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In April of this year, I travelled to the Indonesian capital of Jakarta for the first time. I was excited to visit this new city and start to photograph in one of the world’s most underreported emerging economies. I had read stories about the city’s challenges with water and flooding, which is why I wanted to photograph there and continue my work on environmental issues in developing nations. I wasn’t prepared for the shocking scenes that I was to witness in my time in the city.
One of my first impressions of this Southeast Asian megalopolis was not the not the eclectic culture and diversity of the fascinating Indonesian people, or the mix of traditional and modern architecture—it was the smell.
That smell emanated from the rivers and canals that weave their way through this city of over 10 million people. 400,000 liters of waste are dumped into the capital’s rivers and canals every day. Supposedly equating to the weight of 140 elephants, according to a 2009 report in the Jakarta Globe.
Built on the confluence of 13 rivers, Jakarta’s history has been one involving vigorous trade with countries around the world. During the Dutch colonial era in the early 17th Century onwards, a network of canals was built that helped relieve the city from flooding which, at that time, only occasionally affected the city.
Today, that network of canals has fallen into disrepair and all of the rivers and canals have become choked with pollution. Residents readily throw household waste directly into the waterways which gather together at many points along the rivers, especially at the failing sluice gates along the canals.
The problem is exacerbated by industrial pollution that is also released into the rivers upstream. Excess nitrates and phosphates from this pollution encourages the rapid growth of algae and subsequent eutrophication, the process by which algae covers the surface of waterways, restricting the amount of oxygen in the water and effectively killing off aquatic life below.
The poverty levels in Jakarta are staggering and sobering. It is thought that over 5 million residents live in slum communities in Greater Jakarta, many of which are found along the waterways of the city.
Standing one morning in one such community on the banks of the Ciliwung River in central Jakarta, I photographed a young family who ran a small shop selling sweets and snacks. A few metres away from the storefront were the banks of the river. Its brown waters swiftly moved past us, carrying with it plastic bags, bottles, polystyrene boxes and other random items discarded further upstream.
Across the river, a wall of ramshackle houses built on stilts perched perilously close to the surface of the water. Regular sounds of splashes could be heard as toilets were emptied, discarding the contents straight into the water beneath. The river, like many throughout Jakarta, had effectively become a sewer.
As I travelled around the city documenting how the residents were being affected by issues such as rising sea levels, flooding and climate change, I made a note to start photographing some of the pollution I came across. I decided to focus on the form, shapes and colours that I saw. I did this, as I wanted to try to show the issue in a new way and try to draw the viewer in, even though the scene actually might make the viewer want to turn away.
One of the most shocking scenes I witnessed was in the small community of Muara Baru in the north of Jakarta. My guide and I were exploring some of the communities that lined the area’s waterways when we came across a river which was completely covered in refuse and trash. I had never witnessed anything like it. I felt a deep pang of sadness as I looked upon the scene before me. I stood there stunned for some time before I took a picture.
In January, floods had inundated the city and in this particular community, large amounts of trash had been washed upstream and deposited there. Children played by the water and women cooked food on stoves just metres away. It was a depressing scene.
Water pollution is such a critical issue in Jakarta. Sadly, it is often the poorest communities that are the most at risk and the first to be affected. I saw some shocking scenes during my time in these communities but I met some of the warmest and friendliest people I have encountered whilst travelling in Asia.
Changes are beginning to take place in Jakarta. Reservoirs and rivers are being dredged and the government is coming under more and more pressure to effectively deal with these issues and prevent the inevitable health issues that come with living in these conditions. It will be a long battle however and the future of the city and its residents is still very uncertain.
About the author: Sean Gallagher is a Beijing-based British environmental photojournalist whose work focuses on highlighting the conflicts between nature and humanity in developing nations in Asia. He works with many of the world’s leading news outlets and is a 5-time recipient of the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting Travel Grant. He is also a contributing photographer to the National Geographic Image Collection. Visit his website here. This article originally appeared here. | <urn:uuid:8fa8ae25-e2e4-40c3-99f7-16655d01ec78> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://petapixel.com/2013/06/28/toxic-waters-photographing-the-colors-of-pollution-in-jakarta-indonesia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119654194.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030054-00007-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978472 | 1,052 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Skip to 0 minutes and 7 secondsSo Tobias has talked about how we can use these new data sets to get a better idea of what's going on in the world right now. But making good decisions is not just about knowing what's going on right now. It's about taking the best guess we can of what we think might happen in the future. As humans, we have to do this all the time. We have to try and predict what we think other people are going to do. We're like walking prediction machines in a way. And we make these predictions on the basis of human behaviour patterns we've seen repeat in the past.
Skip to 0 minutes and 47 secondsSo for example, if I asked you to tell me when you think traffic is going to get busy near you today, you'd probably be able to take quite an accurate guess because you've seen that pattern repeat many times in the past. Even the fact that humans have personalities is, in a way, a reflection of the fact that human behaviour repeats itself in some ways. So for example, you might have a friend who you know is always late to meet you. Or alternatively, you might have a business partner who you know can be relied on to deliver on time. The new data sets we're collecting through our interactions with technology document human behaviour on a much larger scale.
Skip to 1 minute and 35 secondsThis means that we have the opportunity for computers to try and find patterns of repeating human behaviour, which are perhaps more nuanced than a human brain can see on its own. Or perhaps these patterns are only evident if you look at behaviour on a very large scale - a national or an international scale. More than you and I come into contact with on a day to day basis.
Skip to 2 minutes and 1 secondRecent work has started to look at whether what we do online might also be a good indicator of what we then go on to do in the real world afterwards. If you consider how you and I use the internet, we often go online to look for information to help us make decisions about things you want to do in the future. So for example, we might look for information about a restaurant we're considering going to. We might try and find out which film we should go and see. Sharad Goel and colleagues looked at data from Yahoo on what films, songs, and games people had been looking for online.
Skip to 2 minutes and 44 secondsAnd they showed that if you look at this data, you can actually anticipate the rankings and revenues of films, songs, and games in the next week. Now you might realise if you know the ranking of a song in the chart in the previous week, that's going to give you a pretty good idea of what the ranking of that song is going to be in the chart this week. And Goel et al. showed that indeed this is the case. You can make good predictions on this basis. But if you add this search data into that predictive model, then your predictions improve. You get better at guessing where those films and songs and games are going to be in the next week.
Skip to 3 minutes and 29 secondsHowever, with all of this, we have to bear in mind that trying to predict human behaviour is difficult, not least for one special reason. It's rather different to forecasting what natural systems might do, for example, like the rain. If I go outside and I say, I think it's going to rain later today, then the rain isn't going to change its behaviour as a result. But if I say I think I know what a large group of people are going to do, they might possibly decide it's not in their interest for them to do that anymore.
Predicting human behaviour with big data
Making good decisions requires us not only to make our best possible guess about what is going on in the world right now, but also to make our best estimate of what we think might happen in the future.
As humans, we try to predict what other people are going to do all the time. We often do this by identifying repeating patterns in behaviour – for example, someone’s tendency to be late, or times at which traffic is particularly bad.
Watch this video to find out how large data sources can help us make better predictions of future behaviour, by allowing computers to spot patterns in large datasets that humans alone might not have identified.
© Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick | <urn:uuid:77889cb9-0a83-4a09-bc7c-55f2c758b887> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/big-data/2/steps/58964 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986657586.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015055525-20191015083025-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.972016 | 909 | 3.125 | 3 |
Coastal fog can bring more than a nice view — it can also act as a vector for microbes. That’s according to a recent report published in the journal Science of the Total Environment.
Eli Dueker is an author of the report and Director of the Center for the Study of Land, Air, and Water at Bard College. He spoke with WAMC’s Southern Adirondack Bureau Chief Lucas Willard about how coastal fog can carry microbial life between land and sea.
To read the report visit: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718330134?via%3Dihub | <urn:uuid:b8378909-8ce4-405b-bd1f-aeffc0b2680a> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.wamc.org/post/report-coastal-fog-can-act-vector-microbes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496855.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220230820-20190221012820-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.898048 | 142 | 2.859375 | 3 |
If the new product sells well, new firms will enter the market, ushering in a market growth stage. Where will a second firm enter the market, assuming that the first firm established itself in the center? If the second firm is small, it is likely to avoid head on competition with the pioneer and to launch its brand in one of the market corners. If the second firm is large, it might launch its brand in the center against the pioneer. The two firms can easily end up sharing the mass market. Or a large second firm can implement a multiple niche strategy and surround and box in the pioneer.
Eventually, the competitors cover and serve all the major market segments and the market enters the maturity stage. In fact, they go further and invade each others’ segments, reducing everyone’s profits in the process. As market growth slow down, the market splits into finer segments and high market fragmentation occurs. Note that two segments are un-served because they are too small to yield a profit.
Market fragmentation is often followed by a market consolidation caused by the emergence of a new attribute that has strong appeal.
However, even a consolidated market condition will not last. Other companies will copy a successful brand, and the market will eventually splinter again. Mature markets swing between fragmentation and consolidation. The fragmentation is brought about by competition, and the consolidation is brought about by innovation. Consider the evolution of the paper towel market.
Originally homemakers used cotton and linen dish cloths and towels in their kitchens. A paper company, looking for new markets, developed paper towels. This development crystallized a latent market. Other manufacturers entered the market. The number of brands grew and created market fragmentation. Industry over capacity led manufacturers to search for new features. One manufacturer, hearing consumers complain that paper towels were not absorbent, introduced “absorbent†towels and increased its market share. This market consolidation did not last long because competitors came out with their versions of absorbent paper towels. The market fragmented again. Then another manufacturer introduced a “super strength†towel. It was son copied. Another manufacturer introduced a “lint-free†paper towel, which was subsequently copied. Thus paper towels evolved from a single product to one with various absorbencies, strengths, and application. Market evolution was driven by the forces of innovation and competition.
Eventually, demand for the present products will begin to decrease, and the market will enter the decline stage. Either society’s total need level declines or a new technology replaces the old. For example, Video cassette tapes replaced conventional roll of film for small projector home viewing and now the tapes are replaced by Cassette Discs. The manufacturers in these lines had to reconsider how to conduct their business and make changes in their products accordingly. | <urn:uuid:47ecfa67-d138-4f4a-ab8a-9c5d5865b270> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.citeman.com/1892-growth-maturity-and-decline-in-marketing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282110.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960485 | 580 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Studies on soluble nutrient components in wood and their influence on decay susceptibility and preservative efficacy.
The work described in this thesis was undertaken to determine the nature and identity of soluble carbohydrate and nitrogenous components which migrate and accumulate at evaporative surfaces of dried wood and the influence these nutrients have on wood decay and preservative performance. Specific soluble carbohydrates and amino acids were shown to redistribute and accumulate at surface regions of wood during drying. Analysis of dried wood showed that soluble carbohydrates constituted 2-5% of the dry mass of wood at surface regions, and that soluble nitrogenous components constituted < 0.5% in the same areas. The soluble sugars which redistributed and accumulated at surface regions during drying were mainly reducing in nature in the softwoods. Glucose and fructose were the predominant sugars in these woods. In lime, sucrose was the predominant sugar. Soluble amino acids contributed to a significant proportion of the nitrogen content at surface regions of softwoods. In pine and spruce soluble amino acids constituted 30% and 40% of the total nitrogen content, but in lime, concentrations of soluble amino acids constituted only 6% of the total nitrogren content. The major amino acids observed in pine, spruce and lime were aspartic acid, glutamine and arginine. Soil burial studies undertaken highlighted the problems encountered when trying to mimic natural wood of high nutrient status. Test blocks impregnated with soluble sugars and amino acids displayed loss of these added nutrients on emplacement in soil, and the effect of added substrates could not be evaluated individually. The results of soil burial studies using CCA treated wood which was also impregnated with amino acids, showed that the latter influenced wood decay and preservative stability in lime. Weight losses in preserved lime were shown to correlate with increasing arginine and glutamine concentrations. A substantial copper loss was recorded in hardwoods and softwoods treated at sub-toxic levels with CCA and also treated with glutamine. Soluble sugars incorporated into preserved wood did not influence wood decay or preservative efficacy. | <urn:uuid:92c84ca5-c1d3-4ca2-b5d7-24466badca4e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376036 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542588.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00402-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956168 | 414 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Image source: Pixabay.com
Vitamin D is a mineral extremely important for the regulation of calcium and phosphorous in a dog’s body, it also aids in the retention of calcium which promotes healthy bone growth and development. It must be surprising to hear that too much vitamin D can cause fatal effects in dogs, such as threatening levels of calcium known as Hypercalcemia, and threatening levels of phosphorous called hyperphosphatemia. There are several ways vitamin D poisoning can occur, but the most commonly reported is due to chemicals used to kill rodents. There is no safe age limit to vitamin D poisoning, all dogs can fall prey to this disease, though younger dogs or puppies are more prone to do so.
There are several methods to diagnose vitamin D poisoning, some common symptoms are listed below:
- Loss of appetite.
- Dark feces containing blood.
- Abdominal pain
- Excessive drooling.
- Loss of weight.
- Muscle tremors.
- Vomit containing blood.
- Increased urination.
- Increased thirst.
The initial signs of vitamin D poisoning generally go by unnoticed, and sometimes it may take up to 2-3 days for serious signs to show up. Hence, being alert and cautious of these symptoms can be life-saving for your dog.
Diagnosing vitamin D poisoning
Once you suspect
a vitamin D overdose and take your dog over to the vet, there will be a number
of tests starting with blood work, specifically of the kidney function, urine
concentrations and electrolytes. If there is no known history of vitamin D
poisoning, the vet may also run additional tests to rule out other diseases
such as cancer, bladder stones and hyperparathyroidism, as these can portray
Treating an overdose
A vitamin D
overdose can be fatal for dogs, an urgent and aggressive treatment is extremely
necessary to save the life of your pooch. The treatment will include intensive
care, round-the-clock, for a duration of 48 hours. The treatment further
This includes induced vomiting, followed by giving several doses of charcoal to
remove the poison from the intestines.
antacids that will aid in decreasing phosphorous.
IV fluids, which will help flush the excess calcium out of the body.
to remove calcium from the body.
to prevent hypercalcemia.
function and electrolytes is extremely necessary even after going home as the
goal is to prevent acute kidney failure and hypercalcemia.
The treatment can be quite expensive, but it is a small price to pay for the
life of your dog.
Staying alert and cautious for early signs is the best way to increase the
chances of a healthy life for your beloved pooch. | <urn:uuid:3a8b0782-81b2-4f57-9f9e-94a9338be8ad> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.petcarerx.com/article/how-excess-vitamin-d-makes-dogs-sick/5308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150266.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724125655-20210724155655-00562.warc.gz | en | 0.911818 | 578 | 3.046875 | 3 |
- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Sunken Subway Cars To Replace Eroding Barrier Reefs
Posted By Mike Chino On April 22, 2008 @ 9:30 am In Design,Environment,Green Transportation,Innovation,Landscape Architecture,New York City,News,Recycled Materials,social responsibility,Water Issues | 16 Comments
It’s a condo boom for sea creatures as retired New York subway cars are being hurled into the ocean deep. The initiative, headed by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control , has deposited hundreds of the vacant vessels in an effort to jump start a new reef 16 miles off the state’s coast. The concept has already shown great promise, transforming “a barren stretch of ocean floor into a bountiful oasis, carpeted in sea grasses, walled thick with blue mussels and sponges, and teeming with black sea bass and tautog.”
Coral reefs are currently facing a bleak future as trends in global warming and human activity threaten their existence. As ENN reports, “More people means more of everything that damages coral reefs, including fishing, sewage, coastal construction and human activities that contribute to warming oceans. ” There have been many efforts to combat this decline by creating artificial reefs out of a wide range of substances . These structures are essential since reefs can’t spring up just anywhere and need to attach to some sort of solid surface.
Strange as it may sound, old MTA subway cars happen to make perfect starters for these underwater ecosystems. The undersea residences are 100% recycled, prefabricated , and the rent is right since New York is giving the cars away free of charge. The reef is currently composed of 714 cars and continues to grow, creating “a thriving community in what was once an underwater desert”.
+ New York Times
Photo credit: Tim Shaffer
Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/sunken-subway-cars-form-new-reef/
URLs in this post:
Image: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/04/22/sunken-subway-cars-form-new-reef/
sea creatures: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/03/15/crochet-coral-reef/
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control: http://www.dnrec.delaware.gov/Pages/default.aspx
More people means more of everything that damages coral reefs, including fishing, sewage, coastal construction and human activities that contribute to warming oceans.: http://www.enn.com/ecosystems/article/28876
wide: http://www.ecoreefs.com/artreefs.php
range: http://www.reefball.org/index.html
substances: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/artreef.html
prefabricated: http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/03/28/prefab-friday-zerohouse-shows-nothing-is-everything/
+ New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/us/08reef.html?_r=3&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
Copyright © 2011 Inhabitat Local - New York. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4f5f3986-5ef4-4034-b6e8-fa4d65bdefed> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://inhabitat.com/sunken-subway-cars-form-new-reef/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645338295.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031538-00240-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886937 | 788 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Scientists in the US have demonstrated a new way to assess the potentially damaging effects of prenatal drug exposure using non-invasive medical-imaging tools. The technique could also be used to monitor a foetus’s response to therapeutic drugs.
Scientists at the US Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with positron emission tomography (PET) to track the uptake and distribution of trace amounts of cocaine in pregnant monkeys. They found significant differences in where and how fast the drug accumulates in maternal and foetal organs.
“Understanding how drugs are transferred between a mother and her foetus during pregnancy may help us unravel the mechanisms of the drug’s damaging effects on unborn children,” said Helene Benveniste, Chair of Brookhaven’s Medical Department. “While studies that follow human drug abusers and their children over decades provide valuable information, animal studies can more quickly provide clues to the underlying mechanisms of damage and suggest ways to test new treatment or prevention strategies,” she said.
The imaging tools could also be used to assess the effects of therapeutic drugs, for example, synthetic narcotics administered to pregnant women following surgical procedures performed on foetuses in utero.
“Following such surgeries, which are becoming more common to correct congenital malformations, the mother is treated with narcotics for pain and anaesthesiologists are relying on the mother transferring the pain medication to the foetus via the placenta. But we actually do not know if what we give is sufficient to ‘satisfy’ the pain level of the foetus,” said Benveniste, who is also a professor of anaesthesiology at Stony Brook University.
Though other scientists have attempted to use PET to non-invasively monitor maternal-foetal drug exchange and pharmacokinetics (how quickly a drug is taken up and distributed among the body’s organs), the PET technique alone did not provide adequate anatomical detail of the tiny foetal organs.
The current study combined PET with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – complementary non-invasive techniques available at Brookhaven Lab’s Center for Translational Neuroimaging – to track cocaine pharmacokinetics down to the level of the placenta and individual regions of the foetal brain.
“The MRI images, which have the necessary detail, served as a high-resolution anatomical template onto which we ‘overlayed’ the PET pharmacokinetic data using sophisticated computer techniques,” Benveniste said. “The resulting images gave us the best of both worlds and allowed us to look at cocaine uptake and distribution in the mother and foetus simultaneously.”
The animals were anaesthetised prior to scanning. MRI scans were performed first, followed by PET. For the PET study, each animal was injected with a trace quantity of cocaine, less than 10 micrograms, which is not enough to cause pharmacological effects.
The injected cocaine had previously been “labelled,” or “tagged,” with a short-lived radioactive form of carbon (carbon-11). This “radiotracer” emits a signal that is picked up by the PET scanner, which takes “snapshots” of the tracer’s location over time to show how much and how quickly the cocaine (and/or the metabolic byproducts that retain the carbon-11) enters and clears the various organs. The radiotracer decays and completely clears from the animal’s body in about two hours. After the procedure, the animals were returned to their social colony to deliver their offspring.
The combined images show that cocaine and/or its labelled metabolites readily cross the placenta. But the cocaine uptake distribution pattern observed in the foetus was very different from that of the mother. For example, mothers showed rapid uptake and clearance of the drug in the heart, kidneys, and lungs, with slower uptake in the liver and brain. In the foetus, cocaine accumulated at the highest levels in the liver (due to the unique anatomy of foetal circulation) and to a lesser extent in the brain.
“While the uptake of the tracer into the foetal brain is lower and slower than in the mother’s brain, a measurable quantity of cocaine and/or its labelled metabolites does accumulate in the foetal brain, particularly in the striatum, where cocaine is known to bind to cell-surface receptors that result in a euphoric response,” Benveniste said.
The high uptake of radiolabelled cocaine in the placenta is also particularly relevant, the researchers said, because cocaine is known to constrict blood vessels in the placenta. It may be that this constriction of placental blood flow is one of the mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of cocaine exposure during pregnancy. | <urn:uuid:848b4383-e782-40aa-8756-83442a6c2b7d> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/issues/february-2005-online/pregnant-primates-aid-pet-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808972.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124214510-20171124234510-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.93417 | 1,018 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Chatham in Barnstable County, Massachusetts — The American Northeast (New England)
The Battle of Chatham Harbor
during the Revolutionary War occurred in Chatham Harbor,
near this site, on 20 June 1782.
At sunrise, crew members from a British privateer were discovered in Chathamís East Harbor, attempting to sail away three unmanned vessels as prizes of war. The alarm cannon on Watch Hill alerted the town militia who assembled quickly and opened fire on the British from the shore. When the largest of the three vessels went aground, the intruders took to small boats and headed back to their ship, anchored off-shore. They were hotly pursued by the militiamen, also in small boats, although the British privateersmen escaped, the Chatham vessels were recovered, and victory belongs to the determined, long-suffering townspeople. Since 1776, British Seapower had stifled their livelihood from the sea; nevertheless, they continued to give loyal support to the nationís war for independence.
Chathamís National Bicentennial Celebration.
Erected 1978 by Town of Chatham.
Location. 41° 40.321′ N, 69° 56.928′ W. Marker is in Chatham, Massachusetts, in Barnstable County. Marker is on Main Street. Click for map
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 9 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. History of Chatham Lighthouse (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); The Mayflower Story (about 300 feet away); The Rescue of the Pendleton (about 400 feet away); In Memory of the Pioneers of Chatham (approx. 0.8 miles away); Samuel De Champlain (approx. 0.9 miles away); Chatham Radio/WCC (approx. 2.8 miles away); French–Atlantic Cable Company (approx. 8.3 miles away); Jonathan Young Mill (approx. 8.6 miles away). Click for a list of all markers in Chatham.
Regarding The Battle of Chatham Harbor. This plaque is mounted on a stone and is located at the edge of a hedge.
Categories. • War, US Revolutionary •
Credits. This page originally submitted on , by Byron Hooks of Sandy Springs, Georgia. This page has been viewed 266 times since then and 19 times this year. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on , by Byron Hooks of Sandy Springs, Georgia. • Bill Pfingsten was the editor who published this page. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. | <urn:uuid:3a8cfcd3-0e2b-4947-9943-fc3648e7e56e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=78440 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283475.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00023-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956997 | 538 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The World Wide Web is all abuzz with Google Earth images of Antarctica that appear to show pyramids in the icy landscape.
The images show what appears to be three pyramids with four sides similar to the famous Giza pyramids in Egypt. Could these be authentic man-made pyramids created by an ancient civilization?
Who Made the Pyramids?
There are numerous theories about the origin of these pyramids. Some of the more controversial suggestions are that the pyramids were remnants of an earlier Atlantean civilization in Antarctica, or that they were built by extraterrestrials.
These scientists have suggested that the “pyramids”, may actually be nunataks. Nunataks are the peaks of mountains that protrude through the ice and are higher than the surrounding terrain.
The Research of Dr. Charles Hapgood
Two of the ‘Antarctica pyramids’ can be found 10 miles (16 kms) from the coast. The third pyramid is located near the shoreline.
The discovery of these pyramids suggests that Antarctica may have been inhabited by humans sometime in the past 6,000 years.
It was around this time that man was building pyramids in the Old World. Charles Hapgood’s research supports the possible existence of an ancient civilization on a continent which is now covered by ice.
In Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, Dr. Charles Hapgood published the Piri Reis Map of Antarctica. This 16th century map shocked the world because it showed the way Antarctica looked without ice.
The Piri Reis map was found in Turkey. A Turkish Navy officer sent the map to the U.S. Navy Hydro Graphic Bureau in 1953. M.I. Walters, the Chief Engineer of the Bureau, sent the map to Arlington H. Mallery to be evaluated.
Mallery determined that Piri Reis map was completely accurate and may have been copied from a map made 6,000 years ago.
Confirming the Piri Reis Map
The Piri Reis map of Antarctica is very accurate. Using seismic soundings and sonar, researchers found that underneath the ice-cap the coastlines, mountain ranges, plateaus etc. on the Piri Reis map matched the Queen Maud land, Antarctica.
Olhmeyer, leader of the British-Swedish expedition to Antarctica wrote Hapgood the following letter:
Dear Professor Hapgood,
Your request of evaluation of certain unusual features of the Piri Reis Antarctica map of 1513 by this organization has been reviewed. The claim that the lower part of the map portrays the Princess Martha Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctic, and the Palmer Peninsular, is reasonable.
We find that this is the most logical and in all probability the correct interpretation of the map.
The geographical detail shown in the lower part of the map agrees very remarkably with the results of the seismic profile made across the top of the ice-cap by the Swedish-British Antarctic Expedition of 1949.
This indicates the coastline had been mapped before it was covered by the ice-cap. This part of Antarctica ice free. The ice-cap in this region is now about a mile thick.
We have no idea how the data on this map can be reconciled with the supposed state of geographical knowledge in 1513.
Harold Z. Olhmeyer Lt. Colonel, USAF Commander
The letter from Ohlmeyer confirmed Dr. Charles Hapgood’s theory that the Piri Reis map was probably copied from a map made in ancient times.
Dr. Charles Hapgood wrote in Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings that he was sure that although the Piri Reis Map contained latitudes and longitudes plotted out at right angles in a traditional plane geometry, it had to have been based on an earlier map.
Hapgood was sure the map was ancient in origin because the Piri Reis map’s creator used spheroid trigonometry which was thought to have been invented in the 18th Century, even though the Piri Reis map has been dated to 1513.
No matter what the origin of the snow pyramids may be, the discovery of these mysterious features will increase speculation on the possible human habitation of Antarctica in recent history.
By Clyde Winters / Cover Image: One of the so-called pyramids of Antartica. Source: VAN ALEXIS MORALES GONZALEZ/ Google Maps / This article was originally published on Ancient Origins and has been republished with permission. | <urn:uuid:e753ee93-29fd-4f3f-bf02-65df612365de> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://humansarefree.com/2016/12/the-ancient-pyramids-of-antarctica-piri-reis-map-suggests-a-thriving-ancient-civilization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146647.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227033058-20200227063058-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.953038 | 942 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Prostate Cancer Surgery
Unlike surgery for BPH, which removes only the prostate tissue that is pressing on the urethra, radical prostatectomy removes the entire gland, along with the seminal vesicles and some surrounding tissue. It is the only treatment for localized prostate cancer (cancer confined to the prostate) that has been proven to reduce deaths from the disease when compared with no treatment.
Radical prostatectomy offers the possibility of a cure only if the cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes in the pelvis or to other parts of the body. As a result, when the risk of spread is high, some surgeons perform a laparoscopic lymph node biopsy before the planned prostatectomy; others sample the lymph nodes at the time of surgery and discontinue the operation if the cancer has spread. Because PSA testing is widespread, it is uncommon to find cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis.
Radical prostatectomy was developed at Johns Hopkins at the beginning of the 20th century. The operation was not popular at first because of the high rate of ED and urinary incontinence associated with the procedure. But in the early 1980s, Johns Hopkins urologist Patrick Walsh, M.D., developed a new approach to the operation. He devised a "road map" that allows surgeons to remove the prostate with less risk of damaging the nerves and tissues that are essential for erections and urinary control. This anatomic approach has reduced the risk of severe incontinence to 1 to 3 percent and the risk of mild incontinence to around 10 percent.
The risk of ED varies according to a man's age, the quality of erections before surgery, and the surgeon's skill at performing the procedure. The majority of men who have good-quality erections before surgery and a skillfully performed operation have return of erectile function. Full recovery can take more than a year in some instances, however. When ED does occur after surgery, it usually can be treated successfully.
Nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy begins with a vertical incision in the abdomenfrom the pubic area to the navel. (Some surgeons make the incision in the perineum, which is located between the scrotum and rectum; this approach is called a perineal prostatectomy.) If appropriate, samples of tissue from the pelvic lymph nodes may be removed and tested for signs of cancer.
To minimize bleeding, which can obscure the surgeon's view and increase the risk of complications, the surgeon then cuts and ties off the group of veins that lie atop the prostate and urethra. Next, the surgeon severs the urethra, taking care to avoid the urethral sphincter muscles in order to preserve urinary continence.
At this point, the "nerve-sparing" aspect of the procedure comes into play. The tiny nerve bundles on either side of the prostate are required to produce an erection. These nerves are carefully dissected away from the prostate but are otherwise left intact (unless the cancer is suspected to have spread to these nerves, in which case they will be removed).
The surgeon then cuts through the bladder neck (the junction between the bladder and the prostate) to completely separate the prostate. Next, the surgeon removes some of the surrounding tissues, including the seminal vesicles and vas deferens (the main duct that carries semen). Finally, the bladder neck is narrowed with stitches and reconnected to the urethra.
A Foley catheter is inserted through the urethra to drain urine from the bladder. The catheter is left in place for about one week to allow the rebuilt urinary tract to heal.
Rare complications of radical prostatectomy at the time of surgery include damage to the rectum or ureter (the tube carrying urine to the bladder from the kidneys) and the surgical and anesthetic risks that accompany any operation. Postoperatively, narrowing of the urethra (urethral stricture) by scar formation can cause a decrease in the force of the urinary stream or cause urinary retention. This is most likely to occur between one and three months after surgery.
After radical prostatectomy, PSA testing is performed to evaluate the success of the surgery and to monitor for disease recurrence. An undetectable PSA level (usually less than 0.2 ng/mL) after radical prostatectomy indicates that all the prostate tissue (both benign and malignant) has been removed. A detectable PSA immediately after surgery means that the tumor had already spread to other tissues before the surgery and thus could not be totally removed. A subsequent rise in PSA levels indicates that residual cancer that could not be removed at the time of surgery has grown to an extent that PSA production can be detected in the blood.
It usually is not possible to know whether the cancer is in the area of the prostate or at another site because the microscopic residual disease causing the elevated PSA cannot be seen with conventional radiographic imaging techniques. For men with cancer confined to the prostate (stage T1 or T2) before treatment, the chance of a detectable PSA level indicating residual cancer 10 years after treatment is around 30 percent. A detectable PSA (biochemical recurrence) indicates the presence of residual prostate cancer months to years before the cancer would be visible on a CT or bone scan.
For men with a biochemical recurrence, a recent study from Johns Hopkins demonstrates that the risk of dying of prostate cancer can be reduced by radiation therapy administered at the time of detectable PSA (salvage radiation therapy). Hormone therapy would be considered for men with a biochemical recurrence, especially if the PSA doubling time is less than one year (indicating a rapidly growing cancer). On the other hand, a rising PSA more than two years after surgery in a man who showed no invasion of the seminal vesicles or lymph nodes at the time of surgery suggests that residual cancer is localized to the pelvis and that radiation therapy will more likely eradicate the disease.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins have studied the outcomes of men who had a detectable PSA after surgery. They monitored the course of nearly 2,000 patients whose cancer was confined to the prostate and who underwent radical prostatectomy performed by the same surgeon.
Among the 304 men who had detectable PSA levels in the years following surgery, the five-year disease-free survival rate following the first detectable PSA level was 63 percent. Metastatic cancer (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) was not apparent in these men for an average of eight years and in those with metastatic disease, death from cancer occurred on average 13 years after PSA became detectable.
These results should reassure men who experience rising PSA levels following surgery. At the same time, they serve as a reminder that continued monitoring is essential after surgery.
Some surgeons are using laparoscopy rather than open surgery to perform radical prostatectomy. Laparoscopy involves performing a procedure through small incisions in the abdomen using special instruments and a tiny camera. There appear to be few advantages of laparoscopy over open surgery.
A variation on the laparoscopic procedure is robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, using the da Vinci robotic system. In this approach, the surgeon performs the surgery by manipulating robotic arms with attached cutting and suturing tools. The procedure appears to have the same complication rate and operative time as open prostatectomy, with a slightly shorter time in the hospital: one or two versus three days.
A major problem with laparoscopic prostatectomy, including the robotic variation, is the lack of studies showing whether it works as well as standard open surgery at eradicating all of the cancer. A study in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found that when compared with open surgery, men who underwent laparoscopic surgery had a threefold greater risk of later needing an additional prostate cancer treatment.
It's possible that recurrence rates might be higher for laparoscopic surgery because surgeons are unable to touch and feel the tissue, which helps ensure that all of the prostate tissue has been removed. Another problem is cost: Laparoscopic procedures take longer to perform than standard ones, and the da Vinci system is extremely expensive to purchase and use. Robotic prostatectomy is being performed at Johns Hopkins and continues to be evaluated. | <urn:uuid:847a329e-ff21-4294-9ad9-e3ef4de283b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.healthcommunities.com/prostate-cancer/radical-prostatectomy_jhmwp.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605555.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423154842-20190423180842-00461.warc.gz | en | 0.950503 | 1,721 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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The City of London is also known as "The Square Mile" and is as its nickname implies approximately one square mile in area (about 2.5 square kilometres). Originally enclosed by a city wall it is now the financial district of modern London.
Historically the Roman city of Londinium was founded here, and for hundreds of years the city has been the country's centre of trade and commerce. Expansion outside the original square mile started to take place in earnest during the 18th century and by the 19th century the original City was only a small part of the wider metropolis.
The County of London was formed in the 19th century from the wider London metropolis (except the City) and part of Middlesex and was subdivided in 1900 into 28 London boroughs. The County existed until 1965, when it became Greater London, along with most of Middlesex. Greater London itself was abolished as an administrative area in 1986 when its functions were given to the 32 London boroughs, although the term 'Greater London' is still used to describe the boroughs collectively.
The population of the City of London fell rapidly during the 19th century as people moved out towards the suburbs, and today only a few thousand people live within the City of London itself.
Records of both the City and County of London are held at the London Metropolitan Archives in the City of London, with some records also held by local London borough archives.
The map below shows the City of London in about 1830. Click on the map for a larger version.
The map below shows the County of London in 1900 and its divisions into the various boroughs. Click on the map for a larger version. | <urn:uuid:1fab17d4-7c7a-404d-b3f2-2a35742e71ab> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.familyhistory-uk.net/london.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.965831 | 388 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Background: There are at least ten active separatist movements in India. The seven states with active separatist groups seeking separation from the Union of India are Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The Bharatiya Thalsena or the Indian Army has successfully crushed the secessionist movements in Punjab and Tripura.
Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA): In Punjab, between 1981 and 2016, fatalities resulting from the violence between the Indian Army and separation-seeking groups stand at 21,660 (killed). In India’s northeast, over the past 24 years, fatalities resulting from the violence between the Indian Army and separation-seeking groups stand at 21,412.
In Jammu & Kashmir, between 1989 and 2016, fatalities resulting from the violence between the Indian Army and separation-seeking groups stand at 94,466; civilians arrested 135,657, custodial killings 7,061, women gang-raped 10,283 and structures arsoned 106,071.
All India Radio: Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, said in a broadcast on November 2, 1947: “We have declared that the fate of Kashmir is ultimately to be decided by the people. We will not and cannot back out of it.”
Legal: UN Security Council’s Resolution 47 of April 21, 1948 states that “The final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the Kashmiris expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the United Nations.”
Political rights: The political rights of the Kashmiris have been recognized by the early Indian leadership and the global community.
Conflict driver: The primary conflict driver in Kashmir is the persistent, relentless and an unbending desire of the Kashmiris to separate from the Union of India. When non-Kashmiri forces become part of the indigenous Kashmiri freedom struggle, the struggle gets polluted – and India uses that pollution to claim that the freedom struggle is foreign-sponsored ‘terrorism’.
Indian Troops: According to Arundhati Roy, there are 700,000 Indian troops in Kashmir. Defense News (HQ: Springfield, Virginia) has a figure of around 350,000 Indian soldiers and 200,000 paramilitary troops in Kashmir. BBC News has reported a figure of 300,000 to 500,000.
Plebiscite: India will lose it in Kashmir and then Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland would all want separation from the Union of India. What about Punjab and Tripura?
Military solution: India has already deployed one soldier for every 12 Muslims in Jammu & Kashmir. India has already martyred 94,466 Kashmiris. India cannot wish away the Kashmiri ambition to secede from the Union of India. Kashmir has no military solution.
Diversion: The only choice that India is left with is to divert global attention from the Kashmiri freedom struggle. Yes, the manpower balance between the Indian Army and the Pakistan Army 2:1 in India’s favour. Yes, the Indian Air Force is four times bigger.
The fact remains that the land-based branch of the Indian Armed Forces is practically immobile – obsolete tanks, armoured vehicles and a lack of mobile artillery. The Indian Army has “less than seven days of reserves of key stocks of artillery ammunition, anti-tank missiles and a critical shortage of ammunition for its main battle tanks….(Center for the National Interest, Washington, DC).”
The fact remains that the Indian Air Force’s avionics is two generations old. The fact remains that at least one-third of the Indian Air Force is scrap (MiGs are ‘flying coffins’). India is short on air-defence assets, precision-guided munitions and lacks an integrated intelligence capability. India has no real special forces.
Reality versus perception: The reality in Kashmir is dead against India. India, however, seems to be winning the perception warfare, at least at the global stage.
The writer is a columnist based in Islamabad. | <urn:uuid:228705c3-0c3e-4147-b23f-1bd25d018151> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.pakdiscussion.com/kashmir-farrukh-saleem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00262-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918863 | 885 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Essay Topic 1
Both the Marmalade Man are the King of Cats are important characters.
Part 1) Compare the Marmalade Man to the King of Cats. How are these two characters similar and how are they different?
Part 2) What metaphorical purpose does the Marmalade Man offer? Elaborate on this.
Part 3) The Marmalade Man offers to clean the inn. What symbolism is inherent in this act and how does it reveal that the journey is a spiritual one?
Essay Topic 2
The Rabbit and the Tiger are two of the most active characters.
Part 1) What is their relationship? How do they co-exist and how do they interact? What is similar about them and what is different?
Part 2) What are some events that the rabbit had a direct influence upon? What are some events that the Tiger had a direct influence upon?
Part 3) Which character offers support to the group? Which one is...
This section contains 1,000 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:a525c5ec-693c-4f28-848f-977777e76536> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/a-visit-to-william-blakes/essaytopics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280239.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00527-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949123 | 222 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Scientists may have found markers on brain scans that could identify the presence of Alzheimer’s disease long before it exists.
In America, a new case of Alzheimer’s is diagnosed almost every single minute, so experts believe this new finding is vital to cognitive research in the future.
Researchers noticed certain areas of the brain light up significantly when using a brain scan. The parts that light up are clumps of amyloid plaque — a protein.
Prior to this research, scientists were only able to identify if a brain contained this plaque by doing an autopsy. However, this new finding allows brain scans to be used to determine whether or not a living individual has concentrations of this plaque. To top it off, the scan is incredibly accurate.
For the procedure, a patient would be injected with a radioactive material that would bind to the plaque in the brain and make it stick out on a PET scan.
The Journal of the American Medical Association published the study.
The greater the quantity of this amyloid, the higher the chance the person will develop the disease.
While not everybody who has this plaque in the brain will develop the disease, the scan and the findings in this study pave the way for additional research on Alzheimer’s disease detection and prevention. | <urn:uuid:48ff22c9-794d-46d2-8924-38c1197d3777> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://dailyhealthreport.org/2011/01/21/new-alzheimers-detection-scan-incredibly-accurate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335058.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927194248-20220927224248-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.927225 | 258 | 3.65625 | 4 |
|Port of Le Havre in 1856|
Gustave Le Gray photo in Metropolitan Museum of Art
One of the basic questions for most people who are attempting to tell the story of their ancestors centers on the port of departure for the emigrant family. Early in my family research, I thought that all Germans left their country from either the port at Hamburg (for which there are passenger lists which give the town where the emigrant lived) or Bremen (where passenger lists were destroyed by fire). I became convinced that all of my ancestors sailed from Bremen, since the Hamburg passenger lists did not log any of my ancestors at all.
If I couldn't find the departure point, I decided to take second-best. I began to search the New York Passenger Lists of arrivals. Perhaps I would be lucky and find a ship captain who gave the city or village of birth for one of my ancestors. Since I undertook this project in the days before the internet existed, my search meant hours scanning unindexed passenger lists for the New York port on microfilm. My Meier ancestors, according to their citizenship application, arrived in the US in May of 1861, I started my search with May 1, looking at each name for each passenger list for every ship. It was not a small undertaking! I did find my ancestors arrival from Prussia (no city or county given) on May 9, 1861. I was no closer to finding their village of birth than before I started. But I had learned an important fact. German immigrants left their native land from a number of ports other than Hamburg and Bremen: Antwerp, Belgium and Le Havre France being two of the most important. I later learned that not only the Meiers but also my Probst ancestors from Bavaria had chosen Le Havre as their port of embarkation to Amerika. I started collecting information about Le Havre but, as usual, not much was written about what most US family historians seem to consider a very secondary port.
My sister, with her fluent French, was able to lend a helping hand for the Le Havre information through a a search of the French national library, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, on line. I owe most of the information which follows to her efforts.
Le Havre of the 19th Century
The end of the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars allowed a revival of commerce and economic and population growth. The city became crowded within its walls and new neighborhoods appeared. But many of the poor were clustered in the unhealthy neighborhood of Saint Francis where the epidemics of cholera, typhoid and other diseases caused hundreds of deaths from the years 1830 to 1850. Rich traders were very much in the minority but increasing in numbers little by little. They built beautiful homes outside of the ramparts, on the “coast”. The settlement of a large Breton community (10% of the population of Le Havre at the end of the 19th century) changed the cultural life of the city. The economic success of the city attracted Angle-Saxon and Nordic entrepreneurs. Italians, Polish and then North Africans worked on the docks and in the factories.
Construction of a commercial center began in the 1840s and there was some gas lighting as early as 1836. In the middle of the century, the old city ramparts became a thing of the past as adjacent communes were annexed. As a result, the population of the city of Le Havre increased dramatically. The period 1850-1914 became a golden age for Le Havre. Business exploded and the city became more and more impressive with large boulevards, a city hall, court house, and a new financial exchange.
The effects of the industrial revolution were everywhere. By 1841, there were 32 steamships in the harbor, and the shipyards develop. The railroad which was built in 1847 allowed the opening up of Le Havre. The docks were constructed in the same time period, as well as general stores.
The harbor remained the port of the Americas: it received tropical products (coffee, cotton). European coastal shipping carried wood, coal and wheat from northern Europe; wine and oil from the Mediterranean. The abolition of the African slave trade brought with it, little by little, a change in that traffic. During the first part of the 19th century, the port maintained the Atlantic slave trade (this pertains to an illegal period because in 1815, during the congress of Vienna, the importing of slaves was forbidden).
During the 1830s, Le Havre also became a resort frequented by Parisians. The creation of seaside baths increased in this time.
To some extent, Le Havre owed its existence to America, since its harbor was constructed by Francois the First in 1519 for colonial expeditions to the new world. Its function as an emigration port took on a new quality after the end of the Napoleonic wars, when mass movement once again became possible. Secondly the developing cotton industry in Alsace required raw material from the United States. German disunity, and the resulting multiple tariffs imposed on Rhine river traffic made it cheaper to do this overland, across France. As elsewhere, the shipment of persons was a by-product of commercial shipments: the docks at Le Havre were enlarged and steamboat traffic on the Seine increased. Emigrants could obtain transport on freight wagons returning from the east. They were at first mainly Swiss and Alsatians. At any rate, according to a letter from Le Havre sent to the prefect of the department of the Moselle on May 20, 1841, "Here, no distinction is made between German and Alsatian emigrants, they are all just called Swiss." (quoted in Camille Maire, L'émigration des Lorrains en Amérique 1815-1870, Metz 1980). Due to the timber trade, a certain number of Norwegians sailed to Le Havre and then boarded ships to America.
As a result, traffic between New Orleans and Le Havre was particularly important, although New York was also involved in the trade in cotton and was of course a magnet for immigrants. The majority of immigrants did not remain in Louisiana, but proceeded up the Mississippi to St. Louis and Cincinatti, at least before the expansion of the U.S. railway system. In 1818, passage from Le Havre to America was 350-400 francs; in the early 1830s it was 120-150 francs. Leaving aside the difficult question of how much this was "worth" in purchasing power, the fact remains that the increase in shipping (including regular packet service) had led to a dramatic decrease in prices for transport. The majority of these ships were American. Since the only emigration lists that have survived are for French ships, this leaves an enormous gap in the records.
The Emigrant Travels to Le Havre
The Meier ancestors booked their passage on a relatively small (197 passengers) American sailing ship called Rattler. Every passenger is listed as "Farmer" (many were probably landless day laborers) and the majority came from Prussia, although there were also travelers from Baden, Wuerttemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and Switzerland with five or less each from France, Italy, England and the United States.
At first, it was necessary for emgirants to make arrangements for passage directly with the captains of the vessels. During the sailing season there were thus always several thousand persons waiting to leave. They could be obliged to wait for weeks, partly in lodging houses, partly outdoors. A German colony of innkeepers, shopkeepers and brokers materialized to service them. Agents began meeting the emigrants on the road to Le Havre to sign them up. After the French government required in 1837 that Germans present a valid ticket at the French border, local offices began to be opened in Switzerland and the German states. Again, as elsewhere, French authorities did not want large numbers of indigent would-be emigrants stranded in the port. Previously, the only document required to cross the border had been a passport.
There is some difference of opinion as to why the number of emigrants who went through Le Havre began to decline. In 1854, it is true, the Prussian government forbade its subjects to emigrate via France, but this ban was lifted in May 1855. Despite growing competition, mainly from Bremen, Le Havre could still have held its own. An economic slump in the USA slowed immigration in 1858, but this applied equally to all European ports. The development of the French railway system also made passage across France easier (one day's travel from the border to Paris). Yet, although the state railway system offered reduced fares and even special trains in the spring, it seems that in general the French railroads were more expensive than German ones. A ticket from Mayence (Mainz) to Le Havre in the 1850s cost 40.65 francs, to Antwerp only 12 and to Bremen 15.50 (Camille Maire, En route pour l'Amérique, Nancy 1993). Jean Braunstein suggests that there were stricter border controls in 1858, due to an attempted political assassination, which was then exaggerated by the German press.
During most of this period, emigrants were required to bring their own provisions. It is sometimes thought that this was disadvantage compared to German ports, where early on, emigrants were provided with meals on board. In reality, many southern Germans were decidedly unimpressed by North German cuisine and such unfamiliar foods as herring, and preferred to bring their own. On the other hand, Bremen and Hamburg did take more steps to protect emigrants from unscrupulous agents and salesmen who sold them overly expensive and sometimes unncessary goods.
Waiting for and Boarding Ships in Le Havre
"The accommodation of emigrants awaiting departure is a serious problem. The less fortunate sleep in the street, on the floor, or up makeshift tents on the banks of the streets and sidewalks of St. Francis and Notre Dame. Others took refuge in shacks close to the fortifications or in the plain with their baggage. In 1840, the "Revue du Havre" wrote that "the city is crowded with the poorest Bavarian immigrants... The floating population began to camp out on the ramparts of the east. They takes shelter under the elms; excavations in the thickness of slope ditches serve as their home ... Those who have two francs a day, can find accommodation among innkeepers of St. Francis and Our Lady, who specialize in taking care of immigrants. There are a dozen in 1850. As the Commissioner of the emigration noted, the high price of rents in the city of Le Havre force the landlords to establish themselves in the narrow streets in areas that are dirty and wet ... " Andre Corvisier
Among the hotels for travelers but with a cost much too expensive for the average German emigrant were Hotel Richelieu: Richelieu Place, No. 2; Hotel de Normandie: Rue de Paris, No. 106; Hotel Helvetia: Quai de l'Ile, No. 3; Hotel de la Marinae: Quai Notre-Dame, No. 7
Known hostels/Inns were the Hotel Suisse (François Merki): Quai barracks, No. 2; Golden Lion (George Rau): Quai Casimir Delavigne, No. 27; the Polar Bear (Philippe Gaspard): Rue Dauphine, 46.
There were two distinct categories of travelers - the passengers and the immigrants. The passengers in cabin class could take advantage to the comfort of ships that became ever faster and more luxurious. The immigrants were housed in steerage, just like the inanimate cargo they were replacing. It was usually miserable and overcrowded. The Meier ancestors sailed on a ship with only one class - steerage. Obviously the Rattler was strictly a cargo ship, whether that cargo was meant for French and German factories or for emigrants on their way to a new life.
Note: If, after September 18, 1856, your ancestor sailed from Le Havre or from any other port on a ship that was bound for the port of New York AND if you have the name of the ship and the New York port arrival date, you can find the day of departure as explained in my January, 2014 blog post.
Wikipedia Le Havre, 19th Century
"Prosperite du Havre au 19eme siecle" Wikipedia
"Le Havre, port des émigrants" (p. 205-215). Je vous donne quelques extraits des pages 206-207: Legoy, Jean Hier, Le Havre. Tome IIHistoire du Havre et de l'estuaire de la Seine / sous la dir. de André Corvisier. - [Éd. mise à jour]. - Toulouse : Privat, 1987. - 335 p. - (Pays et villes de France).
Dax, Albert de, Guide de l'émigrant partant du port du Havre pour le Rio de la Plata, Montevideo et Buenos-Ayres. - Havre : impr. de H. Brindeau, 1856. - 48 p. (A book that provides practical information for potential migrants to Latin America. It includes, p. 9 and 10, a list of hotels and inns that can accommodate them before they leave.)
Photo by Gustave Le Gray, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2005.100.273 | <urn:uuid:1d1d9366-dd61-4634-b89d-b0f6605b9e76> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://19thcenturyrhinelandlive.blogspot.com/2011/10/look-at-le-havre-less-known-port-for.html?showComment=1369102675260 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864303.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621231116-20180622011116-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.967758 | 2,837 | 2.875 | 3 |
While meteorologists expect above-average rains in drought-stricken areas of the Horn of Africa this season, this might not be such good news for displaced people. Aid agencies say the rainy season could spread disease and cause a spike in death rates among vulnerable populations.
The World Meteorological Organization has said normal to above-average rainfall is expected in the areas of southern Somalia and Kenya that have been suffering from the worst drought in 60 years.
The news is a welcome relief for farmers who lost crops and livestock after the complete failure of the last two rainy seasons.
But, aid agencies are concerned that the rains will initially bring more suffering for populations displaced and weakened by drought and famine.
Astrid Sehl is a political advisor for the Norwegian Refugee Council, which works in Somalia and in the refugee camps in Dadaab, Kenya.
"We are extremely concerned for the first days and weeks into the next rain season because we know that the risk for disease spreading will increase, we know that children now who are severely malnourished will be very vulnerable to diseases like cholera, for instance, and diarrhea and we are afraid that many more children will die when the rain comes," said Sehl.
The United Nations estimates that nearly one-third of all Somalis, nearly 2.5 million people, have been displaced from their homes, a large portion of them this year.
Many of those who relocated within Somalia are lacking even the most basic shelter. Outbreaks of cholera and measles have already been reported in makeshift camps.
Andy Needham, a Nairobi-based spokesperson for the U.N. refugee agency, UNHCR, says this is a dangerous situation, as aid workers learned from the last famine nearly 20 years ago.
"What our colleagues are telling us is that they were caught unprepared back in '92, and that when the rains came they had a very significant adverse affect on the state of the camps in terms of the shelter and also it had a knock-on effect in terms of the increased levels of hypothermia and increased levels of infant mortality, especially among the under-five," said Needham.
UNHCR is stepping up efforts to provide emergency assistance to internally displaced people in Somalia. Needham says the agency has already reached about 200,000 people with packages that include plastic sheeting, blankets, basic cooking equipment and soap.
There are also major concerns at the overcrowded Dadaab refugee camps in Kenya, which are hosting over 450,000 refugees, including 160,000 Somalis who fled there this year
Hassan Bashir, who lives at the Hagadera camp in Dadaab, says rains cause widespread problems every year.
"We'll see a lot of floods affecting the blocks and also the food distributions, especially Ifo, because it has soft ground, whereby the floods go through to the stores where WFP and CARE, they keep food for the refugees. Also houses will also break because of the heavy floods and also because of the heavy weather, these are the conditions which will arise," he said.
Bashir says even the solid homes that some refugees live in, which are made of mud brick, have been known to collapse in heavy rain, sometimes killing the residents inside.
Conditions are even worse for the thousands of refugees living on the outskirts of the camps in shelters made of sticks.
The rains are expected to start in the coming weeks. But U.N. experts say it will take at least two successful cycles of rain, planting and harvests before the Horn can fully recover from the drought.
That means the region may not see true relief from the food crisis until at least August of next year. | <urn:uuid:47577462-0e34-46b4-9410-1cc57557e615> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.voanews.com/content/rainy-season-may-not-bring-relief-to-horn-of-africa-130268868/158885.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274994.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00114-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971457 | 758 | 3.0625 | 3 |
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2012)|
|• Mayor (2014–2020)||Thierry Kovacs (UMP)|
|Area1||22.65 km2 (8.75 sq mi)|
|• Density||1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)|
|INSEE/Postal code||38544 / 38200|
|Elevation||140–404 m (459–1,325 ft)
(avg. 169 m or 554 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.
Vienne is a commune in southeastern France, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Lyon, on the river Rhône. It is the second largest city after Grenoble in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture.
Before the arrival of the Roman armies, Vienne was the capital city of the Allobroges, a Gallic people. Transformed into a Roman colony in 47 BCE under Julius Caesar, Vienne became a major urban center, ideally located along the Rhône river, then a major axis of communication. The town later became a Roman provincial capital. Numerous remains of Roman constructions are still visible in modern Vienne. The town was also an important early bishopric in Christian Gaul. Its most famous bishop was Avitus of Vienne. At the Council of Vienne, convened there in October 1311, Pope Clement V abolished the order of the Knights Templar. During the Middle Ages, Vienne was part of the kingdom of Provence, dependent on the Holy Roman Empire, while the opposite bank of the Rhône was French territory, thus making it a strategic position.
Today, the town is a regional commercial and industrial center specializing in the food industry. Tourism is also a major part of the town's economy. Indeed, there are many important historical monuments that draw the crowds, but the annual Jazz à Vienne festival in July also makes it a popular tourist destination.
The oppidum of the Allobroges became a Roman colony about 47 BCE under Julius Caesar, but the Allobroges managed to expel them; the exiles then founded the colony of Lugdunum (today's Lyon). Herod Archelaus was exiled here in 6 CE. During the early Empire, Vienna (as the Romans called it—not to be confused with today's Vienna) regained all its former privileges as a Roman colony. In 257 Postumus was proclaimed emperor here of a short-lived Gallo-Roman empire with its capital at Trier. Later it became a provincial capital of the Dioecesis Viennensis.
On the bank of the Gère are traces of the ramparts of the old Roman city, and on Mont Pipet (east of the town) are the remains of a Roman theatre, while the ruined thirteenth-century castle there was built on Roman footings. Several ancient aqueducts and traces of Roman roads can still be seen.
There are two important Roman monuments still standing at Vienne. One is the Early Imperial temple of Augustus and Livia, a rectangular peripteral building of the Corinthian order, erected by the emperor Claudius, which owes its survival, like the Maison Carrée at Nîmes, to being converted to a church soon after the Theodosian decrees and later rededicated as "Notre Dame de Vie." (During the Revolutionary Reign of Terror it was used for the local Festival of Reason.) The Roman monument is the Plan de l'Aiguille, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, from the Roman circus. Many popular theories have been advanced as to the original intent of this structure; there is even a legend of Pontius Pilate making it his tomb.
The provincial capital was an important early seat of a bishop and the legendary first bishop said to have been Crescens, a disciple of Paul. There were Christians here in 177 when the churches of Vienne and Lyon addressed a letter to those of Asia and Phrygia and mention is made of the deacon of Vienne (Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History). The first historical bishop was Verus, who was present at the Council of Arles in 314. About 450 of Vienne's bishops became archbishops. Vienne's archbishops and those of Lyon disputed the title of "Primate of All the Gauls" based on the dates of founding of the cities compared to the dates of founding of the bishoprics. Vienne's archbishopric was de facto dissolved in 1790 during the revolution and officially terminated 11 years later by the Concordat of 1801.
Vienne was a target during the Migration Period: it was taken by the Kingdom of the Burgundians in 438, but re-taken by the Romans and held for 35 years. Roman rule ended permanently in 534 when the Merovingian-led Franks captured Vienne. It was then sacked by the Lombards in 558, and later by the Moors in 737, so Francia's king divided Frankish Burgundia into three parts in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun, hence Vienne became part of Middle Francia.
In the Kingdom of ProvenceEdit
King Charles II the Bald assigned the district in 869 to Comte Boso of Provence, who in 879 proclaimed himself king of Provence and on his death in 887 was buried in the cathedral church of St. Maurice. Vienne then continued as capital of the Dauphiné Vienne of the Kingdom of Provence, from 882 of the Kingdom of West Francia and from 933 of the Kingdom of Arles until in 1032, when it reverted to the Holy Roman Empire, but the real rulers were the archbishops of Vienne. Their rights were repeatedly recognized, but they had serious local rivals in the counts of Albon, and later Dauphins of the neighboring countship of the Viennois. In 1349, the reigning Dauphin sold his rights to the Dauphiné of France, but the archbishop stood firm and Vienne was not included in this sale. The archbishops finally surrendered their territorial powers to France in 1449. Gui de Bourgogne, who was archbishop 1090–1119, was pope from 1119 to 1124 as Callixtus II.
There are two outstanding Roman remains: the temple of Augustus and Livia; and the Plan de l'Aiguille or La Pyramide, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, which was associated with the city's Roman circus.
The early Romanesque church of Saint Peter belonged to an ancient Benedictine abbey and was rebuilt in the ninth century, with tall square piers and two ranges of windows in the tall aisles and a notable porch. It is one of France's oldest Christian buildings dating from the 5th century laid-out in the form of a basilica and having a large and well constructed nave. It also boasts a beautiful Romanesque tower and a magnificently sculptured South portal containing a splendid statue of Saint Peter. Today, the building houses a lapidary museum that holds a Junon head and the beautiful statue of Tutela, the city's protective divinity.
The Gothic former cathedral of St Maurice was built between 1052 and 1533. It is a basilica, with three aisles, but no apse or transepts. It is 315 feet (96 m) in length, 118 feet (36 m) wide and 89 feet (27 m) in height. The most striking portion is the west front, which rises majestically from a terrace overhanging the Rhône. Its sculptural decoration was badly damaged by the Protestants in 1562 during the Wars of Religion.
The Romanesque church of St André en Bas was the church of a second Benedictine monastery, and became the chapel of the earlier kings of Provence. It was rebuilt in 1152, in the later Romanesque style.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vienne (Isère).| | <urn:uuid:bc09f4b5-3648-435e-aba9-8b4b5b0e58a9> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne_(Is%C3%A8re) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00225-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955907 | 1,766 | 2.796875 | 3 |
What’s your view on following step-by-step drawing instructions? B has been enjoying this for things like dragons and manga-type stuff, and I’m wondering what you think of it…
A friend asked me this question lately, and it hit home because I have been asking myself the same in relation to my younger daughter, age 5.
This younger daughter — let’s call her Sienna — has little first-hand experience with animals, but she loves them based on what she has seen on TV and in books. One of the downsides to living in an urban area is that there is not much difference for her between a horse and a dinosaur, even though she knows the fact that horses live on earth now and dinosaurs do not.
Recently, she told me that she wanted to draw a horse but did not know how. My first thought was of Sylvia Fein’s collection of her daughter’s horse drawings from age four to fifteen. Heidi drew horses over and over again, going through an experimentation and problem-solving process beautifully described by Fein in the video “Heidi’s Horse.” How, I wondered, could I get Sienna to go through the same process?
I remembered, however, that Heidi had started riding horses at age four. Not only did she have plenty of opportunity to observe them first-hand, she also had whole body experiences of moving with them, repeatedly. There was no way that I could give this to Sienna in that moment, and, significantly, Sienna’s desire to draw the horse was clearly coming from a different place.
Still stuck on the idea of drawing based on observation, I asked Sienna if she had a picture of a horse in any of her books. She brought out a “How to Draw Animals” book and said, “It’s in here, but it is one of the hard ones.” By this she meant that it was one of the lessons in a realistic style of drawing. To her, it looked too daunting to attempt.
At this point, I could see that she was coming close to giving up and moving on. Thinking about how I had just set up a makeshift light table for myself by sticking a bulb under a glass coffee table, I suggested that she use the setup to trace the horse. A light table! Something new! She traced the horse, and was quite pleased. I still, however, wanted her to get to the point where she was doing something on her own. I told her that now that her hand understood the shape of the horse, perhaps she could draw her own underneath. Here is the result:
She explained to me that the horse on the bottom has a tail “going out” because he is running. Cool. Also, cool = attempt to show motion by drawing bent legs. We can also see, however, a major limitation of this method: Because she can only imagine how a horse looks while running, there has been little change in its neck position, and the leg positions do not match with those of an actual running horse.
Does this matter? Maybe not at this point. Without any prompting from me, Sienna noted, “But a running horse’s legs wouldn’t really look like that.” As long as she does not feel too discouraged, this feeling of dissatisfaction could lead to efforts to seek photographic images of horses running to better understand the appearance of the legs, and in the process to learn something about horse anatomy and behavior. Because she is five, and therefore not in full control of her access to such images (or to opportunities to observe horses first-hand), I would need to help her with this. A problem would come in, I think, only if I praised the first, traced image of the horse and this became a horse icon with which she was fully satisfied.
Now what happens when she wants to draw a dragon or a dinosaur, something that is not observable or recordable in our own time and space? One could take the route of taking her to a museum to see fossils and to read together about scientific hypotheses about dinosaur skin, behavior, etc. Another option is to allow guided drawing influence. Given that a trip to a museum is not always possible at the moment of inspiration, I am in favor of going online to sites like DragoArt.com to provide some options. Again, as long as the result of the “how to” lesson is not praised, and is clearly treated as a stepping stone by the parent, the child (in my experience, at least) will naturally incorporate some of the techniques into free-flowing independent work.
It was pointed out to me that I did not mention copying. Sienna does that, too, and I think about it in the same way as tracing and following a step-by-step guide. Example: | <urn:uuid:6fde90da-f8af-4505-a392-04351268abc7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://modelmirror.org/2013/11/07/thoughts-on-step-by-step-drawing-for-children/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132646.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00176-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983153 | 1,009 | 2.640625 | 3 |
دستاورد خواندن و خودانگاره خواندن؛ آزمون مدل اثرات متقابل
|کد مقاله||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||تعداد کلمات|
|61824||2014||10 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||9265 کلمه|
Publisher : Elsevier - Science Direct (الزویر - ساینس دایرکت)
Journal : Learning and Instruction, Volume 29, February 2014, Pages 21–30
Although there is a vast amount of research on reading motivation, evidence for bidirectional associations between reading self-concept and reading achievement is still missing, whereas there is compelling empirical evidence that suggests reciprocal effects between academic self-concept and achievement in other domains. This paper aimed to rigorously test reciprocal effects between reading self-concept and reading achievement within a longitudinal design comprising four waves of data collection. Drawing on a sample of N = 1508 secondary school students, results of structural equation modeling yielded support for reciprocal effects between reading self-concept and reading achievement. Strong support was found for the skill-development hypothesis, i.e. achievement predicting self-concept. Moreover, the self-enhancement hypothesis (self-concept predicting achievement) was corroborated in early years of secondary school. Thus, to best support poor readers, reading skills should perhaps be fostered by boosting the reading skill itself and reading self-concept, the latter particularly at the beginning of secondary school. | <urn:uuid:7bd970d5-b454-4499-8db6-e096c3f0e87c> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://isiarticles.com/article/61824 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320215.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624031945-20170624051945-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.871322 | 411 | 2.859375 | 3 |
History and Geography of Berkshire, England
A Research Aid from Combs &c. Families of Devonshire
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Last updated Friday, 25-Mar-2005 01:49:41 CST
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As is often true in the case of genealogical research, an understanding of the history, geography and economics of an area can be the key that unlocks the mysteries of our ancestors. In the course of researching our early Archdale, Combs and Lovett &c. families of England, it became increasingly clear that knowing how their lives were affected by, for example, the Parliamentary War, could provide us with both the whys and wherefores of their moves and even their deaths. Berkshire, although small, has frequently played a key role in the history of England, and quite probably in the lives of our ancestors.
In 1831, the Rev. Samuel Lewis published A Topographical Dictionary of England, S. Lewis and Company, London, which describes Berkshire both historically and geographically, including the parishes of the time, and can be of enormous assistance to historical and genealogical researchers. Our particular history of Berkshire begins with Mr. Lewis' Berkshire, but will eventually include additional data in respect to the specific effect of Berks' history on our ancestors.
Ed. Note: Some changes in formatting have been made; i.e., those locations mentioned
which included early Combs &c. have been placed in bold-face (incomplete); surnames
have been capitalized, and some paragraphs have been split for ease of reading.
"A Topographical Dictionary of England" (Berkshire)
by Rev. Samuel Lewis
Berkshire, an inland county, bounded on the north by the county of Oxford, and a small part of the county of Buckingham, from both which it is separated by the Thames; on the east, by the counties of Buckingham and Surrey; on the south, by the county of Southampton; and on the west, by that of Wilts: it extends from 51º 19' to 51º48' (N. Lat.), and from 34½' (E.) to 1º 43' (W. Lon.). The extreme length is forty eight miles, the greatest breadth twenty-nine, and the circumference nearly two hundred and eight: including the detached parts, it contains about four hundred and sixty-four thousand five hundred acres, and seven hundred and fifty-six square miles. The population, in 1821, amounted to 134,700.
This county was anciently called Barocscire, or Berocscire, softened in process of time into Barkshire and Berkshire, and probably derived its name from a thick wood, called Barroc, which occupied an extended tract between Lambourn and Wantage, on or near the downs; though some deduce its etymology from Berroc, a bare oak in some part of Windsor Forest, beneath which the Britons, as their custom was, assembled for devotional or legislatorial purposes. The Bibroci occupied the south-eastern extremity, and the Segontiaci dwelt in that part which borders on Hampshire, but the greater part was inhabited by the Attrebatii. The Romans included it within the district of Britannia Superior, and subsequently in that of Britannia Prima. During the heptarchy, it formed a part of the kingdom of the West Saxons, or Wessex, and, after the reduction of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom into one monarchy, it belonged to the district called West Saxon Læge. Offa, King of Mercia, after his victory over Kinewulf, King of the West Saxons, in 775, seized on all that territory lying between Iknield-street and the Thames. The Danes having made an irruption into Wessex, in 871, were repulsed near Englefield by Earl Athelwolf, who was slain in a subsequent battle between them and the army under Ethelred; a few days after which, they were again routed at Ashdown, and compelled to retreat to Reading, where they passed the winter of 872. Alfred gained a decisive victory over them at Eddington, in 878; but, in 1006, they committed great devastation in the county, and defeated the Saxons near the river Kennet. In 1011, Berkshire was under the dominion of Ethelred II., and in the year ensuing, Swain, King of Denmark, was at Wallingford. In the struggle between Stephen and the Empress Matilda, the castle at Wallingford was one of the strongest fortresses which were garrisoned by the empress, and was the place of her retreat when driven from Oxford: it was repeatedly besieged by Stephen, but was successfully defended until the termination of the war, when the amicable arrangement which ensued was concluded beneath its walls.
During the absence of King Richard I. on a crusading expedition into Palestine, his brother John came over from Normandy, and seized the castles of Wallingford and Windsor, but the latter was retaken by the partizans of the king. Two meetings for the redress of grievances were held between John and the barons in 1213, one at Wallingford and the other at Reading; three years afterwards, the former place was fortified by the king, and the latter besieged by the barons, whose army, under Simon de MONTFORT, obtained possession of it in 1263: a temporary reconciliation was effected at Reading between Richard II. and the discontented nobles, in 1389.
During the parliamentary war, Berkshire was frequently the scene of hostile operations. Wallingford was garrisoned for the king, and Windsor for the parliament; and each place continued in the possession of its own party until the close of the war. Reading, which had been seized on by the parliamentarians, was evacuated by them on the approach, in October, 1642, of a detachment of the king's troops, the head-quarters of whose cavalry were at Abingdon: at this period, the king held the whole of the county, except the neighbourhood of Windsor, which fortress sustained but one attack during the war, and that an unsuccessful one, from Prince Rupert.
In April, 1643, Reading was retaken by the parliamentary army; and in the month of September following, the first battle of Newbury was fought, and the victory claimed by both parties; a few days after the action, Reading again fell into the hands of the king, who also placed a garrison in Donnington Castle
(1), near Newbury, under Colonel BOYS, by whom it was bravely and successfully defended against repeated attacks of the enemy. In the course of the ensuing year, Newbury, Reading (which had been dismantled of its fortifications by the king's troops), and Abingdon, fell successively into the hands of the parliament, who obtained possession of the whole county, except Wallingford. The second battle of Newbury took place in the month of October, in this year, the result of which was equally indecisive with the first. In 1645, Sir Stephen HAWKINS made an unsuccessful attack on the parliamentary garrison at Abingdon; and Cromwell, with like fortune, attacked Farringdon (2), which was then held by the royalists, but he soon after took Sir William VAUGHAN and Colonel LITTLETON prisoners, with two hundred of their troops, at Radcot-bridge. Prince Rupert attacked Abingdon in March 1646, but failed in his efforts to retake it; and this was the last event of a military nature which took place in Berkshire during the parliamentary war. (a href="#3">3) Wallingford and Farringdon were surrendered to the parliament a few months afterwards, and the king passed his last Christmas in confinement at Windsor. Subsequently to the Restoration, a slight skirmish took place near Reading, in December, 1688, which, with the exception of a more trifling affair at Twyford, was the only engagement that happened in this county previously to the Revolution.
Berkshire lies within the diocese of Salisbury, (with the exception of the parishes of Chilton and Langford, the former of which is in the diocese of Oxford, and the latter in the diocese of Lincoln,) and province of Canterbury: it forms an archdeaconry (4), is divided into the deaneries of Abingdon, Newbury, Reading and Wallingford, and contains one hundred and forty-eight parishes, of which, seventy-two are rectories, sixty-four vicarages, and twelve perpetual curacies. For civil purposes it is divided into twenty hundreds, -Beynhurst, Bray, Charlton, Compton, Cookham, Faircross, Farringdon, Ganfield, Hormer, Kintbury-Eagle, Lambourn, Moreton, Ock, Reading, Ripplesmere, Shrivenham, Sonning, Theale, Wantage, and Wargrave. It contains the boroughs and market-towns of Abingdon, Reading, Wallingford, and Windsor; the incorporated market towns of Maidenhead, Newbury, and Wokingham; and the market towns of Farringdon, Hungerford, East Ilsley, Lambourn, and Wantage.
Two knights are returned for the shire, and two representatives for each of the boroughs, except Abingdon, which sends one: the county members are nominated at Reading, and elected at Abingdon, these being the chief towns. This county is included in the Oxford circuit; the Lent assizes and the Epiphany sessions are held at Reading, the Summer assizes and Hilary sessions at Abingdon, the Michaelmas sessions in either town, at the option of the magistrates, the Easter sessions at Newbury: the county gaol and house of correction is at Reading, and the county house of correction, or bridewell, at Abingdon: there are ninety-three acting magistrates. The rates raised in the county for the year ending March 25th, 1827, amounted to £118,593, the expenditure to £114,970, of which £99,527. 4., was applied to the relief of the poor; the average rate on the rents is about 3s. 4d. in the pound, which, taking the assessment of 1803 as the standard of computation, makes a rental of about £560,000 per annum.
Berkshire is not a manufacturing county, but there are some cotton manufactories and a large paper mill near Newbury, a paper mill at Bagnor, and a large manufactory for blankets at Greenham-mills, near Thatcham; sacking and sail-cloth were formerly extensively made at Abingdon and Wantage; silk is manufactured at Wokingham to a small extent, and copper bolts for the navy, at the Temple mills in the parish of Bisham: there are also several large breweries in the county, particu larly at Windsor, which is celebrated for its ale.
The natural divisions of the county are four,-the Forest district, commencing at the eastern extremity of the county, and extending to the river Lodden westward, and from Sandhurst on the south, to Maidenhead on the north; the Vale of the Kennet, stretching from near Wargrave on the east, to Hungerford on the west, the Chalk Hills, extending nearly across the upper part of the county; and a vale lying between Budcot and Sheatley. The substratum consists of chalk, or gravel, with portions of clay at greater or less depths, according to the quality of the soil. Stones of a fine siliceous grit, vulgarly called Sarsden-stones, or the Grey-weathers, are seattered over the Berkshire and Wiltshire downs, and lie onstrata to which they do not naturally belong. The crops commonly produced are those of wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas, rye, buck-wheat, vetches or tares, rape or cole-seed, turnips, and potatoes; those of limited cultivation are cabbages, carrots, hops, woad, flax, dill and lavender. The artificial grasses are red, broad, Dutch clover, rye-grass, cow or marl grass, hop-trefoil, hearttrefoil, saintfoin, lucern, burnet, and corn spurry. The south and east sides of Berkshire have a great deal of woodland; the predominant wood is hazel, but oak, beech, ash, and alder are frequently met with. For pleasing and picturesque scenery, the eastern extremity is pre-eminent, particularly in Windsor Forest, on the banks of the Thames between Henley and Maidenhead, and between Reading and Wallingford. The waste lands chiefly consist of Maidenhead Thicket, and some parts of Windsor Forest and its neighbourhood: this forest was formerly of much greater circuit than it is at present, having included a part of the counties of Buckingham and Surrey, and the whole of the south-eastern part of Berkshire, so far as Hungerford; its present circuit, in which is a part of Bagshot Heath, is about 56 miles. Windsor Great Park was lessened by George III., from 3800 to 1800 acres, 2000 acres having been brought into cultivation. From an estimate made in the year 1806, it appeared that there were in the county 255,000 acres of arable land, 72,000 in meadow and dairy-land, 25,000 in sheep-walks, chiefly un-enclosed, on the chalk hills; 25,000 in other dry pastures, parks, &c., and 30,000 waste, chiefly barren heaths. The cattle are of the long horned, or common country breed; many calves are bred for stock, but suckling for the butcher is the prevailing practice: there is a native breed of sheep, strongly marked, but the pure race is not very common: the horses are usually black, very strong and powerful, and rather of full proportions than tall: the hogs, for compactness and size, are excelled by none; in the dairy tract, the piggeries are an important appendage to the farm.
The principal rivers are the Thames and the Kennet; the former skirts the county during a course of more than one hundred miles, and is navigable as high as Lechlade; the latter flows into Berkshire at Hungerford, becomes navigable at Newbury, where it is joined by the Lambourn, and falls into the Thames near Reading: the river Loddon rises near Aldershot, in Hampshire, enters Berkshire in the parish of Swallowfield, and runs into the Thames near Wargrave; the Ock rises near Uffington, and flows into the Thames at Abingdon; the Auborn rises near Inkpen, pursues an easterly course beyond Hide-end, then taking a northerly direction, falls into the Kennet a little below Wasing; the Lambourn rises amongst the hills above the town of that name, and falls into the Kennet near Shaw. The Wilts and Berks canal extends from the Thames, at Abingdon, to the eastern border of the county, in the upper part; and the Kennet and Avon canal, from the river Kennet, a little above Newbury, across the lower part of the county. The great road from London to Bath enters at Maidenhead-bridge, and passing through Reading, quits near the 65th mile stone; the road from London to Oxford enters at the same place, and leaves at Henley-bridge; the Cirencester road, which branches off at Dorchester, re-enters Berkshire at Abingdon, and passing through Farringdon, quits it at St. John's bridge, near Lechlade.
1 Donnington was originally "Deritone," and a manor granted by William the Conqueror to William LOVETT (according to the Domesday Surveys). Another Berks manor held by William LOVETT (who came to England with the Conqueror from Normandy) was Enborne, which is only a few miles from the battlefield of Newbury. William's descendants include
Sir Robert LOVETT and his son, John LOVETT, Esq., who died in Sparsholt, Berks in September and December 1643, respectively (Sparsholt having been the home at the time of Sir Robert's daughter, Elizabeth, wife of John COMBE (s/o
John and Margaret ARCHDALE Combe). Might their deaths have been the result of the Parliamentary War?
2 Re Farringdon, Lewis adds elsewhere that "During the civil commotions in the reign of Charles I., Farringdon house was garrisoned for the king, and a large body of the parliamentary forces sustained a repulse before it a short time prior to the reduction of Oxford."
3 Lewis also references Prince Rupert in respect to
High Wycombe, stating that "The only historical event connected with the place is a successful attack on the parliamentary troops quartered here, by Prince Rupert, after the battle of Reading."
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Our research articles provide some insight regarding weight management epidemic and related problems, click to read report.
Body mass index (BMI) is measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to both adult men and women.
What does my BMI mean?
- Ideal: BMI 20-25
- Overweight: BMI 25-30
- Obese: BMI 30-40
- Morbidly Obese: BMI 40+
IMPORTANT: The BMI Calculator is only a guideline and should be treated as such. BMI is only one measure of your health. Body fat percentage, blood pressure, resting heart rate, cholesterol and other measurements are at least as important as BMI. You need to get the whole picture.
Eating well and enjoying food are one of life’s pleasures, with such a huge variety of food and drink available it can sometimes be hard to make choices that will be good for us.
People are aware of the link between diet and health but sometimes a bit unsure of how to achieve a balanced diet.
The eatwell plate is the best way for the general population to balance their diet in a healthy and sustainable way. It shows the different types of food we need to eat and in what proportions to have them in.
It's a good idea to try to get this balance right every day, but you don't need to do it at every meal. And you might find it easier to get the balance right over a longer period, say a week.
The eatwell plate applies to most people whether they're a healthy weight or overweight, whether they eat meat or are vegetarian, and no matter what their ethnic origin.
Eating well is something to make part of your life throughout your life rather than as a fad or by dieting. Eating well thorough out life helps prevent disease but making a positive change towards healthier eating or managing your weight is always a good thing.
To help here are a few examples of healthy and tasty meals we suggest as part of our weight management programmes.
Anyone in need of quality personal training out of their own home should visit this website: At Home Fitness. | <urn:uuid:9b568415-0b1a-4bf7-a1df-a25fd57f53f0> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.wmc.uk.com/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095677.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00075-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957221 | 437 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Pillar Focus Other
377. What is a virtue?A virtue is an habitual and firm disposition to do the good. “The goal of a virtuous life is to become like God” (Saint Gregory of Nyssa). There are human virtues and theological virtues.
378. What are the human virtues?
The human virtues are habitual and stable perfections of the intellect and will that govern our actions, order our passions and guide our conduct according to reason and faith. They are acquired and strengthened by the repetition of morally good acts and they are purified and elevated by divine grace.
379. What are the principal human virtues?The principal human virtues are called the cardinal virtues, under which all the other virtues are grouped and which are the hinges of a virtuous life. The cardinal virtues are:
Prudence Justice Fortitude Temperance
380. What is prudence?Prudence disposes reason to discern in every circumstance our true good and to choose the right means for achieving it. Prudence guides the other virtues by pointing out their rule and measure.
381. What is justice?Justice consists in the firm and constant will to give to others their due. Justice toward God is called “the virtue of religion.”
382. What is fortitude?Fortitude assures firmness in difficulties and constancy in the pursuit of the good. It reaches even to the ability of possibly sacrificing one’s own life for a just cause.
383. What is temperance?Temperance moderates the attraction of pleasures, assures the mastery of the will over instincts and provides balance in the use of created goods.
384. What are the theological virtues?The theological virtues have God himself as their origin, motive and direct object. Infused with sanctifying grace, they bestow on one the capacity to live in a relationship with the Trinity. They are the foundation and the energizing force of the Christian’s moral activity and they give life to the human virtues. They are the pledge of the presence and action of the Holy Spirit in the faculties of the human being.
385. What are the theological virtues?
The theological virtues are:
Faith Hope Charity
386. What is the virtue of faith?
Faith is the theological virtue by which we believe in God and all that he has revealed to us and that the Church proposes for our belief because God is Truth itself. By faith the human person freely commits himself to God. Therefore, the believer seeks to know and do the will of God because “faith works through charity” (Galatians 5:6).
387. What is hope?
Hope is the theological virtue by which we desire and await from God eternal life as our happiness, placing our trust in Christ's promises and relying on the help of the grace of the Holy Spirit to merit it and to persevere to the end of our earthly life.
388. What is charity?
Charity is the theological virtue by which we love God above all things and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God. Jesus makes charity the new commandment, the fullness of the law. “It is the bond of perfection” (Colossians 3:14) and the foundation of the other virtues to which it gives life, inspiration, and order. Without charity “I am nothing” and “I gain nothing” (1 Corinthians 13:1-3).
389. What are the gifts of the Holy Spirit?
The gifts of the Holy Spirit are permanent dispositions which make us docile in following divine inspirations. They are seven:
Wisdom Understanding Counsel Fortitude
Knowledge Piety Fear of the Lord
[Click here for St. Thomas Aquinas' interpretation of these gifts]
390. What are the fruits of the Holy Spirit?
The fruits of the Holy Spirit are perfections formed in us as the first fruits of eternal glory. The tradition of the Church lists twelve of them:
Charity Joy Peace Patience Kindness Goodness Generosity Gentleness Faithfulness Modesty Self-Control Chastity
It requires that we admit our faults and repent of our sins. God himself by his Word and his Spirit lays bare our sins and gives us the truth of conscience and the hope of forgiveness.
392. What is sin?
Sin is “a word, an act, or a desire contrary to the eternal Law” (Saint Augustine). It is an offense against God in disobedience to his love. It wounds human nature and injures human solidarity. Christ in his passion fully revealed the seriousness of sin and overcame it with his mercy.
393. Is there a variety of sins?
There are a great many kinds of sins. They can be distinguished according to their object or according to the virtues or commandments which they violate. They can directly concern God, neighbor, or ourselves. They can also be divided into sins of thought, of word, of deed, or of omission.
394. How are sins distinguished according to their gravity?
A distinction is made between mortal and venial sin.
395. When does one commit a mortal sin?
One commits a mortal sin when there are simultaneously present: grave matter, full knowledge, and deliberate consent. This sin destroys charity in us, deprives us of sanctifying grace, and, if unrepented, leads us to the eternal death of hell. It can be forgiven in the ordinary way by means of the sacraments of Baptism and of Penance or Reconciliation.
396. When does one commit a venial sin?
One commits a venial sin, which is essentially different from a mortal sin, when the matter involved is less serious or, even if it is grave, when full knowledge or complete consent are absent. Venial sin does not break the covenant with God but it weakens charity and manifests a disordered affection for created goods. It impedes the progress of a soul in the exercise of the virtues and in the practice of moral good. It merits temporal punishment which purifies.
397. How does sin proliferate?
Sin creates a proclivity to sin ; it engenders vice by repetition of the same acts.
398. What are vices?
Vices are the opposite of virtues. They are perverse habits which darken the conscience and incline one to evil. The vices can be linked to the seven, so-called, capital [a.k.a. deadly] sins which are:
Pride Greed Envy Anger Lust Gluttony Sloth
399. Do we have any responsibility for sins committed by others?
We do have such a responsibility when we culpably cooperate with them.
400. What are structures of sin?
Structures of sin are social situations or institutions that are contrary to the divine law. They are the expression and effect of personal sins.
Study the Catechism
|see: part 3, section 1, chapter 1, articles 7/8| | <urn:uuid:1e20234c-1522-4113-96e0-3e27b7b87b01> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.catholicpillars.com/2013/05/dignity-of-human-person-part-iii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362923.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204003045-20211204033045-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.943296 | 1,441 | 3.125 | 3 |
James Kay enlisted in the 8th Virginia on February 20, 1776. This was four days after someone named John Kay enlisted in the same company. Recruiting and enlisting were family and community affairs in those days. John may have enlisted and then talked James into joining him. John was promoted to sergeant and then became an officer, so he was almost certainly older—probably James’s brother, but maybe his father, an uncle, or a cousin. James was only seventeen.
Captain Berry grew up in King George, at the family plantation known as Berry Plain. Like so many others, his great grandfather had come to Virginia in 1650 as an indentured servant. From that humble start, the family did well. Berry Plain was built about 1720. Thomas and his older brother Benjamin moved to Frederick County sometime before the war and settled near Battletown, the tavern village famous for street brawls sometimes featuring future general Daniel Morgan. Berry Plain is still standing, has been restored, and was up for sale in 2007. (Some of the plantation’s valuable and ancient boxwoods were sold to Colonial Williamsburg in the 1930s, providing much needed funds to “save the farm.”) Battletown, meanwhile, is now known as Berryville and is the county seat of Clarke County (created in 1836). Benjamin is recognized at the town's founder.
When Berry and Jolliffe were appointed by the Frederick County Committee of Safety, they had recruiting quotas to fill. It appears that Berry's ties to King George County were still so strong that he made a trip home to recruit among his old friends and neighbors. That, at any rate, would explain Kay’s enlistment. Berry’s company was assigned to the 8th Virginia Regiment, which was brought south into the Carolinas in the spring of 1776. Berry and Kay were present in Charleston for the Battle of Sullivan’s Island, though most 8th Virginia men were not in combat. We know Private Kay was at Sunbury, Georgia that summer when many of his comrades succumbed to malaria. Having grown up near the Chesapeake, he may have had some resistance to the mosquito-borne disease. The soldiers were given furloughs after returning to Virginia that winter and then marched to Philadelphia where they were inoculated for smallpox. Lieutenant Jolliffe was quarantined with smallpox that spring in Winchester, either naturally contracted or from inoculation, and died from it.)
After the war, thousands of Virginia veterans moved to Kentucky. Kay settled in Fayette County, named for the Marquis de Lafayette. By 1826 he lived in Boone County, named for Daniel Boone, but since Boone had originally been part of Fayette that doesn't necessarily mean he moved. He applied for a veteran’s pension in 1833 to supplement a wounded veteran’s benefit he was already receiving and died soon after. He was buried at Salem Baptist Church, then a log church built by a congregation formed in 1827. The church has since been known as Salem Predestinarian Baptist Church and as Salem Creek United Baptist Church.
They found Private Kay’s marker intact but lying flat on the ground in the Salem Baptist Church cemetery. Because the stone is worn and hard to read, they plan to replace it with a new one. The ground is frozen, however, so they are leaving it alone until after the ground thaws. For now, they are working on the application for a government-issued headstone and searching for relatives who might attend a ceremony this summer or fall. If you are a descendant or relative of James Kay, please reach out to the Simon Kenon Chapter, SAR.
More from The 8th Virginia Regiment
Future president Theodore Roosevelt published this account of Arthur St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash for Harper's New Monthly Magazine in May 1896. It was later used as a chapter in Roosevelt's four-volume history The Winning of the West. The defeat was an embarrassing scandal for the Washington Administration, resulting in the first Congressional oversight investigation. 8th Virginia veteran Lt. Col. William Darke was the only officer to survive the debacle with his reputation improved.
St. Clair's Defeat
The attitude of the United States and Great Britain, as they faced each other in the Western wilderness at the beginning of the year 1791, was one of scarcely veiled hostility. The British held the lake posts at Detroit, Mackinaw, and Niagara, and more or less actively supported the Indians in their efforts to bar the Americans from the Northwest. Nominally they held the posts because the Americans had themselves left unfulfilled some of the conditions of the treaty of peace; but this was felt not to be the real reason, and the Americans loudly protested that their conduct was due to sheer hatred of the young republic. The explanation was simpler. The British had no far-reaching design to prevent the spread and growth of the English-speaking people on the American continent. They cared nothing, one way or the other, for that spread and growth, and it is unlikely that they wasted a moment’s thought on the ultimate future of the race. All that they desired was to preserve the very valuable fur trade of the region round the Great Lakes for their own benefit. They were acting from the motives of self-interest that usually control nations; and it never entered their heads to balance against these immediate interests the future of a nation many of whose members were to them mere foreigners.
The governmental authorities of the newly created republic shared these feelings. They felt no hunger for the Indian lands; they felt no desire to stretch their boundaries, and thereby add to their already heavy burdens and responsibilities. They wished to do strict justice to the Indians; the treaties they held with them were carried on with scrupulous fairness, and were honorably lived up to by the United States officials. They strove to keep peace, and made many efforts to persuade the frontiersmen to observe the Indian boundary lines, and not to intrude on the territory in dispute; and they were quite unable to foresee the rapidity of the nation’s westward growth. Like the people of the Eastern seaboard, the men high in governmental authority were apt to look upon the frontiersmen with feelings dangerously kin to dislike and suspicion. Nor were these feelings wholly unjustifiable. The men who settle in a new country and begin subduing the wilderness plunge back into the very conditions from which the race has raised itself by the slow toil of ages. The conditions cannot but tell upon them. Inevitably, and for more than one lifetime—perhaps for several generations—they tend to retrograde, instead of advancing. They drop away from the standard which highly civilized nations have reached. As with harsh and dangerous labor they bring the new land up towards the level of the old, they themselves partly revert to their ancestral conditions; they sink back towards the state of their ages-dead barbarian forefathers. Few observers can see beyond this temporary retrogression into the future for which it is a preparation. There is small cause for wonder in the fact that so many of the leaders of Eastern thought looked with coldness upon the effort of the Westerners to push north of the Ohio.
Yet it was these Western frontiersmen who were the real and vital factors in the solution of the problems which so annoyed the British monarchy and the American republic. They eagerly craved the Indian lands; they would not be denied entrance to the thinly peopled territory, wherein they intended to make homes for themselves and their children. Rough, masterful, lawless, they were neither daunted by the prowess of the red warriors whose wrath they braved, nor awed by the displeasure of the government whose solemn engagements they violated. The enormous extent of the frontier dividing the white settler from the savage, and the tangled inaccessibility of the country in which it everywhere lay, rendered it as difficult for the national authorities to control the frontiersmen as it was to chastise the Indians.
The situation had reached this point by the year 1791. For seven years the Federal authorities had been vainly endeavoring to make some final settlement of the question by entering into treaties with the Northwestern and Southwestern tribes. In the earlier treaties the delegates from the Continental Congress asserted that the United States were invested with the fee of all the land claimed by the Indians. In the later treaties the Indian proprietorship of the lands was conceded. This concession at the time seemed important to the whites; but the Indians probably never understood that there had been any change of attitude; nor did it make any practical difference, for, whatever the theory might be, the lands had eventually to be won, partly by whipping the savages in fight, partly by making it better worth their while to remain at peace than to go to war.
As a matter of fact the red men were as little disposed as the white to accept a peace on any terms that were possible. The Secretary of War, who knew nothing of Indians by actual contact, wrote that it would be indeed pleasing “to a philosophic mind to reflect that, instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population . . . . we had imparted our knowledge of cultivation and the arts to the aboriginals of the country,” thus preserving and civilizing them; and the public men who represented districts remote from the frontier shared these views of large though vague beneficence. But neither the white frontiersmen nor their red antagonists possessed “philosophic minds.” They represented two stages of progress, ages apart, and it would have needed many centuries to bring the lower to the level of the higher. Both sides recognized the fact that their interests were incompatible, and that the question of their clashing rights had to be settled by the strong hand.
In the Northwest matters culminated sooner than in the Southwest. The Georgians and the settlers along the Tennessee and Cumberland were harassed rather than seriously menaced by the Creek war parties; but in the North the more dangerous Indians of the Miami, the Wabash, and the lakes gathered in bodies so large as fairly to deserve the name of armies. Moreover, the pressure of the white advance was far heavier in the North. The pioneers who settled in the Ohio basin were many times as numerous as those who settled on the lands west of the Oconee or north of the Cumberland, and were fed from States much more populous. The advance was stronger, the resistance more desperate; naturally the open break occurred where the strain was most intense.
There was fierce border warfare in the South. In the North there were regular campaigns, and pitched battles were fought between Federal armies as large as those commanded by Washington at Trenton or Greene at Eutaw Springs, and bodies of Indian warriors more numerous than had ever yet appeared on any single field.
The newly created government of the United States was very reluctant to make formal war on the Northwestern Indians. Not only were President Washington and the national Congress honorably desirous of peace, but they were hampered for funds, and dreaded any extra expense. Nevertheless, they were forced into war. Throughout the years 1789 and 1790 an increasing volume of appeals for help came from the frontier countries. The Governor of the Northwestern Territory, the Brigadier-General of the troops on the Ohio, the members of the Kentucky Convention, all the county lieutenants of Kentucky, the lieutenants of the frontier counties of Virginia proper, the representatives from the counties, the field officers of the different districts, the General Assembly of Virginia—all sent bitter complaints and long catalogues of injuries to the President, the Secretary of War, and the two Houses of Congress—complaints which were redoubled after Harmar’s failure. With heavy hearts the national authorities prepared for war. Their decision was justified by the redoubled fury of the Indian raids during the early part of 1791. Among others, the settlements near Marietta were attacked, a day or two after the new year began, in bitter winter weather. A dozen persons, including a woman and two children, were killed, and five men were taken prisoners. The New England settlers, though brave and hardy, were unused to Indian warfare. They were taken by surprise, and made no effective resistance; the only Indian hurt was wounded with a hatchet by the wife of a frontier hunter. There were some twenty-five Indians in the attacking party; they were Wyandots and Delawares, who had been mixing on friendly terms with the settlers throughout the preceding summer, and so knew how best to deliver the assault. The settlers had not only treated these Indians with much kindness, but had never wronged any of the red race, and had been lulled into a foolish feeling of security by the apparent good-will of the treacherous foes. The assault was made in the twilight on the 2d of January, the Indians crossing the frozen Muskingum, and stealthily approaching a blockhouse and two or three cabins. The inmates were frying meat for supper, and did not suspect harm, offering food to the Indians; but the latter, once they were within-doors, dropped the garb of friendliness, and shot or tomahawked all save a couple of men who escaped, and the five who were made prisoners. The captives were all taken to the Miami or Detroit, and, as usual, were treated with much kindness and humanity by the British officers and traders with whom they came in contact. McKee, the British Indian agent, who was always ready to incite the savages to war against the Americans as a nation, but who was quite as ready to treat them kindly as individuals, ransomed one prisoner; the latter went to his Massachusetts home to raise the amount of his ransom, and returned to Detroit to refund it to his generous rescuer. Another prisoner was ransomed by a Detroit trader, and worked out his ransom in Detroit itself. Yet another was redeemed from captivity by the famous Iroquois chief Brant, who was ever a terrible and implacable foe, but a greathearted and kindly victor. The fourth prisoner died, while the Indians took so great a liking to the fifth that they would not let him go, but adopted him into the tribe, made him dress as they did, and in a spirit of pure friendliness pierced his ears and nose. After Wayne’s treaty he was released, and returned to Marietta to work at his trade as a stone-mason, his bored nose and slit ears serving as mementos of his captivity.
The squalid little town of Cincinnati also suffered from the Indian war parties in the spring of this year, several of the townsmen being killed by the savages, who grew so bold that they lurked through the streets at nights, and lay in ambush in the gardens where the garrison of Fort Washington raised their vegetables. One of the Indian attacks, made upon a little palisaded “station” which had been founded by a man named Dunlop, some seventeen miles from Cincinnati, was noteworthy because of an act of not uncommon cruelty by the Indians. In the station there were some regulars. Aided by the settlers, they beat back their foes; whereupon the enraged savages brought one of their prisoners within ear-shot of the walls and tortured him to death. The torture began at midnight, and the screams of the wretched victim were heard until daylight.
Until this year the war was not general. One of the most bewildering problems to be solved by the Federal officers on the Ohio was to find out which tribes were friendly and which hostile. Many of the inveterate enemies of the Americans were as forward in professions of friendship as the peaceful Indians, and were just as apt to be found at the treaties, or lounging about the settlements; and this widespread treachery and deceit made the task of the army officers puzzling to a degree. As for the frontiersmen, who had no means whatever of telling a hostile from a friendly tribe, they followed their usual custom, and lumped all the Indians, good and bad, together, for which they could hardly be blamed. Even St. Clair, who had small sympathy with the backwoodsmen, acknowledged that they could not and ought not to submit patiently to the cruelties and depredations of the savages: “they are in the habit of retaliation, perhaps without attending precisely to the nations from which the injuries are received.” A long course of such aggressions and retaliations resulted, by the year 1791, in all the Northwestern Indians going on the war-path. The hostile tribes had murdered and plundered the frontiersmen; the vengeance of the latter, as often as not, had fallen on friendly tribes; and these justly angered friendly tribes usually signalized their taking the red hatchet by some act of treacherous hostility directed against settlers who had not molested them.
In the late winter of 1791 the hitherto friendly Delawares, who hunted or traded along the western frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia proper, took this manner of showing that they had joined the open foes of the Americans. A big band of warriors spread up and down the Alleghany for about forty miles, and on the 9th of February attacked all the outlying settlements. The Indians who delivered this attack had long been on intimate terms with the Alleghany settlers, who were accustomed to see them in and about their houses; and as the savages acted with seeming friendship to the last moment, they were able to take the settlers completely unawares, so that no effective resistance was made. Some settlers were killed and some captured. Among the captives was a lad named John Brickell, who, though at first maltreated, and forced to run the gauntlet, was afterwards adopted into the tribe, and was not released until after Wayne’s victory. After his adoption he was treated with the utmost kindness, and conceived a great liking for his captors, admiring their many good qualities, especially their courage and their kindness to their children. Long afterwards he wrote down his experiences, which possess a certain value as giving from the Indian stand-point an account of some of the incidents of the forest warfare of the day.
The warriors who had engaged in this raid on their former friends, the settlers along the Alleghany, retreated two or three days’ journey into the wilderness to an appointed place, where they found their families. One of the Girtys was with the Indians. No sooner had the last of the warriors come in, with their scalps and prisoners, including the boy Brickell, than ten of their number deliberately started back to Pittsburg, to pass themselves as friendly Indians, and trade. In a fortnight they returned, laden with goods of various kinds, including whiskey. Some of the inhabitants, sore from disaster, suspected that these Indians were only masquerading as friendly, and prepared to attack them; but one of the citizens warned them of their danger, and they escaped. Their effrontery was as remarkable as their treachery and duplicity. They had suddenly attacked and massacred settlers by whom they had never been harmed, and with whom they preserved an appearance of entire friendship up to the very moment of the assault. Then, their hands red with the blood of their murdered friends, they came boldly into Pittsburg, among the near neighbors of these same murdered men, and stayed there several days to trade, pretending to be peaceful allies of the whites. With savages so treacherous and so ferocious it was a mere impossibility for the borderers to distinguish the hostile from the friendly, as they hit out blindly to revenge the blows that fell upon them from unknown hands. Brutal though the frontiersmen often were, they never employed the systematic and deliberate bad faith which was a favorite weapon with even the best of the red tribes.
The people who were out of reach of the Indian tomahawk, and especially the Federal officers, were often unduly severe in judging the borderers for their deeds of retaliation. Brickell’s narrative shows that the parties of seemingly friendly Indians who came in to trade were sometimes—and, indeed, in this year 1791 it is probable they were generally—composed of Indians who were engaged in active hostilities against the settlers, and who were always watching for a chance to murder and plunder. On March 9th, a month after the Delawares had begun their attacks, the grim backwoods Captain Brady, with some of his Virginian rangers, fell on a party of them who had come to a block-house to trade, and killed four. The Indians asserted that they were friendly, and both the Federal Secretary of War and the Governor of Pennsylvania denounced the deed and threatened the offenders; but the frontiersmen stood by them. Soon afterwards a delegation of chiefs from the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois arrived at Fort Pitt and sent a message to the President complaining of the murder of these alleged friendly Indians. On the very day these Seneca chiefs started on their journey home another Delaware war party killed nine settlers, men, women, and children, within twenty miles of Fort Pitt, which so enraged the people of the neighborhood that the lives of the Senecas were jeopardized. The United States authorities were particularly anxious to keep at peace with the Six Nations, and made repeated efforts to treat with them; but the Six Nations stood sullenly aloof, afraid to enter openly into the struggle, and yet reluctant to make a firm peace or cede any of their lands.
The intimate relations between the Indians and the British at the lake posts continued to perplex and anger the Americans. While the frontiers were being mercilessly ravaged, the same Indians who were committing the ravages met in council with the British agent, Alexander McKee, at the Miami Rapids, the council being held in this neighborhood for the special benefit of the very towns which were most hostile to the Americans, and which had been partially destroyed by Harmar the preceding fall. The Indian war was at its height, and the murderous forays never ceased throughout the spring and summer. McKee came to Miami in April, and was forced to wait nearly three months, because of the absence of the Indian war party, before the principal chiefs and head men gathered to meet him. At last, on July 1st, they were all assembled; not only the Shawnees, Delawares, Wyandots, Ottawas, Pottawattamies, and others who had openly taken the hatchet against the Americans, but also representatives of the Six Nations, and tribes of savages from lands so remote that they carried no guns, but warred with bows, spears, and tomahawks, and were clad in buffalo-robes instead of blankets. McKee in his speech to them did not incite them to war. On the contrary, he advised them, in guarded language, to make peace with the United States, but only upon terms consistent with their “honor and interest.” He assured them that, whatever they did, he wished to know what they desired, and that the sole purpose of the British was to promote the welfare of the confederated Indians. Such very cautious advice was not of a kind to promote peace; and the goods furnished the savages at the council included not only cattle, corn, and tobacco, but also quantities of powder and balls.
The chief interest of the British was to preserve the fur trade for their merchants, and it was mainly for this reason that they clung so tenaciously to the lake posts. For their purposes it was essential that the Indians should remain lords of the soil. They preferred to see the savages at peace with the Americans, provided that in this way they could keep their lands; but, whether through peace or war, they wished the lands to remain Indian, and the Americans to be barred from them. While they did not at the moment advise war, their advice to make peace was so faintly uttered and so hedged round with conditions as to be of no weight, and they furnished the Indians not only with provisions, but with munitions of war. While McKee and other British officers were at the Miami Rapids, holding councils with the Indians and issuing to them goods and weapons, bands of braves were continually returning from forays against the American frontier, bringing in scalps and prisoners; and the wilder subjects of the British King, like the Girtys, and some of the French from Detroit, went off with the war parties on their forays. The authorities at the capital of the new republic were deceived by the warmth with which the British insisted that they were striving to bring about a peace; but the frontiersmen were not deceived, and they were right in their belief that the British were really the mainstay and support of the Indians in their warfare.
Peace could only be won by the unsheathed sword. Even the national government was reluctantly driven to this view. As all the Northwestern tribes were banded in open war, it was useless to let the conflict remain a succession of raids and counter-raids. Only a severe stroke delivered by a formidable army could cow the tribes. It was hopeless to try to deliver such a crippling blow with militia alone, and it was very difficult for the infant government to find enough money or men to equip an army composed exclusively of regulars. Accordingly preparations were made for a campaign with a mixed force of regulars, special levies, and militia; and St. Clair, already Governor of the Northwestern Territory, was put in command of the army as Major-General.
Before the army was ready the Federal government was obliged to take other measures for the defence of the border. Small bodies of rangers were raised from among the frontier militia, being paid at the usual rate for soldiers in the army—a net sum of about two dollars a month while in service. In addition, on the repeated and urgent request of the frontiersmen, a few of the most active hunters and best woodsmen, men like Brady, were enlisted as scouts, being paid six or eight times the ordinary rate. These men, because of their skill in woodcraft and their thorough knowledge of Indian fighting, were beyond comparison more valuable than ordinary militia or regulars, and were prized very highly by the frontiersmen.
Besides thus organizing the local militia for defence, the President authorized the Kentuckians to undertake two offensive expeditions against the Wabash Indians, so as to prevent them from giving aid to the Miami tribes, whom St. Clair was to attack. Both expeditions were carried on by bands of mounted volunteers, such as had followed Clark on his various raids. The first was commanded by Brigadier-General Charles Scott; Colonel John Hardin led his advance-guard, and Wilkinson was second in command. Towards the end of May, Scott crossed the Ohio at the head of eight hundred horse-riflemen, and marched rapidly and secretly towards the Wabash towns. A mounted Indian discovered the advance of the Americans, and gave the alarm, and so most of the Indians escaped just as the Kentucky riders fell on the towns. But little resistance was offered by the surprised and outnumbered savages. Only five Americans were wounded, while of the Indians thirty-two were slain, as they fought or fled, and forty-one prisoners, chiefly women and children, were brought in, either by Scott himself, or by his detachments under Hardin and Wilkinson. Several towns were destroyed, and the growing corn cut down. There were not a few French living in the towns, in well-finished log houses, which were burned with the wigwams. The second expedition was under the command of Wilkinson, and consisted of over five hundred men. He marched in August, and repeated Scott’s feat, again burning down two or three towns, and destroying the goods and the crops. He lost three or four men killed or wounded, but killed ten Indians and captured some thirty. In both expeditions the volunteers behaved well, and committed no barbarous act, except that in the confusion of the actual onslaught a few non-combatants were slain. The Wabash Indians were cowed and disheartened by their punishment, and in consequence gave no aid to the Miami tribes; but beyond this the raids accomplished nothing, and brought no nearer the wished-for time of peace. Meanwhile St. Clair was striving vainly to hasten the preparations for his own far more formidable task. There was much delay in forwarding him the men and the provisions and munitions. Congress hesitated and debated; the Secretary of War, hampered by a newly created office and insufficient means, did not show to advantage in organizing the campaign, and was slow in carrying out his plans, while there was positive dereliction of duty on the part of the quartermaster, and the contractors proved both corrupt and inefficient. The army was often on short commons, lacking alike food for the men and fodder for the horses; the powder was poor, the axes useless, the tents and clothing nearly worthless, while the delays were so extraordinary that the troops did not make the final move from Fort Washington until mid-September.
St. Clair himself was broken in health; he was a sick, weak, elderly man, high-minded, and zealous to do his duty, but totally unfit for the terrible responsibilities of such an expedition against such foes. The troops were of wretched stuff. There were two small regiments of regular infantry, the rest of the army being composed of six months levies and of militia ordered out for this particular campaign. The pay was contemptible. Each private was given three dollars a month, from which ninety cents were deducted, leaving a net payment of two dollars and ten cents a month. Sergeants netted three dollars and sixty cents, while the lieutenants received twenty-two, the captains thirty, and the colonels sixty dollars. The mean parsimony of the nation in paying such low wages to men about to be sent on duties at once very arduous and very dangerous met its fit and natural reward. Men of good bodily powers and in the prime of life, and especially men able to do the rough work of frontier farmers, could not be hired to fight Indians in unknown forests for two dollars a month. Most of the recruits were from the streets and prisons of the seaboard cities. They were hurried into a campaign against peculiarly formidable foes before they had acquired the rudiments of a soldier’s training, and of course they never even understood what woodcraft meant. The officers were men of courage, as in the end most of them showed by dying bravely on the field of battle, but they were utterly untrained themselves, and had no time in which to train their men. Under such conditions it did not need keen vision to foretell disaster. Harmar had learned a bitter lesson the preceding year; he knew well what Indians could do and what raw troops could not, and he insisted with emphasis that the only possible outcome to St. Clair’s expedition was defeat.
As the raw troops straggled to Pittsburg they were shipped down the Ohio to Fort Washington; and St. Clair made the headquarters of his army at a new fort some twenty-five miles northward, which he christened Fort Hamilton. During September the army slowly assembled two small regiments of regulars, two of six months levies, a number of Kentucky militia, a few cavalry, and a couple of small batteries of light guns. After wearisome delays, due mainly to the utter inefficiency of the quartermaster and contractor, the start for the Indian towns was made on October the 4th. The army trudged slowly through the deep woods and across the wet prairies, cutting out its own road, and making but five or six miles a day. On October 13th a halt was made to build another little fort, christened in honor of Jefferson. There were further delays, caused by the wretched management of the commissariat department, and the march was not resumed until the 24th, the numerous sick being left in Fort Jefferson. Then the army once more stumbled northward through the wilderness. The regulars, though mostly raw recruits, had been reduced to some kind of discipline, but the six months levies were almost worse than the militia. Owing to the long delays, and to the fact that they had been enlisted at various times, their terms of service were expiring day by day, and they wished to go home, and tried to, while the militia deserted in squads and bands. Those that remained were very disorderly. Two who attempted to desert were hanged, and another, who shot a comrade, was hanged also; but even this severity in punishment failed to stop the demoralization.
With such soldiers there would have been grave risk of disaster under any commander, but St. Clair’s leadership made the risk a certainty. There was Indian sign, old and new, all through the woods, and the scouts and stragglers occasionally interchanged shots with small parties of braves, and now and then lost a man killed or captured. It was therefore certain that the savages knew every movement of the army, which, as it slowly neared the Miami towns, was putting itself within easy striking range of the most formidable Indian confederacy in the Northwest. The density of the forest was such that only the utmost watchfulness could prevent the foe from approaching within arm’s-length unperceived. It behooved St. Clair to be on his guard, and he had been warned by Washington, who had never forgotten the scenes of Braddock’s defeat, of the danger of a surprise. But St. Clair was broken down by the worry and by continued sickness; time and again it was doubtful whether he could do so much as stay with the army. The second in command, Major-General Richard Butler, was also sick most of the time, and, like St. Clair, he possessed none of the qualities of leadership save courage, The whole burden fell on the Adjutant-General, Colonel Winthrop Sargent, an old Revolutionary officer; without him the expedition would probably have failed in ignominy even before the Indians were reached; and he showed not only cool courage, but ability of a good order; yet in the actual arrangements for battle he was of course unable to remedy the blunders of his superiors.
St. Clair should have covered his front and flanks for miles around with scouting parties; but he rarely sent any out, and, thanks to letting the management of those that did go devolve on his subordinates, and to not having their reports made to him in person, he derived no benefit from what they saw. He had twenty Chickasaws with him, but he sent these off on an extended trip, lost touch of them entirely, and never saw them again until after the battle. He did not seem to realize that he was himself in danger of attack. When some fifty miles or so from the Miami towns, on the last day of October, sixty of the militia deserted; and he actually sent back after them one of his two regular regiments, thus weakening by one-half the only trustworthy portion of his force.
On November 3d the doomed army, now reduced to a total of about fourteen hundred men, camped on the eastern fork of the Wabash, high up, where it was but twenty yards wide. There was snow on the ground, and the little pools were skimmed with ice. The camp was on a narrow rise of ground, where the troops were cramped together, the artillery and most of the horse in the middle. On both flanks and along most of the real the ground was low and wet. All about the wintry woods lay in frozen silence. In front the militia were thrown across the creek, and nearly a quarter of a mile beyond the rest of the troops. Parties of Indians were seen during the afternoon, and they skulked around the lines at night, so that the sentinels frequently fired at them; yet neither St. Clair nor Butler took any adequate measures to ward off the impending blow. It is improbable that, as things actually were at this time, they could have won a victory over their terrible foes, but they might have avoided overwhelming disaster.
On November 4th the men were under arms, as usual, by dawn, St. Clair intending to throw up intrenchments and then make a forced march in light order against the Indian towns. But he was forestalled. Soon after sunrise, just as the men were dismissed from parade, a sudden assault was made upon the militia, who lay unprotected beyond the creek. The unexpectedness and fury of the onset, the heavy firing, and the wild whoops and yells of the throngs of painted savages threw the militia into disorder. After a few moments’ resistance they broke and fled in wild panic to the camp of the regulars, among whom they drove in a frightened herd, spreading dismay and confusion.
The drums beat, and the troops sprang to arms as soon as they heard the heavy firing at the front, and their volleys for a moment checked the onrush of the plumed woodland warriors. But the check availed nothing. The braves filed off to one side and the other, completely surrounded the camp, killed or drove in the guards and pickets, and then advanced close to the main lines.
Each charge seemed for a moment to be successful, the Indians rising in swarms and running in headlong flight from the bayonets. In one of the earliest, in which Colonel Darke led his battalion, the Indians were driven several hundred yards across the branch of the Wabash; but when the colonel halted and rallied his men he found that the savages had closed in behind him, and he had to fight his way back,
A furious battle followed. After the first onset the Indians fought in silence, no sound coming from them save the incessant rattle of their fire as they crept from log to log, from tree to tree, ever closer and closer. The soldiers stood in close order in the open; their musketry and artillery fire made a tremendous noise, but did little damage to a foe they could hardly see. Now and then, through the hanging smoke, terrible figures flitted, painted black and red, the feathers of hawk and eagle braided in their long scalp locks; but, save for these glimpses, the soldiers knew the presence of their somber enemy only from the fearful rapidity with which their comrades fell dead and wounded in the ranks. They never even knew the numbers or leaders of the Indians. At the time it was supposed that they outnumbered the whites; but it is probable that the reverse was the case, and it may even be that they were not more than half as numerous. It is said that the chief who led them, both in council and battle, was Little Turtle the Miami. At any rate there were present all the chiefs and picked warriors of the Delawares, Shawnees, Wyandots, and Miamies, and all the most reckless and adventurous young braves from among the Iroquois and the Indians of the upper lakes, as well as many of the ferocious whites and half-breeds who dwelt in the Indian villages.
At first the army, as a whole, fought firmly; indeed, there was no choice, for it was ringed by a wall of flame. The officers behaved very well, cheering and encouraging their men, but they were the special targets of the Indians, and fell rapidly. St. Clair and Butler, by their cool fearlessness in the hour of extreme peril, made some amends for their shortcomings as commanders. They walked up and down the lines from flank to flank, passing and repassing one another; for the two lines of battle were facing outward, and each general was busy trying to keep his wing from falling back. St. Clair’s clothes were pierced by eight bullets, but he was himself untouched. He wore a blanket coat with a hood; he had a long queue, and his thick gray hair flowed from under his three-cornered hat; a lock of his hair was carried off by a bullet. Several times he headed the charges, sword in hand. General Butler had his arm broken early in the fight, but he continued to walk to and fro along the line, his coat off, and the wounded arm in a sling. Another bullet struck him in the side, inflicting a mortal wound, and he was carried to the middle of the camp, where he sat propped up by knapsacks. Men and horses were falling around him at every moment. St. Clair sent an aide, Lieutenant Ebenezer Denny, to ask how he was; he displayed no anxiety, and answered that he felt well. While speaking, a young cadet, who stood nearby, was hit on the knee-cap by a spent ball, and at the shock cried aloud, whereat the general laughed so that his wounded side shook. The aide left him, and there is no further certain record of his fate, except that he was slain; but it is said that in one of the Indian rushes a warrior bounded towards him and sunk the tomahawk in his brain before anyone could interfere.
Instead of being awed by the bellowing artillery, the Indians made the gunner a special object of attack. Man after man was picked off, until every officer was killed but one, who was wounded, and most of the privates also were slain or disabled. The artillery was thus almost silenced; and the Indians, emboldened by success, swarmed forward and seized the guns, while at the same time a part of the left wing of the army began to shrink back. But the Indians were now on comparatively open ground, where the regulars could see them and get at them, and under St. Clair’s own leadership the troops rushed fiercely at the savages with fixed bayonets, and drove them back to cover. By this time the confusion and disorder were great, while from every hollow and grass-patch, from behind every stump and tree and fallen log, the Indians continued their fire. Again and again the officers led forward the troops in bayonet charges, and at first the men followed them with a will. Each charge seemed for a moment to be successful, the Indians rising in swarms and running in headlong flight from the bayonets. In one of the earliest, in which Colonel Darke led his battalion, the Indians were driven several hundred yards across the branch of the Wabash; but when the colonel halted and rallied his men he found that the savages had closed in behind him, and he had to fight his way back, while the foe he had been driving at once turned and harassed his rear. He was himself wounded, and lost most of his command. On re-entering camp he found the Indians again in possession of the artillery and baggage, from which they were again driven; they had already scalped the slain who lay about the guns. Major Thomas Butler had his thigh broken by a bullet, but he continued on horseback in command of his battalion until the end of the fight, and led his men in one of the momentarily successful bayonet charges. The only regular regiment present lost every officer, killed or wounded. The commander of the Kentucky militia, Colonel Oldham, was killed early in the action, while trying to rally his men. The charging troops could accomplish nothing permanent. The men were too clumsy and ill trained in forest warfare to overtake their fleet, half-naked antagonists. The latter never received the shock; but though they fled, they were nothing daunted, for they turned the instant the battalion did, and followed firing. They skipped out of reach of the bayonets and came back as they pleased, and they were only visible when raised by a charge.
Among the pack-horse men were some who were accustomed to the use of the rifle and to life in the woods, and these fought well. One named Benjamin Van Cleve kept a journal, in which he described what he saw of the fight. He had no gun, but five minutes after the firing began he saw a soldier near him with his arm swinging useless, and he borrowed the wounded man’s musket and cartridges. The smoke had settled to within three feet of the ground, so he knelt, covering himself behind a tree, and only fired when he saw an Indian’s head, or noticed one running from cover to cover. He fired away all his ammunition, and the bands of his musket flew off; he picked up another just as two levy officers ordered a charge, and followed the charging party at a run. By this time the battalions were broken, and only some thirty men followed the officers. The Indians fled before the bayonets, until they reached a ravine filled with down timber, whereupon they halted behind the impenetrable tangle of fallen logs. The soldiers also halted, and were speedily swept away by the fire of the Indians, whom they could not reach; but Van Cleve, showing his skill as a woodsman, covered himself behind a small tree, and gave back shot for shot, until all his ammunition was gone. Before this happened his less skilful companions had been slain or driven off, and he ran at full speed back to camp. Here he found the artillery had been taken and retaken again and again. Stricken men lay in heaps everywhere, and the charging troops were once more driving the Indians across the creek in front of the camp. Van Cleve noticed that the dead officers and soldiers who were lying about the guns had all been scalped, and that the Indians had not been in a hurry, for their hair was all skinned off.” Another of the packers who took part in the fight, one Thomas Irwin, was struck with the spectacle offered by the slaughtered artillerymen, and with gruesome homeliness compared the reeking heads to pumpkins in a December corn-field.
As the officers fell, the soldiers, who at first stood up bravely enough, gradually grew disheartened. No words can paint the hopelessness and horror of such a struggle as that in which they were engaged. They were hemmed in by foes who showed no mercy, and whose blows they could in no way return. If they charged they could not overtake the Indians, and the instant the charge stopped the Indians came back. If they stood, they were shot down by an unseen enemy; and there was no stronghold, no refuge, to which to flee. The Indian attack was relentless, and could neither be avoided, parried, nor met by counter-assault. For two hours or so the troops kept up a slowly lessening resistance, but by degrees their hearts failed. The wounded had been brought towards the middle of the lines, where the baggage and tents were, and an ever-growing proportion of new wounded men joined them. In vain the officers tried, by encouragement, by jeers, by blows, to drive them back to the fight. They were unnerved. As in all cases where large bodies of men are put in imminent peril of death, whether by shipwreck, plague, fire, or violence, numbers were swayed by a mad panic of utterly selfish fear, and others became numbed and callous, or snatched at any animal gratification during their last moments. Many soldiers crowded round the fires and stood stunned and confounded by the awful calamity; many broke into the officers’ marquees and sought for drink, or devoured the food which the rightful owners had left when the drums beat to arms.
There was but one thing to do. If possible the remnant of the army must be saved, and it could only be saved by instant flight, even at the cost of abandoning the wounded. The broad road by which the army had advanced was the only line of retreat. The artillery had already been spiked and abandoned. Most of the horses had been killed, but a few were still left, and on one of these St. Clair mounted. He gathered together those fragments of the different battalions which contained the few men who still kept heart and head, and ordered them to charge and regain the road from which the savages had cut them off. Repeated orders were necessary before some of the men could be roused from their stupor sufficiently to follow the charging party, and they were only induced to move when told that it was to retreat. Colonel Darke and a few officers placed themselves at the head of the column, the coolest and boldest men drew up behind them, and they fell on the Indians with such fury as to force them back well beyond the road. This made an opening, through which, said Van Cleve the packer, the rest of the troops “pressed like a drove of bullocks.” The Indians were surprised by the vigor of the charge, and puzzled as to its object; they opened out on both sides, and half the men had gone through before they fired more than a chance shot or two. They then fell on the rear and began a hot pursuit. St. Clair sent his aide, Denny, to the front to try to keep order, but neither he nor anyone else could check the flight. Major Clark tried to rally his battalion to cover the retreat, but he was killed and the effort abandoned.
Colonel Darke and a few officers placed themselves at the head of the column, the coolest and boldest men drew up behind them, and they fell on the Indians with such fury as to force them back well beyond the road.
St. Clair was himself in much danger, for he tried to stay behind and stem the torrent of fugitives; but he failed, being swept forward by the crowd; and when he attempted to ride to the front to rally them, he failed again, for his horse could not be pricked out of a walk. The packer Van Cleve in his journal gives a picture of the rout. He was himself one of the few who lost neither courage nor generosity in the rout.
Before reaching Fort Jefferson the wretched army encountered the regular regiment which had been so unfortunately detached a couple of days before the battle. The most severely wounded were left in the fort, and then the flight was renewed, until the disorganized and half-armed rabble reached Fort Washington and the mean log huts of Cincinnati. Six hundred and thirty men had been killed, and over two hundred and eighty wounded; less than five hundred, only about a third of the whole number engaged in the battle, remained unhurt. But one or two were taken prisoners, for the Indians butchered everybody, wounded or unwounded, who fell into their hands. There is no record of the torture of any of the captives, but there was one singular instance of cannibalism. The savage Chippewas from the far-off North devoured one of the slain soldiers, probably in a spirit of ferocious bravado; the other tribes expressed horror at the deed, The Indians were rich with the spoil. They got horses, tents, guns, axes, powder, clothing, and blankets—in short, everything their hearts prized. Their loss was comparatively slight; it may not have been one-twentieth that of the whites. They did not at the moment follow up their victory, each band going off with its own share of the booty. But the triumph was so overwhelming and the reward so great that the war spirit received a great impetus in all the tribes. The bands of warriors that marched against the frontier were more numerous, more formidable, and bolder than ever.
In the following January Wilkinson with a hundred and fifty mounted volunteers marched to the battle-field to bury the slain. The weather was bitterly cold; snow lay deep on the ground, and some of the volunteers were frost-bitten. Four miles from the scene of the battle, where the pursuit had ended, they began to find the bodies on the road, and close alongside in the woods, whither some of the hunted creatures had turned at the last to snatch one more moment of life. Many had been dragged from under the snow and devoured by wolves. The others lay where they had fallen, showing as mounds through the smooth white mantle that covered them. On the battle-field itself the slain lay thick, scalped, and stripped of all their clothing which the conquerors deemed worth taking. The bodies, blackened by frost and exposure, could not be identified, and they were buried in a shallow trench in the frozen ground. The volunteers then marched home.
When the remnant of the defeated army reached the banks of the Ohio, St. Clair sent his aide, Denny, to carry the news to Philadelphia, at that time the national capital. The river was swollen, there were incessant snow-storms, and ice formed heavily, so that it took twenty days of toil and cold before Denny reached Wheeling and got horses. For ten days more he rode over the bad winter roads, reaching Philadelphia with the evil tidings on the evening of December 19th. It was thus six weeks after the defeat of the army before the news was brought to the anxious Federal authorities. The young officer called first on the Secretary of War; but as soon as the Secretary realized the importance of the information he had it conveyed to the President. Washington was at dinner, with some guests, and was called from the table to listen to the tidings of ill fortune. He returned with unmoved face, and at the dinner and at the reception which followed he behaved with his usual stately courtesy to those whom he was entertaining, not so much as hinting at what he had heard. But when the last guest had gone, his pent-up wrath broke forth in one of those fits of volcanic fury which sometimes shattered his iron outward calm. Walking up and down the room, he burst out in wild regret for the rout and disaster, and bitter invective against St. Clair, reciting how in that very room he had wished the unfortunate commander success and honor, and had bidden him above all things beware of a surprise. “He went off with that last solemn warning thrown into his ears,” spoke Washington, as he strode to and fro, “and yet to suffer that army to be cut to pieces, hacked, butchered, tomahawked, by a surprise, the very thing I guarded him against! Oh God! Oh God! He’s worse than a murderer! How can he answer it to his country?” Then, calming himself by a mighty effort, “General St. Clair shall have justice . . . he shall have full justice.” And St. Clair did receive full justice, and mercy too, from both Washington and Congress. For the sake of his courage and honorable character they held him guiltless of the disaster, for which his lack of capacity as a general was so largely accountable.
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Pension Application of James Johnston
Giles County Ss.
On this 27th day of August 1832 personally appeared before the Justice of the County Court of Giles County being a Court of record James Johnston Sen’r a resident of the County of Giles and State of Virginia aged Seventy Seven in January next who being first duly sworn according to Law doth on his Oath make the following declaration in Order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the Act of Congress passed June 7th 1832. Johnston’s family lived in Culpeper County when the Revolution began but moved, probably after his discharge, to what was then part of Fincastle County. Fincastle was broken up late in 1776 and later divided further into many counties. Giles County was created in 1806 and now borders the bottom of West Virginia.
That he enlisted in the Army of the United States in January 1776 and the term of his enlistment was for the term of two years and that he served in the 8th Virginia Regiment. Johnston enlisted on January 26, 1776. Two years was the standard enlistment for Virginia provincial and Continental soldiers in 1776. The 8th Virginia was a provincial regiment when it was created, and was not brought into Continental service until August (retroactively to May).
That the Company marched to the town of Suffolk in the County of ______. He was there attached to the Battallion Commanded by Maj’r Peter Helverson and the Regiment commanded by Col Mulenburg at which place he with The Regiment remained for some weeks. Suffolk, a little west of Norfolk, was the designated rendezvous point for the regiment. Suffolk was then in Nansemond County. Battalions were sometimes divisions of regiments, but in the Continental Army were almost always functionally synonymous with regiments. Johnston was detached at least once with Helphenstine, which probably explains his characterization.
From thence they marched to Charleston in South Carolina. From Charleston they were conveyed to Hattens point opposite Fort Sullivan—and at the time and on the day the attack was made on Fort Sullivan, he was marched to the lower point of Sullivans island. He together with the detachment then commanded by Maj’r Helverson threw up small breast works for the purpose of preventing the British from Landing at that point. A small skirmish then ensued between us and we prevented the greater part of the British from Landing. Some of them, however, succeeded but were soon driven back to their boats. And after lying several days on the lower end of Sullivans island we returned to Hattens point and joined the remainder of our Regiment which we had left at the place. The regiment left with Maj. Gen. Charles Lee for South Carolina in May, arriving in June. “Hattens Point” is Haddrell’s Point between Charleston and Sullivan’s Island. A number of 8th Virginia men reinforced South Carolina troops on the north end of Sullivan’s Island to fend off an enemy crossing of the “Breach Inlet” while enemy warships bombarded Fort Sullivan (later Fort Moultrie) on the south end. Most accounts discount the action at the Breach Inlet as insignificant, summarizing that the British had misgauged the depth of the water and failed to cross. Johnston, however, indicates that the enemy made a concerted effort to cross and that some succeeded before being driven back.
We then crossed back to Charleston and stayed some days in Charleston, at which place Maj’r Helverson left on detachment. Helphenstine, along with a great number of soldiers, succumbed to malaria, which was endemic to the region and against which most 8th Virginia soldiers had no developed resistance. Helphenstine resigned and returned to his home in Winchester where he eventually died from complications of the disease.
We were then march to Savanna in Georgia where we halted a short time, and was then marched to Sunsberry and remained sometime at that place, and then returned to Savannah and halted there till about the 6th of December. General Lee took the southern army farther south to attack the Tory haven of St. Augustine in the new province of East Florida (acquired from Spain at the end of the French & Indian War). Supply problems, malaria, and Lee’s recall to the north foiled the plan. They made it as far as Sunbury, Georgia. A number of soldiers died in Sunbury of malaria.
From Winchester we were marched to Philadelphia (and a part of the detachment who was inoculated for the small pox remained there till sometime in May). The entire Continental Army was inoculated early in 1777. Soldiers who had previously had the disease were exempt.
We were then marched to Bonbrook or Middlebrook not recollected which in New Jersey and was attached to Gen’. Scotts brigade, and continued with the Main Army commanded by Gen’l Washington for some time. The regiment began collecting together at Boundbrook, N.J. in April and then moved to the camp at Middlebrook on May 25. It was assigned to Brig. Gen. Charles Scott’s brigade, along with the 4th Virginia, the 12th Virginia, Grayson’s Additional, and Patton’s Additional regiments. Scott’s brigade was one of two that made up Maj. Gen. Adam Stephen’s division.
I was then attached to a Company of Light infantry and sent to the Iron hills near the head of Elk under the Command of Genl. Sullivan we had a small skirmish with the British. We then returned to the main army and I joined my own regiment on the Evening before the battle of Brandywine. I fought in the battle of Brandywine which took place some time in September. On August 28, each brigade sent picked men to form a light infantry battalion under Brig. Gen. William Maxwell, who Johnston misidentifies as John Sullivan. Maxwell’s Light Infantry existed for one month and fought in Delaware at Cooch’s Bridge (Iron Hill) on Sept. 3 and Brandywine in Pennsylvania on Sept. 11. “Head of Elk” is now Elkton, Maryland. Johnston reports that he returned to Capt. Slaughter’s company before Brandywine, but does not state the reason.
We were then marched to Philadelphia and stayed there about two days – then marched to Riding furnace in Pennsylvania and was continued marching in different directions through the country near Philadelphia til about the first of October. After Brandywine, the army retreated to Chester, Pa. and then crossed the Schuylkill to Philadelphia before heading west along the river to block the enemy from crossing it. The Schuylkill was the last natural barrier between the British and Philadelphia, the seat of Congress. After the “Battle of the Clouds” ended in a torrential downpour, Washington’s army was rested and re-equipped at Reading Furnace, in northwest Chester County (not to be confused with the city of Reading, which is twenty miles to the north). After a feint, the British made it across and took Philadelphia.
We were then marched to Germantown and I fought in the battle of German town. The Battle of Germantown occurred on October 4. A chance for victory was ruined in part because of a friendly fire incident between General Scott’s brigade and Anthony Wayne’s Pennsylvania brigade. Maj. Gen. Adam Stephen was blamed for it. Stephen was cashiered and replaced with the Marquis de Lafayette.
We were then marched in different directions through the country near Germantown and Philadelphia watching the movements of the enemy til sometime about the last of November or first of Dec’r and then took up our Winter quarters at the Vally forge in the state of Pennsylvania until I was discharged by Brigadier Gen’l Scott about the Latter part of January or first of February 1778. having served a few days more than two years. After Germantown, the army camped at three different places northwest of Philadelphia before a series skirmishes known as the Battle of Whitemarsh early in December. The army then went into winter encampment at Valley Forge on December 19. Johnston’s two-year enlistment expired on January 26, 1778 but he reports remaining a little longer.
He hereby relinquishes every claim whatever to a pension or an annuity except the present and he declares that his name is not on the pension roll of an agency of any state.
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Even before there were any Virginia Continental regiments, Craig signed on to help lead one of the Old Dominion’s independent frontier companies. He was a lieutenant under Capt. William Russell in a company that ranged the southwest Virginia frontier from 1775 to 1776. In 1776 he joined Capt. James Knox in forming a Fincastle County company assigned to the 8th Virginia Regiment. After a year serving in the south, he and Knox were selected to lead a company in Daniel Morgan’s elite rifle battalion. With Morgan and Knox, he played a key role in the defeat of Gen. John Burgoyne at Saratoga—the first major American victory and the event that persuaded the French to openly support the cause.
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On January 13, 1777 future President John Adams went for a walk in Philadelphia. He was, at the time, a delegate to the Continental Congress. After returning to his lodgings he wrote:
"I have spent an hour this morning in the Congregation of the dead. I took a walk into the 'Potter's Field,' a burying ground between the new stone prison and the hospital, and I never in my whole life was affected with so much melancholy. The graves of the soldiers, who have been buried, in this ground, from the hospital and bettering-house, during the course of last summer, fall and winter, dead of the small pox and camp diseases, are enough to make the heart of stone to melt away! The sexton told me that upwards of two thousand soldiers had been buried there, and by the appearance of the grave and trenches, it is most probable to me that he speaks within bounds. To what causes this plague is to be attributed, I don't know--disease had destroyed ten men for us where the sword of the enemy has killed one!"
"Black lives matter" has essentially the same meaning as "all men are created equal." Both are true statements. The newer slogan, however, is also a Declaration that the "arc of history" has farther to bend until it achieves justice. That is also true. Ask any member of "Mother Emanuel" AME Church in Charleston or the families of Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd.
We have a better understanding of freedom and equality today than America's founding generation had. But you have to walk before you can run, and the men buried in Washington Square were among the very first common people on Earth to walk upright and proudly in defense of human and civil rights. Today, most of the world is still trying to catch up.
We can't let up now, however. We have farther to go.
Read More: "The Tragedy of Henry Laurens" (August 1, 2019)
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“The phenomenon of fame confounds and fascinates, indiscriminately raising some to glory while consigning apparent equals to exile.” This is Gwynne Tuell Potts’s insight in her new book on George Rogers Clark and his brother-in-law, William Croghan. “In its most satirical form,” she continues, “fame dooms an occasional soul to both states.” Potts’s 300-page volume is an exploration of the vagaries of fame and fortune.
George Rogers Clark was famous, once. He was a towering figure on the western front of the Revolutionary War. Potts quotes French Gen. Henri Victor Collot describing Clark as the person who had “gained from the natives almost the whole of that immense country which forms now the Western states.” Collot said Clark was “the rival, in short, of George Washington.” Clark’s reputation was diminished in his own lifetime and his fame has since waned. His story is not taught in most schools and his Virginia commission excludes him from the pantheon of well-known Continental generals.
...continue to The Journal of the American Revolution.
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Thirty years ago, Dutch Henderson was “stomping through the woods” near Lake Sinclair in central Georgia when he stumbled upon an old gravestone. Some might have thought it an odd spot for a grave, but Dutch knew the history of the area and it made sense. In fact, the setting told him the man six feet under had played an important role in American history.
The inscription on the marker read: “CORP. DRURY JACKSON, SLAUGHTER’S CO. 8 VA. REGT. REV. WAR.” Why was this headstone for a Revolutionary War soldier all alone in the woods near a lake? Time changes things. Neither the lake nor the woods were there when Drury Jackson died. Back then the grave was on cleared ground overlooking the Oconee River. Depressions in the soil still reveal to the trained eye that Drury was buried in proper cemetery. The river became a lake in 1953 when it was dammed up to create a 45,000-kilowatt hydroelectric generating station. When Dutch found the grave, the cemetery had been neglected and reclaimed by nature. Today it is in a copse of trees surrounded by vacation homes.
...continue to Emerging Revolutionary War Era.
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The concept may have originated with the Rev. Peter Muhlenberg and Jonathan Clark, both delegates from Dunmore County in the Shenandoah Valley. Dunmore (now called Shenandoah County) was the cultural hub of German life in the Valley. It is inconceivable that the resolution could have been drafted without the involvement of at least Muhlenberg and probably of Clark as well. Muhlenberg was the Rector of Beckford Parish, the geography of which was identical to that of Dunmore County. His church was at Woodstock, the county seat. He was, however, more than just the community’s pastor. He was the son of the patriarch or the Lutheran Church in America, whose church was in the village of Trappe near Philadelphia. Clark was the county’s deputy clerk, an important job, under Thomas Marshall (soon to be colonel of the 3rd Virginia Regiment and father of future Chief Justice John Marshall).
The Shenandoah Valley’s Germans had nearly all come the way Muhlenberg had: down the Great Philadelphia Wagon Road to Virginia. The road passed through communities that remain heavily German to this day, such as Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Scotch-Irish immigrants followed the same route, but tended to settle farther south in the Valley, around Staunton and Augusta County.
Lutheran Germans like Muhlenberg were seen by the Virginia gentry as reasonably reliable and trustworthy. Their theology differed little from the Church of England. Muhlenberg had, in fact, gone to London to be ordained before taking his position in Woodstock. (King George III was himself of German descent and his great grandfather, George I, couldn’t speak English when he took the throne.) The Ulster Irish, however, were less trusted. They were theological dissenters and often politically radical. Their Calvinist faith differed in important ways from Anglicanism. They could, however, be counted on to fight
Muhlenberg and Bowman were both too young to have participated in the French and Indian War as most of Virginia’s other senior officers had. Muhlenberg had spent some time in a British military unit after dropping out of seminary in Germany years before. Bowman had experienced at least one dangerous encounter with Indians as a teenager. It is fairly clear that in choosing them the Convention prioritized their ability to rally and unite the Shenandoah Valley over their fairly meager military experience. Patrick Henry was the only other appointed colonel who had no real military experience.
When they received their commissions Muhlenberg was twenty-nine years old and Bowman was twenty-six. The regiment’s major was Peter Helphenstine, a German from Winchester in Frederick County. He was about twice Bowman’s age, in his middle fifties. He had commanded a company in the governor’s division during Lord Dunmore’s War in 1774. He was a respected tradesman and an active Lutheran.
The diversity of the officers reflected the diversity in the rank and file. The 8th Virginia was a microcosm of the Continental Army at large. It was America’s original “melting pot.” Originally divided by race and religion, their shared hardships would soon make them a band of brothers.
The committees were generally dominated by English elites and could be counted on to appoint the right kind of company officers. Only two of ten companies had Irish captains: Fincastle County and the West Augusta district (both on the frontier) selected James Knox and William Croghan. Both were capable and loyal officers.
The choice of field officers, however, was up to the Virginia Convention and it chose three Germans as it had planned. Each was from a different down in the lower (northern) Shenandoah Valley. Muhlenberg was appointed to be the colonel. Abraham Bowman of Strasburg (also in Dunmore County) was appointed to be the lieutenant colonel. Bowman came from a prominent family. His grandfather, Jost Hite, had led the first group of German settlers into the valley from Pennsylvania in 1731.
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Surprisingly, the unique contours of Anderson’s war service resolve a persistent question. The men of the 8th Virginia fought almost everywhere during the Revolution. I have sometimes described them as having served “from New York to Georgia,” but wished I could say “from Canada to Florida.” The regiment didn't range that far, but I have long suspected that some of its men did over the course of the war.
The Florida question remains unsolved. In 1776, Maj. Gen. Charles Lee took the regiment south to attack the Tory haven at St. Augustine. They made it to Sunbury, Georgia before the expedition was called off. The malaria-stick regiment was posted there at Fort Morris, on the Medway River, for some time. Did they ever cross the St. Mary’s River into what was then the colony of East Florida?
The governor of Florida reported in October of 1776 that “depredations were made by the Rebels as far [across the border] as Saint John River,” forcing him to commandeer a boat for defense. The main body of the 8th Virginia was probably gone by then, but had any of them gone scouting across the river before the raid? Quite a few men also remained behind to recover from sickness and some--like William Gillihan and Collin Mitchum--transferred to the 5th South Carolina Regiment. Did any 8th Virginia men participate in the foray to the St. John’s River that summer or fall? Probably. Maybe. We may never know.
In February 1777 he enlisted again under Morgan, who was now the colonel of the 11th Virginia. There is no record of Anderson in the 11th Virginia rolls, however, because he was promoted to sergeant and transferred into Capt. Thomas Berry’s company of the 8th Virginia. Anderson was with the 8th through Germantown, Whitemarsh, Valley Forge, and Monmouth. He was discharged on February 2, 1779. He then received a state commission as a lieutenant in the Western Battalion of Virginia state troops (state regulars—not militia and not Continentals), probably fighting Indians as far west as Indiana under Col. Joseph Crockett. Other 8th Virginia men were on the frontier as well, serving as far west as Illinois. After the war, Anderson settled in Shenandoah County, Virginia and lived the rest of his life there.
So what can we claim for the length and breadth of the regiment’s service? “From Canada to Florida” is still a stretch beyond what we can prove. To the Florida line? Still too far. Until we can prove more, we’ll have to settle for “From Canada nearly to Florida.” Can we also say, “From the Atlantic to the Mississippi?” Not yet, but it’s entirely plausible. Regardless, the range of the 8th Virginia’s men is impressive. Almost all of that movement was covered on foot.
In retirement, Daniel Anderson’s wounds kept him from performing hard labor—even the work of a subsistence farmer. Still, he somehow had to support his wife and three disabled children. “I am by occupation a farmer,” he said in 1820, “but owing to wounds and age I am unable to follow it. I have my wife living with me, aged 57 years; 1 daughter, aged 23 years, a cripple; and two dumb children, both simple, one a girl aged 14 the other a boy aged 27. The reason for his older daughter’s disability was her being “so much afflicted with Cancers that she has not been out of the house for 16 months.” The word "dumb" in those days still meant "mute." "Simple" meant intellectually disabled.
There were no federal pensions yet, but he applied to the Virginia legislature for pension on the basis of his own service-connected disability. He made his case before a judge. His conclusion was recorded by the court in the third person: “The prayer of your petitioner therefore is that your honorable body will pass an Act allowing such pension as in your wisdom you may deem sufficient to enable him to end his few remaining days in praying, as he will ever pray for the success and prosperity of his native state and country to secure the liberties of which in his younger days he voluntarily encountered the perils of war and shed his blood in her service.”
The date of his petition isn’t shown, but it was supported by notes from doctors and a letter from Daniel Morgan in 1796: “The bearer of this Dan’l. Anderson Inlisted a soldier with me in the year 1775 march’d with me to Boston & from thence to Quebec – was with me in the storm of the garison, on the last Day of Dec’r. when Gen;l Montgomery fell. He Rec’d two wounds in the action, one in the Breast & one in his Arm which Doctor senseny & Doctor Balwin certyfies that said wounds has so disabled him as to Rendered unfit for Hard Labour & thinks Him a proper object for a Pension.”
"Doctor Balwin" was Cornelius Baldwin, the former surgeon of the 8th Virginia. Anderson received his state pension and later received federal support as well. He died on November 6, 1840.
UPDATE: Thanks to Carolyn Brown Butler who alerted us to the pension of her ancestor William Smith. Smith, after his time in the 8th, served under George Rogers Clark and (former 8th VA captain) George Slaughter. He was sent by Clark as an express rider to the Iron Banks, six miles below the mouth of the Ohio on the Mississippi. So now we can say that at least one 8th Virginia man served from "the Atlantic to the Mississippi."
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Little is known of his early life. Historian Louise Phelps Kellogg asserted a century ago that he was “a distant relative of the Campbell family of southwest Virginia.” This would tie him to militia Gen. William Campbell, a leader at the Battle of King’s Mountain. He was evidently born in Virginia about 1730 and raised in Dunmore (now Shenandoah) County, where he was appointed a sheriff’s deputy in 1772 and reappointed in 1774. The Shenandoah Valley was culturally distinct from the eastern parts of Virginia. Many of Campbell’s neighbors were Germans who had migrated from Pennsylvania.
As war approached, he joined the First Independent Company of Dunmore. News of the Virginia Powder Alarm sent the company parading out of the county seat at Woodstock toward Williamsburg. When word of a peaceful settlement arrived they returned and held a barbeque. In November 1775, Campbell was tasked with conducting a census of his part of the county, reporting for his own household ten white and two black residents. Notably, his was the only household out of seventy-six that reported black, likely enslaved, members.
...continue to The Journal of the American Revolution.
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is researching the history of the Revolutionary War's 8th Virginia Regiment. Its ten companies formed on the frontier, from the Cumberland Gap to Pittsburgh.
Artifacts & Memorials
Brandywine & Germantown
Charleston & Sunbury
Other Revolutionary War
Trenton & Princeton
Valley Forge & Monmouth | <urn:uuid:d4b0b722-6f50-4b1a-b268-c8188ce17ef6> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.8thvirginia.com/blog/category/veterans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.986777 | 16,826 | 3 | 3 |
Confession, despite living in Wyoming for more than 3/4 of my life, I know very little about sheep. Even though I encounter a traffic jam every now and then because a flock of sheep block the road way; even though my mom’s cousin owned and operated a ranch and while visiting that ranch when I was eight years old I saw a lamb being born; and even though my town hosts our county fair and 4-H is a big deal in these parts I still have gained very little knowledge about sheep.
So, I decided to look up some facts about sheep to help give me a clearer perspective on this talk.
- Sheep have very good memories. They can remember at least 50 individual sheep and humans for years. They do this by using a similar neural process and part of the brain that humans use to remember.
- Sheep have been shown to display emotions, some of which can be studied by observing the position of their ears.
- Contrary to popular belief, sheep are extremely intelligent animals capable of problem solving. They are considered to have a similar IQ level to cattle and are nearly as clever as pigs.
- Like various other species including humans, sheep make different vocalisations to communicate different emotions. They also display and recognise emotion by facial expressions.
- Sheep are known to self-medicate when they have some illnesses. They will eat specific plants when ill that can cure them.
- Sheep are precocial (highly independent from birth) and gregarious (like to be in a group).
- Female sheep (ewes) are very caring mothers and form deep bonds with their lambs that can recognise them by their call (bleat) when they wander too far away.
- Wild sheep tend to be larger than domesticated species, the largest (Argali) being 1.2m tall. They also have longer horns which they use to defend themselves from predators.
- Egyptians believed that sheep were sacred. They even had them mummified when they died, just like humans.
- The ancient Sumerians (4000 – 2000 BCE), who are thought to have developed the first form of writing (Cuneiform script), immortalised sheep in the form of gods in their religion.The meat of sheep is widely eaten by people across the world. Sheep milk is also drunk and used to make other products such as cheese. Many people who consume animal products would like to choose products from animals kept in higher welfare systems. However welfare labelling on products can be confusing
I threw in a few extra fun facts even though they don’t fit with Elder Gong’s talk.
Isn’t it interesting that sheep can recognize certain humans? And they aren’t dumb but are actually intelligent animals. If we are similar to a flock in that we are looking for our Good Shepherd, will we be as smart as the sheep and recognize the Good Shepherd?
In a September 1987 First Presidency message President Ezra Taft Benson wrote:
In Jesus’ time, the Palestinian shepherd knew each of his sheep. The sheep knew his voice and trusted him. They would not follow a stranger. Thus, when called, the sheep would come to him. (See John 10:1–5, 14.)
At night, the shepherds would lead their sheep to a corral or a sheepfold. High walls surrounded the sheepfold, and thorns were placed on top of the walls to prevent wild animals and thieves from climbing over. Sometimes, however, a wild animal driven by hunger would leap over the walls into the midst of the sheep, frightening and threatening them.
Such a situation separated the true shepherd—one who loved his sheep—from the hireling who worked only for pay out of duty. The true shepherd was willing to give his life for the sheep. He would go in among the sheep and fight for their welfare. The hireling, on the other hand, valued his own personal safety above the sheep and would usually flee from the danger.
Jesus used this common illustration of His day to declare that He was the Good Shepherd, the True Shepherd. Because of His love for His brothers and sisters, He would willingly and voluntarily lay down His life for them. (See John 10:11–18.)
Eventually the Good Shepherd did give His life for the sheep—for you and me, for us all.
(“Feed My Sheep”, Ensign September 1987)
by Elder Gerrit W. Gong | <urn:uuid:d5d6ee4b-5fdd-4853-a586-631ffa13e759> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://ck-sdays.com/2019/09/29/general-conference-thoughts-good-shepherd-lamb-of-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.975308 | 916 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Researchers from the University of Leeds are developing an innovative new robotic device that helps children to practise and improve their hand coordination.
The robotic arm uses haptic technology meaning it applies forces, vibrations or motions to the user to guide a childs hand as they play computer games designed to help writing.
The games the children play require them to practise hand and wrist movements commonly made during handwriting and other manual tasks. As the child plays the games, the robots arm helps them learn the correct movements by pushing and pulling the pen in the direction required to make the right moves.
The research has been led by Professor Mark Mon-Williams and Dr Liam Hill at the University of Leeds, in partnership with the Bradford Institute for Health Research and colleagues at Indiana University in the United States.
Dr Hill said: In trying to support a child with handwriting and coordination difficulties one of the major challenges teachers and occupational therapists come up against time and again is the limited time they have to work one-to-one with each child. In this respect haptic robotic technologies have huge potential efficiency benefits.
They provide a means by which children can receive supported practise, at a level which adjusts to their growing abilities, without the need for one-to-one interaction with a therapist. Banks of these systems could be used simultaneously by multiple children in a clinic or in the classroom setting, under the supervision of a single overseeing professional."
The first United Kingdom pilot of the device has just been completed, demonstrating its feasibility for use in the classroom. This was carried out with a small number of five- to seven-year-old children in Bradford with a wide range of manual abilities.
The researchers investigated their level of motivation and enjoyment whilst practicing for 20 minutes on a variety of robotic arm tasks presented previously in US-based studies using the system.
All the children found the tasks highly enjoyable and were able to perform them to an acceptable level. Differences in performance between children previously identified by their classroom teachers as having handwriting difficulties were also noticeable.
Plans are now under way to run a larger intervention study within schools in Bradford that will formally investigate whether earlier research findings from the US can be replicated in younger schoolchildren in the UK.
Professor Mon-Williams and Dr Hill presented their findings at the British Psychological Societys Cognitive and Developmental Sections Joint Conference, in Reading.
Ben Jones, Press Officer, University of Leeds on 0113 34 38059 or email B.P.Jones@leeds.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:da03fac9-1ffd-46da-9fe9-e77ac899f1b4> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3431/robotic_therapy_helps_childrens_coordination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207926924.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113206-00162-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961927 | 503 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Without sex hormone therapy, sexual maturity in PWS does not fully develop. The child with PWS will begin puberty, usually around the age of 10-12, but not complete it. Known as 'precocious puberty' there will be a development in body hair, some breast development in girls and a degree of penile development in boys. Menstruation, if it occurs at all, is often scanty and irregular - although some females do have regular periods, often beginning later in their 20's. However, with sex hormone treatment, both girls and boys will develop some physical maturity.
Until recently there were no known cases of either men or women parenting children. However, the first two cases of live births to women with PWS were reported in 1999 and there have been two more since then; one a normal birth, the other resulting in a child with Angelman's Syndrome.
Theoretically, the chances of a fertile woman with PWS having a healthy baby depend on what genetic type of PWS she has. A woman with maternal disomy is likely to have a healthy baby, everything else being equal. A woman with a deletion has a 50% chance of having a baby with Angelman syndrome. A man with maternal disomy theoretically might father a child who is healthy, everything else being equal. A man with a deletion has a 50% chance of fathering a baby with Prader-Willi Syndrome. There are no known cases, yet, of a male with PWS fathering a child.
Sex Hormone Treatment
It is recommended that you make an appointment to talk to an endocrinologist about sex hormone treatment. Generally, testosterone is given to boys to increase penile development, voice deepening, and growth of body hair. It has been thought to also increase aggressiveness, but with the guidance of your endocrinologist this can be monitored successfully.
For girls, estrogen therapy will increase breast growth, pubic hair growth, and start a normal cycle of menstruation. It is recommended for bone strength and to help avoid osteoporosis.
Both these treatments encourage a sense of normalcy within their peer groups and is generally recommended by endocrinologists.
From a parent's point of view, this is not an easy subject for many reasons. We are told that the young man with PWS is infertile and will never be able to father a child; and until recently, we thought that the females would not conceive, nor would they ever menstruate fully - so why bother with sex education if it won't be needed; it seems cruel to point out the obvious, so why not forget about it? However, it is important to the teenager with PWS that she or he is treated the same as his or her peers and not isolated at school, or made to feel different. Although sexual development may be slow in a person with PWS, their capacity for affection, desire for a sexual or marital relationship can be quite normal. Most females with PWS want more than anything to have their own baby and will fantasise about boyfriends, marriage and raising babies.
Education at Schools
Schools generally have comprehensive sex education programmes in their curricula starting at age-appropriate levels and covering all aspects from health care, self-awareness, self-defense, safety, sexuality and reproduction. Together with the school, a comprehensive programme on sex education can be worked out at a level of understanding and safety.
Whether you decide to let a school teach sex education, or you decide to do it yourself, it is important to describe the differences between PWS and others. Greenswag et al states "most individuals with PWS tend to remain just as impressed by seductive, sexually suggestive media advertising as the normal population. They also watch their normal siblings grow up and participate in family life cycle events where sexual expression of some sort is at least an implied activity."
During the school years, children with PWS are frequently mainstreamed into physical education classes where budding sexuality is highly visible. The discrepancies between sexually underdeveloped teenagers with PWS who tend to be somewhat awkward, socially immature, and emotionally labile and normal adolescents are quite evident. Few will develop the cognitive capacity required for more mature relationships but their sensitivity to being "different" does not diminish.
Anecdotally, it would appear that teenagers with PWS have a sex drive that would encourage them to at least mimic their peers and, being naturally affectionate, kissing and cuddling would come easily to them. It seems to be done with an air of innocence or naivety which is fine for those understanding the syndrome, but could lend itself to situations of abuse if misunderstood.
Girls with PWS are often pre-occupied with wanting to have a baby. They fantasize about having boyfriends and getting married without worrying in the least about any of the consequences. Boys, likewise, are affectionate, want to have girlfriends, talk about sex and seem aware of their sexuality, but again in a way that is naieve and open to misinterpretation.
It is suggested that there are four major dimensions to helping a person with PWS understand their sexuality. Understanding the characteristics of PWS is essential, along with acknowledging that the potential for sexual activity exists.
The collaboration of parents with professionals to nurture sexual awareness in youngsters with PWS, legitimises the process. In other words, if the young child sees and hears the same story from counsellor (or school) and parents, then they can accept that what they are hearing is ‘ok'. This acceptance will play a major role in if, how, when and where this human sexuality is expressed.
The need for honest, uncomplicated sex education programmes that incorporate discussion of appropriate sexual interactions.
Also, we need to understand that the very nature of those with PWS can leave them open to becoming victims of sexual abuse. Prevention of sexual abuse of individuals with PWS is no small task. The difference between ‘good touch' and ‘bad touch' should be emphasised to the children and periodically reinforced. Children need to be taught that it is all right to say ‘no' to an adult and that physical and emotional limits need to be reinforced. Reduction of sex role stereotyping, particularly submissiveness or passivity, is also important. It is essential that children and teenagers know that any of their concerns or fears will be carefully heeded and that ‘secret' behaviour is to be avoided.
We must recognise that despite their lack of sexual maturity, individuals with PWS are not asexual. They have drives and interests, and most significantly, will develop strong gender role identification. Individual family, religious and social values play a major part in how their sexuality is expressed.
Although the average age at which most developmentally disabled individuals reach physical maturity is essentially the same as normal pubescence, sexual maturation in PWS (without hormone treatment) is usually indefinitely delayed. The sexual activity of most individuals with PWS is basically exploratory and innocent in nature. Many individuals with PWS have difficulty in expressing their feelings appropriately, regardless of the extent of their verbal skills and any obvious expression of inappropriate sexual behaviour in public is often a failure to understand what is acceptable public social conduct.
Finally, we need to recognise that ongoing support is essential. When encouraged to deal with the realities of their sexual limitations early in life, most can learn to adapt. Adolescents with PWS often express a desire for companionship and dating and may either ask or infer sex-related questions and thinking, but they still have the same needs for intimacy, privacy and relationships as anyone else.
If intercourse is practiced, then safe sex must be taught. The chances of pregnancy where sex hormone treatment has established a normal menstrual cycle, are just the same as the next person.
Parents and provider should -
understand that most ‘know that they are different' and that this ‘differentness' increases stress during adolescence.
Recognise that many individuals with PWS have the capacity for some measurement of sexual expression.
Acknowledge that society currently accepts females in non-maternal roles and some partners remain childless voluntarily.
Teach persons with PWS to be responsible for their public and private sexual activities.
Teach safe sex for both partners if there is sexual intercourse practiced.
In the final analysis, it should be emphasised that the inability to develop a traditional sex life does not mean that individuals with PWS are less male or less female; their capacity to be sociosexual beings is not diminished.
Marriage & Partnership
It is becoming more common and very acceptable for people with PWS to date, become engaged, and to marry others (with or without the syndrome), and with the right kind of support and loving environment there is no reason why this can not be a successful partnership. Living together, fully supported by an empathetic service-provider who is trained in the specialities of PWS, is very achievable. There are several examples of married couples (either one, or both having PWS) in the world today.
"He is a very affectionate boy and likes girls very much and they like him. He likes to dance and put his arm around them and even kisses them, but he has never given any indication of anything more"
"It was difficult for our daughter to understand and accept the fact that she will never have children.... When the doctor told her, it was a great psychological shock. She wants to be normal, to marry and to have children".
"He knows the basics, he has a girlfriend, but their relationship because of her condition and his, is an occasional kiss. Talk about marriage is limited because neither realizes or copes with the process of children. Actually not being able to reproduce is one blessing we see for our son"
"With the news of the births, it puts an entirely new light on things. Although I would want my daughter to have the opportunity of a loving relationship, I would demand that there was a good network of support around that: medical advice, contraceptive advice, new concepts of behavioural management etc etc."
From a young woman with PWS who has a baby daughter with Angelman's Syndrome.
"On the Friday, the 14th November 2003 I found some biggest shocking news that I went to see my doctor, on the same day. She put the scan machine on my tummy. She said to me that I was pregnant with a little baby inside me. I went to the CDU at the hospital first to keep an eye on my heart and my baby too. Then I went for a ride in a big white and yellow ambulance. I was allowed to sit in the front with the driver. They took me to the Women's Hospital. On the Tuesday the 18th November 2003 at 10.42 am I gave birth to a beautiful baby girl by c.section. Her name is (deleted) who has got Angelman's Syndrome. Grandpa thinks she is a normal little girl and I believe he is so right-she is a normal little girl. She's an Angel from God." | <urn:uuid:7d300ed6-082c-4387-88c6-8645f5625fcf> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://el.ipwso.org/sexual-development | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348523564.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607044626-20200607074626-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.97042 | 2,271 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A cataract occurs when the lens of your eye becomes cloudy. Eventually, a cataract can advance to the degree of the one shown in this person's right eye.
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. For people who have cataracts, seeing through cloudy lenses is a bit like looking through a frosty or fogged-up window. Clouded vision caused by cataracts can make it more difficult to read, drive a car (especially at night) or see the expression on a friend's face.
Most cataracts develop slowly and don't disturb your eyesight early on. But with time, cataracts will eventually interfere with your vision.
At first, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help you deal with cataracts. But if impaired vision interferes with your usual activities, you might need cataract surgery. Fortunately, cataract surgery is generally a safe, effective procedure.
Signs and symptoms of cataracts include:
- Clouded, blurred or dim vision
- Increasing difficulty with vision at night
- Sensitivity to light and glare
- Need for brighter light for reading and other activities
- Seeing "halos" around lights
- Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription
- Fading or yellowing of colors
- Double vision in a single eye
At first, the cloudiness in your vision caused by a cataract may affect only a small part of the eye's lens and you may be unaware of any vision loss. As the cataract grows larger, it clouds more of your lens and distorts the light passing through the lens. This may lead to more-noticeable symptoms.
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment for an eye exam if you notice any changes in your vision. If you develop sudden vision changes, such as double vision or flashes of light, sudden eye pain, or sudden headache, see your doctor right away.
Most cataracts develop when aging or injury changes the tissue that makes up the eye's lens. Proteins and fibers in the lens begin to break down, causing vision to become hazy or cloudy.
Some inherited genetic disorders that cause other health problems can increase your risk of cataracts. Cataracts can also be caused by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term use of steroid medications, too, can cause cataracts to develop.
How a cataract forms
A cataract is a cloudy lens. The lens is positioned behind the colored part of your eye (iris). The lens focuses light that passes into your eye, producing clear, sharp images on the retina — the light-sensitive membrane in the eye that functions like the film in a camera.
As you age, the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less transparent and thicker. Age-related and other medical conditions cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together, clouding the lenses.
As the cataract continues to develop, the clouding becomes denser. A cataract scatters and blocks the light as it passes through the lens, preventing a sharply defined image from reaching your retina. As a result, your vision becomes blurred.
Cataracts generally develop in both eyes, but not always at the same rate. The cataract in one eye may be more advanced than the other, causing a difference in vision between eyes.
Types of cataracts
Cataract types include:
Cataracts affecting the center of the lens (nuclear cataracts). A nuclear cataract may at first cause more nearsightedness or even a temporary improvement in your reading vision. But with time, the lens gradually turns more densely yellow and further clouds your vision.
As the cataract slowly progresses, the lens may even turn brown. Advanced yellowing or browning of the lens can lead to difficulty distinguishing between shades of color.
- Cataracts that affect the edges of the lens (cortical cataracts). A cortical cataract begins as whitish, wedge-shaped opacities or streaks on the outer edge of the lens cortex. As it slowly progresses, the streaks extend to the center and interfere with light passing through the center of the lens.
- Cataracts that affect the back of the lens (posterior subcapsular cataracts). A posterior subcapsular cataract starts as a small, opaque area that usually forms near the back of the lens, right in the path of light. A posterior subcapsular cataract often interferes with your reading vision, reduces your vision in bright light, and causes glare or halos around lights at night. These types of cataracts tend to progress faster than other types do.
Cataracts you're born with (congenital cataracts). Some people are born with cataracts or develop them during childhood. These cataracts may be genetic, or associated with an intrauterine infection or trauma.
These cataracts may also be due to certain conditions, such as myotonic dystrophy, galactosemia, neurofibromatosis type 2 or rubella. Congenital cataracts don't always affect vision, but if they do, they're usually removed soon after detection.
Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include:
- Increasing age
- Excessive exposure to sunlight
- High blood pressure
- Previous eye injury or inflammation
- Previous eye surgery
- Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications
- Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
No studies have proved how to prevent cataracts or slow the progression of cataracts. But doctors think several strategies may be helpful, including:
- Have regular eye examinations. Eye examinations can help detect cataracts and other eye problems at their earliest stages. Ask your doctor how often you should have an eye examination.
- Quit smoking. Ask your doctor for suggestions about how to stop smoking. Medications, counseling and other strategies are available to help you.
- Manage other health problems. Follow your treatment plan if you have diabetes or other medical conditions that can increase your risk of cataracts.
Choose a healthy diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. Adding a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables to your diet ensures that you're getting many vitamins and nutrients. Fruits and vegetables have many antioxidants, which help maintain the health of your eyes.
Studies haven't proved that antioxidants in pill form can prevent cataracts. But a large population study recently showed that a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals was associated with a reduced risk of developing cataracts. Fruits and vegetables have many proven health benefits and are a safe way to increase the amount of minerals and vitamins in your diet.
- Wear sunglasses. Ultraviolet light from the sun may contribute to the development of cataracts. Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet B (UVB) rays when you're outdoors.
- Reduce alcohol use. Excessive alcohol use can increase the risk of cataracts.
To determine whether you have a cataract, your doctor will review your medical history and symptoms, and perform an eye examination. Your doctor may conduct several tests, including:
- Visual acuity test. A visual acuity test uses an eye chart to measure how well you can read a series of letters. Your eyes are tested one at a time, while the other eye is covered. Using a chart or a viewing device with progressively smaller letters, your eye doctor determines if you have 20/20 vision or if your vision shows signs of impairment.
- Slit-lamp examination. A slit lamp allows your eye doctor to see the structures at the front of your eye under magnification. The microscope is called a slit lamp because it uses an intense line of light, a slit, to illuminate your cornea, iris, lens, and the space between your iris and cornea. The slit allows your doctor to view these structures in small sections, which makes it easier to detect any tiny abnormalities.
- Retinal exam. To prepare for a retinal exam, your eye doctor puts drops in your eyes to open your pupils wide (dilate). This makes it easier to examine the back of your eyes (retina). Using a slit lamp or a special device called an ophthalmoscope, your eye doctor can examine your lens for signs of a cataract.
- Applanation tonometry. This test measures fluid pressure in your eye. There are multiple different devices available to do this.
During phacoemulsification — the most common type of cataract surgery — the rapidly vibrating tip of the ultrasound probe emulsifies and helps break up the cataract, which your surgeon then suctions out (top). An outer housing of the cataract (the lens capsule) is generally left in place. After removing the emulsified material, your surgeon inserts the lens implant into the empty space within the capsule where the natural lens used to be (bottom).
When your prescription glasses can't clear your vision, the only effective treatment for cataracts is surgery.
When to consider cataract surgery
Talk with your eye doctor about whether surgery is right for you. Most eye doctors suggest considering cataract surgery when your cataracts begin to affect your quality of life or interfere with your ability to perform normal daily activities, such as reading or driving at night.
It's up to you and your doctor to decide when cataract surgery is right for you. For most people, there is no rush to remove cataracts because they usually don't harm the eyes. But cataracts can worsen faster in people with certain conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure or obesity.
Delaying the procedure generally won't affect how well your vision recovers if you later decide to have cataract surgery. Take time to consider the benefits and risks of cataract surgery with your doctor.
If you choose not to undergo cataract surgery now, your eye doctor may recommend periodic follow-up exams to see if your cataracts are progressing. How often you'll see your eye doctor depends on your situation.
What happens during cataract surgery
Cataract surgery involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens. The artificial lens, called an intraocular lens, is positioned in the same place as your natural lens. It remains a permanent part of your eye.
For some people, other eye problems prohibit the use of an artificial lens. In these situations, once the cataract is removed, vision may be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses.
Cataract surgery is generally done on an outpatient basis, which means you won't need to stay in a hospital after the surgery. During cataract surgery, your eye doctor uses a local anesthetic to numb the area around your eye, but you usually stay awake during the procedure.
Cataract surgery is generally safe, but it carries a risk of infection and bleeding. Cataract surgery increases the risk of retinal detachment.
After the procedure, you'll have some discomfort for a few days. Healing generally occurs within a few weeks.
If you need cataract surgery in both eyes, your doctor will schedule surgery to remove the cataract in the second eye after you've healed from the first surgery.
Lifestyle and home remedies
To deal with symptoms of cataracts until you decide to have surgery, try to:
- Make sure your eyeglasses or contact lenses are the most accurate prescription possible
- Use a magnifying glass to read if you need additional help reading
- Improve the lighting in your home with more or brighter lamps
- When you go outside during the day, wear sunglasses or a broad-brimmed hat to reduce glare
- Limit your night driving
Self-care measures may help for a while, but as the cataract progresses, your vision may deteriorate further. When vision loss starts to interfere with your everyday activities, consider cataract surgery.
Preparing for an appointment
Make an appointment with your usual eye care provider if you notice changes in your vision. If your doctor determines that you have cataracts, then you may be referred to an eye specialist who can perform cataract surgery.
Because there's often a lot to talk about, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment so that you can make the most of your time with your doctor. Here's some information to help you get ready.
What you can do
- List any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
- Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking.
- Take a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be difficult to absorb all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.
- List questions to ask your doctor.
For cataracts, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- Are cataracts causing my vision problems?
- What kinds of tests do I need?
- Will cataract surgery correct my vision problems?
- What are the potential risks of cataract surgery? Are there risks in delaying surgery?
- What will cataract surgery cost, and will my insurance cover it?
- How much time will I need to recover from cataract surgery?
- Will any usual activities be restricted after cataract surgery? For how long?
- After cataract surgery, how long should I wait before getting new glasses?
- If I use Medicare, will it cover the cost of cataract surgery? Does Medicare cover the cost of new glasses after surgery?
- If I don't want surgery right now, what else can I do to cope with my vision changes?
- How will I know if my cataracts are getting worse?
- I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?
- Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions at any time that you don't understand something.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time later to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:
- When did you begin experiencing symptoms?
- Do you have your symptoms all the time or do they come and go?
- Do you experience vision problems in bright light?
- Have your symptoms gotten worse?
- Do your vision problems make it difficult for you to drive?
- Do your vision problems make it difficult to read?
- Do your vision problems make it difficult to do your job?
- Have you ever had an eye injury or eye surgery?
- Have you ever been diagnosed with an eye problem, such as inflammation of your iris (iritis)?
- Have you ever received radiation therapy to your head or neck?
Content Last Updated: September 2, 2021 | <urn:uuid:54a46ee6-0a9a-4d41-ae72-def01ddd462b> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.stormontvail.org/health-care-library/m-content/?id=CON-20193988 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711637.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210005738-20221210035738-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.932236 | 3,208 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Pokemon lovers might be familiar with various types of Pokemon such as Pikachu, Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle. Each Pokemon has different strength characteristics, for example: Pikachu is known for its lightning strike and Bulbasaur is famous for the seeds that grow behind his back. But, do you know about Pokemon Mudkip? This water Pokemon is categorized as fish. His body is blue, he has gills on both sides of his cheeks, and has fin on his head. This fin on the head functions as a radar. It sense movement in the water and air, so he doesn’t need his eyes to look around. It also help him to recognize danger and enemy.
Making crafts can reduce stress and hone creativity. It’s the kind of activity that is worth trying for both adults and children. One of the crafts that should not be missed is Pokemon paper craft. This activity can give fun experience especially for kids. However, you need to prepare some basic materials to make it, what are they? Well, to make Pokemon paper craft, you will need: paper in A4 or letter size, glue, scissors, and cutting blades. But, a little note for those who want to make a durable Pokemon paper craft, you can use cardboard instead of paper. Basically, that’s all you need to make Pokemon paper craft. But, for more specific, you should find Pokemon pattern or schematic that will guide you to make Pokemon paper craft. Don’t worry because there are many websites that provide Pokemon schematic, for example you can go to printabler.com, instructables.com, or pokemonpapercraft.net.
The most important thing when making Pokemon paper craft is to find the pattern or schematic first. After you get it, half the steps have been completed. The rest you should do is folding the cardboard or paper according to instruction. However, here are the complete steps to make it:
1. Choose the size of paper and print the Pokemon schematic.
2. Now, it’s time for folding, binding, and cutting. Do it all according to the instruction. You can start from cutting the edges by following the lines cut. Try to cut it as neat as you can. You might also need to make a few folds. Then, glued all the pieces together.
3. Your Pokemon Paper Craft Mudkip is now ready to display! | <urn:uuid:4e253afe-b7c8-4777-b9b2-187b73e5f32e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.printablee.com/post_printable-pokemon-papercraft-mudkip_273878/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510454.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928194838-20230928224838-00812.warc.gz | en | 0.962465 | 495 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Physical abuse is when a parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the child's care hurts a child, causing any physical injury, other than by accident. This includes any physical injury to a child that cannot reasonably be explained by the person responsible for the child's care, based on a history of injuries.
The following are conditions of physical abuse that should be reported:
Child has suffered an injury that appears to be non-accidental in nature
Child has suffered an injury and the parent or guardian seems unconcerned, denies anything is wrong, or gives unlikely or contradictory explanations
There is a strong possibility that the child is in immediate danger of physical injury based on the likelihood that excessive force was used (i.e. choking, punching, shaking, biting, tying, caging)
Harm to a child that results from what a parent or caretaker do not do is called child neglect. It differs from child abuse though both abuse and neglect may cause harm. For a Minnesota State definition of child neglect, see the Minnesota Child Maltreatment Screening Guidelines.
Child neglect is continued failure by parents or caretakers to provide a child with needed care and protection.
Examples of what may constitute a report of child neglect are:
Inadequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care
Emotional abuse or maltreatment is consistently or deliberately inflicting mental harm on a child by a person responsible for the child’s care. The treatment has an observable, sustained, adverse effect on the child’s physical, mental or emotional development.
Anyone may voluntarily report suspected child abuse or neglect. Persons who work with children or families are legally required to report suspected child abuse or neglect. They are mandated reporters.
Minnesota law mandates that any person whose job involves working professionally with children and who has reason to believe that a child is being neglected or physically or sexually abused shall immediately report the suspected incident to local police or child protection agency. A verbal report must be made within 24 hours. For more information on mandated reporting, please read A Resource Guide for Mandated Reporters.
Under Minnesota law, you are immune from liability if the report was made in good faith. If a report to authorities is made in good faith, Minnesota Statute 626.556, Subd.4, protects you with immunity from liability.
Your identity is not disclosed unless you consent, or the court orders disclosure upon a showing the report was false and made in bad faith, or court rules require disclosure in a criminal proceeding. | <urn:uuid:08ee0a73-4da8-4c4d-8874-b685ad05fe78> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.anokacounty.us/3099/Child-Protection-Child-Abuse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867220.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525215613-20180525235613-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.951117 | 511 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Set your spirit of adventure free with this journey to the world’s great oceans, discovering the diversity of life that exists in the deep blue sea.
Whether you’re traveling long haul with leatherback turtles across the Pacific, snoozing with sea otters or ice bathing with a walrus, this book celebrates the very prescient topic of the world’s oceans with Lucy Letherland’s animal characters.
Each section begins with an infographic map of the ocean it explores—Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic—followed by richly detailed two-page spreads exploring its depths and the denizens within, as well as seabirds, coral reefs and shoreline critters. Discover saltwater crocodiles lurking in the Andaman Islands, hammerheads gathering in the Atlantic, and the awe-inspiring colossal squid that calls the Ross Sea home.
Interesting facts and figures pepper the scenes. Did you know that spinner dolphins can swim up to 400 kilometers a day? Or that some sea snails can grow up to half a meter long? Or that in the deepest depths, fish can glow in the dark? A natural history lesson in an adventure book, each spread features 10 captions and and facts about every destination. The 5th title in the best-selling Atlas of Adventures series that has now been translated into 31 languages. A 'Can you find?' page at the back challenges you to explore the pages even deeper by locating the pictured scenes and scene-stealers.
Children and adults alike will be amazed by the incredible creatures that await in the world's oceans.
Publisher: Wide Eyed Editions
Format: Hard cover | 96 pages | <urn:uuid:c6adfd9c-37c9-42b6-a9e3-cd6d22f58a1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://shop.thearttales.com/products/atlas-of-ocean-adventures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337432.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003200326-20221003230326-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.894342 | 346 | 2.609375 | 3 |
NASA’s official Tumblr page recently posted a group of images to showcase our planet’s recent surface changes. The pictures compare current snapshots taken from space with photos of the same region ten, twenty, and thirty years ago or more.
The entire photoset is available right now on a dedicated online gallery called ‘Images of Change.’
NASA’s primary concern, among others, is to raise awareness regarding climate change and other relevant issues like overpopulation or forest damage.
“All of this knowledge about our home planet enables policy makers, government agencies and other stakeholders to make informed decisions on critical issues that occur all around the world,” the Tumblr post read.
‘Images of Change’ makes the viewer experience the planet in a whole new level
Starting with New Delhi’s dramatic urban expansion from 1991 up until 2016, NASA registers the world’s shift to less natural resources and space. The Great Salt Lake’s dramatic reduction of its water supply follows subsequently.
Other examples, both impressive and worrisome, include the melting of the Helheim Glacier in Greenland which has lost most of its ice mass in only four years and is currently a reddish landscape of rock and water.
Lake Poopó in Bolivia is also disappearing as a result not only of drought but water diversion for mining and agriculture. Local communities still rely heavily on this dying body of water for survival.
NASA’s growing concern with climate change
The agency has a dedicated page for this phenomenon, which has also regained paramount importance in the public eye since the 2016 presidential election in the United States.
Donald Trump has stated via Twitter that he believes global warming to be a Chinese creation “to make US manufacturing non-competitive.” He tweeted this declaration in 2012, which leaves room for a change of heart on the matter, but this does not seem likely.
The president’s current cabinet picks include outspoken climate deniers and a lot of influence from the fossil fuel industry. His choice for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is Scott Pruit, who has debated and actively undermined that same Agency in previous occasions.
Other selections include Ryan Zinke (Interior), who supported the Keystone XL Pipeline project and said in 2014 that climate change “is not proven.” Also, Rex Tillerson (State), former CEO of ExxonMobil, a company known for its history of lobbying opposition towards climate change proposals.
NASA’s website seeks to deter the notion that fuels most climate deniers, the claim that global warming is scientifically inaccurate. The agency provides online resources, facts, and statistics on the latest climatic developments. | <urn:uuid:fc052e05-aee4-4eb8-a753-4a416efe0bb5> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://theusbport.com/nasa-releases-striking-images-of-earths-radical-changes/24284 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609610.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528082102-20170528102102-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.929705 | 544 | 3.40625 | 3 |
By John LaForge
It gets harder to commemorate World War I, because of time and the public’s embrace of, or indifference to, a permanent war economy.
About the Great War British novelist H.G. Wells wrote on August 14, 1914, “This is already the vastest war in history. … For this is now a war for peace. It aims straight at disarmament. It aims at a settlement that shall stop this sort of thing for ever. Every soldier who fights against Germany now is a crusader against war. This, the greatest of all wars, is not just another war — it is the last war!”
Optimists said it would be short, “Home by Christmas!” Instead, it was the worst bloodbath to date with an estimated 16 to 37 million dead. Combat and other acts of war killed at least seven million civilians and more than 10 million military personnel, while diseases, hunger, pogroms and targeted genocide killed millions more. Rather than “for ever” stopping war, the unprecedented wartime profiteering and victor’s imposition of vengeful reparations set the stage for World War II’s 70 million fatalities, and the nearly continuous string of money-making legalized murder that has continued since. One low estimate is that since “war to end all war,” about 100 million people have died in war zones.
Armistice Day was established in 1919 to revere the peace, and to remember and commemorate WW I’s the suffering, horror, fear, pain, and loss. In 1918, the headlines roared: “Armistice Signed, End of the War!” and Armistice Day was grounded in the near universal revulsion against war’s dreadful costs, futility, graft, pointlessness and particularly against the corruptions and cold ambitions of the politicians who prolonged the conflict. Today’s US government annually spend hundreds of billions on weapons production jobs that our xenophobic fearmongering and its consequent wars sustain. As long as US allies keep trading their oil and cash for US guns, even barbaric, medieval dictatorships like Saudi Arabia (which has beheaded 600 prison convicts since 2014) are coddled, pampered, guided and supplied militarily in its ghastly war of deliberately induced pandemics and malnutrition against Yemen.
In September 2014, on a visit to Italy’s largest military cemetery, the Pope warned of a “piecemeal” World War III that may have already begun — with dozens of ongoing, undeclared wars, official crimes, state-sponsored fighter jet and drone attacks, and specialized commando raids the world over. A short list of current warring includes US combat in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen, and Somalia; civil wars in Nigeria, Maghreb, Libya, and South Sudan; and the Mexican drug war. Pope Francis said about all this, “Even today, after the second failure of another world war, perhaps one can speak of a third war, one fought piecemeal, with crimes, massacres, and destruction.”
In 1954, Armistice Day was replaced with Veterans Day, and so our public celebration of peace and an end to war became a rally to “support the troops,” a state and federal day off, and a platform for military recruitment. Not everyone was pleased. The novelist Kurt Vonnegut, a World War II veteran and POW, later wrote, “Armistice Day has become Veterans’ Day. Armistice Day was sacred. Veterans’ Day is not. So I will throw Veterans’ Day over my shoulder. Armistice Day I will keep. I don’t want to throw away any sacred things.”
Two critics of World War I come to mind. Montana Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin said, “You can no more win a war than win an earthquake,” and in his statement during his Court Martial in 1918, Max Plowman said: “I am resigning my commission because I no longer believe that war can end war. War is a disorder, and disorder cannot breed order. Doing evil that good may come is apparent folly.”Φ
John LaForge, syndicated by PeaceVoice, is Co-director of Nukewatch, a peace and environmental justice group in Wisconsin, and is co-editor with Arianne Peterson of Nuclear Heartland, Revised: A Guide to the 450 Land-Based Missiles of the United States. | <urn:uuid:d5a1462d-38e2-464c-8aff-83b52bdf774e> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://peaceworker.org/2018/11/ending-war-through-more-war-has-been-shown-not-to-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.953775 | 946 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What Are They Doing?
The research team traveled by icebreaker to the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Sea in western Antarctica. During their two months at sea they sampled sea-ice properties such as temperature, snow depth, ice thickness, meteorological conditions, ice biogeochemistry, and biology in order to investigate sea-ice processes. The researchers deployed an array of 12-14 drifting buoys that continued to measure these processes for an additional year. The research cruise was part of a larger coordinated program designed to estimate the exchange of salt, fresh water, and heat between the atmosphere and ocean, characterize the thickness and extent of sea ice, and determine if the sea ice is shrinking in this region. A cruise into the East Antarctic pack ice which took place at the same time collected similar samples, and remote sensing studies contributed additional observations before, during, and after the cruises.
Where Are They?
The team traveled aboard the research icebreaker Nathanial B. Palmer into the Bellinghausen and Amundsen Seas in western Antarctica. The boat departed from, and returned to, Punta Arenas, Chile. Click here to see a picture and read more about the icebreaker.
Stephen Ackley is a research associate professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio, and has worked and conducted sea-ice research in Antarctica for more than 30 years. He previously worked with the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) and then joined the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Texas San Antonio in 2006. Ackley Point in Antarctica was named to honor Ackley for his outstanding sea-ice work by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. Ackley Point is an ice covered point located near McMurdo Sound. | <urn:uuid:fb3b4f3e-262b-46d4-818b-d744d1f621de> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.polartrec.com/expeditions/simba-antarctic-sea-ice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.95278 | 357 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Every lab report was the same. We started off by copying down the hypothesis written in the text book or lab assignment, listed the equipment used, wrote out the steps, and then summarized the results. A conclusion confirming the hypothesis ended the report.
Why oh why did we write a hypothesis when we already knew that what we were writing was the correct answer? I never really understood this throughout high school, and as a result, I didn't know what true scientific experimentation was really like until I did my science electives in university (and perhaps even that's arguable). We should have been asked to partially construct the question ourselves, and then figure out how to get an answer. There should have been some actual discovery in the process.
I was reminded of these high school experiences while reading James Paul Gee's book What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy. I wrote about this book (specifically how identity relates to learning) before. The chapter that most recently caught my attention discussed the difference between overtly giving information to a student and letting her discover information completely on her own. Neither approach on its own is good; instead, a mixture of the two is needed. Unfortunately, my science experiences (and perhaps even most of my primary and secondary education) were pretty much all the first kind.
I'm trying to decide if computer science in university mixed the two concepts well enough. Lectures certainly almost always overtly gave information out of situated context. It's hard to understand programming from reading a book or hearing a lecture where we are given a bunch of technical information that we have to somehow remember when it comes time to do our assignments.
It would be a lot more effective to be given only the bare necessities needed to get us started (perhaps how to enter code into an editor, and how to compile and run it), and then letting us try it on our own. We'd muddle through it as best we could, and the professor would give us the key information we needed as we needed it. After all, that's how video games work, and we seem to be able to learn them smashingly well despite their complexity.
Sometime after I was done first year, our school introduced tutorials where students would do "labs" to practice what was taught in lectures. From what little I've seen from the outside looking in, typical tutorials are pretty step-by-step, just like my high school science labs. I'm not sure they had enough discovery amongst the overt information-telling.
A new stream for our degree is starting this year. It focuses on mobile and social computing. The first course will be offered in the fall and is going to have a very different setup than previous courses. There will be some minimal instruction at the beginning - just the bare bones. Then students will work on problems right there in the classroom on their own computers, figuring out how to do things mostly on their own, but with the professor's help as they need it.
This is exactly what we need in computer science. Let's hope the professor designing the course can pull it off and it can become a model of melding overt telling and discovery. | <urn:uuid:249b19a9-b1dd-4180-87c2-6ecc0c6d8b0e> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://compscigail.blogspot.com/2010/08/why-i-never-learned-scientific.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188962.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00188-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981058 | 643 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Definition - What does Debt Collector mean?
A debt collector is a person or a company that engages in the collection of outstanding debts to make a profit. Debt collectors are usually companies that are hired by creditors, such as credit card companies, to pursue the funds owed by the people who were lent the money in the first place. Debt collectors profit by receiving a cut of the money they recover.
Justipedia explains Debt Collector
Often, people who take on debt fail to pay it back during the scheduled intervals. When this happens, it can become a problem for the creditors who loaned out the money in the first place. The reason is because the creditor stops receiving the payments owed, and then tracking down these payments or attempting to get people to pay them becomes a whole separate issue. So, in these circumstance, the creditor will often hire a debt collector to do this work. It then becomes the job of the debt collector to try to recover the missing funds. The debt collector must comply with all the laws in this area as it tries to track down the debt. | <urn:uuid:c0641cd6-007f-4854-a42d-edcaa8af1053> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.justipedia.com/definition/2207/debt-collector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583850393.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122120040-20190122142040-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.972748 | 215 | 3.125 | 3 |
In this video, we learn how to draw a horse. First, draw the outline of the horse's body. Start with a circle for the head and wispy lines for the rest of the body. Make large shapes that connect to see where the mass of the body will be. Next, draw in the head, tail, back, and legs of the horse. After you have the outline finished, erased the lines inside of the picture. Now, draw in details on the horse. Add in lines to show where the hair is, then draw in the nose and eyes to the face. Also add in shading, then you're finished with your horse drawing.
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- 41% off NetSpot Home Wi-Fi Analyzer: Lifetime Upgrades | <urn:uuid:667e56c7-240b-4a15-bee8-ba489d107350> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://drawing.wonderhowto.com/how-to/draw-horse-297492/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514796.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118123320-20210118153320-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.860174 | 314 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Eid-E-Milad, is an Islamic festival that celebrates the birth of Prophet and is observed during the third month (by the Islamic calendar). Unlike other Eid that are celebrated with much revelry, Eid-E-Milad has a subtle celebratory setting.
Apart from the other rituals, associated with this festival, Eid-E-Milad is celebrated in a carnival manner, along with mass processions across the city. Many believe that this festival is embedded in Sufism and celebrates pre-existence of Prophet Muhammad. This festival is also marked by chanting of hymns and long prayers to praise the Prophet.
One of the most important elements of these celebrations is reading from the Mawlid texts. Mawlid texts are considered very high in regard and basically composed of texts that reflect Prophet Mohammadís life with chapters reflecting his life. These include his lifeís history that includes sections about his ancestors, his birth, his young life and struggles, his married life and eventually his death.
Eid-E-Milad celebrations vary from each country. While some countries may celebrate it with great pomp and show (heavy decoration, special movie screenings and procession) other keep it low key.
This festival aims at enriching the minds of both young and old, with Prophet Mohammadís teachings and adapt it as a way of life. The day usually ends with donations to the needy, a very important aspect in Islam. | <urn:uuid:b75011a8-4dc1-4f77-8638-000e0a4f695e> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.theeid.com/eid-e-milad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.972072 | 292 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Kidsmiles.ca Frequently Asked Questions
Baby teeth help children to eat well, to look nice and to learn how to speak clearly. They also save a space for the adult teeth that are developing under the gums. Keeping baby teeth healthy is important because some of these teeth may remain in the mouth until the age of 12 or 13! If teeth are not properly cared for, tooth decay may develop. Tooth decay is progressive and cavities get bigger when untreated.
Center for Pediatric Dental Care
Baby teeth serve the important function of eating, speech, and esthetics (self image). These teeth not only help form the developing jaws, but they hold space for the permanent teeth so that a normal bite occurs. The last baby tooth falls out at about twelve years of age. A decayed baby tooth can become so badly decayed that it can do damage to the permanent tooth. At times severe infections of the face, head, and neck can be caused by infected baby teeth.
Augusta Family Dental - FAQ A-L
It is important to care for primary teeth because they are much more susceptible to tooth decay than the permanent teeth, and they are necessary to hold the place for the permanent teeth that are going to replace them. Also, caring parents don't wish their children to have tooth pain.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry - Pediatric Oral Hea...
Primary, or "baby," teeth are important for many reasons. Not only do they help children speak clearly and chew naturally, they also aid in forming a path that permanent teeth can follow when they are ready to erupt.
HIVdent Patient Education: Infant Care
Even though primary (baby) teeth eventually fall out, they reserve space for your child's permanent teeth. So if a tooth is lost too early, new teeth could grow in crooked.
Allandale Dental - Dental Service Barrie, Ontario
Primary (or baby) teeth act as natural spaces for the permanent teeth. If lost prematurely, the other baby teeth drift into spaces and block the erupting permanent tooth out. The presence of primary tooth also allows for the underlying permanent tooth to develop at a normal rate
Dr. Brandon, tigard oregon | FAQ
Unless a baby tooth will fall out in the next several months, it is generally unwise to leave decay on baby teeth. Decay can easily move to other baby teeth or even to permanent teeth. It can also cause pain, and possibly lead to facial infections, and expensive orthodontic problems that could have been avoided. We recommend carefully restoring all decayed teeth to optimal health.
Rosen Pitcher Dental Group for Children - Since 1971
Primary teeth, or baby teeth last approximately 1/7th of a lifetime. Cavities in primary teeth can cause toothaches and infections, just as they do in adults. Moreover, an infection in the baby tooth can result in damage to the underlying permanent tooth. If a primary tooth is lost prematurely, the back teeth may move forward into the empty space and block out the unerupted permanent tooth creating an impaction and an orthodontic problem.
Children's Dental Center ~ Dental Care Frequently Asked Ques...
Taking care of baby teeth is instrumental in enhancing the health of the growing adult teeth. The primary teeth guide the permanent teeth into position and allow normal development of the jawbone and muscles. Early loss or damage to baby teeth can severely affect the outcome of the permanent teeth because baby teeth hold the space for their successors. As with adults, children need healthy teeth and mouths to chew food, learn to pronounce words properly, speak clearly and smile with confidence.
Wilkins Center for Family Dentistry - Atlanta Family Dental ...
Baby teeth are very important. Most of us tend to ignore the health of baby teeth thinking that they are going fall out but once ignored the baby teeth tend to decay which may cause pain to the child, the child may not eat proper finally effecting the child's health. Also baby teeth act as space maintainers for permanent teeth. Removal of baby teeth may cause closure of spaces for permanent teeth to erupt leading to crowding of the permanent teeth.
Wake Cross Roads Dentistry - Frequently Asked Questions
It is very important to maintain the baby teeth because these teeth hold space for the future eruption of the permanent teeth. If a baby tooth decays or is removed too early, the space necessary for the permanent teeth is lost and can only be regained through orthodontic treatment. Infected baby teeth can cause the permanent teeth to develop improperly resulting in stains, pits and weaker teeth.
Dr William McElroy, Pediatric Dentistry, Bloomingdale, IL. M...
It is very important to maintain the health of the primary teeth. We are often asked "why put fillings in baby teeth when they will fall out anyway?" Neglected cavities can and frequently do lead to problems which affect developing permanent teeth. The primary teeth allow your child to chew properly, thus enabling proper nutrition. It is found that children with significant cavities are often underweight. | <urn:uuid:a7c49d3a-cfbe-44f3-ae49-4e2f6d0141e1> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.querycat.com/question/49aab8ad34afa754091dc91de67f1a05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708808767/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125328-00018-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933261 | 1,042 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Wild Life documents a nuanced understanding of the wild versus captive divide in species conservation. It also documents the emerging understanding that all forms of wild nature—both in situ (on-site) and ex situ (in captivity)—may need to be managed in perpetuity. Providing a unique window into the high-stakes world of nature conservation, Irus Braverman describes the heroic efforts by conservationists to save wild life. Yet in the shadows of such dedication and persistence in saving the life of species, Wild Life also finds sacrifice and death. Such life and death stories outline the modern struggle to define what conservation should look like at a time when the long-established definitions of nature have collapsed.
Wild Life begins with the plight of a tiny endangered snail, and ends with the rehabilitation of an entire island. Interwoven between its pages are stories about golden lion tamarins in Brazil, black-footed ferrets in the American Plains, Sumatran rhinos in Indonesia, Tasmanian devils in Australia, and many more creatures both human and nonhuman. Braverman draws on interviews with more than one hundred and twenty conservation biologists, zoologists, zoo professionals, government officials, and wildlife managers to explore the various perspectives on in situ and ex situ conservation and the blurring of the lines between them.
About the author
Irus Braverman is Professor of Law and Adjunct Professor of Geography at the University of Buffalo, SUNY. She is the author of Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine (2009), Zooland: The Institution of Captivity (2012), and coeditor of The Expanding Spaces of Law: A Timely Legal Geography (2014).
"Braverman has a legal background, but she demonstrates familiarity with key issues in conservation and has evidently consulted widely with a variety of experts who present a range of different viewpoints . . . Overall, this work presents some important issues that can complicate and detract from the success of conservation initiatives, and it will be of value to graduate students and professionals seriously considering a career in conservation."
—Susan Catherine Cork, Conservation Biology
"Braverman delivers a beautifully argued analysis of conservation efforts over the last three decades. In this masterful book, nothing less than the essence of what we mean by 'nature' is at stake. Wild Life makes the voices of conservationists heard while providing a sharp diagnosis of the ethical dilemmas and paradoxes of their efforts to save endangered species. A must-read."
—Ursula K. Heise, UCLA
"Wild Life is a wonderfully lucid, textured exploration of the many meanings of 'conservation' today. It is required reading for anyone interested in what 'nature' and 'wilderness' mean in the context of the sixth extinction event in the history of the planet. Braverman makes a crucial contribution to the growing scholarship that pushes biopolitical thought beyond homo sapiens."
—Cary Wolfe, Rice University, author of Before the Law: Humans and Other Animals in a Biopolitical Frame
"Wild Life is a journey through the changing conceptual geography of species conservation. Drawing on a cast of over one hundred conservation practitioners, Braverman builds a unique portrait of a field at a turning point. A fascinating compendium of boundary-challenging case studies in conservation and a deeply felt ethnography, Wild Life is essential reading."
—Emma Marris, author of Rambunctious Garden
"Wild Life confronts the conceptual divide between 'natural' and 'unnatural' environments. This false dichotomy informs the often bitter politics of conservation efforts, and has enormous implications for the future impact of climate change, environmental degradation, and the steady depletion of biodiversity on a global scale. An extraordinarily provocative book."
—Eve Darian-Smith, University of California, Santa Barbara
"Wild Life is a must-read, especially for young people growing up in a world where all of nature is managed and the divides between in situ and ex situ have disappeared. Braverman interviews a wide array of conservationists and tells real life stories of species on the brink of extinction, making a unique contribution to conservation and to how we think about nature."
—Alexander J. Travis, Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University
"This is a most thoughtful and well-written book about the difficulty of separating ideas about the lives of nonhuman animals (animals) who are held 'captive' and animals who are considered to be 'wild.' While there are clear distinctions, for example, between an elephant who is held captive in a cage in a zoo and shipped around here and there as a mating machine, and an elephant who is free to move around in large wild areas, even those who are fenced, the latter individuals still are captive but to a lesser degree than their caged relatives. Many other examples make the case that 'wild' does not mean 'free.' I highly recommend this book for those who want a good picture of the complexities of distinguishing between wild and captive and also what the word 'nature' means in an epoch called the 'anthropocene.' There's a smorgasboard of opinions, each of which needs to be openly discussed, as we move into unprecedented times of increased human domination of our magnificent planet - earth, air, and water. We're here, there, and everywhere, and it isn't getting better. Excellent for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses."
—Marc Bekoff, Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder
"Braverman has written a book that challenges the reader's beliefs on every page, stimulates so much thought, and creates so many "aha!" moments that I wished it was twice as long. . . . It is a book that anyone who is interested in the direction that our world is taking should read. It is a book that anyone interested in conservation should have, that anyone who has a bumper sticker that says 'Save the (fill in species)' or is a member of a conservation organization should use to understand the complexities of our attempts for these species' salvation. Through Wild Life, Irus Braverman excellently traces the shapes of the debates and brings to light a side of conservation that needs to be understood. In a very real way, the fate of so many lives on our planet hinges on these issues."
—Todd Simmons, Silive
"Wild Life: The Institution of Nature is the second book by Irus Braverman dealing with the topic of zoos, following the highly acclaimed 2012 publication of Zooland: The Institution of Captivity. In short, both books are mustreads for anyone in our profession, with the author showing increasing understanding of and appreciation for our community . . . Wild Life is the quintessential popular scientific book about the One Plan approach to species conservation."
—Markus Gussett, WAZA News
"Should the goal of conservation efforts be the preservation of endangered species in their natural state, in an environment free of human intervention? Or is it legitimate to conserve vanishing animals in captivity—ex situ—even if this means that some species will depend entirely on the kindness of zookeepers for their continued survival? Examining this issue in fine detail, Irus Braverman posed this question to more than 120 biologists, zoo professionals, government officials, and conservation workers . . . What becomes evident is that there is neither a sharp bifurcation between wild and captive nor a linear continuum with wild nature at one end and managed nature at the other. Like it or not, human intervention has now become an inescapable element in what we mean by 'wild.'"
—Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History Magazine
"As I've bounced back and forth between Munich and Santa Barbara over the last 20 years, my reverence for our uniquely American 'wilderness' has deepened. Lately, this allegiance to that American romantic ideal of nature with its pristine wildernesses took a beating as I read Irus Braverman's searing analysis of 21st-century conservation: Wild Life: The Institution of Nature (2015). . . . Braverman's research shows we're already far past the dream of actually 'saving' so much pure wilderness—our romanticized American view of wild 'nature' is misleading and outdated."
—Dan McCaslin, Noozhalk
"Braverman's commitment, equally expressed throughout her book, is to the organisms and populations that are rendered killable in the name of vitality. The less valuable lives let die or killed, whether as surplus, as not-wild-enough, as releasable-to-the-wild-even-if-they-will-die, as better-dead-than-captive, as experimental, as competitor, and so on. The book overflows with stories of animals that are killed in the name of life."
—Becky Mansfield, Dialogues in Human Geography
"The stories Braverman tells about what wildlife conservationists think they are doing, and how puzzling some of their behavior is, and how conflicted they are about the unnaturalness of some of the natures they are creating are quite compelling even absent a layering of Foucaldian deconstruction."
— Geoffrey Wandesford-Smith, Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy
"Like any good ethnography, Wild Life reveals dysfunctions, prejudices, habits, and conflicts underlying the straightforward, objective ecological science that we might desire."
—Randy Malamud, Common Knowledge
"Ms. Braverman has written a book that challenges the reader's beliefs on every page, stimulates so much thought, and creates so many 'aha!' moments that I wished it was twice as long . . . Through Wild Life, Irus Braverman excellently traces the shapes of the debates and brings to light a side of conservation that needs to be understood. In a very real way, the fate of so many lives on our planet hinges on these issues."
—Todd Simmons, Staten Island Advance
"With its substantial ballast in real life and practice, Wild Life offers a nicely grounded look at the contrast between the hardened ideology of conservation and its increasingly fluid and creative applications."
—Jennie Erin Smith, Times Literary Supplement
"Though Braverman engages in detailed discussion of complex philosophical, legal, and analytical issues, she keeps the book readable by separating these discussions with illustrative vignettes about specific conservation successes and failures. This rich referenced book will be especially useful for those interested in the current state of conservation biology . . . Highly recommended."
—J.L. Hunt, CHOICE
"In Braverman's intriguing account, we learn that to bring the red wolf back from the brink, conservationists in the US regularly sneaked a few wolf puppies out of litters born in the wild, replacing them with cubs born in captivity to maintain genetic diversity in the population....The side of human nature that Braverman illuminates – the one that values other lives, and tries to preserve them – might be a better version of 'nature' than most."
—Sonia van Gilder Cooke, New Scientist | <urn:uuid:ebb0148f-abed-4c5d-baad-178bdac7a085> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=25137&bottom_ref=recommended | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574265.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921043014-20190921065014-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.933446 | 2,300 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Air pollution is one of the major problems that most of the countries in the world are facing. The pollution ranking by country is just to signify which of the countries are raising high than the others in term of pollution level.
Top 10 Most Polluted Countries in the World 2020
Here is the list of some of most polluted country in the world 2020 listed by the air pollution index by country:
This country is known for its cold weather and therefore often burns the coal to overcome the coldness. This indeed has made Mongolia the most polluted country in the world 2020. The country has reached to the air pollution to 279 ug/m3. As a result of this, many residents of this country often suffer from extreme health issues.
Despite being the largest growing economy in the world, the country is high in pollution levels. Due to the presence of many mineral industries affecting the quality of air, the pollution level has reached 216 ug/m3.
With a pollution level reaching to 198 ug/m3, Pakistan is the third country in the list. Most of the pollution is due to the vehicle’s emission and is majorly in cities like Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, etc. Due to this many people are admitted to the hospital every year.
The main reason that Senegal is on the list is that of the presence of mineral industries and the high use of vehicles emitting pollution. The pollution level of Senegal is increasing every single day and at present, it is 145 ug/m3.
The economy of the country has increased with the large production of petroleum but this has also caused an increase in the pollution level. The country at present has a pollution level of 143 ug/m3. The emission from the vehicles is further adding to the pollution level in the country.
Burning wood and cola, vehicle emissions, etc. has led to make Egypt a part of the list of most air-polluted countries in the world. With a pollution level of 138 ug/m3, Egypt is rising high in the pollution levels. The country is also known to face the major problem of ‘black cloud’ after the harvesting of rice.
United Arab Emirates
The pollution level of 132 ug/m3 has made the country to be listed in the most polluted countries. Although, the government is taking many measures to solve the problem and is hoping to reduce the pollution levels soon.
Iran has a pollution level of 124 ug/m3 and therefore has seen degradation in the life expectancy. The people of Iran are hospitalized majorly due to the same reason.
Due to the excessive waste and disorganized management, the pollution level in the air of Nigeria is increasing continuously and has reached the level of 124 ug/m3.
The industrial plants and oil refineries have made Kuwait reach to the 10th position in the list of most polluted countries. Although, after the closing of some of its industries, the polluted air is at 123 ug/m3. | <urn:uuid:a68da5d6-3904-4dbc-817b-6f206d1b0a0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.trillpost.com/news/most-polluted-country-world-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.963174 | 642 | 2.8125 | 3 |
WIKIMEDIA, ARCHAEOGENETICSTwo independent teams have uncovered evidence to suggest that a core set of Y chromosome genes are critical not just for sex determination, but also for transcription, translation, and other regulatory functions throughout the genome. Their work was published in Nature this week (April 23).
In the face of lingering theories that the Y chromosome is on its way to extinction, these papers provide “a tremendous rational for why these genes have been retained,” said geneticist Carlos Bustamante of Stanford Medical School, who was not involved in the work.
UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALESResearchers have long sought to deliver brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to the cochlea to stimulate neuronal growth and treat hearing loss. Now, a team from the University of New South Wales has come up with a new solution—loading up cochlear implants with BDNF before surgery. Once implanted, the devices deliver the gene locally via brief electric bursts. The team’s work was published in Science Translational Medicine this week (April 23).
“Using BDNF to grow spiral ganglion cell neurites toward electrodes is an old idea (yet still an important one), but the use of the electrode array to focus targeted gene therapy as described is highly innovative,” Jay Rubinstein from the University of Washington, who was not involved in the work, told The Scientist in an e-mail.
MIT, CARLY SANKERExamining the high-light–adapted strain of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, scientists from MIT and their colleagues unearthed high diversity within individual genomes.
“What was also surprising here was the diversity in the core genome, that [the bacteria] have different alleles,” said the study’s lead author Sallie Chisholm. “This covariation between the core alleles and flexible gene content, and its fine scale resolution, represents a new dimension of microdiversity within wild Prochlorococcus populations,” she and her colleagues wrote in their report, published this week (April 24) in Science.
WIKIMEDIAThe Scientist scans the tree of life, searching for gaps in genome sequencing data, as various consortia begin to pool data and develop collaborative analysis and storage solutions. As more and more species are sequenced, said Igor Grigoriev, head of the fungal genomics program at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Insitute (JGI) in Walnut Creek, California, crosstalk among sequencing communities will enable scientists “to ask broader scientific questions across the domains of life.”
“Many computational scientists and bioinformaticians are working alongside biologists to analyze and organize the sequencing data. This is a major challenge but I have a lot of optimism because there is plenty of innovation and energy in this field,” Klaus Peter Koepli, one of the principle investigators of the Genome 10K project and visiting scientist at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Washington, D.C., told The Scientist. “There are many obstacles to reconstructing the phylogeny of all living things, but it’s a great goal.”
Does Brain Training Work?
Experts are skeptical about the effectiveness of games that claim to improve cognitive function.
Other news in life science:
New Resubmission Policy at NIH
The National Institutes of Health is now allowing grant applicants to resubmit unsuccessful proposals as new.
Females in Charge
Insects in Brazil go beyond simple behavioral sex-role reversal. In these animals, the females use an erectile organ to penetrate the male’s genital chamber.
An international team has created human embryonic stem cells from adult skin cells for the first time.
Researchers Question Tamiflu Review
Critics claim updated analysis of antiviral medication was statistically weak and based on unreliable randomized clinical trial data.
Swabbing cash circulating in New York City reveals more than 3,000 different types of bacteria.
News of interest elsewhere:
Thanks to a law passed this week (April 23), Vermont is the first state to require that foods containing genetically engineered (GE) ingredients be labeled as such, The New York Times reported.
The pharmaceutical sector has had a roller coaster year already, and this week was especially jarring, as industry giants announced massive asset-swapping and acquisition deals. In order to focus on HIV drug development, vaccines, and consumer-health products, drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) withdrew itself from oncology research and development when it sold its cancer-drug unit to Novartis. In return, Novartis sold its vaccine division to GSK. Altogether, GSK and Novartis traded more than $20 billion worth of assets. In addition, Eli Lilly acquired Novartis’s animal health division. According to Reuters, “such swapping of assets is rare in any sector, yet it can make a lot of sense where companies are committed to playing to their strengths by building up certain businesses and divesting others, while avoiding the pitfalls of large-scale mergers.” | <urn:uuid:eabb7570-90da-4172-b92e-72ace469c340> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39816/title/Week-in-Review--April-21-25/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118963.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00200-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935417 | 1,076 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Martin Luther King Jr. DayOur office will be closed Monday, January 17th in observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day. We will reopen at regular business hours on Tuesday, January 18th.
Evaluation of an Unstructured Afterschool Physical Activity Program
- Presented on May 31, 2013
Purpose To evaluate an unstructured afterschool physical activity (PA) program for elementary school students.
Methods PA levels of 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade students (N=205) at four lowincome elementary schools (67-79% free and reduced lunches) were cross-sectionally assessed during an unstructured afterschool PA program. Assessments at each school were conducted during 2-3 sessions of the afterschool PA program. Up to 20 students at each session were randomly chosen to have their PA objectively assessed using an ActiGraph accelerometer (GT3X, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL) for the duration of the afterschool PA program. Activity counts and step data were collected by the accelerometer in 30-second epochs. Standard data reduction procedures were used to process collected data and the Evenson (2008) cutpoints were used to characterize PA intensity
Results The average duration of the afterschool PA program was 54.0 ± 9.4 min. Children spent the majority of their time in light PA (28.1 ± 8.4 minutes), while spending less time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (15.5 ± 6.7 min) or in sedentary behavior (10.4 ± 6.1 min). In total, children averaged 1805 ± 534 steps during the afterschool PA program
Conclusions Children accumulated approximately 15 min of moderate-tovigorous PA per session while participating in this unstructured afterschool PA program. Additionally, the mean value of accumulated steps during the afterschool PA program represented 14-16.5% of the minimum steps/day target (depending upon gender) identified for elementary aged school children. Future research is needed to identify best practices for maximizing moderate-to-vigorous PA accumulations during after school PA programs. | <urn:uuid:02c9914a-79b3-43fb-9cf3-87a563434d8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://theactigraph.com/research-database/evaluation-of-an-unstructured-afterschool-physical-activity-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00640.warc.gz | en | 0.950372 | 444 | 2.546875 | 3 |
For the past week, each time I’ve entered my driveway, I’ve startled a male pileated woodpecker who has suddenly decided the old stump of a long-dead tulip poplar is his new favorite restaurant. Pileated woodpeckers are the smaller cousin of the birding world’s latest star—the ivory-billed woodpecker.
In some ways, the birds are similar. Their body shapes are virtually identical, with the only obvious differences being that the ivory-billed is larger, has more white on its wings and possesses its namesake ivory-colored bill. Both look like Woody Woodpecker. Both have raucous calls, and even the smaller pileated woodpecker is a large crow-sized bird that rockets through the eastern forests with amazing speed. The pileated is also a shy bird but obviously not as reclusive at its larger cousin.
Unlike smaller woodpeckers, such as the downy or hairy woodpeckers who are often seen on small dead tree branches, pileateds work the bottom of a tree. If you see bored woodpecker holes near the base of a dead tree in a southern or mid-Atlantic state eastern forest, you’ve found a pileated’s work.
So typically, pileateds are found in unmanaged forests away from houses. A dead tree, rotted at the base, makes homeowners nervous when that tree is near their house. And in forests that are managed or cleared of larger timber, those kinds of dead trees are among the first to go. So with it goes the pileated woodpecker.
Other birds also prefer dead trees—bluebirds are one. Bluebirds like to nest and roost in the hollows of dead trees. I have bluebirds all around me even though there are no nest boxes, as the birds have so far been able to find natural nesting and roosting areas.
I think it’s strange that people profess love for the very birds they are often so instrumental in destroying. Yet, we don’t seem to make the mental connection that if we didn’t destroy the habitat, including the dead trees, we would still have those animals to watch and enjoy. Far beyond any reasonable potential fire source or danger to a house, we simply consider dead trees to be an eyesore and remove them for that reason alone.
I think we need a redefinition of what is and is not an eyesore. A forest without pileated woodpeckers would be an eyesore. A meadow without bluebirds would be an eyesore. That dead tree, on the other hand, is suddenly starting to look pretty good to me. | <urn:uuid:bc13bad0-065a-48ad-a947-998bd0976c4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://roundtoprumings.blogspot.com/2005/09/september-13-2005.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.966819 | 559 | 2.75 | 3 |
Sharon Carter does everything that she can to lose weight.
After years of overindulging, she said she eats three healthy meals per day, her snacks are healthy and they are few and far in between.
Carter regularly walks and sometimes jogs for exercise, and she also encourages Nichelle, her 15-year-old daughter, to eat only in moderation and to join in her daily regimen.
“Exercise, watching my diet, watching my daughter’s diet is important because we do have some [obese] individuals in my family,” said Carter, 48, of Northeast. “We also know that too much weight gain often leads to other problems.”
Two new studies presented on Nov. 3 at the American Institute for Cancer Research’s annual meeting in Northwest revealed that obesity increases the risk of certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal black and Latino women.
One of the studies included research on 3,285 Latino women, and it indicated that being overweight or obese increased the risk for estrogen receptor-negative and progesterone receptor-positive breast tumors among postmenopausal women.
“We’ve known this for a long time for white women, but now we are seeing this also in Latino women,” said the study’s author, Dr. Esther John, a senior research scientist at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California.
A separate study, which included research on more than 15,000 black women, indicated that being overweight or obese increased postmenopausal women’s risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by 31 percent.
The researchers found the risk to be nearly double among black women who at one time could be classified as lean young adults but later gained weight during adulthood.
“We know that breast cancer has several subtypes, and there is growing evidence that these subtypes have different risk factors,” said Dr. Elisa Bandera of the Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, who authored the second study.
“The distribution of these subtypes and risk factors are different for African-Americans and Latinos compared to white women,” she said.
Bandera said one study isn’t enough.
“We need to know more about what African-American women can do to prevent and survive breast cancers of all types, which are often aggressive and deadly,” she said.
The studies are not unlike those conducted two years ago by the nonprofit think tank Rand Corporation in Alexandria, Virginia, where officials said disparities in cancer between black and white residents of the District are wider than those nationwide.
Rand officials found that African-Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with and die from cancer than their white peers.
While the overall cancer mortality rate proved to be about 21 percent higher among blacks than whites nationally, the mortality rate in Washington is 90 percent higher among blacks than whites.
“We know from available data that, once diagnosed with cancer, black patients in the District are more likely to begin treatment at a later stage compared to white patients,” said Rebecca Anhang Price, an associate policy researcher at Rand, who also conducted the group’s study. “But richer data on the trajectory of care among cancer patients in the District are lacking,” she said. | <urn:uuid:887402ff-7c4a-40ca-9354-850938afdbcb> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.blackpressusa.com/studies-link-obesity-and-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583659944.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118070121-20190118092121-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.967565 | 680 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The source of allergy trouble ranges from pet hair and dander to dust and pollen, resulting in sneezes, wheezing, and rashes - but do humidifiers help with allergies? The symptoms of allergies are common, with nearly a sixth (50 million) (opens in new tab) of the US population suffering from some type of reaction.
In this feature, we'll look at what a humidifier is and the science behind how they add moisture to the air. But it's important to understand that humidifiers won't serve the job of an air purifier, which works to capture allergens, dust, and even viruses. We have a whole feature on air purifiers vs humidifiers to help you understand the key differences.
- Related: Best humidifiers (opens in new tab)
How can humidifiers help with allergies?
A humidifier is an electronic device that pumps moisture into the air. When the humidity in a room is too low or too high, it can trigger allergy symptoms, especially when you're dealing with dust, pollen from open windows, or indoor pets. You can place a humidifier in any room or enclosed space of your home. Simply stated, humidifiers work by creating moisture and filtering dust, dander, and virus particles from the air.
Now that we're spending a larger chunk of our time indoors, it's more important than ever to create a safe environment to eat, sleep, work, and live in. And humidifiers help to do just that. Too little humidity causes inflamed, irritated nasal passages, rashes, and dry skin, and too much creates an environment ripe for bacteria, dust mites, and molds, all of which can affect your health. It can contribute towards something called sick building syndrome, which we deal with in our related investigation.
How do humidifiers work?
Humidifiers work by adding temperature-regulated moisture to the air inside your home. You pour water into the humidifier’s reservoir, and it outputs a gentle, filtered mist. The filters inside the unit have an antimicrobial surface that helps prevent the growth of mold, algae, fungus, and bacteria.
Humidifiers are great machines, but they won't cure allergies. However, the right humidity level in the home can help improve symptoms and make allergies less of a nuisance. A study by the Clinical research center (opens in new tab) shows that the optimum level of moisture for home humidification is between 40-50%. Remember, when the humidity level is too high, it encourages mold and dust mites, and low levels aggravate the sinuses, skin, and lungs. So it's crucial to get the level correct. On a hot, humid day, when you have the windows open, it's unlikely a humidifier will offer any benefit. If you have the air conditioner running or it's the middle of winter, though, a humidifier can soothe tender sinuses.
How can humidifiers help with allergies?
If you have pets, you'll want to pay special attention to your home's humidity. When moisture levels are high, pet dander sticks to surfaces, which you can then pick up on clothing and skin. Proper humidity at ideal temperatures fixes that and can help clear stuffy noses and tickling throats, too.
Other allergies, such as eczema, can also be kept under tighter control with a humidifier. The National Eczema Association (opens in new tab) reveals that the key to treating and preventing eczema outbreaks is to keep the skin’s moisture intact. Low temperatures and dry air, especially in the winter or air-conditioned rooms, can aggravate the skin and leave it sore and inflamed.
A higher level of humidity can also help eliminate viruses in the home. One research study (opens in new tab) tested how flu particles changed in the air when humidity levels reached 40%. The results showed virus particles were deactivated, making them less infectious when circulating in humidified air. Air purifiers can help with allergies too, so think about what you need when choosing your in-home air quality devices.
One important note: it's of the utmost importance you keep your humidifier clean. You'll need to change the filter regularly and clean the water tank to prevent waterborne bacteria from forming, which is the last thing you need when you're already suffering from itchy, runny eyes and noses.
- Related: What is the air quality index?
What types of humidifier are there?
There's no shortage of humidifiers on the market, and they come in all shapes and sizes. Here are the main types and how they work to humidify the air.
- Evaporators: This style of humidifier sucks in air, passes it through a filter, and then fans the hydrated air back out.
- Steam vaporizers: This humidifier creates steam internally, cooling it to an appropriate temperature before pumping it into your living space.
- Ultrasonic humidifiers: Typically smaller and more high-tech, these humidifiers use vibrations to vaporize water and pump steam back into the air.
- Whole house: These humidifiers attach to your central air conditioning or heating system, eliminating the need to purchase small units for each room.
Other ways to improve your home’s air quality
There are numerous other ways to clean the air in your home and minimize allergy symptoms. The NASA Clean Air Study (opens in new tab) showed that many house plants filter airborne irritants through their root system and can scrub the air in your home to some degree. Plants like English ivy, spider plants, peace lilies, and bamboo palms filter the air around them, removing toxins and particles.
Other inexpensive and simple ways to help with allergies in the home include keeping a small window open for ventilation, cleaning and dusting often, and brushing and bathing pets regularly. Indoor plants improve air quality too, and they look nice - just make sure they won't have an adverse effect on your pets!
- Read more: 9 allergy season symptoms to look for | <urn:uuid:fa09ca10-9f92-4655-ae5b-ff704b2bf666> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.livescience.com/do-humidifiers-help-with-allergies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.91902 | 1,248 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Oftentimes when I talk about the economic benefits of urban agglomeration I get skeptical remarks from someone or other about "the death of distance" but all kinds of evidence indicate that digital communication technology doesn't change the fact that proximity matters. Here's a great example from an August article that I just read yesterday:
A similar lesson emerges from a recent study led by Isaac Kohane, a researcher at Harvard Medical School. After analyzing more than 35,000 different peer-reviewed papers and mapping the location of every co-author, he found that scientists located closer together produced papers of significantly higher quality, at least as measured by the number of subsequent citations. In fact, the best research was consistently done when scientists were working within roughly 30 feet of each other—that is, when they didn't need to interact via screens.
Digital and traditional communications methods seem to be complements rather than substitutes. Online dating services are a clear case. You're using remote interaction to find someone you'd enjoy spending time with in person. But an awful lot of the utility of "social" media is along these lines. You "meet" people who you then meet in real life. Or you maintain ties with people you know from real life, so that the time you spend together face-to-face can be a richer and more valuable experience. One of the main things I do with email is makes plans to meet up with people in person. | <urn:uuid:33e529cf-3e41-4c22-ac10-2aa822df2b3a> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2011/12/12/the_importance_of_place.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011284846/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092124-00095-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973328 | 291 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Importance of Study Business in Education
A lot of books have been written on this single word business. And every one expressed it in his single word ‘Business’. There are lots. of advantages of study business. 1st we study about business that what is a business.
Explanation of Business:
A business (also called a firm or enterprise) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods and services to consumers. If we talk about this word technically then the etymology of "business" relates to the state of being busy either as an individual or society as a whole, doing commercially viable and profitable work. In economic sense, business includes all those legal activities, which are under taken for the purpose of earning profit. In other words, business is an activity in which various persons regularly produce or exchange goods and for mutual gain or profit. All illegal activities, (smuggling, gambling, betting, and robbery) social activities, self-consumption and gifts etc, are excluded from the definition of business. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, most being privately owned and formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself.
Thus Business includes besides buying and selling of goods , manufacturing, mining, forestry, agriculture, fishing, trade, banking, insurance, transport, financing as well as the services of all professional men who directly and indirectly help the production and distribution of goods. An organization formed for the purpose of business activities is called business enterprise or business organization. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial returns in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. The persons who are engaged in business are call businessmen or entrepreneurs.
Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Socialist... | <urn:uuid:0f80735a-fa1b-436b-9355-924dcb0e362c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Importance-Of-Study-Business-In-Education-149658.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981969.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00331-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97124 | 367 | 2.875 | 3 |
A Streetcar Named Desire: Character Profiles
Blanche DuBois: Blanche DuBois is the elder sister of Stella. She comes from Mississippi to stay at the apartment of her sister and brother-in-law in New Orleans. Blanche is a sensitive, highly-strung woman of about thirty. She is aware that she is getting older and worries about losing her beauty. To assuage her anxiety, she seeks out compliments on her appearance. In the decaying environment in which she finds herself, she is very aware of her more refined, aristocratic background. She objects to Stanley because he is common. As the play develops, it transpires that she has had a very troubled history. The family fortune vested in the plantation at Belle Reve, in Mississippi, was squandered and the house has been taken over by creditors. Blanche married young and the marriage had a disastrous outcome when her husband, whom she discovered in a homosexual act, shot himself. Blanche then developed a local reputation for being promiscuous and she was forced to leave the high school where she taught English because of an affair with a seventeen-year-old boy. Blanche is like a ship without an rudder. She hopes to find safe harbor with Mitch, but the budding romance fails when Stanley reveals her past to him. She is then devastated when Stanley presents her with a bus ticket home. Her gradual mental deterioration culminates in the final scene where she is committed to an institution. She is lost in some kind of fantasy world in which she does not know the difference between reality and illusion.
Stanley Kowalski: Stanley Kowalski is married to Stella. He is of Polish descent, but prides himself on being an American. Stanley is strongly built, and coarse in manners and sense of humor. Blanche calls him an animal or a cave man. Stanley’s pleasure has always been women, and the sexual pleasure he can give and take. He likes to drink, and has a rowdy group of male friends. He is also quick-tempered, and when he does not get his way he reacts violently. He believes that the man should be master in his own house. During one outburst, he strikes Stella but then is remorseful and wants her back. In other incidents, he throws a radio out of the window, and sweeps cups and saucers to the floor. He does not like to be challenged. Whatever his faults, Stanley is full of uninhibited masculine energy that Stella finds alluring, and that is why she loves him. But Stanley behaves cruelly toward Blanche, finding out about her past and telling Mitch about it. Stanley believes that Blanche is responsible for disturbing his happiness with Stella. On her birthday, he causes her anguish by presenting her with a bus ticket home. When Stella is in the hospital giving birth to their child, Stanley rapes Blanche. But he gets away with it because Stella refuses to believe Blanche’s story.
Stella Kowalski: Stella Kowalski is Blanche’s younger sister, who is married to Stanley. The sexual attraction between Stella and her husband is strong, and although Stanley is coarse in his manners and aggressive, Stella remains in love with him. She has adjusted well to the difference in their social backgrounds and appears to be happy with her lot, in spite of Stanley’s violent outbursts. She refuses to believe Blanche’s story that she was raped by Stanley, and arranges for Blanche to be committed to an institution. However, she feels guilty over her actions.
Mitch: Mitch is a close friend of Stanley’s. They were in the army together and they work for the same company. Mitch is a member of the mens’ poker-playing group. Mitch is a shy man, less uncouth than the others, and still very attached to his mother. He falls for Blanche, but then rejects her when he discovers her unsavory past. He is tormented when he sees her being taken away to the institution, and blames Stanley for her fate.
Pablo: Pablo is a friend of Stanley’s and a member of their poker group.
Steve: Steve is one of Stanley’s poker-playing friends. He is married to Eunice. They have a stormy relationship rather like that between Stella and Stanley.
Eunice: Eunice is married to Steve. They live in the apartment above the Kowalskis.
A Doctor: The Doctor appears in the last scene to take Blanche to the mental institution. He is surprisingly gentle with Blanche, and she allows him to lead her away.
A Nurse: The Nurse accompanies the doctor to take Blanche to the mental institution. In her severe dress, she looks sinister.
A Young Collector: The Young Collector is a young man who comes to the Kowalski apartment collecting newspaper money. Blanche takes a fancy to him and kisses him.
A Mexican Woman: A Mexican Woman is a blind woman who sells flowers to be displayed at funerals and other festive occasions. | <urn:uuid:26225cce-78d5-42b2-b3b6-6ad7dba79060> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.novelguide.com/a-streetcar-named-desire/character-profiles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121752.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00290-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980172 | 1,056 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Through the unidirectional cooling effect of heat pipe, a large amount of cold energy is stored in the underground permafrost layer in winter, which prevents the permafrost from melting in summer, forming a "permafrost layer" and improving the strength of the permafrost.
The low-temperature heat pipe technology independently developed by SUNPOWER Group has solved the worldwide problem of thawing deformation of permafrost in major national projects. It has effectively prevented the thawing settlement of permafrost foundation in railway, highway, bridge, culvert, tunnel, airplane runway, oil pipeline, transmission line tower foundation and other projects. It has been widely used in infrastructure construction.
Nano-heat pipe technology independently developed by SUNPOWER Group (5.0)：
The nano-heat pipe is heated by molecular vibration and forms a dark infrared radiation area about 60 cm around diameter. It has the characteristics of fast heating and stable heating. The heating efficiency of nano-heat pipe is 2-5 times higher than that of ordinary thermal material, and energy saving is 50-80%.
Hazard of permafrost： | <urn:uuid:e81d9e5b-0c8e-4154-a857-096c24440883> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.ivtktv.live/product/gcfwpro-detail-8866.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348521325.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606222233-20200607012233-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.901153 | 240 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game was charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the Statute of Galway, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery, but banned "hokie" – the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves, as well as other sports. Caid was especially popular in rural areas.
There is some evidence that caid was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora, and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football, although this is controversial.
By the late 19th century, caid, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline. | <urn:uuid:4e147afa-9195-47ce-8f24-75defafb2eff> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caid_(sport) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276759.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00092-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988143 | 159 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In my survey of paintings of frogs and toads, yesterday’s article considered the classical myth of Latona, who transformed the obstructive Lycians into frogs. Today I look at paintings of folk stories, and a few other works which defy classification.
The popular children’s story of the Frog Prince, which appears in many variants, is usually considered to be a fairy tale, and is the first in the major collection published by the Brothers Grimm. Its origins are much older, though, and it’s now thought to date back to a folk story or legend first cited in classical Roman times.
The version recorded by the Grimms has a spoiled princess drop a golden ball into a pond. This elicits the appearance of a frog, who holds the ball in his mouth. The princess reluctantly makes friends with the frog, who is eventually transformed into a handsome prince when the spell binding him in the form of a frog is broken. Recent retelling of this story often makes the princess’s kiss the event which breaks the spell, although in the Grimms’ version the princess throws the frog against a wall in disgust, which seems a bit harsh.
Marianne Stokes’ delightful painting of The Frog Prince from about 1890 shows an incredulous young princess listening to the talking frog, whose real identity – and the outcome of the story – is made obvious by his crown.
In Kolo Moser’s very dark Frog Prince from about 1895, the frog wears a small crown, and presents the princess with the golden ball which she had lost in the pond.
Moser revisited the motif in about 1905 for this charming bookplate which he designed for Adele Bloch-Bauer, the heiress whose portraits Gustav Klimt painted so famously.
Mary Sheppard Greene’s account of The Princess and the Frog from 1909 is firmly rooted in the Grimms’ version, with the frog still holding her golden ball in its mouth, and no clue of the resolution.
Viktor Vasnetsov’s The Frog Princess (1918) shows a Russian version of the Brothers Grimm story. In this, a king’s three sons are challenged to shoot an arrow to find themselves a bride. The youngest, Prince Ivan, lands his arrow in the mouth of a frog in a nearby swamp. This frog turns out to be Princess Vasilisa the Wise, who is being punished by being turned into a frog for three years. When Ivan burns the frog’s skin, he thinks that he has lost her, but eventually, with the involvement of Baba Yaga, she is turned back into a princess and becomes his bride.
The contrast between the simpler folk tales of western Europe and the more complex even epic stories of eastern European traditions is fascinating.
Frogs also star in several European fables.
Pierre Bonnard’s exquisite three-panelled Japoniste screen of The Stork and Four Frogs was painted at the outset of his career, in about 1889. Its story is contrastingly European, being based on one of Aesop’s fables retold by Jean de La Fontaine’s The Frogs who Demand a King (Perry 44, La Fontaine II.4).
The version retold by La Fontaine centres on a colony of frogs, who ask Jupiter for a king. The god’s first response to their request is a laid-back and gentle leader, whom the frogs reject as being too weak to rule them. Jupiter’s second attempt is a crane, who kills and eats the frogs for his pleasure. When the frogs complain to Jupiter, he then responds that they had better be happy with what they have got this time, or they could be given something even worse.
Bonnard’s panel is traditionally interpreted not as showing the evil crane of the second attempt, but the first and gentle ruler.
Although uncommon in other paintings, frogs and toads do appear elsewhere.
A few are to be found among Hieronymus Bosch’s strange visions. The left panel of his triptych The Temptation of Saint Anthony in Lisbon, dated to about 1500-10, shows Saint Anthony being assisted by three others, as he crosses a small wooden bridge, in a state of complete exhaustion, perhaps after being beaten unconscious by the devil. In the countryside around that group are weird human and portmanteau animal figures. On the left is an invented bird-like creature with a long straight bill, which is swallowing a whole frog.
A small frog stands proudly in the foreground of Paulus Potter’s first masterpiece, which continued to be ranked alongside Rembrandt’s finest for the next couple of centuries, The Bull (also widely known as The Young Bull) from 1647. Originally intended just to be a portrait of the central bull, Potter enlarged the canvas to accommodate (from the left) a ram, lamb, ewe, herdsman, cow, and above them a bird of prey, possibly a buzzard. Beyond them are more cattle in the meadows, which recede to the church of Rijswijk, which is between Delft and The Hague. I don’t know whether the frog was intended as a signature device here.
Gustave Doré’s strange painting Between Sky and Earth from 1862 also features a frog in the foreground. The viewer is high above the fields outside Doré’s native Strasbourg, where several small groups are flying kites. The kite shown at the upper left has just been penetrated by a flying bird. Another unseen kite, off the top of the canvas, has a traditional tail, at the end of which a very anxious frog is tied to it by a hindleg. However a stork appears to have designs on seizing the opportunity to eat the frog, and is approaching from behind, its bill wide open and ready for the meal.
This could be an allegory, of course, but is probably a humorous depiction of kite-flying at the time, when people were still curious as to what happened to living creatures as they ascended higher in the atmosphere.
As far as I can tell, all the amphibians I have shown so far are regular frogs rather than toads, which have long been associated with dark arts and sorcery. I finish with a contrasting pair of paintings of the noted sorceress from classical myth, Medea.
In 1866-68, Frederick Sandys painted Medea at work preparing a magic potion. In front of her is a copulating pair of toads, and other ingredients. Behind her, in a gilt frieze, is Jason’s ship the Argo. I don’t know whether the toads offended the jury of the Royal Academy, but this wonderful painting was rejected when Sandys submitted it for exhibition.
When John William Waterhouse tackled the same theme in 1907, in his Jason and Medea, he opted for a single toad, behaving itself quietly on the floor. Medea is depicted as a sorceress, preparing perhaps the potion which Jason is to later give to the dragon. Jason appears anxious, ready to go and tackle his challenge. This time, no offence was caused by the toad. | <urn:uuid:cd5343bd-4304-492c-9428-b6db575871b2> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://eclecticlight.co/2020/05/17/ribbit-frogs-and-toads-in-paintings-2-princesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038461619.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417162353-20210417192353-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.967962 | 1,505 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Software is a series of directions that determine just how a computer system must run. Equally as there are various sorts of equipment, so are there different kinds of software program. One of the most prominent sort of software program is Office Suite, that includes Microsoft Office, Lotus Notes, as well as Job. These suites are developed for usage by a common office worker. Nonetheless, various other software such as the OpenOffice office collection are available for individuals that want to use a cost-free resource (cost-free software) for their workplace system.
Software program can be classified right into two major groups – desktop computer software as well as server-based software. Desktop computer software refers to applications that sit on a user’s desktop and execute regular computer procedures. Instances of common desktop software are e-mail, data processing applications, and workplace programs like PowerPoint and Microsoft Word. Server-based software program is that which resides on a business’s web server as well as implements its commands on a range of computers throughout the world.
Hardware devices such as personal computers, digital devices, cellphones, game gaming consoles, and various other digital products are the typical sources of software program. Instances of such equipment are printers, key-boards, monitor, computer mice, audio speakers, cams, computer game systems, as well as other hardware components. Software is designed to operate on such equipment. While the application software of one computer program may operate on one kind of tool, another application software program might not have the ability to operate on one more type of device.
In order for software program to run on computer, the tool must meet particular requirements. Device drivers are required to connect with the remainder of the operating system. The motorist converts device specifications such as regularity, voltage, power needs, etc, into a compatible interface that the os can review. firmware is additionally a device driver, yet as opposed to being developed to chat straight to the computer, it interacts indirectly. Firmware maps the interaction methods of the device to the ones that the os comprehends to ensure that only suitable applications can run.
There are 2 various sorts of software. General purpose operating system software application as well as customer mode software stand out types. General-purpose operating system software is what you locate on all computers. It is what most individuals consider when they claim’software application’. Instances of general-purpose software application include e-mail, word processing, PDF development, music creation, scheduling appointments, blogging, and also extra. Individual setting software program is what you can see on your cellular phone, personal computer, gaming console, and also various other similar tools.
Makers establish the type of software and device driver through 2 procedures. The initial process is done through using what is called OEM or packaged application software. OPAE is not really thought about system software, however instead simply an energy program for the OS. Instances of OPAE software application are Facebook’s MySpace, Yahoo! Responses, and Wikipedia.
The second procedure is through what is known as specialized OS or drivers. This refers to any equipment that will certainly run application software, whether it is from a Microsoft Windows machine or a Linux based machine. Different os support various sorts of equipment. If a Windows device operates through a Windows operating system then it is considered Windows operating system software.
While malware is primarily developed for one reason just, earnings is the driving force behind many malware. Corporations produce malware as a way to control and destroy rivals or to collect confidential information that would allow them to compete with their company competitors. One instance of a kind of malware is spyware which is created to track the Net actions of a details computer system or web server. All forms of malware are thought about to be in the class of adware also.
In contrast, software application development involves creating computer programs for the manufacturing or company markets. As software application development procedures differ commonly from task to job, they also vary significantly in range. In large companies, for instance, software application development projects might involve the production of new software for sale, or items that are upgraded from existing products. In local business and personal computer individuals, software program advancement tasks might entail tailored software solutions for neighborhood requirements, or software application that addresses intricate issues. In both instances, the end product is typically various from the original concept or principle.
Among the main areas of focus for software program design concepts is the use of computer systems and also their various kinds, such as desktop computers, laptops, desktop administration systems, network gadgets, personal digital assistants, and mobile phones such as mobile phones. Almost all these things utilize a kind of computer system program to run. The resource of the program could be a group of applications, several of which are composed and also run by a specialized group of software engineers. Companies may additionally use specialized computer programs created for specific jobs. Regardless of just how the software program is made use of, however, computer programs are usually designed with at the very least one objective in mind – to fix an issue or deliver a service or product.
Operating system software, for instance, is used to manage the implementation of certain tasks. OS operates on the basis of memory addresses and job scheduling procedures. For instance, Windows utilizes a direction list organized into blocks called directions, and also Linux makes use of an overlay of processes (called components) atop the OS. The Linux OS is far more complex, and is one of the most popular among open source systems. Windows is mainly utilized for regular home computers. 11/12/21
Hardware is any type of device that works with an offered OS and/or application software. Hardware consists of motherboards, cpus, digital-interfaces, and also storage devices. Software products, on the other hand, consist of computer system programs. They can be either complimentary, for use on a computer or web server, or sold for a charge. All hardware and all software products drop under the heading of computer system software, and are offered together as a packaged option to a details requirement. | <urn:uuid:64bf9780-341d-47e8-a486-305c9e0fe634> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.webhightime.com/2021/11/24/small-yet-crucial-points-to-observe-in-software-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358180.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127103444-20211127133444-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.951911 | 1,232 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Old Bridge and the Ingres Museum
|Intercommunality||Pays de Montauban et des Trois Rivières|
|• Mayor (2008–2014)||Brigitte Barèges|
|Area1||135.17 km2 (52.19 sq mi)|
|• Density||420/km2 (1,100/sq mi)|
|INSEE/Postal code||82121 / 82000|
|Elevation||72–207 m (236–679 ft)
(avg. 87 m or 285 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Occitan: Montalban) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
In 1360, under the Treaty of Brétigny, it was ceded to the English; they were expelled by the inhabitants in 1414. In 1560 the bishops and magistrates embraced Protestantism, expelled the monks, and demolished the cathedral. Ten years later it became one of the four Huguenot strongholds under the Peace of Saint-Germain, and formed a small independent republic. It was the headquarters of the Huguenot rebellion of 1621, and successfully withstood an 86-day siege by Louis XIII. It did not submit to royal authority until after the fall of La Rochelle in 1629, when its fortifications were destroyed by Cardinal Richelieu. The Protestants again suffered persecution after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.
During World War II, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was briefly hidden in a secret vault behind a wine cellar at Montauban.
Its fortifications have been replaced by boulevards beyond which extend numerous suburbs, while on the left bank of the Tarn is the suburb of Villebourbon, which is connected to the town by a remarkable bridge of the early 14th century. This bridge is known as Pont Vieux (i.e. "Old Bridge"). King Philip the Fair of France officially launched the building of the bridge in 1303 while on a tour to Toulouse. The project took 30 years to complete, and the bridge was inaugurated in 1335. The main architects were Étienne de Ferrières and Mathieu de Verdun. It is a pink brick structure over 205 metres (224 yards) in length, but while its fortified towers have disappeared, it is otherwise in a good state of preservation. The bridge was designed to resist the violent floods of the Tarn River, and indeed it successfully withstood the two terrible millennial floods of 1441 and 1930. The bridge is a straight level bridge, which is quite unusual for Medieval Europe, where lack of technological skills meant that most bridges were of the humpback type.
The Musée Ingres, on the site of a castle of the Counts of Toulouse and once the residence of the bishops of Montauban, stands at the east end of the bridge. It belongs chiefly to the 17th century, but some portions are much older, notably an underground chamber known as the Hall of the Black Prince (Salle du Prince Noir). It comprises most of the work (including his "Jesus among the Teachers of the Law") of Jean Ingres, the celebrated painter, whose birth in Montauban is commemorated by an elaborate monument. It is the largest museum of Ingres paintings in the world. The museum also contains some sculptures by famous sculptor Antoine Bourdelle, another native of Montauban, as well as collections of antiquities (Greek vases) and 18th and 19th ceramics.
The Place Nationale is a square of the 17th century, entered at each corner by gateways giving access to a large open space surrounded by pink brick houses supported by double rows of arcades.
The préfecture is located in the palace built by the intendant of Montauban (the equivalent of a préfet before the French Revolution), and is a large elegant 18th century mansion, built of pink bricks and white stone, with a steep roof of blue gray slates, in a style combining northern and southern French styles of architecture.
The chief churches of Montauban are the cathedral, remarkable only for the possession of the "Vow of Louis XIII", one of the masterpieces of Ingres, and the church of St Jacques (14th and 15th centuries), dedicated to Saint James of Compostela, the façade of which is surmounted by a handsome octagonal tower, the base of which is in Romanesque style, while the upper levels, built later, are in Gothic style. [Montauban:
The commercial importance of Montauban is due rather to its trade in agricultural produce, horses, game and poultry, than to its industries, which include nursery-gardening, cloth-weaving, cloth-dressing, flour-milling, wood-sawing, and the manufacture of furniture, silk-gauze and straw hats.
However, due to the proximity of Toulouse and the cheaper cost of industrial grounds, more and more mechanical products are being manufactured there.
- 1906: town, 16,813; commune, 28,688
- 1962: 41,002
- 1968: 45,872
- 1975: 48,028
- 1982: 50,682
- 1990: 51,224
- 1999: 51,855
- 2006: 55,927
- 2009: 45,000
- 2008: 60,075
The town is a railway junction, and the station Gare de Montauban-Ville-Bourbon offers connections with Toulouse, Bordeaux, Paris, Brive-la-Gaillarde, Marseille and several regional destinations. Montauban communicates with the Garonne via the Canal de Montech.
Montauban was the birthplace of:
- * Jean-Jacques Lefranc, marquis de Pompignan (1709–1784), poet
- Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert (1743–1790), general and military writer
- Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793), playwright and journalist whose feminist writings reached a large audience
- Jean Bon Saint-André (1749–1813), French revolutionary
- Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, (1780–1867), painter
- Antoine Bourdelle (1861–1929), sculptor and teacher
- Léon Bourjade (1889–1924), French fighter pilot during World War One and Catholic missionary
- Daniel Cohn-Bendit (1943–), leader of May '68 student protests and MEP
- Laurent Jalabert (1968–), cyclist
- Didier Rous (1970–), cyclist
- Mathieu Perget (1984–), cyclist
- Camille Gardelle (1866–1947), architect who designed many famous buildings in Uruguay
- Alexis Palisson (1987–), rugby union player
Montauban is the seat of a bishop and a court of assize. It has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a chamber of commerce and a board of trade arbitration, lycées and a training college, schools of commerce and viticulture, a branch of the Bank of France, and a faculty of Protestant theology.
- Pawhuska, Oklahoma, USA
- Gourbeyre, France
- Yokneam, Israel
- Khemisset, Morocco
- Kozarac, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Philip Conner, Huguenot Heartland: Montauban and Southern French Calvinism during the Wars of Religion (Aldershot, 2002) (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History).
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Montauban". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montauban.| | <urn:uuid:6b029e81-1987-4b53-a1f7-25579fd97ac6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246638571.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045718-00074-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910617 | 1,958 | 3.15625 | 3 |
You may have spotted stories cropping up in the newspapers lately, about revolutionary battery technologies for EVs. Range anxiety will become a thing of the past, EVs will be topped up in a few minutes, and so on.
Do the claims hold any water? It looks like it, the alternatives to what we’ve got today are well understood and several companies say they are close to a breakthrough.
It appears there are two key changes that could improve the capacity and charging speed of lithium ion batteries if they can be made to work. One is a change to the material used for the battery negative electrode, the anode, and the other is a more radical switch to solid-state technology.
Anodes are made largely from carbon in graphite form, where lithium ions are stored when the battery is fully charged. It’s not the ideal material, as others store more energy but their use has so far proved technically unfeasible. Switching to an alternative such as a silicon-based material can increase the speed of charging and the capacity, and that means the existing lithium ion battery format can be substantially improved - if battery developers can find a way to make it work in mass production.
The other approach involves moving to a new design, the solid-state lithium ion battery. In that case, the flammable liquid electrolyte is replaced by a slim solid electrolyte which takes up less space and is inflammable. It also means that the graphite anode could potentially be replaced with a lithium metal anode, increasing capacity and speeding up the charge process.
Lithium metal anodes can’t be used for the existing format of battery because they grow tentacle-like dendrites which spread through the liquid electrolyte to the cathode causing a short circuit and fire. In a solid-state battery, the solid electrolyte prevents that.
Either approach could be a game-changer, with the proviso that solid-state batteries should be lighter and safer than the existing format. Battery technology developers have been on the case for at least a decade and both Toyota and Volkswagen have said recently they’re close to producing viable solid-state EV batteries.
So yes, the likelihood is that many players are close to a breakthrough, not just one or two headliners. Let’s just hope the charging infrastructure can keep up. | <urn:uuid:dfec22f4-d1fb-4190-93bf-65cb542e6b1b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.autocar.co.uk/opinion/electric-cars/why-do-we-want-solid-state-ev-batteries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.939684 | 483 | 2.5625 | 3 |
2153. Bagh-e Fin
Bagh-e Fin, Kashan, Iran.
The six and a half acre garden in Fin, a suburb outside Kashan, captures the Soleimaniyeh spring and directs it into a geometric layout of watercourses and pools, framing various small buildings and garden plots. Although a garden was in place much earlier, the standing buildings are from the Safavid and Qajar periods (16th century). Safavid constructions include the exterior wall and monumental entrance portal, the central pavilion, and a small bathhouse - famed as the site of Amir Kabir's murder. A larger bathhouse and a library were built during the Qajar period. | <urn:uuid:36a93ac8-be0f-44c1-b7ab-40a4f9ef6da3> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.flickr.com/photos/ensiematthias/2189171221/in/set-72157603706689403/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646189.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319003616-20180319023616-00289.warc.gz | en | 0.949441 | 145 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Is there anything robots can’t do? They operate on land, in the air, and at sea, and come in an astonishing range of shapes and sizes. Some weigh less than an insect, while others are large enough to carry several tons of bombs. For the military, they provide reconnaissance, defuse roadside bombs, and strike high-value targets. On the civilian side, a flying robot provided the first detailed video of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant after it was damaged in the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Robots are helping The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery search for Amelia Earhart’s Lockheed Electra. And, as more than three million YouTube viewers have seen, they can even play the theme song from the James Bond franchise.
But one thing they do have difficulty with is recovering after collisions. That’s where AirBurr, a flying robot, has an advantage. Its flexible body protects the robot should it crash into a wall. And if it falls to the ground, AirBurr—using a leg design inspired by locusts and beetles—can right itself and continue flying. (During flight the robot’s four carbon-fiber legs are rolled up.)
“It all started when we looked at insects, and how they fly,” says researcher Adam Klaptocz, in EPFL’s video, below. “Even though they manage to avoid most obstacles, they still manage to fly into windows and fly into walls, yet it’s ok. They don’t break. They fall to the ground, they get back up again, and they keep flying.” The main application of this type of robot, says Klaptocz, is to explore hard-to-reach places where humans—or even other robots—can’t navigate, such as irradiated nuclear power plants, caves, and collapsed mines.
While some flying robots can try to avoid collisions by using on-board sensors that allow it to create a map of the environment, such platforms are heavier, fragile, and typically don’t survive any accidental crashes. The AirBurr team decided to create a robot that would withstand routine bumps and jolts. This approach allows them to use cheaper, less-complex sensors, and lightens the robot’s weight.
Learn more about AirBurr and the work of researchers Adrien Briod, Adam Klaptocz, Przemyslaw Mariusz Kornatowski, and Jean-Christophe Zufferey. | <urn:uuid:32573057-b4d0-4d8b-8c4d-ca2cedf69a6f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/robot-fall-robot-get-up-398475/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370525223.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404200523-20200404230523-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.92746 | 523 | 3.625 | 4 |
By John Palka — Posted April 17, 2016
Walking in the western woods in springtime, from Alaska to California, you may notice flashes of brilliant yellow coming from what look like big flowers. What you are seeing is Lysichiton americanum, commonly known as swamp lantern or western skunk cabbage. Both names for these spectacular plants are highly appropriate. Erect above the saturated soil or standing water, the flowering parts of Lysichiton beam out their yellowness, truly like lanterns in the swamp. And from a closer distance, their slightly acrid odor is unmistakable. Though neither intense nor excessively unpleasant, the odor is vaguely reminiscent of skunk.
Readers familiar with the woods of eastern North America will remember that plants known as skunk cabbages are present there as well. These plants, however, are not the same as the western ones. Technically called Symplocarpus foetidus after their fetid smell, these purple-striped plants are classified by plant systematists in the same family (the Araceae) as is the yellow Lysichiton, but the two have no more than a cousinly relationship. Only 10 species of Araceae occur in all of North America, so in our woods they are unusual organisms. The rest of the family’s 2,000 or more species are tropical, and include the familiar hothouse plant Anthurium, whose brilliant flowering parts are often colored deep red, and the philodendron, which is commonly used as a sturdy house plant.
Let’s ask first, what is it that prompts systematists to classify the two different skunk cabbages, as well as anthuriums, philodendrons, Jacks-in-the-pulpit, and a variety of other, mostly tropical plants into a single family? This seemingly abstract question will lead us directly into the biology of one of the wonders of our woods.
Look first at the picture below. On the right are the lantern’s green leaves, photosynthetic as usual. On the left, what may appear at first to be a single yellow petal is not that at all. Rather, it is a modified leaf called a spathe. And the rather phallic structure partially enclosed by the spathe may look superficially like a flower, but that is deceptive as well. Rather than being a single flower, it is a mass of tiny, individual flowers, sometimes as many as a thousand, packed tightly into a large assembly called the spadix. For convenience, botanists refer to any organized assemblage of flowers as an inflorescence. Thus, a spadix is a particular kind of inflorescence. All 2,000 species of the family Araceae (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae) are characterized by spadices associated with spathes. DNA studies confirm that all these species are evolutionarily related.
So now we know that our western swamp lanterns, a.k.a. skunk cabbages, are members of a large and distinctive family of plants, the Araceae, whose distribution is primarily in the tropics; that they are characterized by the possession of a spadix and spathe, two structures related to reproduction; and that they have both a pronounced color and a pronounced odor. How do these facts fit together to provide a picture of their biology?
The spathe serves at least two functions. In the spring, the new swamp lantern plants emerge from seeds or from overwintering underground stems (rhizomes). Either way, they have to force their way up through the soil. In this, the spathe serves to mechanically protect the reproductively vital spadix. Upon emergence, the brilliant yellow color comes into play. It is very noticeable not only to us humans, who have played no role in the evolution of swamp lanterns, but also to potentially pollinating insects who are often attracted to the bright colors of flowers.
But now we have a puzzle. Lysichiton is not only a brilliant swamp lantern, it is also a skunk cabbage—it has a distinctive odor in addition to its distinctive color. Like colors, the odors of flowers most often serve to attract pollinators. Odors that we humans consider to be rank are most often associated with pollination by beetles and certain types of flies. With two potential attractants—color and odor—which do the pollinators pay attention to, and how do we find out?
In the case of the western swamp lantern/skunk cabbage we are fortunate, because we have an excellent experimental study to go on. I want to use this opportunity to show you how biologists find things out via often simple but carefully thought-out steps. Here is how our authors, Olle Pellmyr and Joseph Patt, working at the University of Washington, proceeded back in 1985.
Pellmyr and Patt conducted their modest but revealing study over a period of about three weeks in the spring, covering the entire annual fertile period of Lysichiton, at three different sites in the general vicinity of Seattle. They observed what insect species came to the inflorescences, and found that virtually all were so-called rove beetles of the species Pelecomalium testaceum in the family Staphylinidae, a very large and diverse family of some 63,000 species (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rove_beetle). From 15 to 64% of inflorescences at the three sites had beetles on them, which is a very high percentage. Further, when a sample of the beetles was captured and killed, the contents of their intestines proved to be almost exclusively the pollen of Lysichiton. In the picture below, taken at the Earth Sanctuary (a wonderful private nature preserve on Whidbey Island) we see beetles captured in the act of feeding on pollen.
Conclusions from the field studies: (1) Pelecomalium testaceum is by far the dominant pollinator of Lysichiton americanum. (2) The plant’s pollen can serve as by far the dominant source of energy-providing food for the beetle during the pollination season. The two are well matched to each other!
However, biology is complicated and an important part of the relationship of Pelecomalium testaceum and Lysichiton was left unexamined by Pellmyr and Patt. It is possible that the plant-insect relationship is not exclusive, and that P. testaceum also visits flowers other than Lysichiton and gorges on their pollen. The only way we could find out would be to sample the flowers of a vast number of other species, a huge and potentially unrewarding task that our authors did not attempt.
Pellmyr and Patt also worked in the greenhouse of the University of Washington, a place I knew well and which is now being replaced by a much more extensive and modern facility. Here they conducted some very simple behavioral experiments, including:
- Experiment A: When free-flying Pelecomalium beetles in a cage were given the choice of two sealed laboratory dishes, one containing a green leaf and the other a yellow spathe, they largely ignored both of them. Conclusion: Appearance alone, whether green or yellow, dark or bright, does not attract the pollinating beetles.
- Experiment B: When the choice was between a sealed dish with a green leaf and a perforated dish that contained a spathe wrapped in a green leaf so that it could not be seen, the beetles preferentially landed on the dish with the disguised but smellable spathe. Conclusion: When the odor of the spathe is available, it draws the beetles to it.
- Experiment C: When there were three choices—a leaf in a sealed dish, a disguised spathe in a sealed dish, and a spathe in an open vase—virtually no beetles landed on the dishes and many landed on the spathe in the vase, 2.5 times as many as landed on the perforated dish of Experiment B. Conclusion: An odor stimulus combined with a visual stimulus is far more effective in attracting pollinating beetles than is an odor stimulus alone, even though the visual stimulus by itself is largely ineffective. There is a reason for Lysichiton to be both a skunk cabbage and a swamp lantern at the same time!
Knowing that they feed heavily on the pollen of the swamp lantern helps explain why Pelecomalium beetles have evolved so as to be attracted to smelly, yellow structures – they get food as a reward. But there is more to the story than that. Swamp lanterns attract both male and female beetles, and both sexes forage for the pollen. In this way they encounter one another, and the spadix serves as a courtship and mating arena. In the picture below, also taken at Earth Sanctuary, you can see the beetles paired for mating, the smaller males atop the larger females. The white spots on their bodies are pollen grains that the beetles have the potential to carry to female flowers.
Thus, the beetles benefit from visiting swamp lantern flowers in not one but two ways: in the pollen they find a nutritious, protein-rich food, and on the surface of the spadix they find a mate. What could be better, especially for a creature that lives as an adult for only a few weeks?
We have now come to the end of our story, a story we know only due to the curiosity and imaginative investigation of a handful of biologists. I hope that when you next encounter a swamp lantern/skunk cabbage, you will recognize it as a friend to be appreciated. It is but one of over two thousand species in its family, the overwhelming majority of which are tropical. It attracts its beetle pollinators by the combination of its distinctive odor and its characteristic brightness (or its yellow color, or both, we really don’t know!). The beetles themselves benefit from nutritious pollen and from finding mates. And we humans are able to appreciate one of nature’s manifold wonders, living out its life before our very eyes. Contemplate this gift as you enjoy walking through the spring woods! | <urn:uuid:6c80d4d2-eee9-4e6a-a9e5-64e0f6136aad> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://naturesdepths.com/lanterns-of-the-western-woods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212639.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817163057-20180817183057-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.959831 | 2,107 | 3.671875 | 4 |
A recurrence equation such as
generates a sequence of terms based on an initial condition. For example, with
, the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, … is generated. A recurrence table can generate a multidimensional list of values. In this Demonstration, a range of two-variable recurrence equations is explored. When plotted, a variety of behaviors can be seen. The points may scatter randomly, or quickly converge to a set of values. About one time out of 50, a strange attractor is generated. | <urn:uuid:7c668182-71d5-473f-acf8-6147765c4ad1> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/RecurrenceTableAttractors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302318.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00131-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.829847 | 117 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Putting Furniture On Wood Floors – There are three types of light commonly employed in the majority of buildings: incandescent light, compact fluorescent lighting, and LED lighting. Incandescent lighting is the oldest of the three and also, at this time, the most frequently utilized. Compact fluorescent came on the scene after that, with lots of improvements and they were shown to be much more efficient than incandescent light bulbs. All three differ in how they use electricity and direct current, how much they cost, and how much maintenance they require. Whether purchasing a commercial LED flooding lighting or a simple incandescent bulbs for a desk lamp, then it’s important to understand what you’re purchasing and what it involves.
Incandescent light bulbs have not altered much since Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. |} They include a simple glass shape, usually molded while sexy in a procedure called glass blowing, and have a coil of tungsten wire on the inside. That tungsten cable absorbs power once the switch is turned on, closing the circuit. The cable glows red hot and releases energy as both light and heat. Due to the way current is used in an incandescent light bulb, in addition to its crude temperament, they happen to be exceptionally inefficient. Incandescent light bulbs release about ninety percent of the energy as heating, using just ten percent of it as visible light. Because of this, in addition, it burns more frequently and must be replaced more frequently.
Compact fluorescent lighting are made up of a mixture of argon and mercury vapors, housed in a spiral-shaped tube, coated on the inside with fluorescent coating. |} If the vapors are more energized, their atoms become excited and jump to the next level. This induces a release of ultraviolet radiation, which is then absorbed by the fluorescent coating. That fluorescent coat converts the ultraviolet light to visible light, which can then be used to light an whole room or building! Fluorescent lights are more effective and give off less heat than incandescent lighting, but they aren’t inherently perfect.
LED lights, as their name suggests, include a diode and a semiconductor that emits light. |} The diode allows current to travel in just 1 direction, and also the semiconductor determines the color of the light that is released. Because of character by which it uses the power sent to them, they have a tendency to be seventy-five percent more efficient than incandescent light bulbs and twenty eight percent more effective than compact fluorescent bulbs. This also results in LED lights lasting a lot more than other types of lighting to the sheer fact that they don’t ” burn” as frequently.
Though the initial price of it’s a hard pill to swallow, especially in comparison with incandescent lights being just a few dollars at a grocery store, they wind up being considerably more economical over time. Rebates are offered for LED lights, whilst none are offered for incandescents and just a couple of for compact fluorescents. Additionally, the fact that they use energy more efficiently will considerably reduce invoices, even when purchasing a commercial LED flooding lighting. | <urn:uuid:fbd95f31-c904-45e6-851b-4da3f495358e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://carbondetox.org/8748-putting-furniture-on-wood-floors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221214702.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819051423-20180819071423-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.953573 | 651 | 3.5 | 4 |
Relating to Scandinavia, its people, or their languages.
- Scores of Yorkshire dialect words have remarkably similar counterparts in modern Scandinavian languages.
- Viking invasions a few centuries later brought Scandinavian languages to the British Isles, while the Norman invasion in 1066 introduced French.
- The Scandinavian languages of the Viking settlers penetrated much more deeply into English vocabulary, syntax, morphology, and phonology.
1A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia, or a person of Scandinavian descent.
- The Dutch and early English merchants created a gateway town that became a melting pot of Germans, Jews, Scandinavians, and Africans.
- They were Europeans, Scandinavians, Americans and those that outnumbered the rest were Spanish.
- Their placings are seen as sure signs that the Celts and Scandinavians were stitched up by a central and eastern European alliance.
2 [mass noun] The northern branch of the Germanic languages, comprising Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese, all descended from Old Norse.
- They included papers in English, German, and Scandinavian.
- It meant nothing, it was just fake German or fake Scandinavian or something..
- A common language can be French, Scandinavian, Swahili whatever, and does not have to be English so the change proposed should actually be an improvement in the French eyes.
Words that rhyme with Scandinavianavian, Batavian, Flavian, Moldavian, Moravian, Octavian, Shavian
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: Scan¦di|navian
Definition of Scandinavian in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:c2d681a8-d99b-47fa-971d-87a06f39cc1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/scandinavian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050955095.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004915-00007-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929792 | 362 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The recent increase in warm weather has boosted plant and pest development.
A few weeks ago, as we were still stuck in the cold and wet early spring, we decided to blog about phenology, and its affect on the development of plants and pests. Well, since then, the weather has certainly rebounded to the warm spring that we had been longing for, but with it comes an increase in pest activity and plant growth.
Depending on where you are located, Winter Moth activity could be in its early stages, in full swing, or starting the decline. Look for these pests to continue to feast in our region for a few more weeks. Treating Winter Moths is still recommended as the threat will remain high for two to three more weeks. Lace bug, sawfly, and beetle activity is beginning to increase as well. Keep an eye on your plants and trees, and look for evidence of pest activity.
In addition to insects and diseases, invasive shrubs, plants, and trees will prosper as the weather warms. This is a great time to prune your Burning Bush shrubs to ensure they do not take over your landscapes. For more information on trimming and pruning invasive or overgrown shrubs and trees, consult with a Certified Arborist. If pest activity is evident on your plants, a pest management program or target treatment is recommended. | <urn:uuid:c358d10e-2a75-4da2-9c7f-a77a94e95fbc> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.carpentercostin.net/blog/topic/insect-disease-management/page/5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735909.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805035535-20200805065535-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.975497 | 277 | 2.5625 | 3 |
INDIVIDUAL FORMS PRACTICE – THE KATA
As skill levels increase, students learn more complicated kata however, more importantly, the relatively simple kata must be performed with improved skill, focus and concentration.
At its basic level kata develops coordination, balance, precision, speed, timing, endurance and power. A kata, performed masterly, embodies all the aesthetic beauty and pure indomitable spirit of a martial art. Ultimately, kata becomes a test against the self to strive for perfection, a perfection that Masters maintain is humanly impossible to attain. Yet in striving for that perfection, practitioners enhance their character by giving their personal best and by conquering his or her self.
A question that is often asked is, “Why should we start and end kata on the same spot?” The design of a kata involves the setting out of a designated number of generally symmetrical steps that intentionally finish at its starting point. Therefore, the obvious expression of technical expertise is the ability to calibrate movements so that they are constant in character and form, ensuring that we finish where we started.
Another question that often arises is, “Why do most kata begin with a block?” Professor Richard Kim, one of the foremost martial arts scholars, suggested, “… most traditional kata begin and end with a block. The reason they begin with a block is that in karate we always wait for the opponent to strike first. Why? There is no advantage to striking first as you only become open or vulnerable when you strike out at someone. Test it for yourself: if you stand in an on-guard position you will notice that you are not really open anywhere. It is only when you strike out at someone that you become open …”
Kata also is historically important. It was the first way in which karate was practised and passed on. There are many different applications of individual techniques (for combat or self-defence) that can be found in the systemised series of movements. Currently there are around sixty kata practised in the various traditional styles of karate, however others exist that are not widely practised.
While kata is largely based on technique, precise control of movement, poise, balance, stance, the three most important aspects of its performance are the application of strength in the correct instances, the control of speed in and between techniques, and the smooth transition of body movements from one technique to the next. However those elements cannot be satisfied without rhythm. Rhythm is an essential element in the performance of all martial arts techniques, and is an integral element of both kata performance and kumite (free sparring).
The attributes of kata are:
- Composure and authority – the expression of a confident, non-tentative manner from the moment you step onto the floor until you finish your performance and leave the mat
- Power, control and focus – the timing, command and release of explosive energy in the execution of techniques, to the focal point, with anchored stillness or flowing accuracy dependent upon the type of technique
- Tension and relaxation – the mastery of breathing and the appropriate utilisation of hard and soft movements and techniques
- Speed and rhythm – control of movements ensuring certainty of balance and confidence in the transitional changes of direction
- Understanding and application – the sequence of moves has been internalised to the extent the kata flows with naturalness and reflex response without the need for conscious thought
- Intent and perfect finish – exhibit a gaze of intent with the calmness of mind and detached concentration (mushin) that continues from the beginning to the end of the form. This concentration and control is reinforced through the final movement of the form in which the performer remains fixed for a few moments upon completion of the form
- Spirit and kiai – demonstrate a sense of calm and humility based upon self-knowledge, but at the same time show a fierce fighting spirit. The kiai should be akin to a war cry; sharp and powerful
- Zanshin – the state of total awareness cultivated in the martial arts. Zanshin is not a state achieved through analysis, but rather through experience and instinct. By an intense and intuitive use of the senses some exponents seem to achieve a state of awareness that almost suggests a sixth sense. It produces an intriguing calmness of mind and an apparent detachment even in threatening situations, when fear or anger might seem to be a more natural reaction
Japan Karate Association (JKA) – the Shotokan kata
The late Soke Funakoshi Gichin, the father of modern karate who founded Shotokan Karate and, in 1949, the Japan Karate Association (JKA), the oldest and most influential Shotokan karate organisation in the world, professed that “kata is at the heart of karate”.
In mainstream JKA Shotokan Karate schools the study of and attaining proficiency in fundamental kata, together with selected basic black belt kata, are mandatory for the award of Shodan (1st Degree Black Belt). Thereafter, progression beyond Shodan is dependent upon personal development, the acquisition of further knowledge (selected from advanced kata), and gaining maturity in one’s own martial arts training.
||Basic Black Belt Kata
Taikyoku (First Cause) Kata
The six Taikyoku kata were developed by Soke Funakoshi’s son, Funakoshi Yoshitaka Sensei, and introduced as a way to further simplify the principles of the already simplified Heian kata series. As is the case in most Shotokan dojos, only the first in the Taikyoku series is taught to students as an introductory kata. In his book ‘Karate-Do Kyohan’, Soke Funakoshi described Taikyoku Shodan thus, “… because of its simplicity, the kata is easily learned by beginners. Nevertheless, as its name implies, this form is of the most profound character and one to which, upon mastery of the art of karate, an expert will return to select it as the ultimate training kata”.
Often simply referred to as ‘kihon’, Taikyoku Shodan (first cause, first level) is the first of the Taikyoku series and involves only two basic moves – gedan barai (low block), and chudan oi zuki (middle lunge punch). All stances, except at the beginning and end, are zenkutsu-dachi (forward stance). There are 20 steps to this kata. All turns are inwards towards the embusen (performance line).
The Heian Kata represent the first five kata in Shotokan Karate. They are supposed to introduce beginners to the basics that they will need to advance.
Heian Shodan – (peaceful mind, first level)
Heian Nidan – (peaceful mind, second level)
Heian Sandan – (peaceful mind, third level)
Heian Yondan – (peaceful mind, fourth level)
Heian Godan – (peaceful mind, fifth level)
Originally known in Okinawa as Naihanchi, as with the Heian katas (which were originally named Pinan), these katas were renamed by Soke Funakoshi upon their introduction to Japan to reflect the strength exhibited with kiba-dachi (horse-riding stance). Rich in fighting techniques, the Tekki family offers a multitude of close quarter combat techniques.
Tekki Shodan – (iron horse riding, first level)
Tekki Nidan – (iron horse riding, second level)
Tekki Sandan – (iron horse riding, third level)
Higher Shotokan Kata
Bassai Dai (to penetrate a fortress – big)
The strong techniques of this kata emphasise hip movement. Some resemble a battering ram being used against fortress walls. Without the understanding and application of composure and agility, strength and change, fast and slow techniques, light and heavy applications of strength, it will not be effective.
Kanku Dai (to view the sky – big)
Most of the elements of the Heian Kata were derived from this kata. The first movement in this kata views the sky, which symbolises the universe and shows your opponent that you are unarmed. Formulated around 1762, but adapted by Soke Funakoshi, this is one of the longest kata in karate and was to become Soke Funakoshi’s preferred kata. Its movements display both Okinawan and Chinese influences based on a variety of attacks from four or even eight directions.
Jitte (ten hands)
The goal of this kata is to teach a student to fight against ten opponents. This is a strong kata, similar to Jion and Ji’in. While it is primarily focused on countering stick attacks, it is also effective for understanding the importance of and mastering tightening of the sides of the chest, and the role of the hips in concentrating power.
Hangetsu (half moon)
This kata received its name from its principal stance, hangetsu-dachi (half-moon stance). It is one of the oldest kata currently taught, dating back to the Okinawan Tode Master, Peichan Takahara, who lived from 1688-1760. Characterised by fast and slow techniques, coordinated breathing is integral to its correct performance. The feet movements are useful for breaching the opponent’s stance, and attacking and destroying his / her balance.
Empi (flying swallow)
Dating back to 1695, Empi is one of the oldest kata in Shotokan. The quick up and down movements of this kata are reminiscent of a flying swallow – light, keen and quick-witted. Its former name was Wanshu.
Gankaku (crane on a rock)
Believed to have been formulated in the early 19th century from Chinese Ch’uan Fa (Kempo) principles, this kata takes its name from the posture (tsuruashi-dachi) of a crane standing on one leg on a rock, ready to pounce on its prey. The movements are supposed to simulate a fight in the narrow alleys of Okinawa. The former name of this kata was Chinto.
Jion (love and goodness)
While Jion is a term in Buddhism, it is also the name of a significant temple in China. Employing basic stances and techniques, it is one of the most traditional kata in Shotokan. There is a perfect harmony in this kata and its calm movements contain a strong spirit. It is designed for mastering rotational movements and shifting directions, and the simultaneous execution of arm and leg movements while changing direction.
Bassai Sho (to penetrate a fortress – small)
Derived from Bassai-Dai, this kata displays calmness through its techniques; techniques that contain an inner strength.
Kanku Sho (to view the sky – small)
Derived from Kanku Dai, the movements and performance line are relatively similar.
Chinte (rare hand)
Chinte has a lot of circular and roundhouse techniques. These are rare and are not typical of the ‘shortest distance between two points’ concept applied in Shotokan. The kata begins in tranquillity, becomes powerful and ends in calmness.
Wankan (king and crown)
Wankan is the shortest kata in Shotokan.
Ji’in (love and shadow)
Ji’in is another term Buddhist term. It has similar techniques and performance line as Jion.
Unsu (cloud hands)
The movements in this kata undergo incessant transformations. Unsu has several techniques that symbolise parting the clouds with open hands. Being one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan, there are high and low jumps, slides, feints and provocations, using all parts of the body as weapons and especially developing lightness and quickness, timing rhythm and strategic skills. The trick in this kata is to avoid looking like a scarecrow trying to dance.
Nijushiho (twenty-four steps)
The movements in this kata resemble waves breaking on a cliff. The former name of this kata was Ni Sei Shi. Performance of this kata is only correct when the movements are smooth and flow unbroken into one another.
Sochin (strength and calm)
In this kata we find grandeur, strength and stable power. The name of this kata comes from its stance (sochin-dachi); a strong, rooted stance. One of the benefits of this kata is the nurturing of a keen sense of timing that allows repeated attacks without giving the opponent an opportunity for counter-attack. Its former name was Hakko.
Gojushiho Dai (fifty-four steps – big)
This kata is one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan. Soke Funakoshi called it hotaku (knocking of a woodpecker) because some of the techniques resemble a woodpecker tapping its beak against a tree. It is characterised by smooth and flowing movements, an emphasis on balance, and its turning movements.
Gojushiho Sho (fifty-four steps – small)
This is a variant of Gojushiho Dai. It is also one of the most advanced kata of Shotokan.
Meikyo (bright mirror)
The first movements of this kata suggest the smoothing of water to make it as calm and even as a mirror. The sankaku tobi (triangle jump) at the end of this kata, correctly executed, enables the karateka to convert disadvantage into advantage in a single swift movement. | <urn:uuid:b9bf10db-3f9c-4e4b-9aa3-3749c3eaec86> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://bujutsumartialarts.com.au/kata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186761.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126055652-20201126085652-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.936859 | 2,908 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Enteric (or alimentary tract) duplications are typically benign congenital lesions that can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus. They are frequently recognized in the first 2 years of life. Enteric duplications often are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, or can present with symptoms of bleeding or obstruction. They typically are lined by intestinal epithelium and may communicate with the normal intestinal lumen. Mesenteric and omental cysts are benign congenital abdominal cysts that are found in the mesentery, retroperitoneum, or omentum. They are rarer than enteric duplications and are of lymphatic, not gastrointestinal, origin. Surgical evaluation and management of these lesions is indicated in all cases to treat or prevent possible complications.
PATHOGENESIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Enteric duplications can be either tubular or cystic in form (Fig. 396-1). Communication with the normal intestinal lumen is more common with tubular duplications than with cystic ones. Most commonly, the duplication will be lined by the mucosa of the adjacent gastrointestinal structure. However, it may instead have ectopic mucosa, such as gastric or pancreatic, in up to 30% of cases. No genetic predisposition is known. While congenital in origin, the underlying pathogenesis of enteric duplications is unspecified. Multiple theories exist to explain the variants seen clinically. Because of the association with the spinal canal, the theory of split notochord syndrome has been proposed to explain the occurrence of neurenteric cysts (Fig. 396-2). Others have proposed that enteric duplications arise as a consequence of failed regression of embryonic intestinal diverticulum or aberrant recanalization of the embryologic intestinal lumen. Another postulate is that duplications arise as a result of environmental stressors such as trauma, hypoxia, and vascular insufficiency, similar to that of intestinal atresia. Lastly, duplications may arise as a function of partial or abortive twinning. This best explains those with doubling of the colon or genitourinary structures. There is unlikely to be 1 unifying etiology for this anomaly since there are so many variations of intestinal duplications.
Panels A, B, and C show various configurations of the openings of tubular duplications, and panel D shows a cystic duplication of the small bowel. (Adapted with permission from Oldham KT, Colombani PM, Foglia, RP, et al: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.)
Split notochord theory for the embryogenesis of enteric duplications. (Adapted with permission from Oldham KT, Colombani PM, Foglia, RP, et al: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.)
Mesenteric and omental cysts are thin walled and contain nonmucinous fluid. The embryologic mechanism leading to the formation of mesenteric and omental cysts is unknown. The most commonly accepted theory is benign proliferation of lymphatics within the mesentery or omentum ... | <urn:uuid:1cf33b8c-4af7-48da-884b-6c8914f8f046> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=180756383&bookid=2126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473360.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221002544-20240221032544-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.899253 | 659 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Web Accessibility in Educational Resources
Web accessibility can confuse even the most tech-savvy instructors and administrators. Presenter Sara Tyler will show how Hawkes Learning explains Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 Level AA conformance to demystify the steps instructors need to take in order to determine whether their publishers’ materials meet these standards.
Join Sara as she explains Hawkes Learning’s company-wide initiative of achieving WCAG 2.0 Level AA conformance. Its mission is to reach beyond technical compliance and deliver an easy to use interface that allows students of all abilities to focus on learning course material, not how to use the system.
Take away key facts about web accessibility, including who is affected by web accessibility; how web design works with assistive technologies; and tips on how to ensure a web program is perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust: the four key principles of web accessibility.
Sara Tyler is a Hawkes Learning courseware specialist. Sara has experience implementing different course structures and redesigns in programs across the country and works directly with Hawkes Learning’s Accessibility Team to provide the best solutions for students. | <urn:uuid:53d89562-6bc5-4241-9afe-fa4356a05443> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://blog.hawkeslearning.com/webinars-ondemand/web-accessibility-in-educational-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813803.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221202619-20180221222619-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.860714 | 241 | 2.546875 | 3 |
To many, the Western grasslands still reflect the essence of this country: the vast plains that begin with prairie and bump up against the Rockies, home to herds of cattle and the cowboys that run them. Yet this indelible image belies the facts, as much of the nation's rangeland has been degraded by overgrazing. Land where lush, waving grasses flourished is now eroded and only sparsely covered with plants. One consequence, says farmer and rural public policy expert Michael Bowman of Wray, Colorado, is that "hundreds of small communities whose economies relied on healthy grassland are withering with the grass."
Many ranchers, conservationists, and investors are determined to revive this magical and (once) highly productive landscape. And have embarked on doing so by increasing the density of livestock.
Wait wasn't overgrazing the problem?
The key is how grazing animals are managed. For according to Shannon Horst, CEO and co-founder of the Savory Institute, an organization dedicated to restoring the world's grasslands through Holistic Management, ranchers can consistently double, and even depending on the condition of the land and adherence to the practices quadruple livestock capacity over time.
However, more cattle per acre is just one benefit. By actively planning and managing the grazing and recovery of the plants as opposed to allowing continuous grazing, ruminants become part of the solution rather than a burden to the land. Allan Savory, who developed Holistic Management as a researcher and farmer in Southern Africa, saw the connection between roaming animal herds and grassland vitality. The dynamic is as follows: the animal chews the grass so as to stimulate plant and root growth, and allow sunlight to get through to the growth points, then moves on in a herd either (in a leisurely way) to find fresher grass or (with a pounding of hooves) to elude a predator. He found that when domestic livestock are managed to replicate this behavior on degraded lands, the grasses come back: the deep-rooted plants enrich and aerate the soil and the hoof movements chip away at hardened earth so that seeds can germinate and grow and water can penetrate.
Rich, aerated soil is productive, retains water, and, highly significant in environmental terms, is a carbon sink. "Healthy grasslands represents the ecosystem with the highest potential for carbon sequestration of any on the planet," says Steven Apfelbaum, Founder/Chairman of Applied Ecological Services, Inc., a landscape restoration company based in Brodhead, Wisconsin. He notes that grasslands cover more than 45% of the U.S., a proportion fairly consistent throughout the world. This has important implications for reducing atmospheric CO2. Plus, soil carbon plays a vital role in sustaining water supplies, which are perilously threatened in much of the West. "Every one percent increase in soil carbon holds an additional 60,000 gallons of water per acre," says Apfelbaum. "Water infiltrates the ground and replenishes groundwater sources. Springs reappear."
The grassland landscape "co-evolved with grazing animals and plants and predators," says Shannon Horst. This was once a biologically synergistic community, she says, but over thousands of years human interventions like hunting, farming and domesticating livestock changed the nature of the symbiotic relationship and produced stress on the land. Specialists in land restoration say that by considering animals, plants, soil and water as a system farmers and ranchers can work to restore the carbon, water and plant nutrient cycles that underlie land's biological productivity, and ultimately economic viability.
From this standpoint, excess atmospheric CO2 can be understood as a carbon cycle dysfunction: too much carbon is up in the air rather than in the soil, where it lends fertility (33% of soil organic matter is carbon). Similarly, floods and droughts are symptoms of a carbon cycle gone wrong: when soil is compacted or eroded, rain evaporates or runs off. This June, Allan Savory won the Buckminster Fuller Challenge for "Operation Hope," a program in Zimbabwe that uses livestock and Holistic Management to fight poverty and food scarcity through restoring soil, water and biodiversity to degraded lands. | <urn:uuid:659bcfe6-54cc-4710-bcd0-e72d8ea7780f> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2016079,00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.951169 | 863 | 3.125 | 3 |
For the past decade, Ethiopia’s economy has been one of the fastest-growing in the world, averaging an 11 per cent increase in GDP each year. Record GDP growth, coupled with a population growth rate of 2.3 per cent, has led to a staggering 14 per cent increase in energy demand. The country is making significant efforts to satisfy demand, maintain growth and supply a population where currently only 25 per cent have power connectivity.
Ethiopia is fast becoming a centre of industry and new infrastructure, with the aspiration to achieve middle- income status by 2025. Since 2011, Ethiopia has implemented the Climate- Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy, which substitutes conventional development by means of harnessing clean energy sources like hydropower, wind, geothermal, solar and biomass, and implementing energy-efficient technologies in the transport and industrial sectors.
With its 2010 Growth and Transformation Plan I (GTP-I), Ethiopia aimed to quadruple installed capacity by prioritising large hydro developments and achieving total power installed capacity of 10,000 MW by 2015. The government published the GTP-II for 2016-20, with the objective of reaching total installed capacity over 17,208 MW. Hydropower is set to make up about 90 per cent of the power supply.
Ethiopia has some of the richest water resources in Africa, distributed across eight major basins with an exploitable hydropower potential of 45,000 MW. Over half of this potential is located in the Abbay and Omo river basins, where the nearly-completed 6,000 MW Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and the recently-completed 1,870 MW Gibe III project, are located.
Gibe III, the tallest roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dam in the world, with 246 m dam height and 630 m crest length, was inaugurated in December 2016. The USD 1.8 billion construction was financed 40 per cent by the Ethiopian Government, and 60 per cent by the China Exim Bank. While all turbines have been installed and commissioned, not all are yet online, as reservoir filling is still in progress.
GERD’s construction is progressing according to the timeframe, with more than half already complete. Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia agreed a new declaration for cooperation in March 2016 that alters the 1929 treaty, where Egypt had a veto over any upstream projects in the Nile River. In addition to GERD’s construction, the 254 MW Genale Dawa hydropower plant is near completion.
Salini Impregilo, the constructor of Gibe III and GERD, signed a USD 2.8 billion contract with EEP in March 2016 to build the 2,160 MW Koysha hydro project. The project is financed between EEP and the Italian Export Credit Agency.
Downstream from Gibe III, this is the fourth plant in the Omo River cascade scheme, which envisions a fifth dam further downstream. Other hydropower projects in the bidding phase are Tams (1,700 MW), Chemoga Yeda (280 MW), and the Geba complex (385 MW).
PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation completed the rehabilitation – at a cost of USD 14 million – of Ethiopia’s oldest hydropower plant, the 6.6 MW Aba Samuel, which dates back to 1941.
The GTP-II also envisions exploiting alternative sources such as wind, solar, geothermal and biogas resources. The exploitable capacity from other sources is estimated at 1.3 million MW (wind) and 7,000 MW (geothermal). The 1,000 MW Corbetti geothermal power project, with a cost of USD 4 billion, is expected to be commissioned in 2018. Currently, the 300 MW Aysha, 100 MW Debreberhan and 150 MW Itaya wind farms are under development, with others like the 100 MW Assela under study.
Ethiopia is also rapidly expanding its transmission and distribution network in order to light up the country. Existing cross-border interconnections include 100 MW to Sudan and 50 MW to Djibouti, while the 1,000 km Eastern Electricity Highway Project (500 kV) will be capable of exporting 2,000 MW to Kenya upon completion in 2018. The country has ambitions of becoming the ‘energy hub’ within the Eastern Africa Power Pool.
This country profile was last updated in May 2017.
This country profile is featured in the 2017 Hydropower Status Report. You can download the full report here. | <urn:uuid:90838c1c-1f2c-4326-8fbb-5ee9040637cb> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/ethiopia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400274441.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927085848-20200927115848-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.93041 | 937 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued its long-awaited new rules for sunscreen labeling enabling consumers to more easily identify sunscreens that offer safe, effective protection from the sun’s cancer-causing ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
For the first time, the rules will include testing and labeling requirements for protection against the sun’s ultraviolet A (UVA) rays. Sunscreens that meet FDA standards for both ultraviolet B (UVB) and UVA protection may be termed “broad-spectrum,” a term that, until now, was frequently used but had no official meaning. Newly standardized methods for measuring UVA protection have made these improvements possible.
At the June 14, 2011 press conference, the FDA’s Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Janet Woodcock, MD, announced that broad- spectrum sunscreens with an SPF (sun protection factor, a measurement of protection against UVB rays) of 15 or higher will be able to state, “If used as directed with other sun protection measures, this product reduces the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging, as well as helps prevent sunburn.” Sunscreen manufacturers have never before been able to make such a claim.
Here are the main points in the FDA’s new sunscreen rules:
• Sunscreens may be labeled “broad- spectrum” if they provide protection against both UVA and UVB radiation according to FDA-sanctioned test methods.
• Only broad-spectrum sunscreens with an SPF of 15 or higher may state that they protect against skin cancer if used as directed with other sun protection measures.
• Broad-spectrum sunscreens with SPFs of 2-14 must display a warning that the product has not been shown to help prevent skin cancer or early skin aging.
• The terms “sunblock,” “sweatproof” and “waterproof” are no longer allowed on sunscreen labels.
• Sunscreens may claim to be “water-resistant,” but must specify whether they protect the skin for 40 or 80 minutes of swimming or sweating, based on standard testing. Sunscreens that are not water-resistant must instruct consumers to use a water-resistant sunscreen if swimming or sweating.
• A company cannot claim that its sunscreen products provide sun protection for more than two hours without submitting test results to prove this.
In response to separate questions about the safety of certain sunscreen ingredients, Dr. Woodcock affirmed that the ingredients in sunscreens marketed today have been in use for many years, and there is no reason to believe that they are not safe for consumer use.
Update (5/11/2012): The FDA has announced that it is giving sunscreen manufacturers an additional six months of time to implement the new regulations, which will now go into effect in mid-December 2012. Products grossing under $25,000 in sales now have until December 2013.
Sunscreen Labeling According to 2011 Final Rule
If used as directed with other sun protection measures, this product reduces the risk of skin cancer and early skin aging, as well as helps prevent sunburn.
Only products labeled both Broad Spectrum AND SPF15 or higher have been shown to provide all these benefits. | <urn:uuid:707e6287-1331-409d-951d-83e86d04fbd9> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.skincancer.org/publications/sun-and-skin-news/summer-2011-28-2/New-FDA-Rules | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772281.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00020-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949457 | 683 | 3.109375 | 3 |
By Michael Harslem
Some might regard the term leadership1 as questionable, the implication being that if there is a leader there must be others who require to be led. Leadership involves telling others what to do, having power over them and imposing one’s will on them. The current image of a leader is that of someone who knows better, who is responsible for others, understands the whole situation, represents the whole company, enterprise or school and, in the last resort, is the one on whom everything can be blamed. In countless variations – beginning with the family and ending with large industrial concerns, where top management is the term used – this is the image of leadership that dominates the way society conducts its affairs today. It involves there being a clear hierarchy not only in knowledge and ability but also in power, income and esteem. No- one doubts that leadership i.e. management, is necessary in any enterprise, including educational enterprises such as schools and universities.
Self-led enterprises, including Steiner Waldorf schools, are an exception. Here it is often thought that there must be no leadership because leadership is seen as being incompatible with self-administration.
Outwardly, self-led enterprises, including Steiner Waldorf schools, often present an impression of being leaderless. Parents and also other partners in the work frequently find that there is no-one who is in a position to answer their questions or who can be regarded as responsible for anything. They are fobbed off with references to some group or committee that might take weeks before getting round to tackling the subject the enquirer has raised.
In large, self-led enterprises like Steiner Waldorf schools with 50 to 60 teachers (or 120 to 130 if the school has parallel classes), the internal leadership structure becomes unclear, so that outsiders, parents, pupils and others who work there assume that there must be hidden leadership structures. They begin to ask who is pulling the strings behind the scenes, who is the hidden head teacher or most influential group. [This phenomenon is not unknown in schools with only 20 teachers. Ed.]
Any serious discussion on self-leadership must include the question of how the enterprise is to be run. In most Steiner Waldorf schools this remains in the realm of the unconscious or is seen only in its negative aspect of a power structure.
All Steiner Waldorf schools are based, more or less consciously, on the ideal of a self-led republic of teachers. This form can be elaborated in all kinds of ways to fit in with the existing College of Teachers and the different delegated areas of management.2 How the college of teachers should reach its decisions and what responsibilities can be delegated to mandate groups remains eternally debatable. This article will not go further into the question of republicanism versus/or/and democracy, since this is covered adequately in essays by Lehrs, Brüll and van Manen in the journal Erziehungskunst (including bibliographical references).
Many conversations have shown that the question of leadership is always seen in terms of personnel. This bias, which inevitably leads to the linkage of leadership with power, makes it very difficult to talk about the subject at the functional level that relates to the kind of leadership exercised by different tasks in an enterprise. These two levels of leadership cannot be separated. It always has a functional and a personnel aspect since you cannot separate leadership tasks from the persons who carry them out. On the other hand, some leadership tasks presuppose specific qualifications. So leadership is always a question of human, social and specialist capacities as well as of consciously building leadership tasks into the structures and processes of an enterprise.
To enable us to discuss leadership qualities in a self-led enterprise such as a Steiner Waldorf school we shall seek to approach the subject from the angle of leadership qualities before clarifying this in a concrete field of research.
Having an overall view of an enterprise is one of the main characteristics of leadership. Since it is impossible for most of us to have a full overview of an enterprise as complicated as a full-sized Steiner Waldorf school, I shall not use a school as my concrete field of research. Instead, I shall discuss leadership with reference to a field about which each one of us can have an overall view, namely the individual human being. I shall try to examine the functional dimension of leadership at the personal level of the individual human being. I shall therefore refrain from referring to the various leadership models to be found in different management theories.
A discussion of leadership or management in connection with enterprises calls for the use of certain concepts such as management, setting goals, policies, planning, organisation and supervision.
When this is applied to our selected field of research, the individual human being, we have to ask: What does this mean with regard to my own person, with regard to me as a human being? In what situations, at what moments in my daily life, do I have the experience of applying leadership to myself? In what situations do specific circumstances, pressure of time, other people, determine what I do? What is my inner situation in one case or another? In looking at these different questions we shall endeavour to track down the qualities leadership can have.
We are all only too familiar with situations in which our actions are determined more or less unconsciously and largely by external circumstances. Many times every day we react to situations mechanically, out of habit, laziness, or resignation and so on instead of shaping them consciously. Or perhaps we either cannot or do not wish to shape them ourselves. On the other hand it is essential for a considerable proportion of our lives to run along routine lines if we are to be able to act at all. This does not mean, though, that we have to be unaware that this is happening.
Looking more closely, we realise that our reasons for acting in a certain way, the reasons that lead us — without our becoming aware of them – come not only from the outside but also from inside ourselves. There are many occasions when a sudden wave of feeling makes us do something, react in a certain way or utter some specific comment. Often we are swayed by moods, either gloomy or euphoric. Frequently some prejudice or prior experience prevents us from approaching a person, a situation or a subject without bias. Repeatedly we decide on a course of action and then fail to carry it out. Time and again we start out on a train of thought only to find ourselves thinking about something quite different, or we want to discuss something specific but talk about all kinds of other things instead. Over and over again we find ourselves in situations we have not consciously arranged but into which we have stumbled unawares. Does all this imply that one may no longer be allowed to express one’s feelings spontaneously and without embarrassment? Must one be guided solely by one’s cool and sober intellect? Would this not mean denying oneself? Obviously this is not what is meant! But if one intends to be fully honest about the degree to which one actually applies self-leadership to one’s thoughts, feelings and actions in daily life, one will have to look at one’s situation frankly and without any frills in order to be true to oneself. Not that one either can or must carry out this self-leadership consciously all the time and in every situation. One should, however, be clear about the degree to which this quality of alert, conscious self- leadership is present in one’s daily life.
An important prerequisite for observing anything to do with one’s own self-leadership is to have learnt to accept oneself as one is, with all one’s strengths and weaknesses. Not until one has achieved this will one be able to discover the impulses that motivate one. Only if one accepts one’s immediate situation as it is, and refrains from trying to paint a picture of oneself that is untrue, will one be free to recognise one’s accepted but also one’s dark and hidden motivations. If one can succeed in observing how these work in oneself, one is also likely to discover a few of the enemies of self-knowledge. If one wants to be one’s own leader one cannot avoid tackling these matters within oneself.
If one regards oneself as a physical, psychological and spiritual unity that desires to be its own leader, then you could say that as an organism one ‘manages’ and ‘leads’ oneself. In a psychologically healthy human being all the components of his or her being and all his or her activities of soul together form a total personality in which the ego as the core of the soul is the actual authority capable of handling the different soul activities in such a way as to make meaningful thought, feeling and action possible. In this sense one is justified in using oneself as an example of a self-led organism when trying to analyse questions of leadership.
Levels of leadership in the individual human being
A human being functions on three levels in which self-leadership can be observed: firstly in doing, secondly in thinking, thirdly in feeling. Important differences can be observed in these three types of activity.
If we observe our actions we notice that most of them happen by themselves without our guiding their every detail consciously. They happen as though automatically e.g. walking, eating, riding a bicycle, writing and so on. Normally we are only aware of the result, and even then only if we pay proper attention and concentrate. For example, it is quite easy for us to forget whether we locked the door or turned off the oven before leaving the house this morning. Seen externally the action is often identical, regardless of whether we are aware of doing it and carry it out purposefully, or whether we do it automatically as a matter of routine. But there is a difference. A purposeful deed requires us to direct consciousness and concentration towards our actions. We notice that if we want to wake up in our actions we have to take hold inwardly of our consciousness and direct it purposefully towards what we do.
What is the quality in us that brings about this awareness, this alertness, this purposefulness and concentration of consciousness? We notice that we have to activate ourselves to a specific degree, that one has to develop a raised ego-presence in oneself. This in turn necessitates a raised effort of our will in order to make it take hold of our thinking. We lose this power, this possibility of self-leadership as soon as we ‘let ourselves go’, if we allow ourselves to be distracted, if we do several things at once, or when our consciousness is lowered by external or internal factors.
Looking at our thoughts we initially gain the impression that it is easier to be awake in them, since that is where we are usually most conscious. However, if we observe our thinking as well as our thoughts and see how far we think them on purpose and how far they merely ‘occur’ to us, we realise that consciousness in thoughts does not necessarily guarantee self- leadership in thinking. Even for this we have to exert and school ourselves inwardly. If we seek out the authority that is responsible for this effort, we arrive once again at our ego. It is from our ego that we have to apply our will to guiding our thinking of we want to take charge of it.
Looking at our feelings we find that what applies to acting and thinking is equally relevant here. If we pay attention to this activity of soul we notice that we are only partially aware of many of our feelings. Conversely they can grow so powerful that unbeknown to us they begin to determine or paralyse our thinking or indeed our actions. What we have to do here is to bring our feelings into consciousness through our thinking and take hold of them and guide them through our will.
We find that in his six basic or subsidiary exercises Rudolf Steiner has given us a method of systematically developing and schooling these qualities of conscious leadership by the ego of all three activities of soul: thinking, will and feeling.3
If we want to play an active part in thinking, feeling and doing in the world around us as self-led personalities, we shall have to develop a further quality, over and above this alertness and consciousness in the activities of our soul. Instead of calling a halt when we reach our own boundaries we must go beyond them and enter into a conscious relationship with the world outside ourselves and especially with our own deeds and their social consequences. We shall only be social beings once we are aware of the overall situation, as well as of ourselves as a part of that overall situation. Since we are not alone in the world but live in various relationships with many others, we can only say, ‘I am master of myself and master of my situation, I am my own leader,’ once we have developed this overall awareness.
All these observations and perceptions of ourselves and of other people depend on our having schooled our senses to the degree that makes these perceptions possible. I shall here include a brief summary of the twelve senses that cover all our fields of perception.4 Through Rudolf Steiner’s spiritual science we learn that apart from the five external senses (hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch) to which Steiner added the sense of temperature, we also possess others, which recent research is beginning to verify. On the spiritual side these are the sense of speech or words, the sense of thought and the sense of ego; and on the bodily side the sense of balance, the sense of one’s own movement, and the sense of life. I shall not go into further detail here, but it is obvious that we can handle a number of these senses consciously, while if we want to become conscious of the perceptions provided by others we first have to increase our awareness or work at schooling these senses. This applies for example to our sense of life through which we perceive our own well-being, our own awareness of how we are feeling e.g. whether we feel well or ill. Our sense of ego, as another example, helps us to comprehend the inner being of another person. These two instances will suffice to show that the effort to take on board the senses of which we are normally unaware is also a part of genuine self-leadership. So in order to make good use of all our bodily and psychological instruments in leading ourselves, we must go beyond consciously training our activities of soul and beyond cultivating an overall awareness of ourself as a person in a social context, and in addition consciously school our senses. Schooling our senses can be practised by means of phenomenological observation but above all by means of artistic activities, for example in painting, making music, modelling/sculpting and doing eurythmy — and also practising conversation as an artistic process.5 Working in the arts requires enhanced perceptiveness and also an increase in alertness in all three spheres of soul activity: doing, thinking and feeling.
There are still further differentiations we might explore, but I shall now draw this attempt at describing self-leadership to a close. It is a field of research accessible to all of us at any time. It is always possible to use oneself in exploring the different activities and problems of leadership.
I shall now attempt to apply the knowledge we have gained regarding self-leadership of the individual to the social organism of a Steiner Waldorf school.
As with the individual, the capacity for self-knowledge is the basic prerequisite for leadership in a social organism. It calls for mutual efforts to be honest and frank in recognising the social organism’s strengths and weaknesses. This alone is not enough, however. In teachers’ meetings, for example, we also need specific knowledge, abilities and social techniques in order to reach a common picture and judgment about the social organism. It becomes apparent that individuals who do not want to develop these qualities with regard to themselves, or who actually resist doing so, will have difficulties in developing the necessary qualities with regard to the common purpose.
In discussing the leadership qualities in self-led social organisms using a Steiner Waldorf school as an example, we shall have to begin by asking many questions that each school community can use for testing its own situation. The positive qualities and defects discovered will differ from school to school.
Levels of leadership in a Steiner Waldorf school
If we look at the levels at which the ‘social organism Steiner Waldorf school’ functions, we discover a great variety of activities that are on the whole carried out unconsciously by the younger and older pupils but which ought to be led consciously by the teachers and parents. Looking at the diversity of life in a school you realise how difficult it is to become aware of how this social organism functions inwardly and outwardly when you are a part of it. We can look at and think about all the separate activities together as one overall activity, the functioning of the overall organism. Just as you can draw conclusions about an individual’s character by observing his or her actions, so does the character of a Steiner Waldorf school represent an overall view of its activities, to which each individual act contributes a specific nuance.
In a social organism, where is the authority that corresponds to the ego in the individual human being, that authority that is aware of the whole gamut of actions, that activates the organism as a social being, and that leads its actions? A social organism, too, can ‘let itself go’, can act without awareness, can have a dull consciousness and so on.
Trying to observe how thoughts come into being in a social organism, how a social organism thinks, is much more difficult than in the case of an individual. When does a Steiner Waldorf school think? Do all the thoughts formulated by individuals go to make up the thought world of this social organism? When does the social organism of a Steiner Waldorf school think through and in the individual? When does it think communally? What can the individual do and what can the school community as a whole do, to allow the thinking of the social being to be experienced and become effective? How does a community take hold of its thinking with its will?
In many schools an awareness of this dimension has scarcely developed hitherto. Occasionally a Steering Group, a College of Teachers, a Council of Management, or a PTA might become aware of the way the thinking of the ‘social organism Steiner Waldorf school’ functions in connection with a specific situation or problem. I witnessed this after the Chernobyl accident, during the Gulf War, when a pupil died suddenly, and when a teacher died. The social organism in its entirety was so perturbed when these events occurred that you felt it had woken up and was taking responsibility for the thinking of the whole school. In everyday life there is usually not much awareness of this.
Similar questions can be asked about the realm of feeling in a Steiner Waldorf school. An outsider taking part in a meeting e.g. the teachers’ meeting, can detect certain moods and overall levels of feeling which show that a social organism does have feelings above and beyond those of its individual members. However, the group itself usually remains unaware of these feelings. Sometimes a state of feeling such as this can actually be described if the mood becomes particularly intense.
Genuine self-leadership in individuals includes an awareness not only of themselves but also of their relationships with the world around them and the effects their actions have on that world. In the same way a Steiner Waldorf school as a whole organism must be aware not only of itself i.e. of its inner stirrings, feelings, thoughts and actions in self-leadership, but also of its position in its surroundings, the effects of its actions and also how the outside world affects it. There are sure to be a few individuals in every school who do have an overall view of these things or who make efforts in that direction, but this does not as such amount to a quality of self-leadership in the school. A communal awareness is required if a school is to be counted as being self-led.
It is difficult in a social community to arrive at a mutual awareness of the community as a whole because for this to happen each individual must have the courage to articulate his or her own perceptions within the community. In addition there is the question of how the perceptions and articulations in the community can be schooled. Working together in an artistic activity is one possibility. Another is the conscious shaping of conversation processes in an artistic and social way.
How can a community learn to lead and shape itself consciously? One possibility would be to apply to the community as a whole the basic exercises mentioned above in connection with personal schooling.6 I have experienced these exercises as being very helpful in a number of situations where a community has taken a more conscious hold of thinking, feeling and will.
Can anyone be a leader?
Colleagues in self-led establishments often question the matter of leadership, and this derives from their wish for everyone to play an equal part in running the establishment’s affairs. Against the background of what we have pointed out this can be formulated as a direct question: Can anyone be a leader? The above-described capabilities of perception and self- leadership will be found in varying degrees in the different individuals working in a Steiner Waldorf school. How can these become the self-leadership and overall awareness of the social organism? Is it not a contradiction in terms to speak of a self-led establishment being led by individuals? Yet how can the quality of self-leadership come about communally?
One thing is obvious. Those individuals who do not develop the above-described qualities of awareness in self-leadership cannot take on leadership tasks in a social organism. This means that in a self-led establishment not all the colleagues can participate in its self leadership since they lack the specific capabilities necessary for this, which does not mean that they lack other valuable capabilities for other tasks in the social organism. The variety of human qualities and capabilities thus brings it about that at least in certain realms some colleagues lead while others are led. This will be different in each realm and will be constantly changing, depending on the questions under discussion.
Just as a horizontal division of labour is thus acceptable in a self-led establishment, so should a degree of vertical division of labour be accepted as well. This is where, at the very least, things get difficult in many self-led establishments. To what degree are individuals prepared to accept analyses, plans and decisions made by others if these have implications for themselves? Many people appear to find this incompatible with self-leadership. This is the core problem in the leadership of self-led establishments, for leadership always implies acquiescence by those who are led. This is particularly the case in self-led establishments that have no formal hierarchy and thus no formal structures or sanctions that could impose leadership against their will on those who are led (which does not mean to say that informal mechanisms do not sometimes have this effect in some situations).
This means that in a community like a Steiner Waldorf school, that sees itself as being a community of equals, an awareness must be developed of the fact that equality is acceptable in situations where everyone involved is capable of forming a judgment about the matter in hand. Only in such a circumstance is it right for everyone to participate in equal measure. This applies especially to the realm in which agreement is reached about how individuals will live and work together i.e. the life of rights. When special capabilities are required, on the other* hand, we are no longer all equal; here there are clear differences between individuals. This leads to ‘capability hierarchies’ that people find very difficult to tolerate nowadays, since they apply their wish for equality not only to the realm of rights but also to the realms of knowledge and of collaboration. I suspect that this arises out of experiences in which the realm of capability-hierarchies sometimes infringes individual rights and individual freedoms.
Leadership of a large social organism requires specific capabilities. If we can succeed in discovering and developing these capabilities and in accepting the differences in ability amongst colleagues, then we create one of the prerequisites for the acceptance of functional leadership. Another essential prerequisite for leadership in the social realm is that this leadership should be based on a general love of other human beings. Only if communal leadership involves the element of respect for the freedom of the individual, for equality in the realm of agreement, and for fraternity in collaboration can it work in a healthy way in a Steiner Waldorf school.
Reaching judgments in the social realm
So far we have chiefly been endeavouring to describe the necessary leadership conditions in self led establishments. Now we shall turn to the quality and the possible form of leadership in self leadership. We have seen that it is not enough for individuals to develop an overall awareness of a social organism only within themselves. This is so not only because a single individual has too few opportunities to apply this overall awareness to the whole social organism, but also because in the social realm the quality of a judgment is enhanced when several people share it; a variety of different viewpoints and individual interpretations will make both the picture and the judgment more realistic. Rudolf Steiner went so far as to say that in the social realm individual judgments were always wrong. This leads to the conclusion that an overall awareness and an overall judgment must be formed within a group so that the group itself can develop leadership qualities with regard to the social organism. This group ought to consist of individuals who are endeavouring to develop the above-described qualities with regard to their own self-leadership as well as with regard to the whole social organism.
In practice this group will, as a rule, be involved not only with leadership matters but also with numerous other tasks, so that the problem arises as to how it can learn to distinguish between the leadership questions and other activities and advisory tasks. In the everyday routine of a Steiner Waldorf school one is constantly experiencing how difficult this is. Usually those who possess an overall picture and feel responsible are so busy with the tasks that arise through the very fact that they possess this overall picture that they have little time left to deal with actual leadership matters.
This brings us to an important problem experienced by self-led establishments, namely the fact that those who bear the responsibility for decision and initiative taking are often overburdened.
In applying what has been said above to Steiner Waldorf schools, we find that there are usually three organs that could and sometimes do participate in the leadership of the school. These are: in the realm of education the College of Teachers; in the realm of rights and finance the Council of Management, which also has outward-facing leadership functions; and a Parent-Teacher Association, which can be the social consciousness organ of a Steiner Waldorf school. Collaboration between these three organs is an important function with respect to leadership. Only when all three collaborate in leading the school will their leadership be accepted by the whole school community. When differences or conflicts between the organs cannot be solved, this weakens the quality of self-leadership.
The College of Teachers, is always in danger of carrying out administration rather than leadership i.e. executing self-administration instead of dealing with questions of self- leadership. If they do achieve self-leadership now and again it is in most cases not realised that they are then dealing with quite a different level of consciousness calling for a different quality of awareness in their discussions. Therefore a leadership group in a social organism must develop certain quite specific qualities of awareness, just as one must do as an individual if one wants to act with awareness and on one’s own responsibility. The same goes for the Council and the Parent-Teacher Association.
What are the prerequisites for the development of leadership qualities by a College of Teachers, a Council and a Parent-Teacher Association?
Among other things it is essential that an overall picture of the ‘enterprise’ or social organism must be developed mutually over and over again. This includes not only an awareness of the present stage of development but also a mutual picture of future development. There must also be a sense for the overall state of health of the school. Included in this are answers to questions such as: How are the teachers feeling? Are they overworked? Can they cope? Do they feel overburdened? Do they feel pressurised by the parents? Do they set themselves aims that are too low or too high? What is the atmosphere in the school building? Are the pupils happy or depressed? Are they fresh or tired, jolly or aggressive? How many individuals are off sick? What picture do the parents have of the school and of the teachers? What is the mood of the parents like? What questions do the parents have? and many similar questions.
The aims of leadership
It is most important for the leadership groups in a Steiner Waldorf school i.e. the College, the Council and the PTA, to maintain and develop their awareness of the common aim of the school. This common aim should become so alive and be so clear to everyone that it can be a guideline in all fundamental decision-making. All colleagues and parents should be able to experience this and sympathise with it. This does not mean primarily the ‘operational’ aims, the aims in the realm of actions, but rather the spiritual aims, the aims connected with the idea of a Steiner Waldorf school as such and of the specific Steiner Waldorf school in question. Working with these ideas one can experience how these common spiritual aims become bridges between human beings that, on the one hand, leave intact all personal contrasts and differences while, on the other, helping to overcome these at a higher level. One can even find how these differences, that are often experienced as obstacles or disturbances in daily life, seen from the higher level of the overall aim, are actually necessary and fruitful and prevent the whole from becoming too one-sided. This helps one see the differences amongst one’s colleagues in another fight in daily life also.
The mutual search for and discovery of aims then contributes to a further quality that the leadership groups must develop: that is the capacity to integrate. They must be capable of tolerating, incorporating and integrating the different opinions, feelings and impulses into the whole without losing sight of the basic common aim.
Leadership in self-administration
One might ask whether the above-described self-leadership of a self-administrated organism is possible at all and how one can succeed in achieving the requirements formulated here. If we look more closely we are likely to find that in any Steiner Waldorf school one or other element of leadership has been developed to a greater or lesser degree. It is not as though none of this had been achieved. In my opinion, the important thing is to work at bringing this element of leadership more strongly into people’s common understanding. It needs to be more strongly practised as a quality both by the individual and in the whole school community — its various bodies and organs — so that the whole organism’s capacity to carry out self-leadership is developed and improved.
One step towards this is individual and mutual work on the spiritual foundations of Steiner Waldorf education in order, through an expansion of perceptive capacities, to develop an expanded understanding in all situations arising in the school’s everyday life. This can be present as a quality, as an effort of awareness, in all questions that are the concern of a College, a Council or a PTA, or of the whole school community. But only when we all take it into our consciousness and all stand by it shall we succeed in making out of it a quality belonging to the whole community. When these qualities are developed, leadership loses its external connotations of leading and being led. Instead it becomes a source of strength and a guideline, a motif and a stimulus for the solution of current problems.
A further step in the work of a College, a Council or a PT A would be to pay more attention to the quality of conversation appropriate for leadership questions as distinct from questions of administration. Leadership questions require an enhanced awareness of the organism as a whole, the ever-presence in one’s consciousness of the aims, and a conversation technique that allows a quality of community in conversation to arise.
We have seen that the question of leadership must be considered with the greatest care in self-led social organisms. Using the Steiner Waldorf school as an example we have endeavoured to specify what factors must be taken into account to achieve it. The quality of leadership is especially important for these establishments, and at the same time it is especially difficult to achieve. Although personal leadership qualities are essential, it is not solely a question of these. Groups of responsible, capable individuals must be formed. As bearers of initiatives they must develop the overall awareness, they must carry the overall responsibility, and they must become aware of these qualities of leadership in their meetings. A qualitative barrier has to be crossed when a group of people, who have just been discussing how a particular task should be handled, now turn to questions of leadership. Their whole attitude must change so that the group attains a quality of leadership and an awareness of leadership. Leadership as a necessary function and quality of a social organism is then no longer a matter for individuals who have to be regarded as leaders. It becomes a mutual task of development amongst those individuals who take on, or who are asked by the community to take on, this specific responsibility.
Translated by Johanna Collis
- The original German term Führung can mean leadership, direction or even guidance. The title and theme of this article has to do with Schulführung for which there is no English translation. We have used a variety of terms in the translation and hope that the overall concept becomes clear through the context.
- See Dieter Brüll, The Waldorf School and Threefold Structure, AWSNA books; Manfred Leist, Parent Participation in the Life of a Waldorf School, AWSNA; David Mitchell, Ed., The Art of Administration: Views on Professional Management in Waldorf Schools, AWSNA.
- See Rudolf Steiner, How to Know the Higher Worlds: a Modem Path of Initiation. Tr. C. Bamford, Spring Valley, New York.
- See Willi Aeppli, The Care and Development of the Senses. Steiner Schools Fellowship Publications.
- See Heinz Zimmermann, Speaking, Listening, Understanding. Lindisfame, 1996.
- See note 3. | <urn:uuid:8c679784-621f-4b44-89d0-8395c36c316b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.michaelmount.co.za/leadership-and-self-administration-are-they-compatible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888113.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119184632-20180119204632-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.965913 | 7,099 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Reviewed by Myron Momryk (Manuscript Division, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Canada)
Published on H-Canada (March, 1999)
Historical Writing and Social Change in Quebec
Historical Writing and Social Change in Quebec
Prof. Ronald Rudin, a professor of history at Concordia University in Montreal, has written an impressive and controversial analysis of Quebec historiography in the twentieth century. This study which has already been translated into French, is the subject of continuing debates within the Quebec historical community. He is the author of several historical studies in the 1970s and 1980s and in general adhered to the "Revisionist" interpretation of Quebec history. Prof. Rudin states in the Preface that he was led to this study through his interest in Irish history, which had some of the same historiographical problems as Quebec history. In the Introduction, Prof. Rudin claims that his intention was to examine the relationship between historical writing and social change in Quebec. He describes the early role of "amateur" historians, the rise of the historical profession in Quebec and how it was molded by forces within both their discipline and their changing society. Also of significance was the impact of French and American historians on the historical profession in Quebec. As an active member of the historical profession in Quebec, Prof. Rudin provides an "insider" point of view. During his research, Prof. Rudin had access to records of historical associations and private papers of some Quebec historians. In this study, he deals almost exclusively with French-speaking historians in Quebec.
In his first chapter, "Not Quite a Profession: The Historical Community in Early-Twentieth-Century Quebec", Prof. Rudin focuses on the life and career of Abbe Lionel Groulx. Beginning as a lecturer in Montreal during the First World War, Groulx followed in the tradition of other patriot-priests in submerged Roman Catholic societies such as Ireland and Poland and sought to teach history as means to defend his nationality and religion by promoting patriotism and nationalism. According to Groulx, the pivotal event in Quebec history was the British Conquest of 1759. As a result of this defeat, the population of Quebec, abandoned by France, became victims of oppression and subject to suffering and humiliation. Under British administration, the French-speaking population was in great danger of assimilation. The short and long range objectives became simply La Survivance, the survival of the nation. All the energies of the French-speaking population were mobilized for this purpose with the Church in the forefront of this campaign. Depending on the specific political circumstances, the Church assumed aspects of an anti-colonial and passive resistance movement.
As a product of this century-old struggle, Groulx wrote his history from a Catholic and French Canadian perspective. While other early Quebec historians wrote about the positive effects of the British Conquest, Groulx wrote about a conquered people who through their own cohesion, determination, tenacity and "hard work"struggled to obtain their rights and to "make it". According to Groulx, the French Canadians were able to make great achievements in politics so that by Confederation in 1867 they were "on an equal footing" with the Anglo-Canadians.
In the second chapter, "Nuts and Bolts: Lionel Groulx and the Trappings of a Profession", Prof. Rudin continues to describe the university career of Groulx and his attempts to popularize his nationalist interpretation of history based on the negative effects of the British Conquest. Other historians are evaluated according to their support or opposition to this interpretation. For example, Robert Rumilly and more particularly, Maurice Seguin agreed with Groulx about the nature of the historical problem. They were in accord that the political and economic inferiority of the French-speaking population after the Conquest helped to shape contemporary Quebec society. Seguin took this analysis further and also advocated the seizure of political power by the French-speaking population to remedy this situation. In the 1960s and 1970s other historians carried this view even further, participated actively in Quebec politics and advocated political independence.
In addition to promoting his view of nationalist history, Groulx was also concerned about building the historical profession in Quebec. He was aware of his own limitations as a researcher and as an academic and attempted to develop his professional skills through visits to European universities. As a researcher, he visited archives both in Canada and in Europe and based his writings on archival sources. He encouraged individual students to seek graduate degrees in history at American and European universities and groomed them to follow in his footsteps. Groulx was instrumental in the establishment of the Institut d'histoire de l'Amerique Francaise in 1946 and the Revue d'Histoire de l'Amerique Francaise in 1947. He also popularized history through public seminars and discussion groups and through readings on the radio.
The development and evolution of the Montreal School in contrast to the Laval School in Quebec historiography is described in the third chapter, "The Maitre and His Successors: The Montreal Approach". By the 1960s, approximately seventy-five per cent of the Quebec population lived in an urban environment and the historians began to focus on the role of French Canadians in modern society. Problems relating to federal-provincial relations began to dominate the news and serious questions were raised about the role of the Canadian federation. The historical problem which divided the Montreal and Laval Schools dealt with their historical analysis of the weak political and economic status of the French-speaking population of Quebec in relation to English Canada in the post-Second World War period. The Montreal School tended to explain this situation by referring to the British Conquest and the resulting colonial structure of society where the French Canadians were excluded from positions of wealth and power. This School advocated the need for more political autonomy within Confederation and the need for special status for Quebec. The Laval School proposed that the perceived inferior status of the French Canadians was due to obstacles which were internally generated within their society. For example, they claimed that the Roman Catholic Church limited and prevented the development of secular education depriving French Canadians of the necessary skills to function competitively in North American society. The differences in the interpretations of the history of Quebec resulted in personal and public disputes among historians which in some cases, continued for decades.
Historians from the Montreal School were criticized for adopting a militant neo-nationalist approach to the writing of Quebec history. The Laval School was criticized as anti-nationalist and composed largely of "vendus"or "collaborators". In the 1960s, the Revisionist School began to emerge reflecting the changing political environment in Quebec and a growing generation gap among historians. The death of Groulx in 1967 also marked the end of an era in the historiography of Quebec. The Revisionist School pursued a deliberate scientific approach to the writing of history and avoided advocating a particular political orientation in their work. New approaches to the study of Quebec history were introduced by historians such as Prof. Fernand Ouellet who had studied in France. In 1970, the Institut d'Histoire de l'Amerique Francais became a professional association. By the late 1960s, the Revisionist historians began to characterize Quebec's past as "normal" in the North American context and denied the pivotal role of the British Conquest in shaping this history. They were interested in historical problems and social conflicts in terms of the class structure of society rather than in terms of language and cultural groups.
The approach of the Laval School historians to the writing of Quebec history is outlined in the fourth chapter, "Maybe It Was Our Fault: The Laval Approach". Some Quebec historians interpreted the British Conquest as a generally positive event introducing the first printing press and eventually a parliamentary system of government. Fernand Ouellet, for example, suggested that in the years following the Conquest, the economy of Quebec remained basically unchanged and therefore the Conquest had minimal effect on the lives of the general population. In their research and writing, the Laval School historians did not have a clear ideological profile. They were more interested in social and economic problems rather than in political questions and shifted the focus away from the Conquest. In their writings, they viewed the society in the post-Conquest period as fundamentally flawed with the French Canadians primarily interested in cultural matters whereas the Anglo-Canadians were market oriented and therefore able to take advantage of economic opportunities. Conflicts in society were between the conservative forces, that is, the professionals allied with the peasantry and the modern forces represented by the urban and merchant sectors.
In the fifth chapter, "Searching for a Normal Quebec: Revisionism and Beyond", the author analyzes the Revisionist School and their interpretation of Quebecois history. According to Prof. Rudin, the basic historical discourse which divided and also united historians dealt with the distinctiveness of Quebec society. A related problem revolved around the question of economic inferiority which had been perpetuated into the modern period. After 1960, the Quiet Revolution gave rise to new questions relating to secularization, urbanization and immigration. A new generation of technocrats and businessmen came to power and fundamentally changed the general perception of their relationship with the Anglo-Canadians, the immigrant and ethnocultural groups and the rest of North American society. The effects of the British Conquest and the role of the Roman Catholic Church in shaping Quebec society were minimized. The Revisionists tended to view the development of Quebec society as "normal". Historians such as Jean-Pierre Wallot and Louise Dechene placed a growing emphasis on the normalcy of the Quebec past and formed a transition between the older historians and the Revisionists. Dechene for example, claimed that the British Conquest was not a pivotal point in Quebec history and, in fact, the Conquest could not be interpreted in either positive nor negative terms. Individuals were described as basically rational beings and the habitants were normal peasants and they acted accordingly.
The Revisionists were more interested in historical events which formed modern urban Quebec. They studied the emergence of an industrial and capitalist society and viewed conflict in terms of class distinctions. They minimized the historic role of the Catholic Church in Quebec society and downplayed differences between the English and French groups. By the early 1970s, the Revisionists became an influential sector of the historical profession in Quebec and continue to shape the policies and directions of the professional associations and journals. They avoided mention of Groulx and discredited his approach to Quebec history as a morality tale. Also, the historical profession had developed during these years to the point where young historians could complete their graduate studies at home rather than travel abroad as in the past. Rudin states that historians in contemporary Quebec are generally divided into two main groups; those who explain Quebec's history as either normal or unique.
In the last decade, the historical profession produced new academic journals which reflected these views. The Bulletin d'histoire politique founded by a team of historians headed by Robert Comeau in 1992 generally supported the Revisionist perspective. The Cahiers d'histoire du Quebec au XX e Siecle was founded by the Centre de recherche Lionel-Groulx in 1994. In concluding his study, Prof. Rudin states that the Revisionist interpretation remains the dominant perspective on Quebec's past. However, other historians such as Gerard Bouchard felt that the preoccupation with the "normalcy" of Quebec society has been overemphasized and that there was a need to explain the specificity of the Quebec experience. A post-Revisionist perspective emerged which attempted to take into account both what was normal and what was distinctive in Quebec history. This view was partly the result of disillusionment among some scholars with what they perceived to be negative aspects of contemporary Quebec society. The interventionist role of the state and a modern consumer society certainly made Quebec appear as "modern". Yet, the benefits contrasted with the costs of this modern society with the high rates of dropping out from school, suicide, unemployment and lowest rates of marriage.
In his Postscript, Prof. Rudin summarizes his arguments and repeats one of his central points that Lionel Groulx was a fairly normal historian whose work reflected both the society in which he lived and the state of development of the historical profession. Groulx was engaged in a quest for a balance between using modern historical techniques to understand the past "as it was" and using history as a means of providing lessons relevant to Quebec society. One of Rudin's main achievements in this study is the rehabilitation of Lionel Groulx as a historian. However, other questions raised in this study could have been answered by a more incisive study of Quebec society. If one of the main purposes of historiography is to define the fissures and fragments of a society as reflected in the historical writings, then this study could have been enhanced by a closer examination of the relationship between historical writing and social change in Quebec society. The British Conquest was certainly the pivotal event in Quebec history and the basic discourse in Quebec historiography. The Quebec Act of 1775 and the Constitutional Act of 1791 created political conditions which may be described as an early version of colonial "indirect rule" and which allowed a small but influential class of professionals and officials to emerge. As in other British colonial societies, this class was divided between those who tolerated and supported the "status quo" and those who sought to change the political structure. This division has coloured the political history of Quebec up to and including the recent referendums and is reflected in the divisions in the historical profession between the Laval and Montreal Schools.
After the unsuccessful uprisings in 1837, the Roman Catholic Church consolidated its position as the vehicle for nationalist aspirations and ambitions creating a powerful mix of religion and nationalism. The Church under Ultramontane influence adopted an aggressive policy in maintaining this leading role in Quebec society. In the 1860s the Church was even able to raise a military force to assist the Pope in Italy. The Church also took its role to ensure "La Survivance" seriously. As did other "resistance movements", the Church later asserted its control over labour unions and credit unions. Those who questioned its authority and "traitors" were dealt with accordingly. In the face of population loss to the United States and the rising tide of immigration to Quebec, the Church encouraged large families and the formation and occupation of Quebec territory.
It was in this tradition that Lionel Groulx lived and worked. He was a romantic nationalist who sought to fight assimilation by providing his people with a direction and meaning to their individual and collective lives and his vehicle for this purpose was history. He attempted to raise the level of national consciousness and promote social cohesion among the French Canadians through his historical writings. From his perspective, La Survivance in itself was a victory. As a nationalist, he certainly encouraged the "us versus them" attitude among French Canadians. Groulx was also a mortal and for his attacks on "outsiders" he was accused of anti-semitism and racism. He emphasized the distinctiveness of the French Canadian nation and subscribed to the European definition of a "nation". For many in Quebec, it was understood that the "state" was an integral part of the definition of a "nation". And this view of the Quebec nation led many to march under the banner of political sovereignty and attempt the "undoing" of the British Conquest.
By the 1960s, the Quiet Revolution changed the political landscape of Quebec. The provincial government adopted an interventionist role in Quebec society and economy and the French-speaking population felt empowered. La Survivance or mere survival was no longer the main goal. The provincial government in alliance with the leading political and cultural sectors of Quebec society went on the offensive. The Parti Quebecois later came to power and the French-speaking population realised that they were no longer a perpetual minority but a majority in Quebec and acted accordingly. Quebec society was now modern, cosmopolitan, urban, secular and consumer-oriented. Young historians who began their academic careers during these years conceived Quebec history as a series of processes which took place within the larger framework of North American society. They were more interested in explaining these developments rather than researching and writing about the Conquest and its consequences, a definitely devisive issue. They were absorbed in the history of the territory of modern Quebec and the various regions, urban and population centers, industries and economic sectors which composed modern Quebec. Their historical examples and models were found in the United States.
As in other Canadian and American universities, labour and women's history became legitimate fields for study. Anglo-Canadians, immigrant and ethnocultural groups were perceived as integral components of this society and history. The Revisionists dissolved the "us versus them" view of society. Quebec was depicted as a normal society with a normal history in the North American context. The British Conquest and its apparent consequences were relegated to the margins of historical studies. By shunning this fundamental question, the Revisionists had confounded the definition of Quebec as a distinct society and its political destiny as a nation. Some have even claimed that the Revisionists work objectively for the "federalist" cause. Quebec historians may be divided between those who subscribed to the European definition of a "nation" and those who did not.
The modern Quebec society produced its latter-day heroes - the technocrats and entrepreneurs - but also its casualties - the unemployed, the suicides, the drop-outs. Some historians and commentators were distressed at these developments which they blamed on the growing emphasis on consumerism and the proletarization, indeed the lumpen-proletarization of Quebec society. In the historical profession, they viewed with some concern the "fragmentation" of Quebec history and the emphasis on the "parts" rather than the "whole" society. They claimed that the Revisionists "de-nationalized" the history of Quebec and became nostalgic for the traditional nationalist interpretation of their history much as Lionel Groulx had taught, which sought to provide a "goal" or "mission" for their "homogeneous" nation.
This study is not all-inclusive and the author has omitted references to some historians especially those who did not have Ph.Ds and therefore were not "professional" historians. Also, some historical associations and publications were not mentioned. In other cases, he has made references to individual Quebec historians without including further information. In his analysis, Rudin groups the Quebec historians by age cohorts and while this method may be disputed by other historians, he does introduce a different periodization in the study of Quebec history. Written by an "insider", this study is more for other "insiders" and professional historians familiar with the profession in Quebec rather than the general reader. The historical profession in Quebec has always been a relatively small community where most professional historians knew each other well and where professional differences could become political and personal rivalries. These distinctions could make or unmake an academic career in history and in individual cases, led to exile. It remains a community where the publication of a new study on Quebec history is in itself a milestone and a contribution to the direction of this history. And the publication of this volume by Prof. Rudin is certainly a continuation in this tradition.
If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl.
Myron Momryk. Review of Rudin, Ronald, Making History in Twentieth-Century Quebec.
H-Canada, H-Net Reviews.
Copyright © 1999 by H-Net, all rights reserved. H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. For any other proposed use, contact the Reviews editorial staff at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:9c82b7d9-1fdd-49c9-9e08-f7530031c500> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=2952 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462555.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00201-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971612 | 4,105 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hi and welcome back to Attention-ology for K – 5 Teachers!
The blog I posted last week (04/16/12) featured guest doctors and scientists visiting classrooms in white lab coats to focus students’ attention on S.T.E.M. subjects – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math.
White coats can also catch young eyes, ears, minds and hearts when they connect with the arts – as in martial arts!
Meet Glen Haase, a Chief Instructor of Martial Arts, shown in my blog pic below with one of his students.
Glen’s journey to attaining his current Fifth Degree Black Belt in Taekwondo began in fourth grade. Glen was age ten when he started Taekwondo training; he was a student in Wake County, North Carolina Schools – now the seventeenth largest school district in the United States. The size of the school system is significant because the Taekwondo school that Glen now manages as Chief Instructor attracts elementary school children and their families.
What’s the attention-ology connection? Easy answer…in Glen’s words…”Martial Arts is a great way to build focus. We do a lot of repeat moves and learning to practice something and stay with it helps develop the ability to focus.”
Glen reports positive feedback from parents and teachers. His reputation opens
doors to schools, like you see in my blog pic here, where Glen visits students to support character trait development – specifically the character traits of respect and self-discipline. “Those two key traits,” asserts Glen, “lead to self-confidence; we help with that in Taekwondo training.” When Glen visits elementary school classrooms, he doesn’t just wear his white attire, he demonstrates the moves and oh yeah…catches and keeps the kids’ attention!
Glen’s students practice Taekwondo but they also learn a bit about the history of the Martial Arts. As Glen explains, Taekwondo originated some 2000 years ago as a Korean Martial Art. In the language of Korea, Taekwondo means the way of the hand and foot. Anyone who has ever watched practitioners of this ancient art understands the translation.
Kids aren’t Glen’s only target. His school encourages parents and pre-school children to be involved, like you see in my blog pic below.
“When families come into Taekwondo together,” explains Glen, “they tend to stick with it because when training time comes up each week the children want to please their parents and the parents want to set a good example.” Everyone benefits from the physical training, the fun and the achievement. “Our main goal,” says Glen, ” is for students to learn to do their best at whatever they do. We look first for effort (another Big E!) because if you don’t try, you can’t improve.”
Improving is an important part of Glen’s (and each of our) personal story. He recalls how shy he was as a ten-year-old when he started Taekwondo training. “I was a kind of couch potato,” Glen elaborates,”until I got excited because I was getting to kick, punch and break boards, but I was also becoming more confident. No question, the Martial Arts helped me achieve goals.” Glen earned his Black Belt in 1997 at age fourteen.
That accomplishment was well after fourth grade when Glen started training. His fourth grade school teacher also used memorable attention-ology tools and tricks that positively affected Glen. He vividly recalls how Bonnie Torgerson engaged her students. “She cared a lot about us,” says Glen with admiration in his voice. “She was all about building relationships with her students, not just about throwing us information.”
Glen remembers how Ms. Torgerson facilitated a Pen Pal Project for her class during his fourth grade year. One of his classmate’s dad was deployed that year (1993) on the John F. Kennedy, a United States Navy ship, touring in the Mediterranean Sea. Ms. Torgerson got her students on board (pun intended) the Pen Pal Project by inviting them to take turns writing weekly letters (before the advent of e-mail, texting, Skype, etc.) to send to the Naval officer. Glen’s classmate’s dad would in turn send letters home describing his tours, including leave on Gibraltar – that letter has stayed firmly, like a rock, in Glen’s mind.
“It wasn’t until I got older,” Glen reflects, “that I began steering toward teaching, but I love it; I get to have the same impact on kids that my best instructors have had on me.”
Glen’s and my paths crossed at a school where we were both serving as guest teachers, and I got to thinking…each elementary (primary) school anywhere in the world is its own community, one that can be enriched when teachers and staff invite members of the community, like Glen, to be part of school.
Remember, you don’t need to be a magician to work magic in instructional settings!
Talk with you next week,
Barbara ♥ The Lovable Poet
Tags: Connecting Martial Arts with Character Trait Development, Encouraging family activities to support learning, Helping kids gain self-confidence, History of Martial Arts, Inviting community instructors into school, Korean Martial Arts, Movement, Using Taekwondo to develop ability to focus | <urn:uuid:28a06ba7-a782-40b6-aaa5-d4e5dccfd8b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://attentionologyforteachers.wordpress.com/2012/04/22/the-art-of-marshaling-students-attention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188550.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00530-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969388 | 1,175 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Contact: Dr David lea Smith and Prof Chris Howe, Biochemistry
Mentor: Adrian Swinburne
The research team led by Prof Chris Howe has developed a solution to the high cost and energy requirement of processing algal biomass.
While microalgae are used widely in a range of applications in industrial biotechnology, from production of bioactives such as Omega 3, pigments and antioxidants; chemicals such as hydrocolloids, and bioenergy/biofuels, the first step in the recovery, purification or use of these products is disruption of the algae. The 2013 UK roadmap for Algal technologies indicated that a multitude of companies were interested in using algal biomass but were held back by the high cost and limited production capacity. A key challenge highlighted was lowering the cost and energy requirements of growth, harvesting and processing. The research team have found that a commonly occurring waste product from a related industrial process is effective in solubilising disrupting algae without the need to employ high energy intensity technologies, making the process more efficient, low cost and environmentally sustainable. The resultant algae biomass/waste material mixture can also be used as a biological feedstock for growth of microorganisms and subsequent production of industrial chemicals or biofuels.
This technique can also be applied to the solubilisation of plant biomass and solubilisation of macroalgae (seaweed) from which extracts are used in cosmetics.
The challenge for the i-Team is to investigate the algal technologies industry to identify areas where it would provide a competitive advantage to production of products arising from these technologies to have a low cost, efficient solubilisation disruption process which does not require specialised equipment. By talking to experts from a range of industries, they will be asked to recommend the next areas of focus for the research team, as they move this technology towards a commercial reality. | <urn:uuid:15838808-2db5-4e20-9580-16c4a44a028e> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://iteamsonline.org/finding-the-best-market-for-low-cost-efficient-disruption-of-biomass/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643462.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528015553-20230528045553-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.946101 | 383 | 2.84375 | 3 |
In my previous post on probability, I talked about how you need to be careful about covering cases. To understand what I mean by that, it’s good to see some examples.
And we can do that while also introducing an important concept which I haven’t discussed yet. I’ve frequently talked about independence, but equally important is the idea of disjointness.
Two events are independent when they have no ability to influence one another. So two coin flips are independent. Two events are disjoint when they can’t possibly occur together. Flipping a coin, the event “rolled a head” and the event “rolled a tail” are disjoint: if you rolled a head, you can’t roll a tail, and vice versa.
So let’s think about something abstract for a moment. Let’s suppose that we’ve got two events, A and B. We know that the probability of A is 1/3 and the probability of B is also 1/3. What’s the probability of A or B?
Naively, we could say that it’s P(A) + P(B). But that’s not necessarily true. It depends on whether or not the two events are disjoint.
Suppose that it turns out that the probability space we’re working in is rolling a six sided die. There are three basic scenarios that we could have:
- Scenario 1: A is the event “rolled 1 or 2”, and B is “rolled 3 or 4”. That is, A and B are disjoint.
- Scenario 2: A is the event “rolled 1 or 2”, and B is “rolled 2 or 3”. A and B are different, but they overlap.
- Scenario 3: A is the event “rolled 1 or 2”, and B is the event “rolled 1 or 2”. A and B are really just different names for the same event.
In scenario one, we’ve got disjoint events. So P(A or B) is P(A) + P(B). One way of checking that that makes sense is to look at how the probability of events work out. P(A) is 1/3. P(B) is 1/3. The probability of neither A nor B – that is, the probability of rolling either 5 or 6 – is 1/3. The sum is 1, as it should be.
But suppose that we looked at scenario 2. If we made a mistake and added them as if they were disjoint, how would things add up? P(A) is 1/3. P(B) is 1/3. P(neither A nor B) = P(4 or 5 or 6) = 1/2. The total of these three probabilities is 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/2 = 7/6. So just from that addition, we can see that there’s a problem, and we did something wrong.
If we know that A and B overlap, then we need to do something a bit more complicated to combine probabilities. The general equation is:
Using that equation, we’d get the right result. P(A) = 1/3; P(B) =
1/3; P(A and B) = 1/6. So the probability of A or B is 1/3 + 1/3 – 1/6 = 1/2. And P(neither A nor B) = P(4 or 5 or 6) = 1/2. The total is 1, as it should be.
From here, we’ll finally start moving in to some more interesting stuff. Next post, I’ll look at how to use our probability axioms to analyze the probability of winning a game of craps. That will take us through a bunch of applications of the basic rules, as well as an interesting example of working through a limit case.
And then it’s on to combinatorics, which is the main tool that we’ll use for figuring out how many cases there are, and what they are, which as we’ve seen is an essential skill for probability. | <urn:uuid:ac639c2d-0834-41ad-8266-7948ab0bd103> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://www.goodmath.org/blog/2013/09/29/combining-non-disjoint-probabilities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.958298 | 917 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Year Listed: 2004
County: Park County
Construction Date: 1894
Threat When Listed: Demolition by Neglect – Vacant
Status: IN PROGRESS
Once an important site for processing precious metals from mines in Park County’s Buckskin Gulch, the Paris Mill is now abandoned, despite the fact that the nearby Sweet Home Mine is currently producing rhodochrosite, a rose- colored gemstone and the official Colorado state mineral.
Subject of many an artist’s brush, the now languishing Paris Mill was constructed in 1894 at an elevation of 11,003 feet. The mill was connected to the mine with a 1,750 foot aerial tramway. The mill’s original steam engine drove a leather-belt drive shaft to power equipment throughout the mill; it was converted to a steam-electric operation after the turn of the century. In its prime, the Paris Mill was considered one of the richest strikes in the Alma District, producing gold, silver, and lead for decades. Time and unstable metal prices finally forced the closure of the mine and mill in 1951. The building is a Local Landmark of Park County and considered eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. One of the unique aspects of the mill is that is still retains much of its original machinery including three different stamps, which were used for crushing and grinding ore and are representative of several generations and methodologies.
At the instigation of CPI, representatives of the out-of-state owner came to Colorado in the summer of 2004 to talk with supporters about their vision for the site. The owner brought a sampling of the extensive archive connected to the Paris Mine and Mill and agreed to allow Park County to document the entire archive. Shortly after the meeting, the owner paid to have the mill sealed to protect the interior from the elements. An on-site security system was installed.
Park County completed local landmark designation for the site and recently purchased the Mill and surrounding 16 acres, with immediate plans to stabilize and document the building towards the long term goal of opening Paris Mill to the public. The county has performed over $300,000 in voluntary site cleanup and funded the preservation of a Historic Structure Assessment on the property. In the last few years the county has performed roof repairs, hosted two community work days, nominated the building to the National Register of Historic Places, and temporarily stabilized a number of structural issues. Public comment on the future use of the Paris Mill has been solicited and the overwhelming response has been to preserve the mill and open it for public tours.
The current rehabilitation project will begin in 2014 thanks to funds from the State Historical Fund, National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining, and Safety. This first phase will focus on repairing structural and roof issues in the mill’s cyanidation and gold precipitation wings. The South Park National Heritage Area is funding the master plan. | <urn:uuid:181ba3ed-6131-43fd-925d-5823b94fbf3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://coloradopreservation.org/programs/endangered-places/endangered-places-archives/paris-mill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661833.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00100-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953335 | 596 | 2.6875 | 3 |
|Sunday morning's event|
This little island has been significant to generations of locals for thousands of years. The original Wathaurong inhabitants referred to the area as "Bukar Bulac" the place between two rivers. They set up eel traps along the ana-branch, fished in the rivers, harvested the native flora and hunted along the riverbanks. With the arrival of European settlers, the island was used for farming, with extensive clearing The the native vegetation taking place.
In 1885, the island formed part of a 17 acre block of land which was purchased by William Francis Ducker, a former mayor of Geelong, businessman and one of the main backers of the neighbouring Barwon Paper Mill. The land continued to be used for farming purposes until as recently as the 1980s and whilst little of the original flora has survived, one of the spectacular River Red Gums for which the island is named did and can still be seen today at the northern end of the island.
|The large River Red Gum at the north end of Redgum Island|
|This aerial shot of Fyansford c1920s shows most of Redgum Island lying|
between the two rivers towards the bottom right of the picture. Image held by
the State Library of Victoria
Carved from a single piece of reclaimed River Red Gum timber, the seat and pole reflect elements of the flora and fauna found on Redgum Island. The birds represented are the Lorikeet and the Swift Parrot which rely on the River Red Gums and other plants found along the rivers for food and shelter. The leaves of the gum also form part of the sculpture. The accompanying seat shows two of the endangered species of native fish - the Southern and Yarra Pygmy Perch - which are found in the two rivers.
|The artwork on Redgum Island|
A sign at the site provides a more detailed description of the installation and the surrounding environment:
|The island and the art. Click to enlarge| | <urn:uuid:839829b1-e8f7-4333-846e-2248fcb05adf> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://barwonblogger.blogspot.com/2017/05/installing-art-on-redgum-island.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945855.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423070455-20180423090455-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.959477 | 415 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Students hone their leadership skills by participating in field placements, community engagement activities, experiential learning, training opportunities and case studies.
- Communication: work cooperatively with others; understand group dynamics; presenting information in an effective manner; write clearly; negotiate with others; and mediate conflict
- Instructing: present lessons in a comprehensive manner; provide one-to-one help; explain concepts clearly; assess proficiencies and recommend alternative strategies for learning
- Analytical thinking: link specific issues to broad concepts; identify key issues in decision-making or problem solving; weight alternatives and identify solutions; formulate questions relevant to clarifying a particular problem, topic, or issue; and research topics and present findings to groups
- Mentoring & organization: supervise students in class to prevent poor behaviour and encourage learning; organize materials during class planning; and manage time effectively | <urn:uuid:6adbe631-6d58-4900-97e3-649cac9820e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://stmu.ca/academics/secondary-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323583423.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016043926-20211016073926-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.889763 | 176 | 3.515625 | 4 |
|Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) / Gemstone Hardness Scale|
What is the scale used to measure the hardness of gemstones?
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness was created by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1822 to measure the relative hardness or scratch resistance of various minerals. He based it on ten readily available minerals. The hardness of a material is measured by finding the hardest material that that the given material can scratch, or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For hardness ratings on all the different gemstone varieties see our gem hardness chart. For more information on Mohs, see our article on Friedrich Mohs. | <urn:uuid:d8cf93c4-ca83-4274-8247-74b198e3fc6b> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.gemselect.com/help/faq/gemstone-hardness-scale.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006637.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00218-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900049 | 135 | 3.765625 | 4 |
A Mercer University team of engineering students will launch a high-altitude balloon into near space during the Oct. 14 annular solar eclipse, as part of a nationwide NASA mission. In an annular solar eclipse, the sun’s outer edges can be seen as a bright ring around the moon.
The team will broadcast on NASA TV live, high-resolution video of the eclipse and collect data that will help scientists measure the eclipse’s disturbance to Earth’s atmosphere, said Dr. Anthony Choi, professor of electrical and computer engineering.
The mission is part of the Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project, which includes 75 participating institutions and over 750 students. Mercer is among about 30 teams participating in the engineering track, Dr. Choi said.
On the day of the annular solar eclipse, the Mercer team will launch a helium-filled, high-altitude balloon carrying science and engineering equipment from somewhere northwest of San Antonio, Texas, up to about 90,000 feet, said team lead Ashley Tyler, a senior majoring in computer engineering. Ten students will participate in the launch.
The equipment on the balloon will collect data including GPS location, altitude, air pressure and more, she said. Sensors also will measure gravity waves, which are circular ripples created by a disturbance in gravity, similar to a pebble being thrown into a pond, Dr. Choi said.
“We’re going to try to measure the disturbance of the annular eclipse on our atmosphere, so we’re trying to measure the pressure waves that we see as the moon casts a shadow over the earth,” he said.
Scientists will analyze data from the Mercer balloon and others launched across the entire path of the eclipse.
“The idea is to be able to see the wave traveling as the eclipse is happening,” Dr. Choi said.
The project allows students to engage in high-level research and engineering concepts. Students learn to work across engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical and computer science, as well as work on a real-life mission, said Dr. Humin Kim, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering.
It also teaches students to work collaboratively across teams, Dr. Choi said.
About a dozen students have worked on the project in various capacities, from attending workshops to participating in virtual and hands-on training to launching a tethered balloon for practice. Tyler said she’s learned about leadership, research and other engineering fields by working on the project.
Students will participate in a similar mission during the April 8 total solar eclipse, in which the moon will completely block the face of the sun.
Mercer’s participation was made possible by a $20,000 grant from the Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project, which is funded by the NASA Science Mission Directorate Science Activation program and the NASA Space Grant Network. Dr. Choi and Dr. Kim also received $6,314 from the Georgia Space Grant Consortium and strong support from the Provost Office, School of Engineering and Student Government Association.
In 2010, Dr. Choi began receiving NASA grant funding for outreach projects and research and systems work. In 2017, Dr. Choi, in partnership with NASA, led a team of 23 students in launching a high-altitude balloon from Sunset, South Carolina. The team live streamed video and collected experimental data from near space during the first total solar eclipse in the continental U.S. in 38 years.
That project jump-started the High-Altitude Research Platform, or HARP, initiative at Mercer, which provides a low-cost way for K-12 schools and other universities to gain access to near space for experimentation and data collection. The goal is for students to look at space as something they can easily gain access to, touch and feel.
Dr. Choi said he hopes the National Eclipse Ballooning Project helps rebuild interest in the HARP initiative, so Mercer can provide balloon launch services and outreach for HARP. | <urn:uuid:df610e4c-bebe-4fe0-bd40-6ab1c3c156af> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://den.mercer.edu/engineering-students-to-participate-in-nasa-mission-during-annular-solar-eclipse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.947204 | 810 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The long-distance scientific recordings of the blast wave from the first hydrogen bomb test have been rediscovered in a formerly classified safe at Columbia University.
On November 1, 1952, physicists created the second fusion explosion the solar system has ever known. The first occurred around 4.5 billion years ago and ignited the ongoing fusion reaction in the sun. The second, the Ivy Mike experiment, was shorter lived and detonated on an atoll in the South Pacific. This 10-megaton blast was five times more powerful than all the explosives used in World War II combined, including the nuclear-fission bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The blast set off a low-frequency sound wave beneath the human hearing range, which was recorded halfway around the world at special listening stations designed by the Lamont Geological Observatory in Palisades, New York, for monitoring just such an event. The microbarographs measured changes in atmospheric pressure, and were particularly well-suited to detecting a nuclear explosion. As the wave passed, the ink-filled needles of the instruments scribbled on paper rolling around a drum.
It was the first time a nuclear explosion had been detected from such a long distance and it marked the beginning of international test monitoring, a key element of nuclear non-proliferation plans. The recordings were swiftly marked “classified” and stuffed in a vault at Lamont. And there they sat for more than 50 years.
Then, in preparation for retirement in 2008, Lamont’s former security director Ray Long began cleaning out the safe. Recognizing there might be something to the recordings, he contacted Paul Richards, a seismologist and specialist in nuclear-test tracking. Richards immediately knew the measurements “were of historic importance.”
If they couldn’t be declassified, they would have to be sent to the U.S. Air Force, which originally classified them, or destroyed. So, Richards tracked down the right people in the Air Force and asked them to declassify the documents so that they could by preserved for posterity.
“They had the bureaucratic problem that there was no obvious indication on how to do it,” Richards said. “They were very helpful, but it took a while.”
Now, finally, more than 57 years after the ink was first laid on the paper, the recordings can be seen by all.
At first, the Lamont scientists working on the problem of remote nuclear-detonation detection thought they might need to get measurements from high in the atmosphere. So they sent balloons up with recording equipment. As an odd historical footnote, this research program may have launched the long-standing rumors of something strange going on near Roswell, New Mexico, when one of its stations crashed in the area.
“The program was called Project Mogul, and its goal, set by a postwar America wary of losing its atomic monopoly, was to search high in the atmosphere for weak reverberations from nuclear-test blasts half a world away,” journalist William Broad explained in a 1994 New York Times article. “The debris, found near Roswell, New Mexico, was a smashed part of the program’s balloons, sensors and, of most consequence to the growth of spaceship theories, radar reflectors made of thin metal foil. At the time, the Air Force said the wreckage was that of a weather balloon, a white lie.”
Over the years, scientists realized that they could use ground-based stations and didn’t need high-flying balloons. For years, microbarographs were used to measure nuclear weapons tests as they grew ever bigger, up to the largest test ever by the Soviet Union, which topped 50 megatons, a thousand times more powerful than the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Satellites largely took over weapons-test monitoring in the 1960s within the United States and Soviet Union. However, with the signing of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1994, cheap, easy-to-deploy microbarograph stations were deployed at dozens of locations across the world from Piñon Flats in California to Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Image: 1. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory/Kim Martine. 2. Video of Ivy Mike experiment.
- Reactor Drawings Make Nuclear History Beautiful
- 7 (Crazy) Civilian Uses for Nuclear Bombs
- Russia Leads Nuclear Space Race After U.S. Drops Out
- The Lasting Fallout of a Nuclear Meltdown’s Data Gaps
- Soybeans Grow Where Nuclear Waste Glows
- ‘Regional’ Nuclear War Would Cause Worldwide Destruction
- Google Maps Mashup Combines Your Address, Nuclear Blast | <urn:uuid:4ee26228-75a0-442b-9589-f5d53e41a791> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.wired.com/2010/01/first-fusion-bomb-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989443.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00182-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955603 | 970 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Samsung scientists have made a significant breakthrough in the development of graphene, a super-thin material that could be used to make bendable gadgets and microchips, the company has said.
According to Samsung’s announcement, a new method the scientists developed synthesises large-area graphene into a single crystal on a semiconductor, keeping its electric and mechanical properties.
One of the project’s leads said of the news, “This is one of the most significant breakthroughs in graphene research in history. We expect this discovery to accelerate the commercialisation of graphene, which could unlock the next era of consumer electronic technology.”
The technology is seen as the next step in the evolution of almost all forms of computing, in a similar way to the effect silicon had on the microchip and the entire technology sector. However, graphene is 100 times more electrically conductive than silicon.
A number of research groups, particularly from some of the larger Silicon Valley companies, have been busy trying to perfect the material, which is the width of an atom.
Previously, IBM had claimed to have produced the world’s most advanced form of the material, but the costs involved in producing it have been considered far too expensive for it to be produced on a commercial scale.
Wearable and bendable technologies will be the first commercial products that will benefit from the technology, and graphene has the potential to create almost limitless opportunities once it enters the mass market.
Get your early bird tickets now! | <urn:uuid:1a427cbf-256e-401f-a258-b7aaed968beb> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/samsung-scientists-make-breakthrough-in-graphene-technology-company-says | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608765.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527021224-20170527041224-00397.warc.gz | en | 0.955831 | 305 | 3.625 | 4 |
When epidemiologists are looking at the health experience of a group of people, they often use available computer registries, such as vital records registries or cancer registries. Registries provide information about specific events such as births in a certain state, for example. Registries are records of events (births, deaths, disease, marriages, etc.), or exposures (such as persons exposed to asbestos or heavy metals). State laws require, for example, that those persons who perform marriages report the event to the state’s marriage registry. Similarly, hospitals and health care workers report births to the birth registry and cancer to the cancer registry; laboratories report elevated mercury levels to the heavy metals registry.
Remember from the last newsletter insert on descriptive statistics when we were talking about the occurrence of ear infections in Oz and in Kansas? Let’s say that neither Oz nor Kansas has a registry to record ear infections. We’d have to count cases without a registry, which is a lengthy and costly job. Researchers need to find all Oz children within the defined age limits and years of the study, find out how many and when they had ear infections, verify the information through their doctors, and record all the information. If we had a registry, all this information would have been already reported and available to match its records against a list of Oz residents or to search the registry for Oz children. The registry also provides data to use for comparison, or "background" rates of ear infection.
There will be many predictable errors in an ear infection study done without the benefit of a registry - especially if we are studying several past years (which is desirable from an epidemiologist’s point of view) to get complete data over time. Over the years, children move, grow up and marry, change names, switch doctors, and move out of the area. Doctors also move, retire and lose or destroy their records. Children and parents alike will not remember ear infections with accuracy. The same limitations are present when looking at ear infections in the comparison population of Kansas. Non-registry studies happen and are needed, and can be interpreted reasonably well as long as the limitations are clearly stated.
However, if a registry of disease incidence is available, using it makes good sense since the data are easily accessible, it takes less time to obtain the data, and there are likely fewer errors. Another advantage of using a registry is that minimal or no action is needed on the part of the study subjects. Yet another is that diagnoses and criteria for inclusion and exclusion in a registry are consistent. This lessens the chance of false findings due to things like individual physician’s practices or conventions being inconsistent, or regional variations in how patients’ health care is diagnosed, reported, treated or managed.
Even though using a registry offers more complete observations for less time and money than not using a registry, there are some trade-offs. An obvious one is that you need to choose health effects to study which are reported and maintained in a registry, which limits the choices considerably. Another is that the data quality can never exceed that of the registry, and so it is dependent upon the completeness of reporting and how well and how promptly the registry maintains its data. For example, there may be errors in how an event like cause of death is recorded on a death certificate. Such errors may make it harder to identify health effects associated with certain exposures, but are inevitable when registries are used. Another limitation in the use of a disease registry is that real matches might be missed due to errors in recording identifiers such as social security number or date of birth. If the date of birth were entered wrong, the match might never be noticed.
We are using registry matches in the Love Canal study to obtain the most complete information we can about former residents. We will also take steps to reduce some of the limitations. We requested "loose matches" from the registries instead of exact matches on all identifiers. This way we received many records to look at more closely, for things like incorrect but close social security numbers or dates of birth. If enough information matched so we are confident that the person was the same as the previous Love Canal resident, we would include that event which would otherwise have been missed.
The Love Canal Medical Fund Board urged us to find ways to increase our ability to study reproductive experiences of Love Canal parents, especially births before the Congenital Malformations Registry was established in 1983. We are looking at reports of children with birth defects made by parents in 1978 and verified by Health Department staff through medical records. The medical records were reviewed, but the classifications used were not consistent with those used today. Therefore, we asked staff who now code birth defects for the Congenital Malformations Registry to code the old events as they would currently. This maintains data consistency and objectivity. Another suggested improvement being used is to search the marriage license data base and identify marriage names for Love Canal mothers and wives’ names of Love Canal fathers to get the most complete reproductive information possible.
A related problem associated with using registry searches to capture health events is the fact that many former Love Canal residents have moved outside of New York State for periods of time. Registries are maintained by other states, but unless we know in which states former Love Canal residents lived, we will not know to look for information from those states. Each state has its own criteria for inclusion in the registry, how the data are coded or accessed, etc. Some states do not even have the registries we seek, which further lowers our chances of capturing these events.
Registry matches provide valuable information about the group being studied and others against which to compare our findings. Knowing the strengths and limitations helps interested readers to better understand the results of registry studies.
|Send questions or comments to: firstname.lastname@example.org|
|Revised: July 2001| | <urn:uuid:8f368c9d-d7c6-46c6-8044-017b6e48817e> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/matches.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864648.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522073245-20180522093245-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.959573 | 1,200 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Measuring the earth with skype and a stick
I’ve wanted to do this experiment ever since I was a sophomore in high school, and heard of how Eratosthenes was able to measure the circumference of the earth just by looking down a well in a couple of towns in Egypt 2000 years ago. A few years ago, when I was at a boarding school, I even got up on stage and challenged the students to come with me to measure the earth with a stick, but somehow, I never followed through.
This year, I had the equinox marked on my calendar, and contacted my reliable, physics partner in crime, Frank Noschese, who I had just spoken to for the first time on Wednesday, learning his name is pronounced No-skay-se, and not Nose-chese).
Anyway, we thought it would be great to give skype a shot, and try reproduce the Eratosthenes measurement between our two classrooms. Our initial thought was to do this in a total open-ended manner. Here’s a stick, and I think you can measure the earth with it. Go to it. This was over-estimating our kids ability to work this out. Some silly errors that came up:
- My kids didn’t use a level to make sure that their meter sticks were perpendicular to the ground, and consequently, our measurement was too long, which led to Frank calculating a ridiculously small radius of the earth.
- As a result we decided to fix this by having students go out and re-take the measurements using a level while the class waited. This produced to measurements that were much better.
It didn’t take too much for our kids to come up with the following drawing:
Here, students got a bit stuck, but they got unstuck when we asked them to find the angle the sunlight made with the meter stick. Trig functions started to fly, and pretty soon, the kids figured out that the angles were 33° and 42°. Here, rather than try to get the kids to make the geometric argument that they’d just measured the latitude, I tried to get them to think what would happen to the stick at other places, using the following conversation
me: what do you think the angle between the sun ray and the the meter stick would be if you were at the equator on the equinox?
s: the angle would be 0° because there wouldn’t be a shadow.
me: what if it were at the north pole?
s: it would be 90°, because the shadow would go on forever.
me: so what happens to the angle as you go up in latitude?
s: it gets bigger, so when the angle increased from 33° to 42°, it increased by 9°, which is about 1/10 of 1/4 of the way around the globe.
me: so if I tell you the longitudinal distance between ATL and NYC is 500 miles, what can you do with this?
s: Oh, I’ll just multiply that by , and come away with 20,000 miles.
And just then, Frank’s class arrived at the very same thing.
Here are some observations about the whole skype thing
- Students LOVE connecting with other kids. My kids had so many questions—do they watch Glee? Do they know my friend in NYC? What is their school like?
- Students have lots of stereotypes at play, even though my and Frank’s kids are pretty much identical. North vs south, private vs public, etc. I hope talking to kids who are from a different part of the world helps our kids dispel these stereotypes, but they can also manifest themselves as the occasional rude comment or two.
- I should have spoken to a language teacher about how to better moderate a skype discussion. A 30 on 15 discussion tends to chaos. If we do this again, I think Frank and I want to have small groups of kids making presentations to the other class.
But overall, I think the experiment was a success, and I’ll let my kids reactions speak for themselves:
- Talking to kids from New York was pretty amazing. I never thought that our science class would reach out past the <school> boundaries. Working with kids in New York over the internet was not only cool, but it allowed us to access data we couldn’t have taken. Together, both of our classes discovered the answer to a difficult question. Who would have thought we could measure the circumference of the earth with a stick?
- I learned that science is definitely not confined to our classroom. It can reach world wide, and with some simple calculations anyone can measure almost anything.
- It was amazing to measure something as great as the circumference of the earth using just a yard stick….. It was just a really cool knowing that you can get knowledge such as that by finding out yourself.
- Skyping with the class from New York was AWESOME!!!! It was so cool because even though we dont know them, we were really interacting with people all the way from New York and working together to find out information.
- I learned a ton! I learned all about the tilt of the earth and shadows and how on that particular day in the year, you can measure the circumference of the earth because it is the first day of fall which is in the middle of all of the other seasons. The earth is tilted just right to do the experiment.
- It was awesome to Skype with another physics class because we could see how similar to us kids from another part of the country are. And we got to do some physics…
- Measuring the circumference of the earth was so much fun and interesting!
- It was really interesting and unique to measure the circumfrence of the earth with a stick. I never thought that it was possible, but it was! At noon, on the first day of fall, our class went outside and measured the shadow a meter stick made on the pavement. We had to choose a flat surface and once we had collected our data, we averaged the groups measurments to come to a conclusion that the shadow was around 80cm.
- It was really fun to skype with the physcis class in New York. Knowing that they were conducting the same experiment at the same time we were was really cool, and then to be able to discuss it with them live was awesome. | <urn:uuid:b039ae39-adec-4bb7-9d7c-d4202bc330c1> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | https://quantumprogress.wordpress.com/2010/09/26/measuring-the-earth-with-skype-and-a-stick/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737899191.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221819-00142-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980949 | 1,335 | 3.171875 | 3 |
PPDL Picture of the Week for
April 6, 2015
Crucifer Downy Mildew
Tom Creswell, PPDL Director, Purdue University
Spring has arrived and home gardeners as well as commercial growers are planting cool weather vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale and cabbage. One threat to high quality production of these crucifer (mustard/cabbage family) crops is downy mildew, caused by the fungus-like organism Hyaloperonospora parasitica.Surviving the winter as thick walled spores in old infected plant material, or on susceptible winter weeds; the fungus spreads to new plants in the spring by means of air borne spores. This specific pathogen causes downy mildew mainly on crucifers. Related pathogens may cause downy mildew on roses, basil, soybeans, sunflowers, impatiens or cucumbers. However, each downy mildew pathogen is specific to closely related plant species such as those in a plant family.
Infected leaves develop yellow spots with areas of gray or tan. Broccoli and cauliflower heads may also become infected, producing a gray to brown internal breakdown. Similar symptoms can be produced on crucifers by bacterial diseases like black rot (Xanthomonas campestrispv. campestris) as shown in figure 2; so getting confirmation of the diagnosis by a diagnostic lab may be needed.
Downy mildew can often be prevented by removal or deep plowing of all previous crucifer debris, starting with healthy transplants and rotation with non-crucifer crops. Controlling nearby crucifer weeds may also help. | <urn:uuid:f5e882d9-6519-49dc-bc90-87e0c7b7d56e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/ppdl/Pages/potw06042015.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.931284 | 339 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Toxic Legacy: Brownfields Cleanup in Wyoming
A collaborative investigation spearheaded by the Investigative News Network revealed that abandoned and polluted properties — known as “brownfields” — continue to mar communities across the United States. INN and their partner organizations evaluate the slow progress being made in the cleanup of brownfields nationwide. WyoFile contributor Gregory Nickerson took a look at cleanup efforts underway in Wyoming.
By Gregory Nickerson
No one has made an accurate count of the number of contaminated sites across the state of Wyoming, according to Vicki Meredith, program supervisor for the Voluntary Remediation Program at the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ).
“I really couldn’t guess how many contaminated sites there are across the state. If you stop to think about all the potential, it would be thousands of sites across Wyoming,” said Meredith.
Those polluted sites are the legacy of oil wells, pipeline spills, leaky underground storage tanks, refineries, junkyards, dry cleaners, and numerous other chemical installations.
While there are many polluted sites across the state, only a select few are considered brownfields by the DEQ and the EPA. Typically, brownfields are sites within populated or inhabited areas where contamination poses a barrier to continued use of a property.
Dan Heffernan, EPA Region 8 Brownfields Coordinator, says it is communities, not the EPA, that self-identify brownfields. “It’s the local community that identifies something as a blight or potential contamination site, as opposed to a Superfund site that is designated by the EPA,” he said.
The EPA Region 8 office in Denver has three separate programs for addressing brownfields:
- In the Targeted Brownfields Assessment program, EPA scientists come out to a site at the request of the owner to evaluate the level of contamination.
- With a Brownfields Assistance grant, the EPA provides funds for entities to hire their own environmental consultants to test contamination.
- EPA Cleanup Grants provide money for the actual cleanup work.
The Laramie River Conservation District recently benefited from a Targeted Brownfields Assessment where the EPA drilled holes to test soils at the former Yttrium Plant, the abandoned site of an oil refinery and radioactive materials processor. The assessment identified manageable amounts of petroleum and lead in the soils, which allowed the Laramie River Conservation District to enter DEQ’s Voluntary Remediation Program and apply for EPA Cleanup grants. The Conservation District plans to locate their new office on the brownfield site.
Since the late 1990s about a dozen sites around the state have received Brownfields Assistance from the EPA. These range from the Union Pacific Roundhouse in Evanston, to a landfill in Wamsutter, a leaky oil storage tank by Little Goose Creek in Sheridan, Romero Park in Cheyenne, an old refinery in Lovell, and an industrial property in Upton, among others. In May of 2011 Cheyenne received a million dollar EPA grant to do a community-wide assessment of brownfields properties. A full listing of EPA-supported cleanups in Wyoming is available at the EPA’s Cleanups in my Community page.
In the past two years the EPA has awarded Brownfields Cleanup Grants to communities in Wyoming. In 2010 the Old Stony school in Sundance received $200,000 to remove asbestos, with the goal of turning the building into a museum. This year Dubois received a $200,000 EPA Brownfields Cleanup Grant to remediate an old sawmill with petroleum-contaminated soils.
That Dubois and Sundance could be selected from a nationwide pool of applicants demonstrates EPA’s confidence that the communities would be able to complete their proposed projects, Heffernan said.
Only about 30 percent of EPA Cleanup grant applicants get selected for funding. Small towns like Sundance or Dubois compete against cities like Cleveland and Detroit for funds.
But what the small towns lack in size and resources, they make up in having broad-based community participation and buy in, Heffernan said. “A lot of that credit (for Wyoming towns receiving the EPA grants) goes to the state DEQ for providing technical assistance to small local governments and efforts,” he added.
Much of the cleanup work that happens in Wyoming happens through the state DEQ’s Voluntary Remediation Program (VRP), which supplies communities and businesses with a step-by-step cleanup process. Once an entity volunteers for the program, the DEQ provides grants of up to $200,000 for assessment and $200,000 for cleanup.
Once DEQ certifies a VRP cleanup to be complete, it awards the entity a document of liability assurance that prevents future owners or neighbors from holding the entity liable. Many entities, from gas stations to fast food restaurants seek these certificates in order to put their properties on the market.
There are currently about 90 properties in the DEQ’s Voluntary Remediation Program, with new entities applying every week. Several notable VRP sites include Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, National Guard Armories around the state, the former Conoco Refinery in Glenrock, the refinery in Sinclair, Union Pacific Railroad facilities in Cheyenne and Green river, and a multitude of Colorado Interstate Gas pipeline sites. A complete list of VRP projects across Wyoming is available here.
The Wind River Reservation has made an inventory of brownfield sites, which includes old oil fields, abandoned power plants and refineries, sewage lagoons, scrap yards, and a variety of vacant government buildings. A full list is available here.
Compared to EPA grant programs, Meredith said getting support from the VRP program is, “Not hard at all.” It’s as simple as going to the DEQ website and filling out a form asking for assistance.
Taken together, Meredith said the total amount spent in Wyoming for EPA/DEQ Brownfield projects, EPA Superfund projects, and private cleanups amounts to tens of millions of dollars.
Wyoming’s notable Superfund sites include the Laramie Tie Treatment Plant, FE Warren Air Force Base, and the Brookhurst Subdivision, which abutted oil and gas facilities operated by Kinder Morgan, Dow Chemical, and Schlumberger. Such sites differ from brownfields in that Superfund sites are identified by EPA as posing an immediate threat to human health, which triggers regulatory programs and a flow of cleanup funds.
Some of Wyoming’s biggest cleanup projects were funded privately. Meredith said an example is the $60 million remediation of the Amoco/BP refinery property in Casper. That project cleaned up 1,000 acres through a collaborative process involving DEQ, EPA, the city and Natrona County, with all the funds provided by BP.
Meredith couldn’t venture a guess as to how much more money would be needed to clean up all of Wyoming’s contaminated sites. “If you think about that it cost $60 million to clean up the former Amoco refinery in Casper, if you broke that down by acre, $60 million for 1,000 acres, it would be a lot of money,” she said.
A significant barrier to a statewide cleanup is that many of Wyoming’s contaminated sites are in rural areas. That means there is less motivation to clean them up because the pollution is not impacting people. “The desire to clean up is less if it’s in the middle of nowhere versus the middle of town, and a lot of those sites are out in the middle of nowhere,” Meredith said.
EPA Funded Brownfields Assessment andAssistance Sites in Wyoming
- David Romero Park, Cheyenne
- Cheyenne Progress Center Industrial Park
- Yttrium Plant, Laramie
- Wamsutter Landfill
- Union Center, Evanston
- City of Evanston Roundhouse
- Old Wind River Game and Fish Building
- Old Wind River High School
- Eastern Shoshone Museum and Cultural Center
- Old Lovell Refinery
- Former ANCAR Tank Site, Sheridan
- Upton Regional Industrial Property
EPA Funded Brownfields Cleanups in Wyoming
- Old Stony Building, Sundance
- Former Dubois Sawmill Site
EPA Superfund Sites in Wyoming:
- F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne
- Mystery Bridge/Brookhurst Subdivision, Natrona County
- Union Pacific Tie Treatment Plant, Laramie
VRP Site List
— Gregory Nickerson is a University of Wyoming-trained historian and writer from Big Horn. He has worked on documentary films in Nicaragua, Yellowstone, and Philadelphia, and held jobs as a museum curator and hunting guide.
— If you enjoyed this article and would like to see more quality Wyoming journalism, please consider supporting WyoFile: a non-partisan, non-profit news organization dedicated to in-depth reporting on Wyoming’s people, places and policy. | <urn:uuid:457ee7f2-8275-435a-bc0f-44285b97d49d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://wyofile.com/rural-renewal-brownfields-cleanup-in-wyoming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.936905 | 1,862 | 2.90625 | 3 |
It is a common phenomenon for countries to embark on projects that supersede others. it is the quest of being outstanding that has led many countries to build gigantic airports, some encompassing the land area of cities. To this end, we took to the task to find out the Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size/Are. I bet you are interested and eager to find out too. So, journey with us as we unveil to you the 10 largest airports in the world.
Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size
There are tons of airports built in every country in the world. Some of these airports are bigger than others but which of them could it be. Where could it be located? All of these and other puzzles you need answers to will be discussed shortly.
However, below is a quick rundown of the Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size/Area.
Read Also: Top 10 Traveling Agencies in Nigeria
#1. King Fahd International Airport
Location: Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Area: 776 km2 (77,600 hectares)
King Fahd International Airport is the Largest Airport in the World by Size sitting on a gigantic landmass of 77,600 hectares. The airport began functioning fully in 1999.
The airport has three terminal buildings; the six-story main terminal operates international and domestic flights; Aramco Terminal attends to private airlines operated by Saudi Aramco; while the Royal Terminal serves the Saudi Arabia royal family, government officials, and officials.
The Airport has two runways, and it serves as a hub to Saudia, SaudiGulf Airlines, and Flynas.
#2. Denver International Airport
Location: Denver, USA
Area: 135.71 km2 (13,570 hectares)
Denver International Airport sits on a huge land area of 135.71 km2 making it the second-largest airport in the world. Also, the airport is the largest airport by area/size in North America. The airport is also very busy because it serves up to 215 destinations.
Another impressive fact about this airport is one of its runways, 16R/34L, considered to be the world’s 7th longest and North America’s longest runway.
Also, the airport serves as a hub for United Airlines and Frontier Airlines, as well as serving as a base for Southwest Airlines.
#3. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Location: Dallas/Fort Worth, USA
Area: 69.63 km2 (6,963 hectares)
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is a major aviation hub for American Airlines and one of the Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size/Area. Some interesting facts about this airport aside from its huge area size that puts it on the list are; the airport has five terminals; Terminal A solely serves American Airlines (A1G) (AAL) while the remaining terminals B, C, D, and E serve international and domestic flights. More so, the airport has a total of seven runways.
#4. Orlando International Airport
Location: Florida, USA
Area: 53.83 km2
Taking us further is the Orlando International Airport in the United States of America coming in as the fourth largest airport in the world. The airport mainly serves as an operating base for JetBlue (JBLU), Southwest Airlines (LUV), and Spirit Airlines (S64) (SAVE).
The airport’s main terminal is divided into two; Terminals A and B. Each of the terminals is connected to two airside terminals, which operate international and domestic flights. Plus, the airport has four runways.
#5. Washington Dulles International Airport
Location: Virginia, USA
Area: 48.56 km2 (5,200 hectares)
Washington Dulles is another airport in the United States on our list sitting on 5200 hectares of land coming in at the fifth spot on our list. Dulles Airport is one of the major airports in the Washington-Baltimore region, and it serves over 24 million passengers annually traveling to over 125 destinations.
#6. Beijing Daxing International Airport
Location: Beijing, China
Area: 47 km2
Stepping out of the USA a bit and moving back to Asia is the Beijing Daxing International Airport considered one of the Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size/Area. The airport has a 7.5 million square feet terminal built on an 18-square mile of land. More so, the airport can handle over 100 million passengers annually.
#7. George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Location: Houston, Texas, USA
Area: 44.51 km2
Back to the United States, we have George Bush Intercontinental airport as the next largest airport in the world to make our list. It occupies 44.5 square kilometers and is ranked as the second busiest airport in Texas with over 45.3 million passengers visiting this airport annually.
The airport has four terminals; each terminal has a distance of 2.4 km from terminal A to D. more so, the airport is reputable for its efficient air traffic management which results in fewer flight delays.
#8. Shanghai Pudong International Airport
Location: Shanghai, China
Area: 39.88 km2
Shanghai Pudong International Airport comes in at the eighth spot on our list of Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size/Area. The airport serves as the main hub for China Eastern Airlines as well as Shanghai Airlines. Interestingly, it has two terminals and five concrete runways.
#9. Cairo International Airport
Location: Cairo, Egypt
Area: 36.25 km2
Cairo International airport in Egypt puts Africa continent on the list coming in at the ninth spot with a land area of 36.25 km2. The airport is the second busiest airport in Africa. More so, the Cairo International Airport serves as the main hub for EgyptAir and Nile Air, the two largest airlines in Egypt.
#10. Suvarnabhumi Airport
Location: Bangkok, Thailand
Area: 32.4 km2
Suvarnabhumi (meaning Land of Gold) Airport in Bangkok brings us to the end of our discourse coming in at the tenth spot on our list. The airport has two runways that can serve 64 flights within an hour. Plus, it serves around 45 million passengers annually.
Read Also: Top 9 Best Local Airlines in Nigeria
There you have the Top 10 Largest Airports in the World by Size. It is amazing what humans can achieve. Interestingly, The United States of America is home to most of the airports mentioned here. | <urn:uuid:a78787a5-1ca1-4db1-9b28-b840d344589c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://informativupdate.com/largest-airports-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517485.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517130706-20220517160706-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.935366 | 1,390 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Along the west coast USA during the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the fear of a Japanese air attack on coastal cities was palpable. Civil defense efforts mandated completely extinguishing lights with blackouts or minimizing outdoor lighting (including upwardly directed/reflected light) with dimouts. Dark curtains were drawn across windows and the upper half of automobile headlights were painted black to prevent upwardly-directed light.
Civilian adherence to blackout orders on both coasts was mixed, with frequent complaints that blackouts effected businesses and tourism. This was particularly problematic along the east coast in the first half of 1942 where coastal lights actually enabled U-boats to readily identify silhouetted targets. Following disastrous shipping losses, government regulation of night time lighting along the Atlantic Ocean was finally tightened. | <urn:uuid:38a9372f-6d77-4447-9a63-fb3338cda99b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.enemyinmirror.com/1942-oregon-responds-world-1942-war-ii-blackouts-darken-skies-oregon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506027.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921105806-20230921135806-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.970143 | 154 | 3.5 | 4 |
Why do food prices increase?
On his blog, Jordan Schwartz, World Bank lead economist for sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean, mentioned several factors that are driving the price increase: speculation in commodity markets, the booming demand from Asia for feed grains and land use switching out from food crops to biofuels, among others.
There is growing consensus that food prices have increased due to fundamental shifts in global supply and demand. A variety of forces contribute to rising food prices: high energy prices, increased income, climate change and the increased production of biofuel. Income and per capita consumption in developing countries has increased; consequently, demand has also risen. Biofuel policies adopted in developed countries also explain the growth in demand.
Furthermore, the food supply has not increased sufficiently at a time when grain reserves are declining and land and water availability for food production has decreased. Changes in food supply and demand have been accompanied by predictable effects in terms of pricing and have been further affected by the rise in the cost of non-renewable resources. In light of the above, the combination of factors driving up food prices has led to a growing consensus that this increase is a structural rather than a cyclical phenomenon.
Today’s high food prices have few precedents. Only in the early 1970s were higher spikes recorded in real prices of grains such as wheat and maize. Food price inflation tends to be accompanied by hikes in energy prices and reduced liquidity in the grain market, such as in the current situation. Grain reserves are at their lowest level in the past 30 years, after the meager wheat harvests of several large-scale producers.
While the region as a whole is a net food exporter, increased food prices negatively affect income, nutrition and health of poor consumers. Even in countries with solid agricultural systems, most people buy their food and thus suffer the consequences of sustained price increases. High-priced food reduces the real income of the most vulnerable populations, with grave consequences for their health and nutrition. Moreover, the rise in food prices and the different trade patterns can combine to generate negative impacts even for food-exporting countries.
Logistic problems drive up food prices
In many Latin American and Caribbean countries, logistic and transport costs have more of an impact than customs duties on the price of commercial trade. The World Bank estimates that logistic expenses account for between 16% and 26% of GDP, and between 18% and 32% of the value of the commodities, compared with about 9% of GDP and commodity value in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In the case of Central American processed goods, the internal logistic burden increases the cost of food commodities with higher unit values by 8% to 15%.
Beginning in 2000, bilateral and regional free trade agreements reduced customs duties worldwide. Nevertheless, freight costs have more than doubled. For large-volume commodities of relatively low value, such as grains and edible oils, shipping and freight costs can increase the final price to the consumer by 30% to 50%.
Food commodities entering a Caribbean or Central American country often are subject to multiple delays, unnecessary direct costs and damages that ultimately hurt consumers. According to the World Bank’s Logistic Performance Index, customs clearance is particularly deficient in the Caribbean, where it normally takes from three to five days (compared with less than a day in Chile and three days in Latin America as a whole). Moreover, in several countries of the two sub-regions, imports take much longer to reach the broker after unloading, particularly in Costa Rica, Haiti, Jamaica and Panama.
According to Food Price Volatility, a Growing Concern, weather conditions are a leading cause of the July surge in food prices. The drought in the United States – the world’s largest exporter of maize and soybeans – resulted in vast damages to those summer crops. The lack of rain in Russia, the Ukraine and Kazakhstan has contributed to projected wheat production losses.
The abrupt food price increases turned favorable price prospects for the year upside down. World Bank experts do not currently foresee a repeat of 2008; however, negative factors – such as exporters pursuing panic policies, a severe El Nino, disappointing southern hemisphere crops, or strong increases in energy prices – could cause significant further grain prices hikes such as those experienced four years ago. | <urn:uuid:1b8e4676-c6e6-41e7-9afb-f9889bdc2841> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/09/13/america_latina_crisis_precio_alimentos | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500058.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203154140-20230203184140-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.955568 | 882 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Updated: Sep 22, 2020
Picture Book 40 pages © 2020
Alice wanted a sibling and then found François and a beautiful friendship begins. A must-read picture book!
This is a good mentor text for theme. Guide students to see that the message of the book is how friendships can heal emotional wounds. Also use this for language. Have students listen for and point out the beautiful and descriptive language used throughout. For character development, have student look for the moves the author makes to make the characters so endearing. Lastly, what is the author's purpose for including a little bit of humor. | <urn:uuid:4d91d3db-35c0-4d9d-9f68-2256ae8901b8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.barbarathebookworm.com/post/sometimes-we-all-need-a-friend-to-get-us-through-the-tough-times | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499966.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209112510-20230209142510-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.930698 | 121 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. The Poskim speak of Parshas Vo’eschanan being read the Shabbos immediately following Tisha b’Av. This is an unusual construct, as normally we speak of a particular Parsha being read in advance of a particular moed (Jewish Holiday). Instead of saying that Vo’eschanan is to follow, why not say that we read Dvorim right before Tisha b’Av – it would make sense especially since the Chayt Hameraglim (Sin of the Spies), a theme of Parshas Dvorim, occurred on Tisha b’Av.
Rav Soloveitchik ZT’L explains: It is true that a theme of Parshas Dvorim is the Chayt Hameraglim; but a theme of Vo’eschanan (occurring in the section of Ki Solid Bonim which we also read on Tisha b’Av morning) is that Klal Yisroel can and will do Teshuva (Repentance). 4:30. Taking a cue from the fact that we read the Torah portion of Vo’eschanan/Teshuva on Tisha b’Av itself (rather than reading Dvorim/Meraglim), the Poskim wish to reference the positive outcome to emerge from the destruction and to emphasize the opportunities available in the wake of destruction; they therefore express themselves in terms of Vo’eschanan/teshuva, rather than Dvorim/Sin.
2. Also in the Ki Solid Bonim section of Parshas Vo’eschanan (4:23-24), Moshe speaks of the uniqueness of Klal Yisroel’s having been privileged to hear HaShem’s voice at Har Sinai. In this context Moshe says rhetorically that Klal Yisroel could question whether such an event (a nation hearing HaShem’s voice and surviving the experience) ever occurred in history. Moshe says we could inquire “from the day when HaShem created ‘man’ on the earth and from one end of the heavens to the other”. Rashi explains that in a simple sense this means we could ask any person who ever lived and we’d understand how unique our Har Sinai experience was.
Rashi continues with a deeper explanation; the ‘man’ of the pasuk refers to ‘Man/Adam’, the original man, and the pasuk is teaching that Adam’s stature or height reached from ‘one end of the heavens to the other’. The obvious question on the deeper explanation is why is this a good place to teach us a lesson about Adam’s stature; doesn’t this belong in Parshas Breishis? The Maskil L’Dovid addresses this question: Moshe is telling Klal Yisroel that they could even ask Adam HaRishon, the Man of incredible stature, and he would confirm that Klal Yisroel’s experience of hearing HaShem’s voice at Har Sinai eclipsed what even he, Adam, ever experienced. Teaching the lesson of Adam’s stature here enhances the point being made to Klal Yisroel about their uniqueness and responsibilities.
Gal Einai, Copyright © 2006 by Gedalia Litke and Torah.org | <urn:uuid:e11e240c-bc36-4243-bae6-087f966f5931> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://torah.org/torah-portion/galeinai-5766-vaeschanan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922951 | 723 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Exciting news from one of Christianity’s earliest seats, and the UK Daily Mail:
The world’s earliest illustrated Christian book has been saved by a British charity which located it at a remote Ethiopian monastery.
The incredible Garima Gospels are named after a monk who arrived in the African country in the fifth century and is said to have copied them out in just one day.
Beautifully illustrated, the colours are still vivid and thanks to the Ethiopian Heritage Fund have been conserved. The survival of the Gospels is incredible considering the country has been under Muslim invasion, Italian invasion and a fire in the 1930s destroyed the monastery’s church.
They were written on goat skin in the early Ethiopian language of Ge’ez.
There are two volumes which date from the same time, but the second is written in a different hand from the first. Both contain illustrations and the four Gospels. . . . Carbon dating, however, gives a date between 330 and 650 – which tantalisingly overlaps the date Abba Garima arrived in the country.
Ethiopians are old, old Christians; who have persevered in the face of threat and invasion. They are stoic, rather quiet but immovable, even though they are surrounded on all sides by inter-religious turmoil.
The Ethiopian Christians have long claimed to be the keepers of the Ark of the Covenant (a fascinating story), and we see an Ethiopian responding with great joy to the Word, in the Acts of the Apostles:
Then the angel of the Lord spoke to Philip, “Get up and head south on the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza, the desert route.”
So he got up and set out. Now there was an Ethiopian eunuch, a court official of the Candace, 8 that is, the queen of the Ethiopians, in charge of her entire treasury, who had come to Jerusalem to worship,
and was returning home. Seated in his chariot, he was reading the prophet Isaiah.
The Spirit said to Philip, “Go and join up with that chariot.”
Philip ran up and heard him reading Isaiah the prophet and said, “Do you understand what you are reading?”
He replied, “How can I, unless someone instructs me?” So he invited Philip to get in and sit with him.
This was the scripture passage he was reading: “Like a sheep he was led to the slaughter, and as a lamb before its shearer is silent, so he opened not his mouth.
In (his) humiliation justice was denied him. Who will tell of his posterity? For his life is taken from the earth.”
Then the eunuch said to Philip in reply, “I beg you, about whom is the prophet saying this? About himself, or about someone else?”
Then Philip opened his mouth and, beginning with this scripture passage, he proclaimed Jesus to him.
As they traveled along the road they came to some water, and the eunuch said, “Look, there is water. What is to prevent my being baptized?”
Then he ordered the chariot to stop, and Philip and the eunuch both went down into the water, and he baptized him.
When they came out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord snatched Philip away, and the eunuch saw him no more, but continued on his way rejoicing.
Cool stuff. Of all the Christian churches, the Ethiopian church may be the most mysteriously hopeful.
–Elizabeth Scalia is guestposting for the week, and this is cross-posted at The Anchoress | <urn:uuid:0433f4f3-e666-4095-976b-040df634deb7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://hotair.com/anchoress/2010/07/05/oldest-illustrated-manuscript-in-ethiopia-n170239 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056348.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918062845-20210918092845-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.981695 | 768 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Two new approaches to help diagnose lung cancer could enable doctors to determine which patients need surgery, which is often highly invasive and potentially dangerous. Researchers at Vanderbilt University have identified a set of molecular biomarkers, some found in blood and some in biopsied tissue, that improved the accuracy of lung-cancer diagnosis in tissue and blood samples from patients whose diagnosis had already been confirmed with surgery. Larger clinical trials of the biomarkers are now needed to determine the power of the tests to diagnose patients whose lung-cancer status is not yet known.
Lung cancer presents a serious challenge to oncologists. While it is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-related deaths in the United States–there are approximately 215,020 new cases per year and 161,840 deaths–“there is no screening and no early-detection tools validated to reduce mortality,” says David Carbone, an oncologist at the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, in Nashville, TN. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is usually at an advanced stage and very difficult to treat. “If we could change those ratios slightly, we’re talking about saving 10,000, 20,000, maybe 50,000 lives,” says Carbone.
To diagnose lung cancer, patients typically undergo x-ray or CT scans to detect abnormal growths on the lungs. However, highly sensitive CT scans can detect small nodules that may or may not be cancerous. Physicians must then decide whether to send the patient for surgery, which often involves cutting open the chest, or take a more conservative approach and recommend another scan in six months. A recent study found that as many as one in five people diagnosed with lung cancer did not in fact have it and underwent surgery unnecessarily.
This issue may soon become an even bigger problem. In an attempt to diagnose lung cancer earlier, a large nationwide study is under way to determine if screening heavy smokers with CT scans can reduce death rates. “If studies show that early CT scanning can help find cancers earlier, then more and more patients will come into doctor’s offices with difficult to interpret scans,” says Pierre Massion, a pulmonary physician at Vanderbilt. “CT scans can give lots of false positives, so we need a companion test that is highly specific.” | <urn:uuid:e9359f7e-b346-4359-bd2b-c99fca751418> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/413345/better-detection-of-lung-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094634.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00290-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958935 | 472 | 3.1875 | 3 |
We always tell our kids that anything is possible. We encourage them to shoot for the stars, but there are a relative few that actually equip their children with the tools they need to carry out their dreams. A research study sponsored by the Ford Foundation indicated that 23% of people have no idea what they want out of life, 67% have a general idea of what they want but no goals or plans to achieve it, while only 10% of the population has specific, well-defined goals. Another study from Dominican University suggests that people are 42% more likely to achieve their goals if they write their goals down. An overwhelming majority of people that feel successful, happy and fulfilled utilize the practice of setting and fulfilling goals on a regular basis.
Even though the importance of setting goals to build the kind of life and relationships we want is relatively common knowledge, there is a very small group of people that actually employ SMART, written objectives in their lives. Why is that? How can we be better at setting and fulfilling our goals and how can we teach our kids, not only the rhetorical importance of setting goals, but HOW to create goal directed habits to implement goals effectively?
So, if we know goals are helpful, why do so few people set and follow through with goals?
- We never learned how: If Mom and Dad don’t teach us the skill of setting effective goals, we generally have to learn it on our own. We have to seek out the education for ourselves.
- Fear of failure or experience with past failure: We worry that if we put our goals out there and we don’t reach them, that makes us a failure. Maybe we have even had an experience with missing the mark on a personal goal and fear having the same negative experience.
- Fear of success: I’ve found that sometimes I keep myself from setting goals due to the fear of actually succeeding. Reaching our goals can propel us into new situations that we are not familiar or comfortable with, so we drag our feet because we fear the unknown.
- We feel overwhelmed already: Sometimes we feel like we have so much going on that we couldn’t possibly fit something new into our life. Feeling the extra accountability of setting a formal goal feels like too much.
Overcome the above obstacles to effective goal setting
- Learn how to set effective goals now: Last year’s post, “Make Your New Year’s Resolutions Stick” gives a simple but profound outline of 7 specific steps you can take to set great goals and then actually realize those goals. These 7 steps include…
- Be Aware but not preoccupied with the past
- Know Your “Why”
- Write down your SMART Goals
- Be accountable
- Break down goals to simple daily tasks, track and adjust your intensity and progress
- Focus on today. Break down larger goals into simple daily tasks
- Celebrate and repeat the process
- Treat each goal as a “success experiment”: When you can look at each goal, each day, each step as an experiment, we can utilize goals to learn and find out what works best for you. You will inevitably make mistakes along the path to reaching your goals but that does not mean you have failed, but rather that you have gathered valuable information about what works and what does not. You can use this information to shift and make positive corrections that help you be successful.
- Get comfortable with being uncomfortable: Growth often requires that we face things that we feel are slightly outside of our comfort zone. That’s okay. That is what stretches us and drives us to step it up. Make it a habit to identify something that is good for you, that is slightly uncomfortable to you and schedule a time for it every day. Do it whether you want to or not. Develop the strength of will to persevere through reasonable discomfort and realize that each time we assert our will, the task becomes easier and we are lifted to new heights.
- Realize that goal setting does not complicate, it simplifies: Have you ever tried to pick up a huge bundle of items without organizing them first, only to take one step and drop something? Then you bend to get that item and drop something else? You finally decide to put the items down and organize them or find some container to place them in. The same task that you were cursing moments earlier seems simple. Goal setting is similar. All of us at some time feel overwhelmed and frazzled and think goal setting just adds a brick to our load. But in actuality, goal setting helps us to reorganize our load and add leverage to our current load to make it more efficient and easier. It brings order to the chaos we carry.
When you have learned how to set and reach your goals, you can help your children learn and start to set their own goals. Below I’ll share 4 fun activities that can teach each of the steps above and start kids on the path to effective goal setting.
Exercises to do with kids to teach goal setting and fulfillment
1. Do a dream and goal brainstorm: Explore the realm of possibilities without limits. Get out a huge piece of paper or a blank poster and sit down with color crayons or markers and invite your child to help you to create their “perfect world.” Create a picture of that world with them. You can help write and label things while your child colors and answers questions, or if they are old enough, they can write or draw it themselves. Ask questions like…
a. If you went to sleep tonight and a miracle happened and you woke up tomorrow and everything was perfect, what would that be like for you?
b. Who would be around you and how would everyone treat each other?
c. Where would you live?
d. What kinds of things would be around you?
e. What would you be doing?
f. What would you know how to do?
g. What would you love most about all of this?
h. For older kids you could ask things like, “what would be your biggest achievement”?
This exercise is fun and can give both you and your child a better idea of what they want and what they would like to change. It helps you and them better understand your child’s “why” behind their dreams and goals. It can then act as a springboard for further learning and goal setting in the future.
2. Model setting a SMART goal and creatively include your child in helping you achieve it: Enlist the help of your child in completing your goal. During a family night or some other connected moment share with them your goal and make them one of your accountability agents. Ask them to help you and maybe even participate in the goal with you. Express how you really want to complete your goal and need their help doing it. Ask them if they will help you by reminding you about it daily or weekly or helping you track your progress on a chart or something. You can get creative with how you ask them to participate, but get them involved. If you want to lose weight, ask them if they will play or exercise with you several days a week. If you want to save money this year, ask them to join you in adding change to a savings jar in the kitchen. Find some way to include them in your regular progress toward your goal.
Jessica Lahey, Author of the forthcoming book, “The Gift of Failure: How the Best Parents Learn to Let Go So Their Kids Can Succeed,” shares how she and her husband implement modeling effective goal setting with their kids. She says…
“When I realized how effective short-term, achievable goals were for my middle school student advisees, my husband and I decided to try it out in our home. Every once in a while we take some time at dinner to write down three short-term achievable goals for ourselves. They can’t be too big, because it’s important that when we revisit our goals down the line, we can be able to check them off and feel as if we’ve accomplished something. I always try to pick one that pushes me out of my comfort zone, because I can’t ask my children to do the same if I’m not setting a good example. Finally, it’s important that my kids’ goals are THEIRS, so we try really hard not to butt our noses (or our motives) into their goals. A few weeks later, we check in to see how things have gone. If we did not reach our goals, or if we tried and failed, no big deal; we are accountable only to ourselves. It’s been an effective way to shift our focus off of grades and on to personal ambitions, and the more we can do of that, the better!”
3. Create a goal personal progress chart: Note that this chart is not a “reward chart” in the sense that they are going to use the chart to get some kind of reward from you by performing certain behavior. This chart is their own fun, personal chart for tracking their own actions toward their goal. Once your child has identified a SMART goal they want to work on, have them draw it at the top or right side of a poster board. Identify a sport or other goal directed activity they love and use that as the theme for their chart. For example, if your son loves soccer, invite him to draw a soccer field on the poster with the picture of their goal at the top or end of the chart. Help them to think of simple, daily activities or tasks that will help them get to their goal and write them along the field as progress markers. Create a ball that they can move up the field. Help them identify a goal that is attainable so that you can help set them up to succeed. Post the chart somewhere that they can see it regularly and be prompted on a daily basis to fulfill their daily tasks.
4. Read inspirational stories of perseverance: Use stories as conversation starters about principles of hard work, ingenuity and not giving up. Discuss “failure” vs. “progress” mentality. Resilience and success are built on the back of an understanding that mistakes, setbacks and imperfect progress are all part of growth and achievement. Some wonderful children’s books that teach these concepts include….
- Testing the Ice: A True Story About Jackie Robinson by Sharon Robinson
- The Most Magnificent Thing by Ashley Spires
- Apples to Oregon by Deborah Hopkinson
- The Little Engine that Could by Watty Piper
- Who Moved My Cheese? For Kids by Spencer Johnson
- Are You My Mother by P.D. Eastman
- The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum
One of the most significant dreams and goals of my life is to teach my children to be healthy, happy and to not just reach for the stars, but reach the stars. I want to be intentional about helping them become intentional about life. I want to help them become creators in their lives. My little boys know the importance of vision and goals through their experience building Legos. Their Lego creations are built piece by piece and having a vision of what they want the creation to be and then following a plan helps them reach the outcome they want. That doesn’t mean that there aren’t times that we improvise and build creations off the cuff, but the blueprints serve an important purpose nonetheless. We can teach our kids goal setting in fun ways that build our relationship with them and build ourselves as well.
Let us know what your goals are for the New Year. What are some of your child’s dreams and goals? How can you help them set strong goals and fulfill them?
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Set a goal this year to be a less stressed, calmer parent. Stop yelling, become more aware and mindful, and take control of your own reactions. If this is something that you would like to achieve in 2015, the TRU Calm Parent Relaxation and Self Renewal Series is for you! For a limited time you can get the TRU Calm series for only $3.All you have to do is leave a comment below about why you think the TRU Calm series might help you reach one of your parenting goals in 2015, then copy your comment and email it to email@example.com and be willing to share your thoughts and feedback regarding the TRU Calm series after you have used it. I will email you back with a special offer code to get the series for just $3. I want everyone to have the opportunity to experience the helpful calming benefits of these guided relaxation and meditations. Happy New Year! May all your TRU Parenting goals come to fruition!
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If you enjoyed this post and would like to read more like it, enter your email below and join the TRU Parenting Newsletter as well as get the Quick Calm Toolkit for FREE. You can Learn more about the Quick Calm Toolkit by clicking on the image to the left or simply enter your email and get instant access! | <urn:uuid:8971e437-7d53-4e53-89b9-9f4d1df94dfc> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://truparenting.net/4-ways-teach-kids-set-effective-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741628.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114041344-20181114062816-00006.warc.gz | en | 0.964729 | 2,801 | 2.75 | 3 |
|Scientific research in the LTER includes studies of:
Palmer Station, operated by the US Antarctic Program and host for Palmer LTER and other scientific research projects, is located on Anvers Island, latitude 64.7 South, longitude 64.0 West, accessed via a 4-day sail from Punta Arenas, Chile (there is no routine air service). Palmer Station is a year-round research base with a maximum capacity of 45 including scientists and students, logistics support personnel, cooks, and a fulltime doctor.
A limited number of fellows spent a month between November 2009 and February 2010 with scientists studying the effects of climate change and ecosystem function on the Antarctic Peninsula. Fellows had the opportunity to participate in censuses and other studies of breeding penguins and in sampling of plankton and water column optical, chemical and physical properties with marine ecologists working at Palmer Station. In the lab, they assisted scientists and students during analysis of samples for properties such as bacterial abundance, chlorophyll, nutrients and zooplankton. | <urn:uuid:1fae5eae-432b-438a-aae0-95a9c18be7c3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.mbl.edu/sjp/polar-programs/palmer-station-antarctica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660181.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00218-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93752 | 213 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A video game is an activity in which two or even more people or groups compete against each other to accomplish a typical objective. While not all video games are thought about sporting activities, they commonly include dispute, competition, and/or memorization. The overall objective of the game is to win, as well as oftentimes the champion is introduced in a sport report. The sport report typically highlights the best player in the video game, and also can make or break the video game. Nevertheless, not all sporting activities can be thought about games.
Michael Brown defines sport as “any affordable task in which the objective is to beat an opponent and also score points.” The definition of sporting activity also consists of archery and also track and also field competitions, along with ice events. Various other sporting activities include acrobatics, archery, and also markmanship. This meaning omits some activities, such as playing online poker. A video game of poker is a different issue entirely. A game of cards, on the other hand, has no particular policies.
While modern sports are about winning as well as losing, old cultures appreciated various forms of sport, consisting of wrestling, high jump, and also jousting. In old China, a variety of various sports were played, consisting of fumbling, javelin throwing, and more. In the Persian era, the pharaohs were recognized to participate in a sporting activity that called for high jumping and also wrestling. During the Islamic realm, there was a specialized martial art referred to as Zoorkhaneh, which involved a tossed stone.
As Pierre de Coubertin notoriously said, “Sporting activity is an activity, and the satisfaction of involvement is its own benefit.” In addition to its defining features, sport also focuses on involvement complete satisfaction, the biobehavioral bases of exercise, and also social, historic, and cultural foundations. There are several kinds of sporting activity, so a wide definition of the term is very important. As well as one of the most crucial aspect of sport is that it is a task.
Throughout background, individuals have delighted in sports. A few of one of the most famous showing off events were the Olympics in London, the Globe Mug in the United States, and the well known Munich massacre, which involved fifty men killing Israeli professional athletes. While some sporting activities might be thought about innocent, others are violent. In recent times, sports are greatly spectator-oriented, and also a wide variety of activities are associated with them. A good example is football, soccer, as well as cricket. Every one of these types of games are played between two or more individuals.
As sporting activities can be defined as physical activities, some are totally recreational. As an example, football is a video game had fun with groups, while basketball is a game played by individuals. As a result, the individuals should have the ability to compete for the honor of the team. Whether they play a game or complete for the money, they can be considered a sport. The word “sporting activity” is subjective, and people can have a dislike of a sport.
Some sports are based on guidelines and competition. For example, some sports are evaluated by a panel of courts. In some circumstances, individuals attempt to cheat in order to raise their probabilities of winning. In various other situations, the function of match taking care of is to make certain that results are fair. A number of tasks, consisting of dancing and motorsports, are classified as sporting activities. An individual’s engagement in a sport gives psychological and also physical incentives. It promotes positive self-esteem and can enhance mental wellness.
A study of the role of sporting activities in a culture asks pupils to answer a series of questions regarding what they consider a sporting activity to be. As an example, some individuals think that they are playing a sport in order to get social condition, while others think that a sport is a form of religion. In these cases, it is tough to different faith as well as sporting activity. For these reasons, it is important to specify what a sporting activity is as well as exactly how it can be ideal practiced.
In spite of these difficulties, women remain to take part in sporting activities. Today, females represent 39% of all athletes in US interscholastic sports. The worth of sports for a child’s development is evident. Moreover, sport can aid parents develop a positive self-worth. In this regard, there are a number of short articles as well as video clips that offer valuable ideas for raising youngsters to be associated with sports. Several of these researches have also revealed the worth of a sport in a culture.
Sports have different rules. The policies of a sporting activity can be rigorous or lax. Some sports involve a high degree of competitors. Some sports call for the participation of a team or person. As an example, a football game requires both gamers to utilize their arms and legs. The objective of a sport is to improve physical capacity, so you can compete with others. In the United States, the term is commonly used in the particular. It is made use of to refer to numerous tasks.
Some people may do not like sporting activities, however they need to identify the advantages of playing them. Most sporting activities are based upon physical dexterity, that makes them competitive. In the USA, the Olympics only confess sporting activities that involve physical dexterity. In Europe, the majority of sports are played between two people. Some sporting activities can be played in between two teams, while others entail hundreds. There are numerous variants of sports, and also some are not a part of a country.
Apart from being an outstanding source of physical conditioning, sports likewise give countless benefits for the mind. As an example, sporting activities urge favorable self-worth, which will rollover into their adult years. In a sports competition, the athletes need to have the ability to concentrate and also concentrate. They must also have the ability to concentrate on their task as well as remain focused. Because of this, it is imperative that they have a positive self-image. Additionally, they need to have the ability to maintain a healthy as well as well balanced diet regimen.
Despite its diverse meaning, it is a most importantly vital topic. The research study of sports includes using performance-enhancing medications, such as steroids, as well as various other man-made compounds. Whether these medicines are made use of in affordable sporting activity or not, the goal of a sport is to boost the efficiency of a specific or team. It is important that the participants understand the nature of a sport to avoid any type of issues. The very same can be claimed for sports psychology, which is a crucial element of the human body. Home page
While some sporting activities are targeted at promoting a group, others are focused on individual growth. While a team-oriented sport can be fun and competitive, an individual can also gain from a private sporting activity. For instance, fishing as well as auto racing are 2 of the popular forms of sporting activities for people. In addition to the above, the person can likewise be participated in imaginative tasks like fighting styles. These are only a few of the many types of sporting activities. | <urn:uuid:46ded3d8-fb7c-4fbb-b23b-41d13faef76b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.mexicocityprivatebank.com/2021/11/19/this-is-why-sports-is-so-famous-and-you-must-know-it-as-well/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359037.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130141247-20211130171247-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.978653 | 1,472 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Lung cancer is cancer that begins in the respiratory system. The respiratory system is situated in stomach area. When you take in, air goes through your nose, down your throat (trachea), and into the respiratory system, where it propagates through pipes known as lung. Most lung cancer begins in the tissues that range these pipes.
There are two primary kinds of lung cancer:
- Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC): is the most everyday sort of lung cancer.
- Small-cell lung cancer: creates up about 20% of all lung cancer situations.
If the lung cancer is made up of both kinds, it is known as combined little cell/large cell cancer.
If the cancer began somewhere else in the body and propagates to the respiratory system, it is known as metastatic cancer to the lung.
Causes, Occurrence, And Danger Factors
Lung cancer is the most harmful kind of cancer for both men and ladies. Each season, more individuals die of lung cancer than of breasts, colon, and prostate cancers combined. Lung cancer is more typical in seniors. It is unusual in individuals under age 45. Cigarette smoking, tobacco is the top cause of lung cancer. The more cigarette you smoke or take tobacco per day and the previously you began smoking cigarettes, the higher your danger for lung cancer. There is no proof that smoking low-tar cigarettes or taking tobacco decreases the danger.
However, lung cancer has happened in individuals who have never used. Secondhand smoke (breathing the smokes of others cigarettes) improves your danger for lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, an approximated 3,000 non-smoking grownups will die each season from lung cancer relevant to respiration secondhand smokes of cigarettes.
The following may also improve your danger for lung cancer:
- High levels of arsenic in consuming water
- Exposure to cancer-causing substances such as uranium, beryllium, soft chloride, dime chromates, fossil fuel items, mustard gas, chloromethyl ethers, fuel, and diesel fuel exhaust
- Radiation treatment to the lungs
- Family record of lung cancer
- High levels of air pollution
- Radon gas
Early lung cancer may not cause any symptoms. Symptoms rely on the kind of cancer you have, but may include:
- Cough that doesn’t go away
- Coughing up blood
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain
- Losing weight without trying
- Loss of appetite
Other symptoms that may also happen with lung cancer, often in the delayed stages:
- Joint pain
- Bone discomfort or tenderness
- Swallowing difficulty
- Facial paralysis
- Swelling of the experience or arms
- Hoarseness or modifying voice
- Nail problems
- Shoulder pain
- Eyelid drooping
These symptoms can also be due to other, less serious circumstances, so you should discuss to your doctor. Many times, lung cancer is discovered when an x-ray or CT check out is done for another purpose. | <urn:uuid:e04859b4-cc12-45ac-be63-e6e535c4f3e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://lungcancersymptomsx.com/fear-that-you-have-lung-cancer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188914.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00574-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929147 | 635 | 3.390625 | 3 |
LA: With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.
LA: Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts in which they name what they are writing about and supply some information about the topic.
LA: Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.
LA: Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.
LA: Participate in shared research and writing projects.
SCI: Investigate and explain that for an object to be seen, light must be reflected off the object and enter the eye.
VA: Use different media, techniques, and processes to communicate ideas, experiences, and stories.
VA: Use visual structures of art to communicate ideas. | <urn:uuid:14aad7a1-35cf-4728-8b6d-c5ae912c13d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.crayola.com/for-educators/lesson-plans/lesson-plan/seeing-yourself.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588251.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216143011-20171216165011-00684.warc.gz | en | 0.87884 | 173 | 3.5 | 4 |
The Reichardt detector is an elementary motion detector inspired by the fly. It computes a motion signal from two brightness input signals from photodetectors. The output signal indicates the direction of motion of a pattern along the photodetectors.
The signal strength from the Reichardt detector not only depends on the motion direction and velocity but also on the visible contrast. Multiple differently aligned detectors can be combined to estimate optic flow or egomotion.
Reichardt, W. (1987). Evaluation of optical motion information by movement detectors. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology, 161(4), 533-47.
Two sample algorithms are presented: "visual_processing/optic_flow/Reichardt.cpp" "visual_processing/optic_flow/ReichardtDynamic.cpp". The first algorithm implements a simple discrete detector using only two low-pass and high-pass filters. The second algorithm allows to configure a detector system with multiple different filters at runtime. This allows to implement more elaborate types of detectors. | <urn:uuid:66cfd599-7916-44b3-82d2-cab7fb5211fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://curvace.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107%3Areichardt-detector&catid=57&Itemid=94 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539131.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521143241-20220521173241-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.807644 | 248 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A renewed push is underway in Atlanta to harvest rainwater and improve the management of storm water in an era of sustained drought.
Rainwater harvesting is one proposed response to the need for better management of water resources. Credit: Southeast Rainwater Harvesting Systems Association
Advocates say a regional rainwater harvesting program could produce more than 20 million gallons of water a day. That represents about 16 percent of metro Atlanta’s net consumptive use of about 125 million gallons a day, according to the latest figures maintained by the Atlanta Regional Commission.
Two efforts are ramping up to improve the management of the region’s water resources: The drafting of potential new storm water regulations in Atlanta that would apply to all new homes, and to certain additions to existing homes and commercial properties; And, a renewed push throughout the region to encourage property owners to harvest rainwater.
The issue is pressing as all of metro Atlanta now is in a drought, according to the National Drought Mitigation Center. Levels of drought range from moderate in north Cherokee County to exceptional in south Fulton County.
Walter Reeves, the affable Georgia gardener, predicts drought conditions aren’t likely to lessen. Reeve’s website has a segment that says Georgia’s had five “droughts of the century” since 1924, and provides a link to a research paper on recent droughts.
Proposed policy changes in Atlanta on storm water management are nearing completion by city water officials and local organizations that promote sustainability, including Southface.
The purpose of the revision that’s proposed to the city’s current post-development storm water ordinance sounds simple enough: “To emphasize natural resource protection and better site design principles including the use of green infrastructure and runoff reduction.”
The way Joy Hinkle, of Southface, describes the proposal, the goal is to keep more storm water on a developed site so there’s less runoff to manage offsite. That means the goal is less about building water features, such as the one at the Old Fourth Ward Park, located near City Hall East, and more about using plants and soil to manage rainwater where it falls.
This approach is in keeping with emerging federal standards on storm water management.
The darker the color, the more severe the drought as portrayed on this drought monitor. Credit: National Drought Mitigation Center
The working draft of the proposal has not been filed with the Atlanta City Council.
As its currently envisioned, there would be no change in enforcement or penalties for violations.
Highlights of the working draft include:
- For residential properties, the new rules would apply to any new or redeveloped house, and additions of 1,000 square feet or more of impervious surface;
- For commercial properties, the new rules would apply to any project that adds 500 square feet or more of impervious surface;
- Runoff rates may not be increased from greenfield developments, and rates must be reduced on existing sites;
- Runoff of the first inch of rain must be retained on site, or handled in specific ways if site conditions prevent retention.
Last week at Atlanta City Hall, about 75 business and community leaders gathered to brainstorm on ways to promote the harvesting of rainwater by residential and commercial property owners.
The new push is coordinated by the Southeast Rainwater Harvesting Systems Association, a non-profit organization that promotes rainwater harvesting and the reuse of water. The organization is ramping up a public awareness campaign that focuses on this process that could be adopted even as the state continues in the direction of creating more water reservoirs.
Companies and organizations that participated in the Aug. 9 event included Coca Cola; Home Depot; Cobb and Fulton counties; Atlanta; Southface; law firms including Troutman Sanders, Smith, Gambrell & Russell; UBI France; EPA’s Region 4; Ernst & Young; professors at Georgia Tech and University of Georgia; Georgia Municipal Association; and Central Atlanta Progress.
After a roundtable conversation at the end of the event, each group presented ideas on how to promote rainwater harvesting. Some of the ideas include:
- Pricing water at the real cost to provide it;
- Creating a model home or business to show during site visits;
- Creating a speakers bureau to send representatives to talk to groups;
- Providing government incentives to install systems.
One example of a government rebate program exists in Tucson. The city government there has implemented a cash award of $300 for homeowners who install a rainwater harvesting system. | <urn:uuid:c2458655-92f0-47fb-a447-13ae492fe311> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://ecocustomhomes.com/atlanta-considers-new-storm-water-rules-as-part-of-rainwater-harvesting-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999141.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620044948-20190620070948-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.933684 | 934 | 2.75 | 3 |
How does K-TIG compare to Submerged Arc welding?
Submerged Arc Welding is a process which requires a continuously fed, consumable, solid or tubular (metal cored) electrode.
The molten weld is protected from atmospheric contamination by being ‘submerged’ under a blanket of granular flux consisting typically of lime, silica, manganese oxide, calcium fluoride and other compounds.
When molten, the flux becomes conductive, and provides a current path between the electrode and the work piece. In suitable applications, SAW can achieve high deposition rates however root passes are generally not achievable.
By contrast, the K-TIG process has no consumables, requires no flux handling systems, creates no flux or slag residues, requires no inter-pass and post-weld slag removal and provides a high quality root bead.
K-TIG will review your application and provide you with a Savings assessment, at no cost. These assessments are compiled individually and delivered directly to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:2364fbde-0f13-42d9-b3dd-65c0cd23ba70> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.k-tig.com/how-does-k-tig-compare-to-submerged-arc-welding-saw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.911016 | 213 | 2.71875 | 3 |
There is no cure for autism. The severity of symptoms may decrease over the years, but the condition lasts for life. Children with autism and their families may benefit from early intervention. Children with autism respond well to a structured, predictable schedule. With help, many children with autism learn to cope with their disabilities. Most need assistance and support throughout their lives. Others are able to work and live independently when they grow up.
Interventions to help children with autism include:
Programs designed to meet the child's special needs improve the odds of learning. Children with autism may have trouble with assignments, concentration, and anxiety. Teachers who understand the condition can build on the child's unique abilities. Programs should incorporate the child's interests. Some children do better in a small-group setting. Others do well in regular classrooms with special support. Vocational training can help prepare young adults for a job.
Speech, physical, and occupational therapies may improve speech and activities. Children with autism need help developing social skills.
Professional support helps a family cope with caring for a child with autism. Counselors help parents learn how to manage behaviors. Furthermore, caring for a child with autism can be exhausting and frustrating. Arranging occasional respite care is essential, so that the main caregiver can have some breaks.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Copyright © 2020 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:4aeba140-4534-4ad9-ad14-4adc422b2435> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.empowher.com/condition/autism/treatments | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00403.warc.gz | en | 0.941919 | 364 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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