Kazakh uranium. The competition to supply the global market for MOX (mixed oxides of uranium and plutonium) is pitting a consortium of Westinghouse, AREVA and their US suppliers against their Moscow-based rival Rusatom and nuclear-engineering firm TVE.
Beset by losses of orders from Japan, the AREVA MOX fabrication plant in France is facing a new and strong challenge from the Rusatom pellet facility in Krasnoyarsk, western Siberia, which has replaced the aging Mayak fuel plant.
To reduce stockpiles of plutonium-laced spent fuel rods stored inside power plants, the global nuclear industry is pushing to introduce advanced prototypes of fast-breeder reactors, which burn a variety of nuclear fuels including plutonium. Rusatom is producing MOX pellets for a next-generation fast-breeder to start operation this year at Beloyarskaya. The Russian design is the chief rival for next-generation breeder reactors being developed by the French ASTRID program in the Rhone region and the Hitachi-GE Horizon project along Britain’s Irish Sea coast.
In this global race to revive the fortunes of the nuclear industry, Chernobyl and the ongoing Fukushima cataclysm spewing radioactive waste into the jet stream over Europe have all but been forgotten.
Salvaging Savannah River
The powerful explosion of MOX fuel rods at Reactor 3 in Fukushima nearly four years ago prompted Britain to close its Sellafield MOX fuel-rod production facility and convinced the Department of Energy to suspend construction on the US mixed-oxide project in Savannah River, South Carolina. These setbacks for the US-UK nuclear industry left the AREVA’s Mercoule facility in the southern French region of Languedoc-Roussillon as the only MOX producer in the West.
Ulterior motives lurk behind the Ukraine sales pitch. The year-end push by Toshiba-Westinghouse o supply nuclear fuel to Kiev is a backhanded tactic to overturn the DOE decision to halt construction on the Savannah River MOX fuel fabrication facility. Anti-Moscow rhetoric and geopolitical arguments for switching Ukraine to Western-based energy systems (fracking, tanker-delivered oil imports and MOX fuel) bolster the odds for congressional funding to complete the Savannah River MOX facility.
As Terrorist are able to acquire fissionable Enriched Uranium TEPCO and Russia cut a deal – Nothing to see here!
Highly Enriched Uranium, a Dangerous Substance that Should Be Eliminated“….Furthermore, it is more difficult to detect by technical means. Therefore, in comparison to plutonium, HEU is much easier to divert, smuggle and hide. Moreover, a crude nuclear explosive made of HEU can be constructed in a much simpler way than one made usingplutonium. For these reasons, HEU is the material most wanted by terrorists. A few tens of kilograms are sufficient for one explosive, but the quantities existing in the world add up to hundreds of tons…..” https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif124.pdf
Anyway, whilst the world slumbers business carries on;
Tenex to start substantive talks with Japan on decommissioning Fukushima in 2017 09:31 December 26, 2016
TENEX operates to promote the interests of the Russian nuclear industry while making the best possible use of its export potential and competitive advantages in strict compliance with the applicable law and quality assurance, security and “”social responsibility”” standards.
Solar panels bring cheap energy to India
No wonder that the nuclear lobby is in a panic to spread its spin all over the world. Their lies, about curing climate change with Small Nuclear and Big Nuclear, remain lies, no matter how fervently the nuclear industry and its media acolytes repeat them.
The nuclear panic is on, because genuinely clean energy, (and energy conservation), are developing so fast, ever cheaper and more efficient, that it’s becoming evident that New Nuclear doesn’t stand a chance.
Renewable energy is inexorably becoming cheaper, even without subsidies. Wind energy is the cheapest form of new electricity generation available today. Solar power is on the way to beating even wind. Compared to nuclear, both forms are fast to set up, and provide many more and cleaner, jobs.
The media usually ignore decentralised renewable energy. Yet small solar and wind systems are already becoming the dominant form of new energy production. (It’s quite laughable to see the Small Modular Nuclear Reactor (SMR) lobby pushing their propaganda all over, while literally millions of solar rooftop panels go up every day. )
This month, this website will bring a focus onto the fast-growing renewable energy movement.
In 2017 the nuclear lobby lies should not prevail.
In a world where a jury acquitted O J Simpson of a double murder, and a nation elected Donald Trump for President, it is more important than ever, for lies and dishonest spin top be exposed.
2016 brought a new word – the Anthropocene. It has been the year in which many of us realised that the planet has been irrevocably changed- by the human species. Of the wide-ranging effects of human activities,climate change is the one that has now become the most terrible threat. People around the world are trying to change our destructive ways: individuals, town councils, city mayors, states, and, to a much lesser degree, national governments work to conserve energy and promote renewable energy generation.
Countering that, the polluting industries have used their think tank front groups, and mainstream media, to confuse the public, and deny the science.
In November 196 countries participated in the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh, to develop agendas for carrying out the the Paris Agreement of 2015. But international action was hampered by the presence of fossil fuel companies, and even more, by the election of climate sceptic Donald Trump to the USA presidency.
The nuclear disarmament movement was boosted on October 27, when—by a vote of 123 for, 38 against, and 16 abstaining—the First Committee of the UN agreed “to convene in 2017 a United Nations conference to negotiate a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons.”
Nuclear power issues focussed on both the decline of the nuclear power industry, and the desperate efforts of the industry to survive. Notably in Britain, a clearly uneconomic pro nuclear programme has been pushed, with the gigantic Hinkley white elephant in the lead. In America, subsidising of nuclear power is a contentious issue.
Meanwhile. nuclear countries, unable to make the nuclear industry profitable, and unable to deal with its toxic wastes, have persisted in their marketing drive to export nuclear technology. The target countries are many, but South East Asia is a prime example. That campaign for SE Asia suffered a setback when South Australians rejected an ill-advised government push to commercially import nuclear wastes – a plan that was intended to solve the problem for new nuclear stations in South East Asia.
Within the nuclear lobby, a quiet battle has gone on between the conventional Big Nuclear Reactor industry, and the campaigners for Small Nuclear Reactors. The latter reactors do not exist, but their hype is everywhere, particularly led by Bill Gates and various nuclear front groups. Unfortunately, Gates has bought into the nuclear lobby’s deception about nuclear fixing climate change.
So – we end the year with climate change not just looming, but already here, endangering us and other species. The extraordinary attention given to Donald Trump and his impact on global climate and nuclear policy leaves us with very worrying questions.
Depleted uranium, used in some types of ammunition and military armour, is the dense, low-cost leftover once uranium has been processed….
A high-ranking official from Veterans Affairs says a handful of vets mistakenly believe their bodies have been damaged by depleted uranium…..
the Federal Court of Canada has found depleted uranium to be an issue. The court ruled the Veterans Affairs Department must compensate retired serviceman Steve Dornan for a cancer his doctors say resulted from exposure to depleted uranium residue.
Poisoned soldier plans hunger strike at minister’s office in exchange for care, Montreal CTV.ca Andy Blatchford, The Canadian Press, 30 Oct 11, MONTREAL — An ex-soldier who says he was poisoned while serving overseas is planning to go on a hunger strike outside the office of Canada’s veterans affairs minister until he gets medical treatment.
Or until he dies.
December 22, 2016, by Radio Ecoshock Well I guess the triple-meltdown nuclear disaster at Fukushima is all over. It must be. We’re not hearing much about it, right? As we’re about to find out, the silence about the continuing horror in Japan is no accident.
Robert Hunziker has some news even hardened Fukushima-watchers missed. Robert’s the free-lance environmental journalist whose work is published all over the world. This latest article can be found in the online magazine Counterpunch on October 31st, under the title “Fukushima Cover Up”. Fukushima Cover Up
I’ve covered the triple-melt down at Fukushima from the very day it started. There were emergency podcasts, interviews with tons of experts, including from the Union of Concerned Scientists. Just Google “Radio Ecoshock and Fukushima” and stand back. But just because the story is over in the media, and the Japanese government would dearly love us all to forget about it – THIS ACCIDENT IS STILL HAPPENING.
The three reactor cores, including one laced with plutonium, are still lost somewhere under the ground in Fukushima, and still pumping out massive amounts of radioactivity. The Japanese utility TEPCO, which went bankrupt and was bailed out at huge cost by the people of Japan, continues to pump out very radioactive water, to be stored in an ever-increasing vast tank farm on the site. That may go on for another 40 years or so, except (a) the company is running out of places to build those tanks and (b) radioactive particles are flowing into the Pacific Ocean daily anyway.
The Government announced an “ice wall” to contain that radioactivity, but that didn’t work, despite the tens of billions of dollars spent. There is no solution to this problem.
Radioactivity is now acknowledged by American experts as having arrived in the currents to the West Coast of North America. Of course the Pacific fisheries has been irradiated. I would not eat fish caught there. The levels may be “low” but there is no safe level of radioactivity.
The Fukushima nuclear accident also continues because the people irradiated by the accident (including a huge part of Japan, and including Tokyo) will pass down illness for an unknown number of generations. The largest number of people receiving medical treatment due to the Fukushima nuclear disaster were born AFTER the accident, Robert Hunziker tells us. The government and the nuclear industry have found multiple ways to hide this.
One of the largest was to pass fake “terrorism” legislation, where any journalist reporting on Fukushima impacts could be charged as a “terrorist”. Then some one leaned on the largest daily newspaper of Japan (7.5 million subscribers, about triple the New York Times) to dismantle their team of more than two dozen journalists covering Fukushima. After winning awards for their reporting and exposes, these journalists at Asahi Shimbum newspaper were either fired or moved to other departments. That’s another way to “solve” the crisis.
I won’t go into all the ways the doctors have been silenced, medical records faked, and “temporary” workers at the cleanup not counted. It’s horrifying – and it’s an example of why humans cannot be trusted with nuclear power.
Japan says they have “cleaned up” the Fukushima area, by scraping up dirt and storing it God-Knows-Where in giant bags which might circle the Earth if lined up together. I doubt it, and nobody can “clean up” all the forests which were laced with particles, right up to and including plutonium that last for over half a million years. The clean-up is a fairy tale.
Meanwhile, and this is too incredible, Japan has somehow captured the 2020 Olympics. Worse, they plan to force people evacuated from nearby Fukushima city back into hot zones (by cutting off their aid if they don’t). They, Japan has scheduled sports events at Fukushima – with local food brought in from the irradiated zone! It’s not bad enough our athletes had to deal with Zika virus and polluted water in the Brazil Olympics. No, they have to be publicity guinea pigs for the Japanese nuclear disaster.
By the way, during my many interviews and podcasts, often using reporting from Japanese TV during the incident, there is no doubt that Tokyo itself was blanketed by nuclear particles. More ran into the underground water supply from the nearby irradiated hills.
Earthquakes continue to rock the Fukushima area, like this one. Who knows what can happen, with those lost reactor cores. ra ra http://www.ecoshock.org/2016/12/greenland-melt-japanese-meltdown-conspiracy.html
Bernie Sanders urges Congress to stop Donald Trump launching nuclear arms race Democrat speaks out after President-elect appears to reverse decade’s-old policy of disarmament, The Independent, Charlotte England @charlottengland Saturday 24 December 2016 Bernie Sanders has urged Congress to stop Donald Trump launching a Cold War-style nuclear arms race.
Earlier on Friday, the US President-elect was asked to clarify the meaning behind an ambiguous tweet in an interview with MSNBC. “Let it be an arms race,” he is reported to have told co-host Mika Brzezinski,in a telephone call……..
Laicie Heeley, a nuclear expert at the Stimson Center, a nonpartisan anti-nuclear proliferation think-tank in Washington, told AFP news agency it was “reckless” for Mr Trump to tweet on the topic without offering details.
“To make such a loaded statement without context or follow-up is irresponsible at best,” she said.
“We could be talking about a return to the Cold War here, when the threat of a nuclear catastrophe was very real,“ she said. ”Russian rhetoric is already moving in that direction. It wouldn’t take a lot to bring us back there.”
Minutes after Mr Trump’s follow up remarks were reported on MSNBC, his secretary Sean Spicer said in several television interviews that there would be no arms race because the President-elect would make sure that other countries trying to step up their nuclear capabilities, such as Russia and China, would decide not to participate.
“He’s going to ensure that other countries get the message that he’s not going to sit back and allow that,” Mr Spicer told NBC. “And what’s going to happen is they will come to their senses, and we will all be just fine.”…….http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bernie-sanders-urges-congress-to-stop-donald-trump-launching-nuclear-arms-race-a7493936.html
What Would Happen if the Entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapsed? http://www.ecowatch.com/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-2159166639.html By Tim Radford, Dec 24 2016
Scientists in the U.S. have identified an ominous trend in the Southern Ocean—the creation of enormous icebergs as rifts develop in the shelf ice many miles inland. And although three vast icebergs have broken from the Pine Island glacier in West Antarctica and drifted north in this century alone, researchers have only just worked out what has been going on.
Their first clue came from a telltale shadow in the south polar ice, caught by a NASA satellite and visible only while the sun was low in the sky, casting a long shadow.
It was the first sign of a fracture 20 miles inland, in 2013. Two years later, the rift became complete and the 580 sq km iceberg drifted free of the shelf.
“It’s generally accepted that it’s no longer a question of whether the West Antarctic Ice Sheet will melt—it’s a question of when,” said study leader Ian Howat, a glaciologist in the School of Earth Sciences at Ohio State University in the U.S.
“This kind of rifting behavior provides another mechanism for rapid retreat of these glaciers, adding to the probability that we may see significant collapse of West Antarctica in our lifetimes.”
The scientists report in Geophysical Research Letters journal says that they discovered that although shelf ice could be expected to wear at the ocean edge, something else was happening in West Antarctica.
The Pine Island glacier is grounded on continental bedrock below sea level, which means that warming ocean water could penetrate far inland beneath the shelf, without anyone being conscious of any change.
The first evidence of something unusual was a valley—the one highlighted by shadows visible only at a particular time and captured by NASA imagery—in the ice, where it had thinned. The valley was the first outward sign that ice was melting far below the surface.
The shelf ice plays an important role in slowing the progress of south polar glaciers: remove the shelf ice and the glacier flow accelerates.
Researchers have already identified evidence of glacier retreat in the West Antarctic and warned that bodies of ice massive enough together to raise global sea levels by three meters could—thanks to global warming as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion—be increasingly unstable.
Dr. Howat said:
The really troubling thing is that there are many of these valleys further up-glacier. If they are actually sites of weakness that are prone to rifting, we could potentially see more accelerated ice loss in Antarctica.
Antarctica is home to more than half the world’s fresh water. The Pine Island glacier and its neighbor and twin, the Thwaite glacier, are at the outer edge of an ice stream. In effect, they have “corked” the flow.
But West Antarctica is warming far more swiftly than the rest of the south polar region. And the calving of huge icebergs fuels researchers’ fear that, within 100 years, the entire West Antarctic ice sheet could collapse, with disastrous consequences for many coastal cities worldwide.
These are the 12 largest nuclear detonations in history http://www.businessinsider.com/largest-nuclear-detonations-in-history-2016-12//?r=AU&IR=T/#youve-seen-the-worlds-largest-man-made-explosions-11 [good maps and pictures] Business Insider
Since the first nuclear test on July 15, 1945, there have been over 2,051 other nuclear weapons tests around the world.
No other force epitomizes the absolute destructive power humanity has unlocked in the way nuclear weapons have. And the weapons rapidly became more powerful in the decades after that first test.
The device tested in 1945 had a 20 kiloton yield, meaning it had the explosive force of 20,000 tons of TNT. Within 20 years, the US and USSR tested nuclear weapons larger than 10 megatons, or 10 million tons of TNT. For scale, these weapons were at least 500 times as strong as the first atomic bomb.
To put the size of history’s largest nuclear blasts to scale, we have used Alex Wellerstein’s Nukemap, a tool for visualizing the terrifying real-world impact of a nuclear explosion.
11 (tie). Soviet Tests #158 and #168
On August 25 and September 19, 1962, less than a month apart, the USSR conducted nuclear tests #158 and #168. Both tests were held over the Novaya Zemlya region of Russia, an archipelago to the north of Russia near the Arctic Ocean.
No film or photographs of the tests have been released, but both tests included the use of 10-megaton atomic bombs. These blasts would have incinerated everything within 1.77 square miles of their epicenters while causing third-degree burns up to an area of 1,090 square miles.
10. Ivy Mike
On November 1, 1952, the US tested Ivy Mike over the Marshall Islands. Ivy Mike was the world’s first hydrogen bomb and had a yield of 10.4 megatons, making it 700 times as strong as the first atomic bomb.
Ivy Mike’s detonation was so powerful that it vaporized the Elugelab Island where it was detonated, leaving in its place a 164-foot-deep crater. The explosion’s mushroom cloud traveled 30 miles into the atmosphere.
9. Castle Romeo
Romeo was the second US nuclear detonation of the Castle Series of tests, which were conducted in 1954. All of the detonations took place over Bikini Atoll. Castle Romeo was the third-most powerful test of the series and had a yield of 11 megatons.
Romeo was the first device to be tested on a barge over open water instead of on a reef, as the US was quickly running out of islands upon which it could test nuclear weapons.
The blast would have incinerated everything within 1.91 square miles.
8. Soviet Test #123
On October 23, 1961, the Soviets conductednuclear test #123 over Novaya Zemlya. Test #123 used a 12.5 megaton nuclear bomb. A bomb of this size would incinerate everything within 2.11 square miles while causing third-degree burns in an area of 1,309 square miles.
No footage or photographs of this nuclear test have been released.
7. Castle Yankee
6. Castle Bravo
Castle Bravo, detonated on February 28, 1954, was the first of the Castle series of tests and the largest US nuclear blast of all time.
Bravo was anticipated as a 6-megaton explosion. Instead, the bomb produced a 15-megaton fission blast. Its mushroom cloud reached 114,000 feet into the air.
The US military’s miscalculation of the test’s size resulted in the irradiation of approximately 665 inhabitants of the Marshall Islands and the radiation poisoning death of a Japanese fisherman who was 80 miles away from the detonation site.
3 (tie). Soviet Tests #173, #174, and #147
From August 5 to September 27, 1962, the USSR conducted a series of nuclear tests over Novaya Zemlya. Tests #173, #174, and #147 all stand out as being the fifth-, fourth-, and third-strongest nuclear blasts in history.
All three produced blasts of about 20 megatons, or about 1,000 times as strong as the Trinity bomb. A bomb of this strength would incinerate everything within 3 square miles.
No footage or photographs of these nuclear tests have been released.
2. Soviet Test #219
On December 24, 1962, the USSR conductedTest #219 over Novaya Zemlya. The bomb had a yield of 24.2 megatons. A bomb of this strength would incinerate everything within 3.58 square miles while causing third-degree burns in an area up to 2,250 square miles.
There are no released photos or video of this explosion.
1. The Tsar Bomba
On October 30, 1961, the USSR detonated the largest nuclear weapon ever tested and created the biggest man-made explosion in history. The blast, 3,000 times as strong as the bomb used on Hiroshima, broke windows 560 miles away, according to Slate.
The flash of light from the blast was visibleup to 620 miles away.
The Tsar Bomba, as the test was ultimately known, had a yield between 50 and 58 megatons, twice the size of the second-largest nuclear blast.
A bomb of this size would create a fireball 6.4 square miles large and would be able to give humans third-degree burns within 4,080 square miles of the bomb’s epicenter.
The first atomic bomb
The first atomic blast was a fraction the size of the Tsar Bomba, but it was still an explosion of almost unimaginable size.
According to the NukeMap, a weapon with a 20-kiloton yield produces a fireball with a radius of 260 meters, making its total width the size of 5 football fields. It would spew deadly radiation over an area 7 miles in width, and would produce third-degree burns in an area over 12 miles in width.
If dropped over lower Manhattan, a bomb of that size would kill over 150,000 people and produce fallout stretching all the way to central Connecticut, according to the NukeMap.
The first atomic bomb was tiny by nuclear weapons standards. But its destructiveness is sill nea lry impossible to grasp.
‘Unrecoverable’: revealed N-documents show Iran can not make nuclear weapons , The Age, Vienna, 24 Dec 16 : In an unusual move, Iran and six world powers have released previously restricted documents about their nuclear deal to enforce their view that Tehran is not in a position to try to make nuclear weapons.
Some of the documents are dated January 6, 2016, shortly before the pact was implemented. But they were not made public until Friday, when they were posted on the public website of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The IAEA is monitoring the nuclear deal, which Iran reached with Germany and the five permanent UN Security Council members – the United States, Russia, China, France and Britain.
The agreement stipulates that Iran can possess only low-enriched uranium, which is not suitable for weapons, and it is limited to possessing no more than 300 kilograms at any time. That is far less than would be needed to make a nuclear weapon even if it were further enriched to weapons-grade levels used for the core of nuclear warheads.
When the nuclear deal was agreed on, Iran had more than 100 kilograms of liquid or solid waste containing low-enriched uranium as part of its enrichment activities. Some of the material remains and the documents posted on Friday declare the low-enriched uranium it contains as “unrecoverable” and thereby not part of the 300-kilogram limit.
A letter on behalf of the European Union’s foreign policy chief, Federica Mogherini, authorising publication of the documents was also posted on the IAEA website.
It comes at a time that the incoming US administration has served notice it might seek to pull out of the agreement…….http://www.smh.com.au/world/unrecoverable-revealed-ndocuments-show-iran-can-not-make-nuclear-weapons-20161224-gthmpe.html
Alex Smith, Radio Ecoshock, 22 Dec 16 The fossil fuel industry, and their paid climate deniers, have taken control of the government of the United States. Russia, another major world supplier of oil and gas, played it’s part, raiding the servers of the Democratic Party, the Democratic Candidate, and their campaign Chair.
As a result, scientists at the recent meeting of the American Geophysical Union are gathering to protect their data, and likely many of their jobs. Our first guest Joerg Schaefer came from his training in Germany and Switzerland for the brightest minds and best technology to analyze and predict climate change. Now all that is in doubt.
There are several movements in science to make copies of key climate databases and models, to get them out of the country before the climate killers take control.
But even this misses another threat. Climate science depends on long strings of dependable records. Weather comes and goes, but climate is understood decade by decade, through centuries, and even millions of years. The United States, through it’s network of satellites, ocean buoys, and research ships provides a great deal for scientists in many countries. If there is a break in those critical records, even for four years, or heaven forbid, eight – then we’ll know less, and be less prepared. Less prepared for the biggest shift in human affairs in the whole time we have been on this planet.
The great but slow movement to get off fossil fuels will continue. Citizens will continue to install solar panels, the price will continue to drop. While Donald Trump may subsidize the coal industry, and get a mine or two going, nobody wants to go back to coal. It cost more than renewable energy, or gas, even without a price on carbon. America might as well go back to making horse carriages, or the original Apple computers. Trying to rebuild a coal industry is just going to waste money and time.
We don’t have that time. Each and every scientist you’ve heard on Radio Ecoshock this fall has brought out another feed-back, a greater climate sensitivity, more reasons why we have to cut carbon emission drastically, ideally starting 20 years ago. As our guest Kevin Anderson from the Tyndall Center told us, the next four years are critical.
Can we stop Greenland from reverting to the bare rock it knows best? Can we save the remaining Arctic sea ice, to stabilize the weather further south, where most of you live? Can we prevent methane geysers from the sea floor? Can we slow deglaciation in Antarctica until we find a way to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere?
All this may be up to the rest of the world, while America enters bizarro world, the place where foxes guard the hen-house. Or the responsibility may go back where it really belongs: into our own homes, lives and lifestyles. If we can’t count on the big father of national governments, the future returns to us. Prepare to organize. Prepare to act, to save ourselves and Nature…… http://www.ecoshock.org/2016/12/greenland-melt-japanese-meltdown-conspiracy.html
- 1 NUCLEAR ISSUES
- business and costs
- climate change
- indigenous issues
- marketing of nuclear
- opposition to nuclear
- PERSONAL STORIES
- politics international
- Religion and ethics
- secrets,lies and civil liberties
- weapons and war
- 2 WORLD
- MIDDLE EAST
- NORTH AMERICA
- SOUTH AMERICA
- Christina's notes
- Christina's themes
- culture and arts
- Fukushima 2017
- global warming
- RARE EARTHS
- resources – print
- Resources -audiovicual
- World Nuclear
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Even the “safest” corners of the Internet are no longer safe. Latest scam that could harm you: Cybercriminals have been placing hidden land mines in legitimate online ads on high-profile, trusted websites. When computer users click on the ads, they unknowingly download destructive software, called malware, to their computers. That allows hackers to steal financial account information or even to lock up your files until you pay a ransom to free them.
The malicious practice has been dubbed “malvertising” because the malware hides in online advertising. Malvertising has invaded extremely popular sites including Amazon, Answers.com, Yahoo and YouTube.
Even if you don’t click on an infected ad, just having the ads on your screen can put you at risk because the malware can exploit security holes in your Internet browser and download itself to your computer.
Malvertising is especially difficult for computer users or security software to spot or trace because of the nature of online advertising now. Big ad networks, such as the one owned by Google, often automatically and instantaneously insert ads when you visit a website, based on your interests, location and previous visits to other websites. Most malware is designed to be stealthy and goes undetected by traditional defenses such as antivirus software.
Self-protection: Keep your computer’s operating system, web browsers and browser plug-ins, such as Java and Adobe Flash, up to date by either setting them for automatic update or regularly checking if updates are available. Updates often are able to close security holes reported by previous malvertising victims. Also consider using a free ad-blocking plug-in with your browser, such as Adblock Plus (AdblockPlus.org).
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Donald Trump and congressional Democrats are stuck in a negotiation stalemate that is preventing an end to the government shutdown.
Trump wants a wall, but Democratic leaders Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer refuse to support funding for a physical barrier – positions they recently reiterated while addressing the nation in primetime. Currently, both sides are operating in a manner that often prevents deals from getting made.
Understanding how people influence each other is central to my research and teaching as a management professor at Northeastern University’s D’Amore-McKim School of Business. In essence, I study the science, rather than the art, of the deal.
This work shows why the shutdown continues and how both sides could walk away with a win.
Positions versus interests
Research on negotiation highlights the importance of distinguishing between positions and interests.
Positions are the initial demands or starting points from which both sides typically need to move for an agreement to be reached. Interests, on the other hand, are the underlying motives for positions – the reasons people make demands in the first place.
When parties to a negotiation focus on positions, they often reach an impasse. Why? Because there really is only one way to satisfy a position – you either get what you asked for or you don’t.
Putting positions first
A focus on positions is evident in the negotiation to end the partial government shutdown, which is now the longest in American history.
Each side’s position is clear: wall or no wall. President Trump has demanded that a bill to reopen the government include more than US$5 billion for a physical barrier along the southern border of the United States. Conversely, Speaker Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Schumer insist that although they would consider providing money for increased border security they will not provide funding for a wall.
In negotiations research, this is referred to as a competitive approach to bargaining in which the two sides “take firm, opposing stances, cling tightly to them and stubbornly refuse to concede.”
This is a “win-lose” or “zero-sum” approach in which any gains for one party come at a direct cost to the other party.
Negotiating based on interests
A focus on interests, however, is at the core of what is referred to as integrative bargaining, which aligns with a collaborative approach to negotiations.
The language used in their recent primetime addresses hints at the interests of both sides. Trump seemed to focus on preventing drugs and criminals from crossing the border. The Democrats’ response suggested they are primarily interested in the humane treatment and safe passage for people who want, and perhaps even need, to enter the United States.
When people negotiate over interests, they look beneath positions and seek to satisfy needs, which is the real reason we should negotiate.
This approach can produce more creative alternatives for an agreement. It also places importance on the relationship, in addition to the outcome, which typically paves the way for more productive negotiations between the parties in the future.
So why don’t Trump, Pelosi and Schumer simply negotiate based on interests instead of positions and end the shutdown?
Unfortunately, this often is easier said than done. People often incorrectly assume that, like positions, their and the other party’s interests are in direct conflict.
Interests, on the other hand, tend to be more compatible. In fact, because interests ultimately define the problem, focusing on them can provide far more options for an agreement that satisfies the needs of both parties.
Finding a win-win solution
Although the current political climate clearly amplifies both sides’ competitive approach and hinders a shift from positions to interests, that is the most productive path to an agreement. Unfortunately, we have seen only hints of a discussion of interests to date.
To end the shutdown, both sides should find a way to make that shift. For example, Trump could do more to acknowledge the Democrats’ interest in fair treatment of those who want to enter the United States. Schumer and Pelosi could put more emphasis on the importance of Trump’s desire for increased border security.
And most importantly, both sides should present proposals to end the crisis that satisfy the other party’s legitimate interests. It’s a difficult task, but it’s the only way both sides, and the country, can win.
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Intro to Java
Introduction to Java is a fast-paced, 10 lesson long programming course that centers around teaching students about the workings of Java, how to program it, and what computer programming is all about. Java is a giant language in the technology industry, used by many companies for services, and even in games, such as Minecraft. Coding is an essential skill in the twenty-first century, and gives learners the ability to excel in the modern competition for jobs. Students will move through critically important topics of Java such as variables, iteration, and objects. This class aims to introduce coding to students in a fun and engaging way, including hands-on activities, teacher-led type-alongs, homework, as well as a fun project. Students will learn different strategies in coding, how to work in the professional workplace environment, and how to work independently on code.
Please sign up for the class here
Dates: Saturdays 1/20, 2/3, 2/10, 2/17, 3/10, 3/24, 3/31, 4/7, 4/14, 4/21
Time: 4:00 - 5:30 PM
Location: Gunn High School, 780 Arastradero Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94306
My name is Arthur Ji, and for this 2017-2018 Silicon Valley Youth school year, I will be your Assistant Head of the Computer Science Department, as well as a teacher for a Game Design class. I am in my sophomore year at Monta Vista High School. I have passion for business, games and computer programming in general. The reason why I first got into computer programming was because I was interested in games and was inspired by them to try to create my own game. As a programmer and as a teacher, I was to also inspire my friends and younger generations to take up the interest of computer programming. Computer is not only a door to creativity and better thinking, but it also become essential to getting good jobs and favorable careers in the modern age. At Silicon Valley Youth, out priority is to bring creativity and new ideas to the classroom, and I hope to that throughout this semester of class! Good luck, and I hope to have a great class with everyone!
I’m a sophomore at Homestead High School who’s interested in the teacher’s assistant job for the class Intro to Java. I can contribute to this class through my teaching experience and my knowledge of the basics in Java. By taking part in my school’s academic center program, I have practical experience in teaching. I am also currently taking a java course outside and inside of school, so although my time spent on Java seems small, I do have the required amount of knowledge to be able to teach this class. I want to be part of the organization as I feel it provides perhaps a better learning environment than actual classes in school, due to students being more open to other students.
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| 0.968914
| 601
| 3
| 3
|
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