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This untold repression by the British government served to brought Hindus and Muslims close even more than before. With the Lucknow Pact, Hindus and Muslims were brought together for political work and the post-war repression united them against the British rule. Symbolizing this unity, Swami Shraddhanand, an Arya Samaj leader, was asked to preach in the Jama Masjid at Delhi, and Dr. Kitchlew was given the keys to the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
Further, after the war, Muslims in India had been concerned about the fate of the Khalifa, the religious head of Muslims in Turkey. Turkey had been dismembered in contravention of earlier promises by England and the predominantly Turkish area of Thrace was taken away from it. Muslims felt that the religious power of the Turkish Caliphate should not be undermined in this manner. In November 1919, the All-India Khilafat Conference was held in Delhi where it was decided that a non-cooperation movement against the government would be started unless the demands of the Muslims are met.
The Muslim League under nationalist leadership supported this cause, as did the Congress. Tilak and Gandhiji saw this as the best opportunity to strengthen Hindu-Muslim relations and unite them against colonial rule. Gandhiji declared that he would start a non-cooperation movement if the Khilafat demands were ignored by the government.
Dr. M.A. Ansari headed a deputation to the Viceroy in January 1920, which proved futile. This was followed by a Khilafat Conference at Bombay, as a result of which a deputation was sent to England in March 1920. The British Prime Minister Lloyd George’s response to the representation made by the deputation struck at the very root of the Khilafat sentiment in India, as he turned down the demand for restoring to Turkey the lands taken away from it. Following this, 19 March 1920 was observed as a day of national mourning, marked by hartal, fasting and prayers.
In April 1920, Gandhiji took over the presidentship of the All India Home Rule League and, in a manifesto issued on the occasion, took the view that constitutional reforms should be given secondary place in any scheme of national reorganization. If national energy was devoted to activities like Swadeshi movement, Hindu-Muslim unity, acceptance of Hindustani as the lingua franca and the linguistic reorganisation of the provinces, it would bring about reforms and accelerate the achievement of self-government.
The publication of the Hunter Committee Report on the Punjab incidents in May 1920 increased the unrest in the country. The Report was viewed with disappointment and disgust by the Congress. General Dyer and other officers responsible for these actions were let off with mere censure.
Dissatisfaction with the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms, the government’s refusal to repeal Rowlatt Act and the Khilafat issue cumulatively increased the widespread national discontent. Thus, in June 1920, an all-parties meeting was held in Allahabad and a programme for non-cooperation was drawn up which included boycott of British courts, schools and colleges.
On 1 August 1920 Gandhiji formally launched the non-cooperation movement. Khilafat Committee also organized All India Hartal the same day. The Congress met in September at Calcutta in a special session presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai and accepted Gandhiji’s plan for non-cooperating with the government till the Punjab grievances were redressed, Khilafat demands fulfilled and Swaraj achieved.
The programme of non-cooperation adopted by the Congress called upon people to surrender their titles and honorary offices, resign from nominated seats in local bodies and refuse to attend government functions. It also asked them to boycott all foreign goods, withdraw their children from government schools and colleges, boycott British courts and establish private arbitration courts for settlement of private disputes.
The people were also asked to refuse to offer themselves as recruits for service in Mesopotamia, withdraw their candidature for election to the reformed Councils and refuse to vote for any candidate who may, despite the Congress advice, offer himself or herself for election. People were encouraged to spin and weave khadi. Later, the programme included mass civil disobedience and refusal to pay taxes.
This peaceful defiance was endorsed by the Congress session at Nagpur held in December 1920. This session was also important for the organizational changes introduced in the Congress. Provincial Congress Committees were now restructured according to linguistic areas which expanded the reach of the Congress into villages and small towns. Membership fee was reduced to a nominal 4 annas so that the poor masses could become members of the party.
These changes led to a shift in the nature of the Congress—it now became a mass party in which people from different backgrounds were united in their opposition to colonial rule and for the pursuit of Swaraj. Hindus and Muslims were acting as one in this struggle against British rule. However, not everyone was happy with this mass phase of the Congress. Many leaders, like Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, Bipin Chandra Pal and G.S. Khaparde, still believed in constitutional methods of agitation against colonial rule and it was during this time that they left the Congress.
During 1921 and 1922, India witnessed a great mass upsurge led and directed by the Congress. An unprecedented number of people participated in this mass movement—students left schools and colleges in thousands and joined nationalist educational institutions like Kashi Vidyapith, Bihar Vidyapith and Jamia Millia Islamia. Eminent lawyers like Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru, Asaf Ali, C. Rajagopalachari gave up their legal practice and joined Gandhiji in this movement.
Funds for the movement were collected through voluntary donations given by people. Foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires and simple acts like spinning or weaving khadi became symbols of protest against the British rule. In July 1921, the All India Khilafat Committee gave a call to Muslims asking them not to serve in the British-Indian army. The government soon arrested the Ali brothers in September 1921 and charged them with sedition. The Congress decided to take the movement to the next level by launching civil disobedience of laws in provinces which included non-payment of taxes.
The government responded with repression. Congress and Khilafat grassroot workers had been working successfully to unite Hindus and Muslims and now their activities were declared illegal. The press was gagged. By the end of 1921, most leaders were in prison as were some 3,000 non-cooperators.
The Prince of Wales’ visit to India in 1921 was met with large-scale demonstrations in India and in Bombay, 53 people were killed and 400 wounded when the police tried to repress demonstrators. The December 1921 session of the Congress at Ahmedabad stated that the Congress was determined to continue this movement. All followers were asked to offer themselves for arrest, refrain from violence and promote Hindu-Muslim unity.
On 1 February 1922, Gandhiji declared that if the government did not release political prisoners and lift press controls within seven days, he would call for mass civil disobedience with non-payment of taxes. However, this did not come about because on 5 February, in Chauri Chaura village of United Provinces, a procession of 3,000 peasants was fired upon by the police.
In retaliation, the peasants set the police station on fire which led to the death of 22 policemen. Gandhiji realized that the country was not ready to practice non-violence yet and that such incidents could spread to other areas as well. Thus, in a Congress resolution passed at Bardoli on 12 February, he suspended the non-cooperation movement and asked all Congressmen to dedicate themselves to constructive work like popularization of khadi and spinning, national schools, removal of untouchability and promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity.
The Bardoli resolution shocked the nation. Some leaders believed that this retreat was also a part of Gandhian struggle while others, especially the younger members of Congress like Subhas Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, were at that time resentful about this suspension. The government arrested Gandhiji on 10 March 1922 and sentenced him to six years’ imprisonment for spreading disaffection against the government.
Gandhiji made a historic statement during his trial. He pleaded guilty to the charges and said that the court should give him the highest punishment for “what in law is a deliberate crime, and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen.” Soon after this, the Khilafat question became irrelevant. In 1922, Turkey underwent a national revolution led by Mustafa Kamal Pasha which overthrew the rule of the Sultan.
Kamal Pasha stepped up the modernization of Turkey and as part of that, he abolished the institution of the Khalifa and separated the state from religion. He nationalized education and law on European lines and also modernized agriculture and industry. All this made the Khilafat agitation eventually redundant.
Impact of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements
The Khilafat agitation brought urban Muslims into the nationalist movement and contributed to a sense of national unity. Even though apparently the Khilafat and Non-cooperation movements ended without achieving their immediate objectives, they furthered the long-term objective of building the national consciousness in India.
Various sections of society had been mobilized for mass action—peasants, students, women, urban and rural poor, and artisans. This aspect of politicization of masses on an unprecedented scale made the Indian national movement revolutionary.
Through pamphlets, speeches, dramas, prabhat pheries, songs and newspapers, the adverse effect of colonial rule on India was popularized among people. The superiority and invincibility associated with the British was successfully challenged by the Indian masses, who now gained confidence and lost their fear of the colonial masters in this process. | <urn:uuid:aaddf659-54fb-44f7-9398-ef35951fa5d6> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://inc.in/about-congress/history/literature/6-Congress-and-the-Making-of--the-Indian-Nation/20-Khilafat-and-Non-Cooperation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541692.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00211-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977546 | 2,082 | 3.84375 | 4 |
The percentage of U.S. consumers who eat fruits and vegetables daily has dropped noticeably in recent years, according to the new Power of Produce report.
According to an article by Ashley Nickle, published in Produce Retailer, in 2018, 48% consumers reported eating fruits and/or vegetables just about every day. In 2019, the number dropped to 41%. In the most recent report, the number is 35%.
“The decline in self-reported consumption frequency is corroborated with volume pressure for the fresh produce industry since 2018,” the Food Industry Association (FMI) wrote in the report, which debuted at the Southeast Produce Council’s Southern Exposure. “At the same time, the frozen foods department reversed its performance and seemingly picked up some of the produce volume lost for the fresh side.”
This change is not ideal for retailers because “trip frequency is highly related to fresh produce consumption,” FMI wrote. “Now more than ever, growth in produce sales is not about finding more buyers, but about finding ways to encourage current buyers to purchase (and eat) fresh produce more often.”
People more likely to consume fruits and vegetables just about every day include specialty and organic store shoppers (62%); club store shoppers (60%); younger boomers (48%); affluent shoppers (48%); people who make three or more grocery trips a week (46%); and people who buy produce online (45%).
On the other side of the spectrum, groups that are more likely to consume fruits and vegetables three days a week or fewer include Gen Z shoppers (54%); people who shop once a week or less (51%); lower-income shoppers (48%); and shoppers in rural areas (47%).
Almost everyone, however, reports they want to try to eat more fresh produce. | <urn:uuid:18a7be05-ad55-46c8-8a85-baab83e1ef70> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.potatonewstoday.com/2020/03/15/power-of-produce-2020-report-hows-the-industry-doing-on-increasing-consumption/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.957498 | 373 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Florida Prehistoric Canoe Recovered, Day of the Dead Altar
(1) Working quickly without heavy equipment to avoid damage to the artifact, archaeologists excavate a thousand-year-old forty-foot wooden canoe from the sandy shore of an island in Tampa Bay. Submitted by Pinellas County Communications. (2) Dr. David Carrasco of Harvard University’s Peabody Museum explains the essential elements of a Day of the Dead altar, by which Mexican families honor their beloved dead. Held each year on November 1-2, this ancient festival combines Aztec and Spanish motifs.
Produced in 2011 by Archaeological Legacy Institute
Copyright 2011 by Archaeological Legacy Institute | <urn:uuid:556ddcf6-fa4f-43a1-9e93-db7023042774> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.archaeologychannel.org/news-from-tac/video-news-from-tac/282-video-news-from-tac-july-2011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737893676.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221813-00188-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897179 | 142 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death for both men and women. February is American Heart Month, and it is the ideal time to spread awareness about heart health and to encourage everyone to make heart-friendly choices. Preventing and treating dental conditions is vital not only for aesthetic and functional purposes, but it can also boost longevity. Maintaining optimal oral health is something all individuals can do to help reduce their risk of heart disease. While poor oral health does not directly cause or exacerbate heart-related illnesses, it can be an indicator of health and lifestyle factors that are connected to heart disease.
What to Watch Out For
Gum and periodontal diseases are not always noticeable, but you should schedule an appointment with your dental practitioner if you experience any of the following symptoms:
- Gum soreness
- Bleeding gums
- Pus or other discharge around the gums
- Receding gums
- Continuous bad breath
- Persistent bad taste in the mouth
- Loose or migratory teeth
How is Oral Health Linked to Heart Health?
Practicing poor oral hygiene and neglecting to manage serious oral conditions, such as gum disease and periodontal disease, leaves the mouth vulnerable to bacteria. The bacteria can migrate into the bloodstream via open sores inside the mouth and carry to the heart. The spread of oral bacteria throughout the vascular system can cause inflammation of blood vessels and increase the likelihood of experiencing a stroke or cardiac arrest.
What You Can Do to Improve Your Oral Health
- Visit your dental practitioner at least twice a year (more frequent visits may be necessary for smokers, diabetics, and those with oral diseases)
- Quit all tobacco use
- Brush your teeth at least twice a day with a soft bristle toothbrush
Everybody’s oral condition is different, so please schedule your dental exam appointment with Dr. Christine Chung by calling +15512224493 to evaluate what type of treatment you require. | <urn:uuid:a39bcd4a-6bb7-474a-b4fc-b1a28a8501c8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.dentalstudiojc.com/blog/the-connection-between-heart-health-and-oral-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371612531.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406004220-20200406034720-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.911939 | 401 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Tags: Chick handling | Whitepaper
August 27 2010,
Good post hatch performance and low first week mortality can best be expected from chicks kept in ideal conditions between leaving the hatcher and placement in the farm.
When pulled, chicks leave an ideal climate, with hatcher temperature of approx. 97.5 - 98 ˚F (36.4 - 36.7 ˚C), relative humidity at around 60 per cent and air circulating at high speed. Movement to the handling room exposes the chicks to a very different climate. And boxed chicks are often kept for some time in the chick despatch room, before being transported to the farm.
Normal rectal temperature for a day-old-chick is 40 - 40.5 ˚C (104.0 - 104.9 ˚F). Newly hatched chicks are dependent on climatic conditions to regulate their body temperature for the first few days. And good ventilation will drive excess body heat out of the chick boxes, while also preventing a build-up of carbon dioxide.
Chick behaviour is the best indicator of climatic conditions during chick handling and transport. Under ideal conditions, day old chicks breathe quietly through their nostrils, losing only a little water. They spread evenly in the boxes, make little noise and are relatively inactive.
If carbon dioxide levels are too high, the chicks will gasp for air and try to stick their heads out of the chick boxes. This blocks the passage of air into the boxes, so compounding the problem.
When environmental temperature is too low, or there is too much draught, the chicks huddle together to try to maintain body temperature. Chicks are especially prone to chilling if pulled too early (‘wet chicks’) or after spray vaccination.
Too high an environmental temperature causes chicks to open their beaks and pant, which evaporates water from their lungs and air sacs. Short term, panting will help the chicks to lose excess body heat, but it also leads to faster dehydration. When the chick’s water reserve is depleted, this control mechanism becomes redundant. With further increases in environmental temperature, the chicks become progressively more noisy, spreading their wings to try to reduce body temperature. But if environmental heat remains excessive, this too will fail to keep the chicks’ body temperature down - and inevitably some chicks will be lost.
Trying to prevent dehydration by increasing relative humidity only makes it more difficult for the chicks to evaporate water. Excessively low relative humidity also leads to dehydration.
Recommended post hatch climate settings are shown in the table below. Specific recommendations include:
|Temperature (˚C)||Air: 32 - 35
Floor: 28 - 30
|CO2 (ppm)||Air flow|
|Chick handling and dispatch room||22 - 28||50 - 60||500 - 600||Sufficient|
|Truck||22 - 28||50 - 60||500 - 600||Sufficient|
|Farm||Air: 32 - 35
Floor: 28 - 30
|50 - 60||500 - 600||Negligible| | <urn:uuid:e0c5bd24-1b60-4f6a-9580-8dd0b57da1c6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.pasreform.com/us/knowledge/65/maintaining-the-ideal-climate-for-chick-handling-and-transport-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00126.warc.gz | en | 0.903884 | 647 | 3.09375 | 3 |
“The destruction / break / rupture / discontinuity of body tissue / part of body, is called
VRANA” A clean wound in a normal body heals earlier with a minimum scar as compared to contaminated wound.
Wound healing is mechanism where the body attempts to restore the integrity of the injured part. Several factors affects the normal process of wound healing such as the site of wound, contamination (foreign bodies/bacterial), local factors like vascular insufficiency or previous radiation, systemic factors such as malnutrition, Disease like diabetes mellitus, Immune deficiencies and medications like steroids. Acharya Sushruta mentioned 60 Upakramas for the management of Vrana and local application of kampilakadi tail Vrana Basti is one among them. The local application of VranaBasti is one of the best substitutes for of chronic wound healing & the kampilakadi tail have better shodhana & ropana effect. A case report of 34 year – old man, who presented with complaints of an open traumatic ulcer on the dorsum of the right foot associated with pain, discharge, slough, foul smell, oedema and discolouration of the skin has been presented here. | <urn:uuid:9340819d-1320-4913-a5ed-8b0982a6e219> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://ayurlog.com/index.php/ayurlog/article/view/75 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583661083.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119014031-20190119040031-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.931579 | 255 | 2.5625 | 3 |
About the UN Environment GEMS/Water Programme
GEMS/Water is a unique global water quality monitoring network operating in 125 countries around the world and providing water quality data to a central database known as GEMStat. GEMS/Water was established in 1978 in response to a recommendation made at the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment as an interagency programme under the auspices of the United Nations through the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It was implemented through the WHO at the National Water Research Institute (NWRI) in Burlington, Canada.
After three decades the programme still continues to provide data for assessments of status and trends in global inland water quality and has strengthened monitoring capacity and encouraged assessment and management of water resources in developing countries. For 35 years the Government of Canada (Environment Canada) hosted a secretariat and the global database GEMStat at the NWRI. In March 2014, the programme was transferred to back to UNEP and the German Government through its Federal Institute of Hydrology took over support of GEMStat and, in November 2014, the Government of Ireland, through the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government and Irish Aid, took over support for the capacity development element of the programme.
The GEMS/Water programme is still in a transition phase, with the establishment of Regional Hubs to support and encourage data generation through the establishment of monitoring networks and capacity development as required. Currently, one Regional Hub has been established, at the National Water Agency in Brazil, for the Latin American and Caribbean region and Portuguese speaking countries. The GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre will work closely with these Regional Hubs as they become established.
The new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has endorsed the importance of water in Goal 6 which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Specifically, Target 6.3 aims to improve water quality by 2030. Monitoring progress towards achievement of this target will require indicators based on measurements obtained by water quality monitoring activities. The GEMS/Water Programme was endorsed by the United Nations Environment Assembly during its first session in June 2014 as being one of the mechanisms that will assist in meeting the above-mentioned water targets by providing reliable water quality data and information.
This map represents the global network of GEMS/Water National Focal Points (NFPs). These are countries where a point of contact, who works closely with GEMS/Water has been officially nominated. Countries usually have a single NFP, through which GEMS/Water operates in that country. The role of the NFP varies between countries, but usually, they are employed by an institution such as a national environmental information centre, or the water resources branch of a ministry responsible for the environment, water resources or one with a national mandate to provide water-related data. | <urn:uuid:64ebb6b5-fc3a-4ccf-adf5-318a77774e43> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.ucc.ie/en/gemscdc/gemswaterproject/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487586465.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612222407-20210613012407-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.945608 | 595 | 3.328125 | 3 |
It's time we talked about education.
Not just about the disasters of free schools, the horrors of stressful, damaging Ofsted inspections that produce random results (as the organisation itself has just acknowledged), the huge workload being carried by teachers and pupils, but about the basics - the philosophy behind our education system and indeed education itself, and its place in society.
I'm going to begin by quoting the Open University's Ron Glatter, who has argued: "international experience indicates that emphasising choice and competition to drive improvements is not effective".
That makes sense when you strip away the ideology and think about what competition between schools means - the driving force of Michael Gove's free schools approach. If you have competition between widget factories, then some of them will fail. That will be pretty bad for the workers, but we might assume that if there's a fixed need for widgets they'll get a job at a more successful plant. So no great problem for society.
But turn that model to schools, and what happens when a school closes down? Pupils have their education disrupted - disastrous in our age-driven, rigid system, that means they can't just go back to catch up. Pupils in neighbouring schools see their education disrupted too, as new groups are levered into their existing structures. Local areas lose what should be their heart - the place where parents get together, build organisations and build community spirit.
Schools are encouraged not to share good techniques and approaches, but hug them close - or at best to to try to sell them to other schools. And they're encouraged to sneak sideways into selection - ensuring by hook or by crook that pupils who aren't going to be an ornament to their results aren't on their rolls at test time.
So let's start with one heretical thought: competition is disastrous in our education system and should be abandoned as a guiding principle. Instead what we need is cooperation - an informal co-operative of pupils, teachers, parents, communities working together to help achieve the best possible outcome for each pupil.
Then we come to what education is for: and I couldn't argue with the 1988 Education Reform Act, one of the few in our history to explain what schools should do: "promote the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils ... and prepare pupils ... for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of adult life."
But that's not what schools and teachers are being judged on now. The test result is king. Sat results, league tables, are what heads hold or lose their jobs by, and they're forced, whether they like it or not, to pass that pressure down to their staff.
Look at the turnout at the recent elections, particularly among the young, and hear when many explain they don't vote because they don't know enough, and you have to acknowledge that citizenship education is certainly failing, and if we think about skills that everyone needs: cooking and nutritional knowledge, financial management, sex and relationship education, gardening even ... few would claim that many schools are providing these essentials, let alone more abstract but essential life skills like problem-solving, emotional resilience, and effective communication.
So my second heretical proposal: let's cut the testing, stop spending time on endless drilling for Sats and other exams, let's ensure that our children get a broad, healthy education for life.
Based on a speech delivered on the afternoon of June 1st at the How The Light Gets In Festival 2014 in Hay-on-Wye | <urn:uuid:8a4256a7-6414-4c78-a529-9e3722ccd958> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/natalie-bennett/education-competition_b_5420235.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296020.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00129-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971816 | 716 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Being shy is NOT a bad thing.
In fact, did you know that there are good evolutionary reasons to be shy? As one expert explains in BBC:
“It was useful to have people in your group who were off out there exploring and engaging in new groups but it was also useful for people who were more risk averse, [were] more aware of threat and would do a better job protecting young offspring, for example.”
In other words, different people have different strengths and weaknesses. And just like how shyness doesn’t make us a worse human being, it also doesn’t make us worse at learning English!
For example, research has found that shy people often have better grammar when they speak. But how can we become fluent in English if we’re shy?
Here are 6 ways to do that.
1. Start With Text Conversations
Unfortunately, there’s no way to learn to speak English without actually talking to people. But there are ways to talk that aren’t as stressful as one-on-one in-person interactions. A great way to do this is text conversations. In other words, instead of talking to someone face-to-face, you talk to them over text.
A study at the University of Hawaii found that students participated more often and more equally in discussions when they were online, rather than in-person. This suggests that having online discussions may have encouraged shy students to participate more.
A free language learning app for this is Hello Talk, where you can find language exchange partners and also use their built-in messaging system.
You can also join online forums or communities (e.g. Facebook groups) related to your interests. This way, you can find like-minded people to talk to about your favorite topics!
2. Say Things Out Loud (Even By Yourself!)
While text conversations are great, you should still practice saying things out loud to overcome your fear of speaking.
Here are some speaking exercises for shy students:
- Read everything aloud
- Talk to yourself
- Record yourself
- Send voice messages
You can turn anything into a speaking exercise. For example, you can read aloud your text conversations. If you’re watching a movie, try to repeat after an actor or actress when they say lines that you find interesting.
You can also talk to yourself. This might sound crazy, but many language learners find it helpful. And many of us already talk to ourselves in our native languages (e.g. “Where did I put my phone?”). It’s just a matter of saying these things in the language we’re learning.
If you want to truly hear how you sound, you can record yourself. Listening to the recordings will help you see whether you pause, how quickly you speak, what words you struggle to pronounce, etc. By listening to yourself speak, you can make great improvements, even without a teacher.
And if you want corrections from a native speaker, you can post a recording on the free language learning app, HiNative, with the question template below:
Finally, many messaging apps these days let you send voice messages, so you can try sending English voice messages to your friends, language exchange partners, or teachers.
3. Practice With Voice-Only Calls
If you feel somewhat comfortable speaking, but are not totally confident, you can find a tutor or conversation partner online and then talk to them without turning on your camera.
This way, the person you’re speaking to won’t notice if you look nervous. In fact, at Engoo, this is how many of our shy students take lessons. As a student, you will be free to take lessons without your camera on. But don’t worry, you’ll always be able to see your tutor!
4. Learn With Other Non-Native Speakers
Sometimes, language learners get shy when talking to native speakers. In this case, you can first practice speaking with other non-native speakers. This can be a friend, classmate, coworker or anyone who you feel comfortable with.
And let’s not forget about tutors who are non-native English speakers! Non-native speaking tutors are popular with students, because many students feel more comfortable speaking with them. They also are able to give lots of good tips for learning English, since they also had to learn it themselves.
However, at some point, you should overcome your fear of speaking with native speakers. You can do this by taking lessons with native-speaking teachers or meeting native speakers in your city.
5. Practice Basic Conversation Topics
If you’re shy, you probably don’t like making mistakes. A good way to avoid making mistakes in conversation is to practice talking about topics that appear often in conversation.
This means that you’ll want to get plenty of practice talking about the following topics:
- where you’re from
- your family
- your job
- why you’re learning English
You’ll also want to be able to ask your conversation partner about these topics. To learn the perfect words and phrases to handle these topics, you can study with our Conversation materials.
6. Listen and Watch Lots of English-Language Content
As a shy learner, you’ll also want to prepare for real-life conversations by listening to a lot of them. For example, you can watch movies, TV shows, or Youtube videos in English. You can also listen to podcasts.
Whatever you do, pay close attention to what words, phrases, and sentence patterns people use. Make sure to write down those that you might be able to use in your own life. For example, if you like hiking, watch some Youtube videos about hiking and you’ll learn all the words you need to talk about your hobby. Then try to use them in conversations!
One Last Tip: Take Lessons on Engoo
If you try out the tips above, we’re sure that you’ll slowly but surely find a language-learning style that fits your personality. Perhaps that’s speaking with a conversation partner from the beginning. Or maybe it’s waiting for a few months before you start speaking. Whatever the case, once you figure out how you like to learn, fluency is just a matter of time.
At Engoo, we know this from experience. We’re an online tutoring company that started out in Japan, where people are generally more shy. We’re now the largest online English school in Japan and this is in no small part due to our success teaching students — no matter how shy or outgoing they are.
So if you need a little help overcoming your shyness, try a free lesson with our online English tutors. Unlike other services, we won’t promise that you’ll “start speaking today,” but we are sure that with some guidance from professional tutors, you will start speaking at your own pace. | <urn:uuid:0142e928-4620-42e7-a6b0-08d081b297b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://engoo.com/blog/2020/07/28/6-ways-shy-learners-can-become-fluent-in-english/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155268.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805000836-20210805030836-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.958636 | 1,460 | 3 | 3 |
NEUVE CHAPELLE, France —Don’t swallow all you see about the Canadians in France, Jack Davey wrote his wife in April 1915.
“ … some of the hot air is really too strong judging by that cutting you sent me this Division was the whole cheese at Chapelle. I havent seen a german yet but have been on night duty most of the time in the trenches,” he wrote, in a letter featured in the Canadian Letters and Images project.
The Canadians arrived in France in the winter of 1915 to find a front line that had been entrenched from the North Sea to Switzerland, a line that would not change much in the next year and a half.
The British wanted the Germans out of the mining and manufacturing districts of northern France. Neuve Chapelle, a village west of Armentières, was half a mile (about 800 metres) in front of the British front-line trenches. This is where Canada’s first contingent made its debut.
The plan: bombard the German positions, have the British and Indian soldiers “carry the Germans off their legs,” according to Canada’s official war history — and push forward to the Aubers Ridge, five kilometres away. The Canadians were meant to be a distraction, keeping the Germans occupied by firing into their lines. If the British broke through, the Canadians were supposed to advance as well.
“And there were not a few who were longing for that order,” read a dispatch in the Star on March 27. “For on the very first night on which our men were put into the trenches the Germans began to call out: “Come out, you Canadians, come out and fight!”
At 7:30 a.m. on March 10, the main attack caught the Germans by surprise. In 20 minutes there was a huge gap in their line, and by 9 a.m., the British and Indian troops had taken the village of Neuve Chapelle.
The men stopped and waited for orders, as they were told to do. The communication lines had been severed by shells in the attack. It was close to 3 p.m. by the time the order came to resume the attack, and by the time the command was understood by everyone, it was almost dusk. The Germans now had more men and machine guns in place.
Communication problems, officers afraid to act independently, men left stranded — it was a lesson in how not to fight a war on the Western Front, writes military historian Tim Cook.
After the soldiers trained for months in muddy and cold Salisbury Plain, England, the media were excited to have a battle to talk about, and wrote glowingly of the first wisps of news.
“This latest gain, in which the Canadians are reported to have taken a splendid part, completely changes the situation and may mark the beginning of an important allied advance,” read an article credited to “Roland Hill” in a special cable to the Star on March 12. “Their keenness helped in no small measure to make the victory complete.”
On March 11, the Globe reported: “ … the officers are delighted with the conduct of the men, who were as steady as regulars, and repulsed several attacks, as well as dealing with a deathblow at a German patrol party which came to examine the entanglements.”
“The things we are credited with having done are simply ridiculous,” wrote James Wells Ross in a letter home. “In fact we didn’t know until afterwards that there was a battle on.”
Military historian Jack Granatstein says of those early dispatches: “Don’t believe anything you read in the papers.”
He adds: “There is a total disconnect, a natural tendency on the part of the press to say ‘here are our boys doing great things.’ You’d expect that.”
Granatstein says the Allies mades some initial advances, but were mowed down by the German reinforcements, with 12,892 casualties (including 100 Canadians), for effectively no gain.
The Commonwealth War Grave Commission calls this part of France “The Forgotten Front,” a place without the tragic pull of Ypres, the perceived glory of Vimy, the horrific reputation of the Somme.
On a road between Armentières and Neuve Chapelle, a few cemeteries run parallel to the old front line. They are gently overgrown, with dandelions past their prime, little purple flowers grow wild in the grass. In the guestbook of one, there are only nine entries in two years.
There is no shoulder on the road, but drivers seem more accustomed to walkers than in Belgium and they move over when they can. A walk alongside a farmer’s field, thought to be a safer option, is aborted after an altercation with an aggressive thistle. An anti-histamine for the swelling turns the walk into a drowsy amble.
Belgium is regimented, France is unkempt, in a pretty way, with wildflowers. And yes, some poppies have finally shown up. Dorothy fell asleep in a field of poppies on her way to Oz. In a Benadryl haze, eyes closing every once in a while for a little too long, that sounds nice.
In the town of Neuve Chapelle there is one small café where a few guys are drinking beer and an older lady is checking her lottery tickers. There is candy and an eclectic magazine rack: “Tranchées magazine”and “Carpe Scène,” with the headline story about the “American Dream” which apparently involves a man and a 120-pound carp.
“Picture to yourself a narrow street, the centre paved, the sides of tenacious mud. Line it on each side with houses rather squalid, and with a few unimportant stores … this town is like many others in this unattractive country, a 1915 dispatch in the Star described Neuve Chapelle.
Outside the town is the Indian Memorial, which commemorates the 4,700 Indian soldiers and labourers who died on the Western Front and have no known grave. It is a circular sanctuary pockmarked with shrapnel from the Second World War. On the inside, the names of the men, are etched in stone, many with only first names — Hanu, Gopal, Khazana.
Next door is a cemetery for the Portuguese, who faced the Germans in 1918. The graves list forward and two men trim the grass. It’s hard to make out the writing on these graves; they have not aged well. As usual, there are more people dead than alive in these parts. The cold wind blows in rain clouds, and the walk continues, in the direction of the slag heaps in the distance — the former industrial heartland of France. | <urn:uuid:2d5a4ff0-cc8d-452a-a992-8ba73ac8166b> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.thestar.com/news/walking_the_western_front/2014/05/canadian_contingent_s_first_action_glorious___or_so_the_papers_said.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320532.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625134002-20170625154002-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.976649 | 1,462 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Light system with modern LED lamps
More than a thousand people are killed and tens of thousands injured each year in electrical accidents and fires. The vast majority of electrical accidents can be prevented if people understand the dangers and steps they can take to be safe around electricity. EEC’s Safe Electricity program is a unified industry effort to promote electrical safety through comprehensive public outreach and education, with the goal of reducing accidents, injury and death.
More than 400 electric utilities along with energy-related businesses, organizations, and educators work together in this endeavor as EEC members. Won’t you join us? | <urn:uuid:7a16998c-74e9-4b97-b403-5cd6cf4976cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://energyedcouncil.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145708.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200222150029-20200222180029-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.949725 | 122 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Measuring of nitrogenase activity through hydrogen production by gas chromatography.
The method is used for nitrogenase activity investigation and hydrogen production by cells of different microorganisms (cyanobacteria, purple bacteria).
For nitrogenase activity measuring a cell suspension is used. The studied cell suspension is placed in a leakproof vessel with the gas phase. The volume of the gas phase is usually 80–95% of the vessel volume. The vessel could be thermostated at a optimum temperature, lightened, if necessary. The suspension is stirred to increase the contact of the gas and liquid phases. During the reaction, hydrogen stored in a liquid, than passes into the gas phase in accordance with the laws of equilibrium. Measuring makes at regular time intervals by sampling from the gas phase (usually 1–3% of the total), and the composition of the gas phase sample is analyzed by gas chromatography. Curve of kinetics changes of the hydrogen content in the gas phase is plots. Straight-line portion of the curve is the rate of hydrogen production. Depending on the aim, hydrogen production rate calculated per unit volume (for example, per ml of suspension), one active ingredient (of dry weight biomass, mg chlorophyll / bacteriochlorophyll, mg protein etc.) or on the illuminated surface unit per unit time.
At School for Young Scientists Nitrogenase activity of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strains cultures (wild type strain and mutant with reduced pigment content) will be measured through hydrogen production.
Contacts for any questions: Zinaida Eltsova. e-mail: email@example.com
Scientist in Biotechnology and Physiology of Phototrophic organisms Lab | <urn:uuid:9f22760c-bc13-459a-8529-7752fb2ccf07> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://photobioschool.ru/en/methods-en/gas-phase-chromatography-en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480240.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216085312-20190216111312-00088.warc.gz | en | 0.898409 | 348 | 2.75 | 3 |
Heightened radioactivity levels were found outside a nuclear waste tank in the US state of Washington, officials said Friday, in a new alert about a site used to make Cold War-era bombs.
Governor Jay Inslee said there was no immediate public health threat, but urged federal authorities to accelerate action to deal with leaks at the Hanford site, which he sounded the alarm about four months ago.
In February, Inslee said that at least six tanks containing radioactive waste were leaking, based on decreasing levels within them, but no elevated radioactivity levels were recorded outside of the containers themselves.
Now, higher radiation levels have been recorded in a pit next to a double-shell tank at the the site, he said—suggesting that waste material has leaked through both shells containing them.
Inslee said that federal experts "discovered what appears to be an elevated contamination level reading in the leak detection pit outside and adjacent to the Hanford double-shell tank AY-102."
"This is most disturbing news for Washington. It is not clear yet whether that contamination is coming directly from the outer shell of the AY-102 but it must be treated with the utmost seriousness," he said.
The Hanford nuclear site, 185 miles (300 kilometers) southeast of Seattle, was used to produce plutonium for the bomb that brought an end to World War II.
Output grew after 1945 to meet the challenges of the Cold War, but the last reactor closed down in 1987.
"Weapons production processes left solid and liquid wastes that posed a risk to the local environment," its website said.
Millions of gallons of leftover waste are contained in 177 tanks at the site, according to the Energy Department, which in 1989 inked a deal with Washington state authorities to clean up the Hanford Site.
Inslee said he was told about the raised radiation levels by US Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, who called him Thursday night.
"I told the secretary I continue to have serious concerns regarding the pace of addressing the leaking tanks. We will be insisting on an acceleration of remediation of all the tanks, not just AY-102," Insleed said in a statement.
The Energy Department "has a legal obligation to clean up Hanford and remove or treat that waste, and we ensure that legal obligation is fulfilled."
A spokeswoman for Washington state's Ecology Department explained why the new finding was so disturbing.
"Until last night, it was thought the leak was contained in the outer shell, but workers detected elevated radioactivity levels within the leak detection pit," Erica Holmes told AFP.
Explore further: New radioactive waste leak found in tank at Hanford nuclear site | <urn:uuid:f453a668-3092-4cbf-9060-3230765aa0e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://phys.org/news/2013-06-state-nuclear-leak.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.96438 | 543 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Development of Mines
ENTRY TO THE MINE; TUNNELS; VERTICAL, INCLINED, AND COMBINED SHAFTS;
LOCATION AND NUMBER OF SHAFTS.
Development is conducted for two purposes: first, to search for
ore; and second, to open avenues for its extraction. Although both
objects are always more or less in view, the first predominates
in the early life of mines
, the prospecting stage, and the second
in its later life, the producing stage. It is proposed to discuss
development designed to embrace extended production purposes first,
because development during the prospecting stage is governed by
the same principles, but is tempered by the greater degree of
uncertainty as to the future of the mine, and is, therefore, of
a more temporary character.
ENTRY TO THE MINE.
There are four methods of entry: by tunnel, vertical shaft, inclined
shaft, or by a combination of the last two, that is, by a shaft
initially vertical then turned to an incline. Combined shafts are
largely a development of the past few years to meet "deep level"
conditions, and have been rendered possible only by skip-winding. The
angle in such shafts (Fig. 2) is now generally made on a parabolic
curve, and the speed of winding is then less diminished by the
The engineering problems which present themselves under "entry"
may be divided into those of:--
3. Shape and size.
The resolution of these questions depends upon the:--
a. Degree of dip of the deposit.
b. Output of ore to be provided for.
c. Depth at which the deposit is to be attacked.
d. Boundaries of the property.
e. Surface topography.
g. Operating efficiency.
h. Prospects of the mine.
[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Showing arrangement of the bend in combined
From the point of view of entrance, the co÷peration of a majority
of these factors permits the division of mines into certain broad
classes. The type of works demanded for moderate depths (say vertically
2,500 to 3,000 feet) is very different from that required for great
depths. To reach great depths, the size of shafts must greatly
expand, to provide for extended ventilation, pumping, and winding
necessities. Moreover inclined shafts of a degree of flatness possible
for moderate depths become too long to be used economically from
the surface. The vast majority of metal-mining shafts fall into
the first class, those of moderate depths. Yet, as time goes on
and ore-deposits are exhausted to lower planes, problems of depth
will become more common. One thing, however, cannot be too much
emphasized, especially on mines to be worked from the outcrop, and
that is, that no engineer is warranted, owing to the speculation
incidental to extension in depth, in initiating early in the mine's
career shafts of such size or equipment as would be available for
great depths. Moreover, the proper location of a shaft so as to
work economically extension of the ore-bodies is a matter of no
certainty, and therefore shafts of speculative mines
in any event.
Another line of division from an engineering view is brought about
by a combination of three of the factors mentioned. This is the
classification into "outcrop" and "deep-level" mines. The former
are those founded upon ore-deposits to be worked from or close
to the surface. The latter are mines based upon the extension in
depth of ore-bodies from outcrop mines. Such projects are not so
common in America, where the law in most districts gives the outcrop
owner the right to follow ore beyond his side-lines, as in countries
where the boundaries are vertical on all sides. They do, however,
arise not alone in the few American sections where the side-lines
are vertical boundaries, but in other parts owing to the pitch of
ore-bodies through the end lines (Fig. 3). More especially do such
problems arise in America in effect, where the ingress questions
have to be revised for mines worked out in the upper levels (Fig.
[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Longitudinal section showing "deep level"
project arising from dip of ore-body through end-line.]
If from a standpoint of entrance questions, mines are first classified
into those whose works are contemplated for moderate depths, and those
in which work is contemplated for great depth, further clarity in
discussion can be gained by subdivision into the possible cases arising
out of the factors of location, dip, topography, and boundaries.
MINES OF MODERATE DEPTHS.
Case I. Deposits where topographic conditions permit the
alternatives of shaft or tunnel.
Case II. Vertical or horizontal deposits, the only practical
means of attaining which is by a vertical shaft.
Case III. Inclined deposits to be worked from near the surface.
There are in such instances the alternatives of either
a vertical or an inclined shaft.
Case IV. Inclined deposits which must be attacked in depth,
that is, deep-level projects. There are the alternatives
of a compound shaft or of a vertical shaft, and
in some cases of an incline from the surface.
MINES TO GREAT DEPTHS.
Case V. Vertical or horizontal deposits, the only way of reaching
which is by a vertical shaft.
Case VI. Inclined deposits. In such cases the alternatives are
a vertical or a compound shaft.
CASE I.--Although for logical arrangement tunnel entry has been
given first place, to save repetition it is proposed to consider
it later. With few exceptions, tunnels are a temporary expedient
in the mine, which must sooner or later be opened by a shaft.
CASE II. VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL DEPOSITS.--These require no discussion
as to manner of entry. There is no justifiable alternative to a
vertical shaft (Fig. 4).
[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Cross-sections showing entry to vertical
or horizontal deposits. Case II.]
[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Cross-section showing alternative shafts
to inclined deposit to be worked from surface. Case III.]
CASE III. INCLINED DEPOSITS WHICH ARE INTENDED TO BE WORKED FROM
THE OUTCROP, OR FROM NEAR IT (Fig. 5).--The choice of inclined or
vertical shaft is dependent upon relative cost of construction,
subsequent operation, and the useful life of the shaft, and these
matters are largely governed by the degree of dip. Assuming a shaft
of the same size in either alternative, the comparative cost per
foot of sinking is dependent largely on the breaking facilities
of the rock under the different directions of attack. In this,
the angles of the bedding or joint planes to the direction of the
shaft outweigh other factors. The shaft which takes the greatest
advantage of such lines of breaking weakness will be the cheapest
per foot to sink. In South African experience, where inclined shafts
are sunk parallel to the bedding planes of hard quartzites, the cost
per foot appears to be in favor of the incline. On the other hand,
sinking shafts across tight schists seems to be more advantageous
than parallel to the bedding planes, and inclines following the
dip cost more per foot than vertical shafts.
An inclined shaft requires more footage to reach a given point
of depth, and therefore it would entail a greater total expense
than a vertical shaft, assuming they cost the same per foot. The
excess amount will be represented by the extra length, and this
will depend upon the flatness of the dip. With vertical shafts,
however, crosscuts to the deposit are necessary. In a comparative
view, therefore, the cost of the crosscuts must be included with
that of the vertical shaft, as they would be almost wholly saved
in an incline following near the ore.
The factor of useful life for the shaft enters in deciding as to
the advisability of vertical shafts on inclined deposits, from the
fact that at some depth one of two alternatives has to be chosen.
The vertical shaft, when it reaches a point below the deposit where
the crosscuts are too long (_C_, Fig. 5), either becomes useless,
or must be turned on an incline at the intersection with the ore
(_B_). The first alternative means ultimately a complete loss of
the shaft for working purposes. The latter has the disadvantage
that the bend interferes slightly with haulage.
The following table will indicate an hypothetical extreme case,--not
infrequently met. In it a vertical shaft 1,500 feet in depth is taken
as cutting the deposit at the depth of 750 feet, the most favored
position so far as aggregate length of crosscuts is concerned. The
cost of crosscutting is taken at $20 per foot and that of sinking
the vertical shaft at $75 per foot. The incline is assumed for two
cases at $75 and $100 per foot respectively. The stoping height
upon the ore between levels is counted at 125 feet.
Dip of | Depth of | Length of |No. of Crosscuts| Total Length
Deposit from | Vertical | Incline | Required from | of Crosscuts,
Horizontal | Shaft | Required | V Shaft | Feet
80░ | 1,500 | 1,522 | 11 | 859
70░ | 1,500 | 1,595 | 12 | 1,911
60░ | 1,500 | 1,732 | 13 | 3,247
50░ | 1,500 | 1,058 | 15 | 5,389
40░ | 1,500 | 2,334 | 18 | 8,038
30░ | 1,500 | 3,000 | 23 | 16,237
Cost of |Cost Vertical| Total Cost | Cost of Incline|Cost of Incline
Crosscuts $20| Shaft $75 | of Vertical | $75 per Foot | $100 per Foot
per Foot | per Foot |and Crosscuts| |
$17,180 | $112,500 | $129,680 | $114,150 | $152,200
38,220 | 112,500 | 150,720 | 118,625 | 159,500
64,940 | 112,500 | 177,440 | 129,900 | 172,230
107,780 | 112,500 | 220,280 | 114,850 | 195,800
178,760 | 112,500 | 291,260 | 175,050 | 233,400
324,740 | 112,500 | 437,240 | 225,000 | 300,000
From the above examples it will be seen that the cost of crosscuts
put at ordinary level intervals rapidly outruns the extra expense
of increased length of inclines. If, however, the conditions are
such that crosscuts from a vertical shaft are not necessary at so
frequent intervals, then in proportion to the decrease the advantages
sway to the vertical shaft. Most situations wherein the crosscuts
can be avoided arise in mines worked out in the upper levels and
fall under Case IV, that of deep-level projects.
There can be no doubt that vertical shafts are cheaper to operate
than inclines: the length of haul from a given depth is less; much
higher rope speed is possible, and thus the haulage hours are less
for the same output; the wear and tear on ropes, tracks, or guides
is not so great, and pumping is more economical where the Cornish
order of pump is used. On the other hand, with a vertical shaft
must be included the cost of operating crosscuts. On mines where
the volume of ore does not warrant mechanical haulage, the cost of
tramming through the extra distance involved is an expense which
outweighs any extra operating outlay in the inclined shaft itself.
Even with mechanical haulage in crosscuts, it is doubtful if there
is anything in favor of the vertical shaft on this score.
[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Cross-section showing auxiliary vertical
In deposits of very flat dips, under 30░, the case arises where the
length of incline is so great that the saving on haulage through
direct lift warrants a vertical shaft as an auxiliary outlet in
addition to the incline (Fig. 6). In such a combination the crosscut
question is eliminated. The mine is worked above and below the
intersection by incline, and the vertical shaft becomes simply a
more economical exit and an alternative to secure increased output.
The North Star mine at Grass Valley is an illustration in point. Such
a positive instance borders again on Case IV, deep-level projects.
In conclusion, it is the writer's belief that where mines are to
be worked from near the surface, coincidentally with sinking, and
where, therefore, crosscuts from a vertical shaft would need to be
installed frequently, inclines are warranted in all dips under 75░
and over 30░. Beyond 75░ the best alternative is often undeterminable.
In the range under 30░ and over 15░, although inclines are primarily
necessary for actual delivery of ore from levels, they can often
be justifiably supplemented by a vertical shaft as a relief to a
long haul. In dips of less than 15░, as in those over 75░, the
advantages again trend strongly in favor of the vertical shaft. There
arise, however, in mountainous countries, topographic conditions
such as the dip of deposits into the mountain, which preclude any
alternative on an incline at any angled dip.
CASE IV. INCLINED DEPOSITS WHICH MUST BE ATTACKED IN DEPTH (Fig.
7).--There are two principal conditions in which such properties
exist: first, mines being operated, or having been previously worked,
whose method of entry must be revised; second, those whose ore-bodies
to be attacked do not outcrop within the property.
The first situation may occur in mines of inadequate shaft capacity
or wrong location; in mines abandoned and resurrected; in mines
where a vertical shaft has reached its limit of useful extensions,
having passed the place of economical crosscutting; or in mines in
flat deposits with inclines whose haul has become too long to be
economical. Three alternatives present themselves in such cases: a
new incline from the surface (_A B F_, Fig. 7), or a vertical shaft
combined with incline extension (_C D F_), or a simple vertical
shaft (_H G_). A comparison can be first made between the simple
incline and the combined shaft. The construction of an incline from
the surface to the ore-body will be more costly than a combined
shaft, for until the horizon of the ore is reached (at _D_) no
crosscuts are required in the vertical section, while the incline
must be of greater length to reach the same horizon. The case arises,
however, where inclines can be sunk through old stopes, and thus
more cheaply constructed than vertical shafts through solid rock;
and also the case of mountainous topographic conditions mentioned
[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Cross-section of inclined deposit which
must be attacked in depth.]
From an operating point of view, the bend in combined shafts (at
_D_) gives rise to a good deal of wear and tear on ropes and gear.
The possible speed of winding through a combined shaft is, however,
greater than a simple incline, for although haulage speed through
the incline section (_D F_) and around the bend of the combined
shaft is about the same as throughout a simple incline (_A F_), the
speed can be accelerated in the vertical portion (_D C_) above that
feasible did the incline extend to the surface. There is therefore an
advantage in this regard in the combined shaft. The net advantages
of the combined over the inclined shaft depend on the comparative
length of the two alternative routes from the intersection (_D_)
to the surface. Certainly it is not advisable to sink a combined
shaft to cut a deposit at 300 feet in depth if a simple incline
can be had to the surface. On the other hand, a combined shaft
cutting the deposit at 1,000 feet will be more advisable than a
simple incline 2,000 feet long to reach the same point. The matter
is one for direct calculation in each special case. In general, there
are few instances of really deep-level projects where a complete
incline from the surface is warranted.
In most situations of this sort, and in all of the second type
(where the outcrop is outside the property), actual choice usually
lies between combined shafts (_C D F_) and entire vertical shafts (_H
G_). The difference between a combined shaft and a direct vertical
shaft can be reduced to a comparison of the combined shaft below
the point of intersection (_D_) with that portion of a vertical
shaft which would cover the same horizon. The question then becomes
identical with that of inclined _versus_ verticals, as stated in Case
III, with the offsetting disadvantage of the bend in the combined
shaft. If it is desired to reach production at the earliest date,
the lower section of a simple vertical shaft must have crosscuts
to reach the ore lying above the horizon of its intersection (_E_).
If production does not press, the ore above the intersection (_EB_)
can be worked by rises from the horizon of intersection (_E_).
In the use of rises, however, there follow the difficulties of
ventilation and lowering the ore down to the shaft, which brings
expenses to much the same thing as operating through crosscuts.
The advantages of combined over simple vertical shafts are earlier
production, saving of either rises or crosscuts, and the ultimate
utility of the shaft to any depth. The disadvantages are the cost
of the extra length of the inclined section, slower winding, and
greater wear and tear within the inclined section and especially
around the bend. All these factors are of variable import, depending
upon the dip. On very steep dips,--over 70░,--the net result is in
favor of the simple vertical shaft. On other dips it is in favor
of the combined shaft.
CASES V AND VI. MINES TO BE WORKED TO GREAT DEPTHS,--OVER 3,000
FEET.--In Case V, with vertical or horizontal deposits, there is
obviously no desirable alternative to vertical shafts.
In Case VI, with inclined deposits, there are the alternatives
of a combined or of a simple vertical shaft. A vertical shaft in
locations (_H_, Fig. 7) such as would not necessitate extension in
depth by an incline, would, as in Case IV, compel either crosscuts
to the ore or inclines up from the horizon of intersection (_E_).
Apart from delay in coming to production and the consequent loss of
interest on capital, the ventilation problems with this arrangement
would be appalling. Moreover, the combined shaft, entering the deposit
near its shallowest point, offers the possibility of a separate
haulage system on the inclined and on the vertical sections, and
such separate haulage is usually advisable at great depths. In
such instances, the output to be handled is large, for no mine of
small output is likely to be contemplated at such depth. Several
moderate-sized inclines from the horizon of intersection have been
suggested (_EF_, _DG_, _CH_, Fig. 8) to feed a large primary shaft
(_AB_), which thus becomes the trunk road. This program would cheapen
lateral haulage underground, as mechanical traction can be used
in the main level, (_EC_), and horizontal haulage costs can be
reduced on the lower levels. Moreover, separate winding engines
on the two sections increase the capacity, for the effect is that
of two trains instead of one running on a single track.
SHAFT LOCATION.--Although the prime purpose in locating a shaft
is obviously to gain access to the largest volume of ore within
the shortest haulage distance, other conditions also enter, such
as the character of the surface and the rock to be intersected,
the time involved before reaching production, and capital cost.
As shafts must bear two relations to a deposit,--one as to the
dip and the other as to the strike,--they may be considered from
these aspects. Vertical shafts must be on the hanging-wall side
of the outcrop if the deposit dips at all. In any event, the shaft
should be far enough away to be out of the reach of creeps. An
inclined shaft may be sunk either on the vein, in which case a
pillar of ore must be left to support the shaft; or, instead, it
may be sunk a short distance in the footwall, and where necessary
the excavation above can be supported by filling. Following the
ore has the advantage of prospecting in sinking, and in many cases
the softness of the ground in the region of the vein warrants this
procedure. It has, however, the disadvantage that a pillar of ore
is locked up until the shaft is ready for abandonment. Moreover, as
veins or lodes are seldom of even dip, an inclined shaft, to have
value as a prospecting opening, or to take advantage of breaking
possibilities in the lode, will usually be crooked, and an incline
irregular in detail adds greatly to the cost of winding and maintenance.
These twin disadvantages usually warrant a straight incline in the
footwall. Inclines are not necessarily of the same dip throughout,
but for reasonably economical haulage change of angle must take
[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Longitudinal section showing shaft arrangement
proposed for very deep inclined deposits.]
In the case of deep-level projects on inclined deposits, demanding
combined or vertical shafts, the first desideratum is to locate
the vertical section as far from the outcrop as possible, and thus
secure the most ore above the horizon of intersection. This, however,
as stated before, would involve the cost of crosscuts or rises and
would cause delay in production, together with the accumulation
of capital charges. How important the increment of interest on
capital may become during the period of opening the mine may be
demonstrated by a concrete case. For instance, the capital of a
company or the cost of the property is, say, $1,000,000, and where
opening the mine for production requires four years, the aggregate
sum of accumulated compound interest at 5% (and most operators
want more from a mining investment) would be $216,000. Under such
circumstances, if a year or two can be saved in getting to production
by entering the property at a higher horizon, the difference in
accumulated interest will more than repay the infinitesimal extra
cost of winding through a combined shaft of somewhat increased
length in the inclined section.
The unknown character of the ore in depth is always a sound reason
for reaching it as quickly and as cheaply as possible. In result,
such shafts are usually best located when the vertical section
enters the upper portion of the deposit.
The objective in location with regard to the strike of the ore-bodies
is obviously to have an equal length of lateral ore-haul in every
direction from the shaft. It is easier to specify than to achieve
this, for in all speculative deposits ore-shoots are found to pursue
curious vagaries as they go down. Ore-bodies do not reoccur with
the same locus as in the upper levels, and generally the chances
to go wrong are more numerous than those to go right.
NUMBER OF SHAFTS.--The problem of whether the mine is to be opened
by one or by two shafts of course influences location. In metal
mines under Cases II and III (outcrop properties) the ore output
requirements are seldom beyond the capacity of one shaft. Ventilation
and escape-ways are usually easily managed through the old stopes.
Under such circumstances, the conditions warranting a second shaft
are the length of underground haul and isolation of ore-bodies or
veins. Lateral haulage underground is necessarily disintegrated by
the various levels, and usually has to be done by hand. By shortening
this distance of tramming and by consolidation of the material
from all levels at the surface, where mechanical haulage can be
installed, a second shaft is often justified. There is therefore
an economic limitation to the radius of a single shaft, regardless
of the ability of the shaft to handle the total output.
Other questions also often arise which are of equal importance
to haulage costs. Separate ore-shoots or ore-bodies or parallel
deposits necessitate, if worked from one shaft, constant levels
through unpayable ground and extra haul as well, or ore-bodies may
dip away from the original shaft along the strike of the deposit
and a long haulage through dead levels must follow. For instance,
levels and crosscuts cost roughly one-quarter as much per foot as
shafts. Therefore four levels in barren ground, to reach a parallel
vein or isolated ore-body 1,000 feet away, would pay for a shaft
1,000 feet deep. At a depth of 1,000 feet, at least six levels
might be necessary. The tramming of ore by hand through such a
distance would cost about double the amount to hoist it through
a shaft and transport it mechanically to the dressing plant at
surface. The aggregate cost and operation of barren levels therefore
soon pays for a second shaft. If two or more shafts are in question,
they must obviously be set so as to best divide the work.
Under Cases IV, V, and VI,--that is, deep-level projects,--ventilation
and escape become most important considerations. Even where the
volume of ore is within the capacity of a single shaft, another
usually becomes a necessity for these reasons. Their location is
affected not only by the locus of the ore, but, as said, by the time
required to reach it. Where two shafts are to be sunk to inclined
deposits, it is usual to set one so as to intersect the deposit at
a lower point than the other. Production can be started from the
shallower, before the second is entirely ready. The ore above the
horizon of intersection of the deeper shaft is thus accessible from
the shallower shaft, and the difficulty of long rises or crosscuts
from that deepest shaft does not arise.
© MiningGuide.net 2014 | <urn:uuid:293d89f8-d6b8-44c7-87b6-49d1e5077cf3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://miningguide.net/development+of+mines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160400.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924110050-20180924130450-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.912861 | 5,820 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Why is Tire Pressure So Important?
By: Luke Shaff ~
Tire pressure helps to improve the mileage of your car. If your tires aren't properly inflated, they can cut your fuel economy. Ensuring that your tires are properly inflated is part of regular auto maintenance.
When tires are properly inflated, they're safer and last longer, making proper tire pressure a key component of maintaining your car. Over-inflated tires are also unsafe and wear out prematurely, albeit differently than under-inflated tires.
How and Why Tire Pressure Drops
Tires lose roughly one pound or 2% of air pressure per month with normal driving and more with hazardous driving conditions, like inclement weather or hitting curbs and potholes. The weather, as well as altitude, also affect tire pressure, so it's important to test for proper inflation fairly frequently, as part of your routine auto maintenance. Check your tire pressure once a month at minimum depending on your location, weather and driving habits.
When to Check Your Tire Pressure
Check the tires when they're cold and haven't been warmed up by driving. Rather than just judging by looking or kicking, follow the inflation guidelines provided by your car owner's manual or the tire information label that can be located on the doorjamb, in your glove compartment, inside your fuel door or on the underside of the trunk lid. The information found on the tire's sidewall is for the tire, not the car. Some newer cars also come with tire pressure monitoring systems. Knowing what your tire pressure should be is part of maintaining your car so that it runs at its best.
By checking your tire pressure once a month as part of regular maintenance, you'll increase gas mileage as well as reduce emissions.
Luke's Redmond Auto Repair is happy to check your tire pressure as part of a regular tune-up or if the indicator near your check engine light lights up.
Schedule an appointment, or call 425-885-4333. | <urn:uuid:f93ada34-4af6-41bb-bd16-94de8a0f679c> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.lukesautorepairshopredmond.com/blog.asp?blogid=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262311.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527085702-20190527111702-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.955974 | 405 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The education sector is improving every single day. With newer and better digital methods sprouting up to deliver education, a fast and reliable internet connection is a must. Thanks to the National Broadband Network (NBN), it is possible to use the newer education methods throughout Australia.
Newer Learning Methodologies
The education sector is gaining a lot of tools to deliver meaningful and equal education students regardless of where they live.
The University of Melbourne uses virtual reality to train surgeons from around the country. The Open Universities Australia (OUA) also focuses on the use of faster internet to deliver education to 43,000 students across the country through correspondence courses. Such institutes require students to have a fast internet connection that NBN delivers using its fibre optic line.
Also Read: Download CamHi App for PC to connect your cameras on computer.
In 2020, even the NSW Department of Education is set to trial NBN’s Sky Muster Plus Satellite service to deliver the first term of school to six remote NSW homesteads. For learning enthusiasts, the use of cloud technology improves with NBN and so does one-to-one level in real-time with faculties and researchers sitting on the other end of the country or even the world.
NBN for Teachers
The NBN connection can support teachers not only to access a ton of research online but also deliver better, tech-driven education to the students inside the classroom. Using NBN can help in eliminating the use of paper resources and increase the use of the cloud to deliver the data.
Also, using streaming videos and connected devices such as tablets and laptops in the classroom can help implement newer learning methods. Also, a unified broadband network can help schools in Australia to have a strong foundation and share curriculum and lesson plans.
NBN for Students
Students using NBN can benefit from accessing resources and assistance at their fingertips. NBN’s speed is perfect for streaming video tutorials, having a video conferencing call with experts, research projects and much more. It also encourages students to have virtual group meetings, share files, presentations, and receive online assignments from the institute.
All students must check these 10 best cooling apps to prevent overheating on smartphone.
NBN Education Plans
A lot of NBN providers such as Harbour ISP and Tangerine offer customised plans for students and educational institutes. If you are a student sharing space with other students, there are facilities to use NBN plans with multiple ports at a cost-effective rate.
Before you decide on an NBN connection, ensure that the connection is –
- Reviewed well by people in your locality
- Offered at a competitive rate
- Available in monthly or long-term contracts
- Compatible with your building’s height and power source type
The speed of the NBN connection depends a lot on the provider and the type of connectivity that includes fibre optic, hybrid, wireless, and satellite. But just the idea of having a secure, reliable and fast internet access to students and teachers will make a whole lot of difference how education is delivered and consumed across Australia.
Also Read- Download Hike Messenger for Windows | <urn:uuid:7440ef35-23a1-46d9-9daa-b1ad3d8cf63b> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://innovationfunda.com/nbn-revolutionising-education-sector/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703507971.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116225820-20210117015820-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.931036 | 634 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In prior posts, I have demonstrated that Thomas Jefferson was allowed by Virginia law to emancipate his slaves. Barton says he couldn’t do it, but we demonstrate in Getting Jefferson Right that Barton omitted from The Jefferson Lies the citation to Virginia law that proves Jefferson could have done so.
In a June 14 podcast of The Bill Martinez radio show, Barton compounds the problem by distorting the situation even more. About Jefferson and his slaves, Barton tells Martinez starting at 11:10 –
…he [Jefferson] inherited 187 slaves when he was back at 13 years old. Guess what? Virginia state law makes it illegal to free your slaves, period. So Jefferson has 187 slaves he’s inherited, he cannot free them. Now George Washington found a loophole and freed his slaves on his death and the legislature said, ‘would you look at that, we missed that’ and they came back and fixed the loophole so you could not free your slaves on your death. So a lot of Thomas Jefferson’s neighbors moved out of Virginia, took their slaves with them, cause they wanted to free slaves and you couldn’t do it in Virginia, and Jefferson choose not to leave Virginia, so he stayed with family, he stayed there. What he did was he had these slaves working for, he paid them, if they caught fish, if they hunted game, he paid them, which is one of the reasons he died broke. Find me another slave owner who paid slaves.
Nearly everything said there is wrong. Jefferson inherited 20 slaves at age 14 when his father died. He acquired the remainder of his slaves via inheritance from his father-in-law and additional purchases and births throughout the remainder of his life. By 1822, Jefferson had 267 slaves. We have all the details in Getting Jefferson Right.
The loophole Barton refers to is the 1782 law on manumission which allowed owners to free slaves while the owner was alive and at death. As we have pointed out, Barton omitted from The Jefferson Lies the section which allowed owners to free slaves, but on the Martinez show, he says the rest of the law was a “loophole.” The Virginia legislature knew what was in the law, and they encountered many petitions from slave owners to revoke the law over the years it was in effect. However, the law was used by owners like George Washington at death and Robert Carter while alive to free their slaves. Even in 1806 when the law was tightened, emancipation was still possible. However, freed slaves were required to leave the state within a year after their freedom. With that restriction, some slaves preferred to remain near family rather than become emancipated.
Barton says Jefferson was broke because he paid his slaves. I just returned from Monticello and agree with the many historians who point out that Jefferson’s lifestyle was most likely the reason he was chronically in debt. Jefferson bought and sold slaves during the period of time when he could have freed them. While he was a kinder master than many, he certainly viewed his slaves as property.
Rather than expose a myth, Barton elaborated one that he first told in his book. | <urn:uuid:cb0ffa40-90c4-48f9-98ed-e1bd48088c5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.wthrockmorton.com/tag/bill-martinez/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488539480.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623134306-20210623164306-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.989654 | 647 | 3.09375 | 3 |
||Prior to Creation, there was only the infinite Or Ein Sof filling all existence. When it arose in G-d’s Will to create worlds and emanate the emanated…He contracted (in Hebrew “tzimtzum”) Himself in the point at the center, in the very center of His light. He restricted that light, distancing it to the sides surrounding the central point, so that there remained a void, a hollow empty space, away from the central point… After this tzimtzum… He drew down from the Or Ein Sof a single straight line [of light] from His light surrounding [the void] from above to below [into the void], and it chained down descending into that void…. In the space of that void He emanated, created, formed and made all the worlds. (Etz Chaim, Arizal, Heichal A”K, anaf 2)
Tzimtzum (Hebrew צמצום ṣimṣūm “contraction” or “constriction”) is a term used in the Lurianic Kabbalah teaching of Isaac Luria, explaining his concept that God began the process of creation by “contracting” his infinite light in order to allow for a “conceptual space” in which a finite and seemingly independent world could exist. This contraction, forming an “empty space” (חלל הפנוי) in which creation could begin, is known as the Tzimtzum.
Because the Tzimtzum results in the conceptual “space” in which the physical universe and free will can exist, God is often referred to as “Ha-Makom” (המקום lit. “the place”, “the omnipresent”) in Rabbinic literature. Relatedly, olam—the Hebrew word for “world” or universe—is derived from the root word עלם meaning “concealment”. This etymology is complementary with the concept of Tzimtzum, in that thephysical universe conceals the spiritual nature of creation.
In Lurianic thought
Isaac Luria introduced three central themes into kabbalistic thought, Tzimtzum, Shevirat HaKelim (the shattering of the vessels), and Tikkun (repair). These three are a group of interrelated, and continuing, processes. Tzimzum describes the first step in the process by which God began the process of creation by withdrawing his own essence from an area, creating an area in which creation could begin. Shevirat HaKelim describes how, after the Tzimtzum, God created the vessels (HaKelim) in the empty space, and how when God began to pour his Light into the vessels they were not strong enough to hold the power of God’s Light and shattered (Shevirat). The third step, Tikkun, is the process of gathering together, and raising, the sparks of God’s Light that were carried down with the shards of the shattered vessels.
Since Tzimtzum is connected to the concept of exile, and Tikkun is connected to the need to repair the problems of the world of human existence, Luria unites the cosmology of Kabbalah with the practice of Jewish ethics, and makes ethics and traditional Jewish religious observance the means by which God allows humans to complete and perfect the material world through living the precepts of a traditional Jewish life.
A commonly held understanding in Kabbalah is that the concept of Tzimtzum contains a built-in paradox, requiring that God be simultaneously transcendent and immanent.
- On the one hand, if the “Infinite” did not restrict itself, then nothing could exist—everything would be overwhelmed by God’s totality. Thus existence requires God’s transcendence, as above.
- On the other hand, God continuously maintains the existence of, and is thus not absent from, the created universe. “The Divine life-force which brings all creatures into existence must constantly be present within them… were this life-force to forsake any created being for even one brief moment, it would revert to a state of utter nothingness, as before the creation…” . This understanding is supported by various biblical teachings: “You have made the heaven… the earth and all that is on it… and You give life to them all” (Nehemiah 9:6); “All the earth is filled with God’s Glory” (Numbers 14:21); “God’s Glory fills the world” (Isaiah 6:3). Creation therefore requires God’s immanence.
Rabbi Nachman of Breslav discusses this inherent paradox as follows:
||Only in the future will it be possible to understand the Tzimtzum that brought the ‘Empty Space’ into being, for we have to say of it two contradictory things… the Empty Space came about through the Tzimtzum, where, as it were, He ‘limited’ His Godliness and contracted it from there, and it is as though in that place there is no Godliness… the absolute truth is that Godliness must nevertheless be present there, for certainly nothing can exist without His giving it life. (Likkutei Moharan I, 64:1)
This paradox is strengthened by reference to the closely related doctrine of divine simplicity, which holds that God is absolutely simple, containing no element of form or structure whatsoever. This gives rise to two difficulties. Firstly, according to this doctrine, it is impossible for God to shrink or expand (physically or metaphorically)—an obvious contradiction to the above. Secondly, according to this doctrine, if God’s creative will is present, then He must be present in total—whereas the Tzimtzum, on the other hand, results in, and requires, a “partial Presence” as above.
The paradox has an additional aspect, in that the Tzimtzum results in a perception of the world being imperfect despite God’s omniperfect Presence being everywhere. As a result, some Kabbalists saw the Tzimtzum as a cosmic illusion.
In Chabad Hassidism, on the other hand, the concept of Tzimtzum is understood as not meant to be interpreted literally, but rather to refer to the manner in which God impresses His presence upon the consciousness of finite reality : thus tzimtzum is not only seen as being a real process but is also seen as a doctrine that every person is able, and indeed required, to understand and meditate upon.
In the Chabad view, the function of the Tzimtzum was “to conceal from created beings the activating force within them, enabling them to exist as tangible entities, instead of being utterly nullified within their source” . The tzimtzum produced the required “vacated space” (chalal panui חלל פנוי, chalal חלל), devoid of direct awareness of God’s presence.
Here Chassidut sheds light on the concept of Tzimtzum via the analogy of a person and his speech. (The source of this analogy is essentially Genesis Chapter 1, where God “spoke” to create heaven and earth.):
In order to communicate, a person must put aside all that he knows, all his experiences, and all that he is, and say only one thing (“the contraction”). This is especially the case when we speak of an educator, whose level of mind and understanding is almost completely removed and incomparable to his student, that has to “find” an idea that is simple enough to convey to the student. However, when he goes through this process and now is choosing to express himself through this particular utterance, he has not in any way lost or forgotten all the knowledge of who he really is (“thus the contraction is not a literal contraction”).
(Furthermore, the one who hears his words also has the full revelation of who that person is when he hears those words, though he may not realize it. If the listener understood the language and was sensitive enough, he would be able to pull out from those words everything there is to know about the person.)
So too, God chose to express Himself through this world with all of its limitations. However, this does not mean, as pantheism posits, that God is limited to this particular form, or that God has “forgotten” all He can do. He still “remembers what He really is”, meaning that He remains always in His infinite essence, but is choosing to reveal only this particular aspect of Himself. The act of Tzimtzum is thus how God “puts aside” His infinite light, and allows for an “empty space”, void of any indication of the Divine Presence. He then can reveal a limited finite aspect of his light (namely our imperfect, finite reality).
(As clarified before, if man were spiritually sensitive enough, we would be able to see how God is truly giving us a full revelation of His infinite self through the medium of this world. To a listener who does not understand the language being spoken, the letters are “empty” of any revelation of the person. In the analogue this means that the world looks to us to be “empty” of Godly revelation. Kaballah and Chassidus, however, teaches one how to meditate in order to be able to understand God’s “language” so that one can see the Godly revelation in every aspect of creation.)
Therefore, no paradox exists. The finite Godly light that is immanent within the universe, constantly creating and vivifying it, is only a “faint glimmer of a glimmer of a glimmer” (Tanya, Iggeret HaKodesh, Chapter 20) of God’s infinite, transcendent light that has been completely concealed by tzimtzum. (See also Dovber Schneuri, Ner Mitzva Vetorah Or, Kehot Publication Society. ISBN 0-8266-5496-7.)
Vilna Gaon’s view
The Gaon held that tzimtzum was not literal, however, the “upper unity”, the fact that the universe is only illusory, and that tzimtzum was only figurative, was not perceptible, or even really understandable, to those not fully initiated in the mysteries of Kabbalah.
The Leshem articulates this view clearly (and claims that not only is it the opinion of the Vilna Gaon, but also is the straightforward and simple reading of Luria and is the only true understanding).
||I have also seen some very strange things in the words of some contemporary kabbalists who explain things deeply. They say that all of existence is only an illusion and appearance, and does not truly exist. This is to say that the ein sof didn’t change at all in itself and its necessary true existence and it is now still exactly the same as it was before creation, and there is no space empty of Him, as is known (see Nefesh Ha-Chaim Shaar 3). Therefore they said that in truth there is no reality to existence at all, and all the worlds are only an illusion and appearance, just as it says in the verse “in the hands of the prophets I will appear” (Hoshea 12: 11). They said that the world and humanity have no real existence, and their entire reality is only an appearance. We perceive ourselves as if we are in a world, and we perceive ourselves with our senses, and we perceive the world with our senses. It turns out [according to this opinion] that all of existence of humanity and the world is only a perception and not in true reality, for it is impossible for anything to exist in true reality, since He fills all the worlds…. How strange and bitter is it to say such a thing. Woe to us from such an opinion. They don’t think and they don’t see that with such opinions they are destroying the truth of the entire Torah….
However, the Gaon and the Leshem held that tzimtzum only took place in God’s Will (Ratzon), but that it is impossible to say anything at all about God Himself (Atzmut). Thus, they did not actually believe in a literal Tzimtzum in God’s Essence. Luria’s Etz Chaim itself, however, in the First Shaar, is ambivalent: in one place it speaks of a literal tzimtzum in God’s Essence and Self, then it changes a few lines later to a tzimtzum in the Divine Light (an emanated, hence created and not part of God’s Self, energy).
Application in clinical psychology
An Israeli professor, Mordechai Rotenberg, believes the Kabbalistic–Hasidic tzimtzum paradigm has significant implications for clinical therapy. According to this paradigm, God’s “self-contraction” to vacate space for the world serves as a model for human behavior and interaction. The tzimtzum model promotes a unique community-centric approach which contrasts starkly with the language of Western psychology.
- ^ Rabbi Moshe Miller, The Great Constriction, kabbalaonline.org.
- ^ James David Dunn, Windows of the Soul, p.21-24
- ^ J.H. Laenen, Jewish Mysticism, p.168-169
- ^ see for example Aryeh Kaplan, “Paradoxes” (in “The Aryeh Kaplan Reader”, Artscroll 1983. ISBN 0-89906-174-5)
- ^ Yosef Wineberg, Commentary on Tanya, Shaar Hayichud veHaEmunah
- ^ Tanya, Shaar Hayichud veHaEmunah, ch.4
- ^ E. J. Schochet, The Hasidic Movement and the Gaon of Vilna
- ^ Allan Nadler, The Faith of the Mithnagdim
- ^ Leshem Sh-vo ve-Achlama Sefer Ha-Deah drush olam hatohu chelek 1, drush 5, siman 7, section 8 (p. 57b)
- ^ Rotenberg Center for Jewish Psychology
- Jacob Immanuel Schochet, Mystical Concepts in Chassidism, especially chapter II, Kehot 1979,3rd revised edition 1988. ISBN 0-8266-0412-9
- Aryeh Kaplan, “Paradoxes”, in “The Aryeh Kaplan Reader”, Artscroll 1983. ISBN 0-89906-174-5
- Aryeh Kaplan, “Innerspace”, Moznaim Pub. Corp. 1990. ISBN 0-940118-56-4
- Aryeh Kaplan Understanding God, Ch2. in “The Handbook of Jewish Thought”, Moznaim 1979. ISBN 0-940118-49-1 | <urn:uuid:6635e577-91aa-45cf-ab89-55a868ed30c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://multiuniversus.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982948216.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200908-00292-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939456 | 3,290 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Rear-Facing Car Seats Protect Children, Even in Rear-End Crashes
Pediatricians and safety experts have long advised parents to place their small children in rear-facing seats when they ride in the car. While research shows that children are safer in front- or side-impact crashes when in a rear-facing position, questions remained about whether riding in a rear-facing seat could cause a greater risk of head trauma when the car was involved in a rear-end crash. A new study shows the safety of rear-facing seats, even in rear-end crashes. Read on to learn more about the study, and contact a knowledgeable Vancouver personal injury lawyer if your or your child has been injured in an accident.
Questions over whether children at risk of head or neck injury in rear-facing seat
Experts tout the safety of rear-facing seats due to their ability to distribute the force of impact from a crash, but research was lacking on whether impact-distribution of a rear-facing seat occurred as well in rear-end crashes as it did front- or side- impact crashes. The recent study on rear-facing seats was conducted at the Injury Biomechanics Research Center at Ohio State University. The researchers used four common models of rear-facing car seat in laboratory-simulated rear-end car crashes. Their goal was to learn whether a rear-facing seat could cause a child’s head to strike the rear of the car’s front seats in a rear-end crash, causing injury to the head or neck.
Seat distributes impact away from child
The lead author in the study, Julie Mansfield, reported that the rear-facing seats did a good job at keeping the seat occupant’s head, neck, and spine in alignment. “With a rear impact, we would expect occupants to be ‘pulled’ toward the rear of the vehicle according to basic physics,” Mansfield explained. “When a child is in a rear-facing carseat in this scenario, the car seat actually stays with the child and continues to support the head and spine.” Mansfield also explained that, even when the seat rotated upward, the occupant remained safely cradled in the shell of the seat, and the child seat and car’s seat interacted to distribute force into the car’s soft seat rather than into the child.
Washington state does not require that children ride in rear-facing seats; the law states only that children under eight years old must ride in a child safety restraint, and that children under age 13 ride in the back seat when in the car. That said, Washington transportation safety officials do recommend that parents use rear-facing seats until an infant is at least two years of age, even though this isn’t mandated by law. Oregon law, in contrast, does require the use of a rear facing seat. Any infant under two years of age must be placed in a rear-facing seat under the state’s law, unless the child reached one year of age on or before May 26, 2017.
If your child has been injured in a car accident in Washington or Oregon, contact the dedicated and seasoned Vancouver personal injury attorney John Lutgens for a free consultation at 360-693-2119, serving all of Southwest Washington and Portland. | <urn:uuid:ee3b48a5-b512-43d7-b22d-53353643c6f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.jlutgenslaw.com/rear-facing-car-seats-protect-children-even-in-rear-end-crashes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500042.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203024018-20230203054018-00839.warc.gz | en | 0.967975 | 687 | 2.546875 | 3 |
New media have led to westernization of other cultures as western and american cultural values are forced on non-western cultures!
Threat to democracy
Enhances the power of the already powerful, as more and more of what we know is dominated and controlled by global coporations!
Lack of Regulation
Undesirable things such as internet crime, peadophilia, *********** and violence can thrive virtually unchecked due to lack of regulation!
No real increase in choice
Poorer media content due too 'Dumbing down' to attract large audiences, celebrity culture will replace serious programming and will replace hard news reporting to encourage people to consume media!
Undermining of human relationships
Increase in social isolation!
Spend less quality time with friends and family and become wrapped up in electronic media!
Loss of social capital or the useful networks which peple have as they spend less time engaging with communities and neighbour hoods in which they live!
Not everyone has access to new media, creating digital divide
This creates national and global inequalities and a new digital underclass whose members are excluded from benefits of the new media! | <urn:uuid:d3774c7d-5621-4b48-aac2-330f9868244a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/pessimistic_views_of_new_media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818690211.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924205308-20170924225308-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.93573 | 233 | 2.609375 | 3 |
topic of paper is Shingles. requires reference page
must be 5 pages in length not including title and references, must include abstract
must contain information on treatment , vaccine , symptoms etc..
Term Paper As part of the course students must write a term-paper on a vaccine, an antimicrobial or a disease caused by a microorganism and explore information provided by the CDC, WHO, and literary sources for a total of at least five resources. The term paper should include a summary of the research and provide the Web sites and references utilized for the research. Each student must have a different disease, antimicrobial or vaccine to research. The term paper must be typed with 1” margins, double spacing and a 12 point Times Roman font. The paper should also include a reference list. A minimum of five references must be utilized. The American Psychological Association format must also be utilized for the paper. The paper should be between five and seven pages in length (not including cover page, abstract, references, exhibits, etc.). The following guidelines will be utilized to grade the paper:
Content • Provides substantive and relevant development of ideas • Provides logical, accurate, and sufficient level of detail • Demonstrates an in depth understanding of the ideas in the assigned reading and critically evaluates/responds to those ideas in an analytical, persuasive manner. • Has appropriate references 65%
Organization • Creates a clearly identifiable introduction, body, and conclusion. • Provides unified paragraph structure–each paragraph develops only one central idea. • Utilizes APA format 20%
Language • Incorporates appropriate medical terminology, avoids irrelevant and redundant words, phrases and other distracting information and has appropriate spelling; • Avoids errors in sentence boundaries such as fused sentences and sentence fragments • Avoids plagiarism; uses paraphrase and quotes skillfully 5%
Presentation • Clear and logical • Creative and interesting • Effectively relies information 10%
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Creativity and how it’s paid for
By Kenn Taylor
Throughout history, art and money have always had something of an ambivalent relationship. The role of the professional artist is in itself a product of excess wealth in any given society. Unless there are surplus resources produced to sustain them, such a function cannot exist. In ancient societies, art and culture was produced by members of communities as merely part of their whole existence.
The creation of more intensive agriculture produced a surplus of food, which led to a freeing up of people and resources. This meant that some people could become dedicated to producing art in exchange for sustenance produced by others, paid for those with the power and the capital to commission it. The professional artist had been born.
Art of course is meant to be, and I do believe it is, something that is above the everyday banality of existence. Truly great art; music, films, sculpture, whatever can transcend cultural and political boundaries, language, and the lives of the individual people and cultures that produce it. The ancient Roman and Greek empires and the people who created them are long gone, but we still have all those armless statues to remind us of them.
Yet in the time that art is being created, the money needs to come from somewhere. Art may rise above such things, but artists themselves and institutions that support art do not, there are always resources to be got, bills to be paid. And, usually, those providing the money have had some say in the art, to a greater or lesser extent.
A cursory glance in any art gallery with a historical collection reveals the influence on art of wherever the centres of power and money lay at any given time in history. For centuries the Catholic Church held much of the power in the Western world and had something of a monopoly on commissioning most artistic production.
Later, royalty and the wider aristocracy called the tune. The Medici dynasty that ran the Republic of Florence funded much of the Italian Renaissance. Further on, the mercantile proto-capitalists in the wealthy Netherlands bankrolled the Golden Age of Dutch Painting, with their demand for secular imagery to adorn their homes.
In 19th century Britain, it was the new industrial barons who paid for much of the art. On Merseyside, the Tate, Walker and Lady Lever Art Galleries were originally paid for by Henry Tate, Andrew Barclay Walker and William Hesketh Lever, magnates in sugar, brewing and soap manufacture respectively. All those grand palaces of culture were paid for from the profits made from selling commodities to the new urban masses created by the Industrial Revolution. In Victorian Britain, sponsorship of the arts was a good way to improve your image as more than a businessman. It was an early example of ‘brand association’ that continues right through to today’s Unilever plc, the successor to William Lever’s firm, sponsoring Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall projects.
Later, New York became the post-WWII centre for arts, paid for by that city’s status as the centre of modern capitalism. And, as London took over and became the world centre of ‘casino banking’ after the ‘Big Bang’ that revolutionised the stock market in 1986, those that had grown rich in this brave new world bankrolled much of the ‘Young British Artists’ movement.
This was more of a blip really in the UK though. After WWII, the Government assumed the role of the principle patron of arts, in much the same way it did with health, coal and railways, with the foundation of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1946. The Arts Council is widely regarded worldwide as a good model of support for the arts, neither directly state controlled and thus subject to adverse political interference, nor laissez-faire and thus entirely reliant on the whim of the market.
However, there is an inevitability of not being able to rely on the state consistently for funding, as the recent cuts in public expenditure has proven. These cuts have created much debate about what or who will pay for the arts in future. The current Coalition Government is keen on more corporate sponsorship for the arts and, in particular, philanthropy from rich individuals, something which has left many people aghast.
Many view state support as purer than corporate support or wealthy patronage, as if it taints the art less. Yet, state funding also has its own issues. It is certainly not ‘innocent’, being paid for of course through the taxation garnered through our capitalist system. Rising and falling with the whims of any given government and subject to the whims of individual Arts Council staff, state funding inevitably has its own agendas, strings and bureaucracy attached that can be very frustrating to creatives.
There is no one perfect system for funding of the arts, but artists and arts institutions must make terms with their role in the wider economy. Art is not, and never has been, totally ‘pure’, the money must come from somewhere, even if that creates distaste in the mouth of people who presumably aren’t struggling to feed themselves or keep an art gallery open and with free entry. Yet, engaging with economic reality doesn’t have to mean producing poorer work. Today, there is a greater variety of ways that ever to fund creative endeavours.
In terms of institutions, a mixture of funding sources is probably the healthiest, as influence from one source or the other is less likely to interfere with the integrity of programming and also leave it less vulnerable to one source of funding drying up. Something that the people running Britain’s wider economy, with its over reliance on financial services, could have taken heed of.
The Tate may be regarded by some as a corporate monolith, but it operates a good mixed model of funding, with Government money now accounting for less than 50% of its income, the rest a mixture of sales, memberships, donations and corporate and foundation sponsorship. Tate’s well off members and supporters help pay to keep its doors open for free and its outreach and education programmes running for the less advantaged.
Although many smaller and regional institutions couldn’t match Tate’s prowess, at the opposite end of the scale, in 2012, Shetland Arts will open Mareel, a cinema, performance and creative industries centre in Lerwick, one of the remotest parts of the UK. Mareel has no revenue funding to support its operation and activity. Instead, they plan to sustain themselves through the ownership and exploitation of intellectual property rights – by investing in the creation of arts projects and working to leverage the value of any content. It will also take advantage of digital communications with live music content captured and broadcast from the venue, giving it an audience stretching far beyond its isolated base. If this can be done in a remote Scottish island, surely some of the institutions in England’s regional cities could take inspiration.
What about individual artists? Again the internet is an invaluable tool for the upcoming creative that was not open to others in the past. The net has made self-promotion far easier. You can sell you e-book or artwork online and cut out the middle man. You can put music or film on YouTube for a potential global audience for free and make your own impressive website that you don’t need a degree in computing to build. Crowd funding, or ‘micro-philanthropy’, via the net is also a new option. WeDidThis.org.uk is a site that has helped individual creatives and groups to source funding from ordinary individuals to support everything from arts clubs for disadvantaged kids in Peckham to a travel journalism assignment across Europe.
Aside from working as an individual, there is indeed strength in unity, both in operating a more traditional business model such as a limited company, or any number of alternatives. The artists’ collective has appeared repeatedly through history, with mixed success. Many artists’ studios in Liverpool, such as The Royal Standard and Red Wire, operate on this basis of collective management, operation and funding, banding together to provide studio and gallery space, collectivise resources and bid for bigger funding from other sources.
It is also possible to find a balance between producing ‘pure’ work you want to pursue and commercial work that pays the bills. Again, there’s a long tradition of this, William Blake did commercial work as an engraver his whole life to support his own artistic endeavours. More contemporary, here in Liverpool we can see self-sustaining arts organisations like Mercy and the Kazimier who have found a balance between sustainable commercial success while maintaining their artistic integrity, producing work for corporate or state clients or paying patrons and re-investing that back into more ‘purely’ artistic work.
In these austere times, probably more than ever artists and arts institutions must stare their bank accounts in the face, but doing this doesn’t have to mean selling out. All the great art works in history had to, one way or another, make terms with the economic and political reality in which they were created. As Bob Dylan said, ‘you’re gonna have to serve somebody’ but, more than ever, it can be on your own terms.
This piece appeared in the December issue of Object of Dreams magazine. | <urn:uuid:7c71c1bf-b8ef-46de-8d0c-5916ded88ed5> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://kenn-taylor.com/tag/arts-funding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937780.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420120351-20180420140351-00580.warc.gz | en | 0.967412 | 1,929 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Monday, July 18 is Nelson Mandela Day, celebrating the birthdate of Nelson Mandela, the “Father of the Nation” of South Africa who is remembered as a symbol of hope for reconciling sectarian splits—religious or otherwise—that were thought to be unresolvable.
Religion is all about oneness and unity. It is one of the greatest ironies in human history that the biggest divisions take place through the medium of religion – not just between faiths, but even within the faith. This has happened almost uniformly across religions.
When a faith splinters, the different sects may treat each other with mutual respect, but in many cases the splintering leads to senseless violence. There is no reason why sub sects within a religion should fuss over minor differences. Yet, history is littered with examples of people missing the forest for the trees, often with tragic consequences.
Jews have split into Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist. Christians fall into one of three broad divisions—Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox—and within these broad divisions are a plethora of sub-sects. In fact, most estimates place the total number of Christian denominations across the globe at around 40,000! But the 3 main divisions arose due to 2 great schisms in the history of Christianity. First, the Catholic-Orthodox split occurred due to a combination of political and theological differences, such as the degree of authority that the Pope should have and the way that holy sacraments like Communion should be conducted. Similarly, Protestants split from Catholics due to ideological differences that, again, had a lot to do with disagreements of how much power the Papal authorities should have, especially due to questions about their abuse of power.
New religions spring forth within the old, as a result of new revelations from God: for instance, God speaks to Moses and Judaism is founded; or the prophet Gabriel is sent to Mohammed, which eventually results in Islam. But prophets and religious leaders almost never seek to found new religions — they intend to correct the mistakes of existing ones.
Islam is considered to have three sects: Sunni and Shia, and the mystical branch of the Sufis. The Sunni—Shia split occurred due to a disagreement over who Muhammad’s successor should be, and Sufism further distinguished itself from these other 2 main sects by placing more emphasis on the unity of all religions, embracing many teachings from outside of Islam.
Hindus have far too many sects to count, since each of the numerous gods in the vast pantheon has its own following. The three main sects are Vaishnavism (followers of Vishnu), Shaivism (believers in Shiva), and Shaktism (the goddess). Within that are innumerable ways and deities of worship. But the essence of Hinduism lies in the idea of oneness and therefore all Hindus recognize the truth and validity of all deities and all sects, even though they may focus particular attention on one over the others.
Buddhism is split mainly into Theravada (the traditional teachings of the Buddha), Mahayana, and Vajrayana. The Mahayana sect developed from new teachers and texts that emphasized the importance of the bodhisattva way of life—working to help others achieve enlightenment before achieving your own final state of Nirvana. And Vajrayana, the smallest sect, places emphasis on Tantric methods of practice, which draw upon mysticism and see the body as the gateway to enlightenment.
Taoism has a complicated religious history, but it has seen the rise and fall of different schools of thought. Confucianism is not defined by sects like these other religions, but after Confucius’ death there were eight successors who had their own versions of the teachings.
We should remember that our similarities outweigh our differences, especially when the differences are merely different variations on the same religious teaching. This is what the prophets taught—that we are all one and should not let minor differences divide us. Unfortunately, many of the priests that have filled in the leadership roles left by the prophets after their passing have divided us, either due to their lack of vision, lack of ability, or out of vested interest for political power.
“But avoid foolish controversies and genealogies and arguments and quarrels about the law, because these are unprofitable and useless. Warn a divisive person once, and then warn them a second time. After that, have nothing to do with them.”
—The New Testament (Titus 3:1-11), Christian text
“There is nothing more serious than the sacrilege of schism because there is no just cause for severing the unity of the Church.”
—Augustine of Hippo, Christian saint
“As for those who have divided their religion and broken up into factions, have nothing to do with them [Prophet]. Their case rests with God: in time He will tell them about their deeds.”
—The Qur’an (6:159), Muslim text
“Hold fast to God’s rope all together; do not split into factions. Remember God’s favour to you: you were enemies and then He brought your hearts together and you became brothers by His grace; you were about to fall into a pit of Fire and He saved you from it.”
—Qur’an (3:103-04), Muslim text
“ ‘Do not break up into clusters’ (Deut. 14: 1). Do not form many [small] clusters, but all of you stay as one cluster. ‘Do not break up into clusters.’ Do not divide in dissent against one another, lest you bring about a ‘baldness’ within your number, as Korah did. He divided Israel, making them into many small clusters, and thus brought about a lrorhah, a ‘baldness,’ in Israel.”
—Sefer Ha-Aggadah, collection of Jewish writings
“Most conflicts and wars have nothing to do with religion. They are about power, territory, and glory, things that are secular, even profane. But if religion can be enlisted, it will be.”
-- Jonathan Sacks, British Rabbi
“A new religious principle is that prejudice and fanaticism -- whether sectarian, denominational, patriotic or political -- are destructive to the foundation of human solidarity; therefore, man should release himself from such bonds in order that the oneness of the world of humanity may become manifest.”
--‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Baha’i leader
“The sundering of science and religion is but one example of the tendency of the human mind (which is necessarily limited in its capacity) to concentrate on one virtue, one aspect of truth, one goal, to the exclusion of others. This leads, in extreme cases, to fanaticism and the utter distortion of truth, and in all cases to some degree of imbalance and inaccuracy.”
--Universal House of Justice, Baha’i governing body
“Sectarian feelings and criticism of other teachings or other sects is very bad, poisonous, and should be avoided.”
--The Dalai Lama, Tibetan Buddhist leader and activist
“The varieties of religious belief are an advantage, since all faiths are good, so far as they encourage us to lead a religious life. The more sects there are, the more opportunities there are for making a successful appeal to the divine instinct in all of us.”
--Swami Vivekananda, Hindu monk
“God laughs on two occasions. He laughs when the physician says to the patient's mother, "Don't be afraid, mother; I shall certainly cure your boy." God laughs, saying to Himself, "I am going to take his life, and this man says he will save it!" The physician thinks he is the master, forgetting that God is the Master. God laughs again when two brothers divide their land with a string, saying to each other, "This side is mine and that side is yours." He laughs and says to Himself, "The whole universe belongs to Me, but they say they own this portion or that portion."”
--Sri Ramakrishna, Hindu saint
“The Superior Man is all-embracing and not partial. The inferior man is partial and not all-embracing.”
--The Analects, Confucian text
“When the Tao is obscured by pettiness and the words are obscured by elaboration, then we end up having the ‘this is, this is not’ of the Confucians and Mohists, with what one of them calls reality being denied by the other, and what the other calls real disputed by the first. If we want to confound what they call right and confirm what they call right, we need to shed light on both of them.”
--Book of Chuang Tzu, Daoist text
“Schisms do not originate in a love of truth, which is a source of courtesy and gentleness, but rather in an inordinate desire for supremacy.”
--Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher
“All -isms end up in schisms.”
--Huston Smith, scholar of religion
The writer is former CMD Blackstone India, and founder and director of Universal Enlightenment and Flourishing, www.uef.org | <urn:uuid:0ea896b7-264c-4b14-bd86-82d9760dc3a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.speakingtree.in/article/sectarian-splits-a-common-theme-across-all-religions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337680.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005234659-20221006024659-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.951069 | 2,011 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Effect of Video on the Teaching of Library Studies among Undergraduates in Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo
Akerele, J. Ayodeji, Afolabi, Adeola F., Library Philosophy and Practice
Teaching makes acquisition of knowledge and skills possible through systematic interaction between teachers and learners. It happens everyday and involves teacher, learner, methodology and materials interaction. Part of these materials are known as instructional resources.
The use of instructional materials in teaching process provide the basis for improved teaching and learning of a subject. They are designed, produced and use to achieve specific instructional goal. Ayinde (1997) opined that an intelligent use of audio-visual aids will save time and stimulate students' interest. It increase the retention of knowledge and stimulate understanding and attitude. They help students to recognize a problem. Provide solution and summarize discussion. Moreso, they facilitate independent study, aid communication, create a variety of sensory and makes instruction more powerful and immediate.
Alaku (1998) stated that teachers' effectiveness depends on his use of appropriate instructional strategies and audiovisual aids. Appropriate instructional strategies portray good teaching techniques and successful learning. They assist students to enjoy and understand lessons easily especially when they are attached with appropriate methodology.
Video is a very important example of instructional materials. Oguntuase (2008) defined it as a record on any medium through which a moving image may by any means be produced. They are derivative works which are usually based on original literacy, dramatic, musical and artistic works.
Teachers are now expected to make use of video for mass media teaching or learning. A good instrument towards achieving this is television which possess seeing and hearing qualities that makes more effective teaching and learning. According to Alaku (1998) video play vital role in teaching and learning. When used effectively, it stimulates interest among the pupils and induces longer retention of factual ideas as the children come into contact with what is being taught.
Kindler (2006) as quoted by Fakunle (2008) declared that people generally remember 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see, 50% of what they hear and see, 70% of what they say and 90% of what they say as they do a thing. Also, National Teacher Institute (2006) stated that Chinese concluded that: I hear; I forget, I see; I remember, I do; I understand. Hence from the illustration above, since video has to do with hearing and seeing it could be suggested that it is a vital tool of learning and teaching.
However, for video to be effective, it must be available, easy to use, well maintained, adequately funded and experts must be available. It is alarming to note that virtually all lecturers or teacher do not make use of instructional materials to deliver lectures. It is in light of this, that this study investigated the effect of video in teaching undergraduates in a college of education.
Objective of the Study
* The objective of this study was to determine the effect of video on teaching undergraduates a course (Library Instruction Programme, LIB001) in a college of education.
Statement of the Problem
Video is no doubt a viable tool towards effective learning and teaching. It helps to boost assimilation through good learning techniques and creation of variety of sensory. However, these sterling qualities are being hampered by non availability, user incompetence, poor funding, poor maintenance, etc. Also in the long run, this may affect the students' assimilation rate and consequently lead to average or poor performance in examinations.
Based on this study investigated the effect of use of video for teaching among undergraduates in a college of education.
Significance of the Study
Planning and development of teaching is the first significance of this study. Fatunmbi (2005) discovered that, there is improvement in teaching process through the use of video. … | <urn:uuid:49b0bb98-a909-4bf7-881b-a35f213881ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-285340817/effect-of-video-on-the-teaching-of-library-studies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860125175.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161525-00204-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958449 | 801 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Here are some tools and resources which we find useful in working on resilience in schools.
What is Academic Resilience
In this document you will find an introduction to Academic Resilience, what it is, and how it can work for you.
This framework summarises evidence-based practices that promote resilience. It was developed by Prof. Angie Hart and Dr. Derek Blincow, with help from Helen Thomas and a group of parents and practitioners.
Which Pupils Are We Talking About?
This resource supports your school to have a greater positive impact for your most disadvantaged pupils.
Academic Resilience Zap Presentation
This presentation introduces Academic Resilience, why it matters and some things your school can try to ensure your students achieve good educational outcomes despite adversity.
Audit Process Tool
This tool shows you how to use an audit approach to develop your school. With an audit you can bring together ideas about what could be improved or introduced at your school to promote academic resilience.
Pyramid of Need
This tool helps identify levels of risk and needs of children and young people by using pupil data.
Safeguarding Guide for Volunteers and Support Staff
This guide for volunteers and support staff to covers how to promote resilience working with children and young people in schools.
A Commissioning case study
This case study, outlining a situation where a pupil needs help with a mental health issue, shows how a commissioning approach can help your school take a strategic, longer term view whilst also addressing immediate needs.
Fostering Academic Resilience: A brief review of the evidence
In this paper Professor Angie Hart and Ms Steph Green, University of Brighton and boingboing social enterprise review the evidence and impact of focusing on a whole school resilience approach.
Academic Resilience for Children and Young People with Learning Disabilities
These slides are developed to be used with children and young people with learning difficulties to help build their resilience.
One Step Forward
One Step Forward is a visual guide to resilience, written and illustrated by young people in foster care in collaboration with Boingboing and the Brighton & Hove Virtual School for Children in Care.
Resilience in Children, the Family and the Community
This hand out lists the protective factors for children in themselves, their family and the community.
Ideas for Resilience Assembly Stories
This document suggests some stories you can use in school assemblies to promote resilience.
The Resilient Classroom
This resource is designed to provide practical help for tutors and other staff in the tutor group setting. It supports the tutor group structure and helps build relationships between tutors and students.
School Resilience Survey Guide
This survey guide will help you gather ideas from pupils, parents, staff and others in the school community and put plans in place to boost Academic Resilience.
Senior Leadership Team Audit Tool
Senior Leadership Teams can use this tool to do an audit of their school and find ways to improve resilience throughout the whole school.
School Staff Audit Tool
All school staff can use this tool to do an audit of their school and find ways to improve resilience throughout the whole school.
School Staff Resilience Survey Guide
This survey guide helps Senior Leadership Teams to gather information about how their staff are developing their own resilience.
Plan Do Review
This resource shows how you can improve results through Academic Resilience. | <urn:uuid:53ab87fd-2c2f-4dfc-bf4b-d501f1f297b0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://youngminds.org.uk/resources/school-resources/academic-resilience-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655929376.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711095334-20200711125334-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.925755 | 696 | 3.34375 | 3 |
To order by phone, call: 1-800-634-4298
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World War II was responsible for the deaths of 40 million people, the dawn of the atomic age, and a realignment of the world into communist and non-communist blocs. This powerful two-part survey examines the war’s many battles and invasions, as well s the twisted obsession of Hitler, the nationalistic fervor of the Nazis, the methodical extermination of millions of Jews, the introduction of blitzkrieg warfare, the first use of the atomic bomb, and the rationing, mass production, and patriotism that occurred in war-conscious America. The DVD includes three printable teacher guides featuring reproducible handouts, activities, exercises, vocabulary words, and other related materials. Recommended for grades 4-10. 30 minutes. | <urn:uuid:9a8e9261-cddd-480e-bf0f-76e3385e9cf1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.nestlearning.com/world-war-ii_p279795.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170884.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00318-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887638 | 204 | 3.25 | 3 |
Huanglong National Park, China
Huanglong National Park is one of the sites with amazing views that became the pride of China. According to the website Atlas of Wonders, Huanglong is located between Sichuan, mountain Minshan, and Chengdu.
The natural beauty of Huanglong National Park includes terraced pool of warm water with a yellow, green, blue, and brown. Reported by Amusing Planet, the pools are composed of the travertine terraces of precipitated calcium carbonate derived from hot springs in the mountains.
The Calcium deposits were also made terraces in Huanglong looks like a golden dragon scale. When seen from a distance, Huanglong National Park looks like a golden dragon winding down through mountains and dense forests. That’s why people around named Huanglong, which means ‘golden dragon’.
ot only beautiful travertine terraces that make Huanglong name became famous around the world. This place was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1992 because of outstanding natural beauty.
Huanglong is home to a diverse forest ecosystems, mountain peaks are always covered with snow, waterfalls and hot springs.
Not quite up there, Huanglong National Park is also a habitat for several species of endangered animals, including the giant panda and the golden snub-nosed monkey, Sichuan. | <urn:uuid:922095ce-799e-44fc-aacf-cd489e01a08c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://inspirationseek.com/huanglong-national-park-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685993.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919183419-20170919203419-00366.warc.gz | en | 0.960215 | 280 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Life of Ancient Egyptians
Education and Learning in Ancient Egypt
In Ancient Egypt the child's world was not as clearly separated from the adult's as it tends to be in modern Western society. As the years went by childish pastimes would give way to imitations of grown-up behavior.
Children would more and more frequently be found lending a hand with the less onerous tasks and gradually acquiring practical skills and knowledge from their elders.
By precept and example, parents would instill into them various educational principles, moral attitudes and views of life. Thus from a tender age they would receive their basic education in the bosom of the family. For girls, this was usually all the schooling they would get, but for boys it would be supplemented by proper training in whatever line they chose, or was chosen for them.
Education, of course, covers both the general upbringing of a child and its training for a particular vocation. The upbringing of boys was left largely in the hands of their fathers, that of girls was entrusted to their mothers. Parents familiarized their children with their ideas about the world, with their religious outlook, with their ethical principles, with correct behavior toward others and toward the super-natural beings in whom everyone believed. They taught them about folk rituals and so forth.
Educational principles are summarized in a number of ancient Egyptian treatises now commonly called the Books of Instruction. The advice given in them was designed to ensure personal success consonant with the needs of the state and the moral norms of the day.
Truth-telling and fair dealing were enjoined not on any absolute grounds, but as socially desirable and at the same time more advantageous to the individual than lying and injustice, whose consequences would rebound against their perpetrator. The Books of Instruction contain rules for the well-ordered life and elements of morality that include justice, wisdom, obedience, humanity and restraint.
They mostly took the form of verses addressed by a father to his son as he stepped into his shoes or started to help his aging parent. Similar admonitions were delivered by a king to his heir. Most of these books were compiled by senior officials: humbler scribes, like Ant, only played a part in later times.
Many copies were made of these Books of Instruction, since they also served as teaching texts in the schools for scribes. Seven complete and five partial texts have survived, while the existence of others is known from fragments. The one which appears to be the oldest is by the celebrated, vizier, architect and physician to the 3rd-dynasty pharaoh Djoser.
This text has not survived, but is mentioned in the Harper's Song in the tomb of King lnyotef. Another is the Instruction Compiled by the Noble and Royal Prince Hordjedef for His Son. The two authors of these very ancient books were held in such esteem as to be deified. Of other educational treatises perhaps 3 the most important is the Instruction of Ptahhotep, City Administrator and First Minister during the reign of His Majesty Djedkare Isesi, Ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt during the 5th dynasty. The following passages deal with the art of 'elegant and effective speech'.
You should only talk when you are sure you know your subject. He who would speak in council must he a word-smith. Speaking is harder than any other task and only does credit to the man with perfect mastery ...
Be prudent whenever you open your mouth. Your every utterance should be outstanding, so that the mighty men who listen to you will say: "How beautiful are the words that fly from his lips"
Nevertheless Ptahhotep rates fair dealing higher than learning: You may tell a wise man from the extent of his knowledge, a noble man by his good deeds.
In contrast to the hierarchic structure of Egyptian society in those days, this injunction to respect the opinions and knowledge of simple folk has quite a democratic ring:
Do not boast of your knowledge, but seek the advice of the untutored as much as the well-educated.
Wise words are rarer than precious stones and may come even from slave-girls grinding the corn.
Ptahhotep urges his readers to exercise justice and warns against intriguing for self-aggrandizement, bribery, extortion of debts from those unable to pay and insatiable accumulation of property. His manual abounds in concrete advice on how to behave in various situations - at banquets, in the exercise of high office, towards friends, wives, petitioners, paupers and so on.
The spiritual high-point in this genre is reached in the Instruction of Amenemope at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, some of which is closely comparable with passages in the Old Testament Book of Proverbs. It includes, for example, this call for justice and forbearance toward the poor and widows:
Do not ove the boundary-stone in the field nor shift the surveyor's rope; do not covet a cubit of your neighbor's land nor tamper with the widow's land-bounds.
Covet not the poor farmer's property nor hunger after his bread; the peasant's morsel will surely gag in the throat and revolt the gullet.
If the poor man is found to owe you a great debt, divide it three ways; remit two parts and let the third stand. That, you will see, is the best way in this life; thereafter you will sleep sound and in the morning it will seem like good tidings; for it is better to be praised for neighborly love than to have riches in your storeroom; better to enjoy your bread with a good conscience than to have wealth weighed down by reproaches.
Never let a powerful man bribe you to oppress a weak one for his own benefit. There is a similar foretaste of Christian morality where Amenemope urges consideration toward the afflicted:
Mock not the blind nor deride the dwarf nor block the cripple's path; don't tease a man made ill by a god nor make outcry when he blunders.
In the surprisingly developed moral code revealed by these excerpts, virtue will be rewarded for reasons that can be summarized as follows: behave justly toward your god, your king, your superiors and your inferiors too; in return you will enjoy health, long life and respect.
When judging the dead, god will deal with you in accordance with your past conduct. Those you leave behind, too, will be glad to acknowledge your good deeds by reciting life-giving words and by bringing gifts to ensure you life eternal ... The supreme aim of the Egyptian moral system was to help maintain harmony and order in the world created by god and maintained by the king.
Alongside the inculcation of general rules of morality there was, of course, formal vocational training. Young men did not usually choose their own careers. Herodotus and Diodorus refer explicitly to hereditary callings in ancient Egypt.
This was not in fact a system of rigid inheritance but an endeavor, as one Middle Kingdom stele puts it, to pass on a father's function to his children. Several other sources confirm that this happened with the consent of the king or his plenipotentiaries. Thus we find throughout Egyptian history a tendency for even the highest offices to remain in the same families.
Towards the end of the Middle Kingdom, for example, there was a virtually dynastic line of viziers, and in the Ramessid period the offices of the supreme priests of Amun were passed on from father to son. It was in any case common practice for an official to take on his son as an assistant. so that the succession became more or less automatic. This was also the implication of joint rule at the royal level. A son was commonly referred to as 'the staff of his father's old age', designed to assist him in the performance of his duties and finally to succeed him. Even if the Instructions of Ant declare that 'offices have no offspring.
From an early age they would be going out to the fields, boys and girls alike, to lend a hand in simple tasks like gathering and winnowing the corn, tending poultry and in time cattle, and so forth. Fishermen, boatmen and others would also take their young folk along with them for practical experience.
Pictures of craftsmen at work, on the other hand, rarely show children present. There is one of a boy handing a leg of meat to a butcher; other examples show a lad helping an older man to smooth down a ceramic vessel, and a boy playing in a row of musicians. In the army youngsters were used as grooms and batmen.
Writings of the Roman Period contain some interesting data about the training of weavers and spinning-girls. A test was probably given at the end of the apprenticeship. At this time weavers usually sent their children to be taught by colleagues in the same trade. The master undertook, if he failed to get his pupil through the whole course, to return whatever payment the father had advanced for the apprenticeship.
Kingdom each scribe taught his successor - usually his son - individually. From the First Intermediate Period onwards there is evidence of whole classes run for trainees in this field. In the New Kingdom they existed in the capital city of Thebes (there was one in the Ramesseum, for example, and a second purportedly at Deir el-Medina) and in later times such institutions were run at other centers too. These were not of course true schools in the sense of independent bodies with full-time teachers. All major offices such as the royal chancelleries, military headquarters and the
The ancient Egyptians nevertheless held education in high regard and saw it as a privilege. A few talented individuals without formal schooling still managed to acquire sufficient knowledge to shine in their own field. And there were of course plenty who tried, as everywhere, to compensate for their lack of education by intriguing or currying favor in high places - sometimes as high as royalty. | <urn:uuid:28b4c7b2-dbef-4dd0-abf1-d9c31b57e154> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.touregypt.net/historicalessays/lifeinegypt7.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607702.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523202350-20170523222350-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.97804 | 2,062 | 3.515625 | 4 |
11-Year-Old Girl Discovers Ancient Shekel Coin Believed to Have Been Minted on the Temple Mount
Written by The Ministry of Jesus Christ on November 26, 2021
An 11-year-old girl in Jerusalem uncovered a silver shekel coin that archeologists believe could have been minted by a priest in the Temple Mount 2,000 years ago.
The discovery of the coin was made by Liel Krutokop, who was sifting through dirt during a family-friendly “archaeological experience” in collaboration with the City of David and Emek Tzurim National Park in Jerusalem.
“We poured the bucket with the dirt on the strainer, and as we filtered the stones that were inside, I saw something round,” Krutokop said. “At first, I did not know what it was, but it looked different from all the other stones … I was very excited.”
The coin, which was found on the ancient “Pilgrimage Road” in the City of David, had the engraving “Second Year.” It was likely used during the second year of the Great Revolt of the Jews against the Roman empire between 67 and 68 AD.
According to CBN News, the other side of the coin had “Holy Jerusalem” written on it in ancient Hebrew. The phrase appeared next to an inscription denoting the headquarters of the High Priest.
Dr. Robert Kool, Head of the Coin Department of the Israel Antiquities Authority, said that the coin was likely made from high-quality silver located in the Second Temple reserves.
“If so, we can say with caution that this coin is, apparently, one of the only items we hold today that originated on the Temple [Mount] itself,” Kool said.
“This is a rare find, since out of many thousands of coins discovered to date in archeological excavations, only about 30 coins are coins made of silver, from the period of the Great Revolt,” he continued.
Kool also theorized that a priest who was sympathetic to the Jewish rebels minted the ancient coin.
“A currency is a sign of sovereignty,” he explained. “If you go into rebellion, you use one of the most obvious symbols of independence, and you mint coins. The inscription on the coin clearly expresses the rebels’ aspirations.”
He added that the Hebrew inscription was not “accidental” despite no longer being in use at the time.
“The use of this script came to express the longing of the people of the period for the days of David and Solomon and the days of a united Jewish kingdom – days when the people of Israel had full independence in the land,” he said.
According to experts, the coin was used for trade in Jerusalem 2,000 years ago before the destruction of the Temple by the Romans.
“This street, which connected the Siloam Pool in the south of the City of David to the Temple Mount in the north, was Jerusalem’s main street during the Second Temple period, where thousands of pilgrims marched on their way to the Temple,” archaeologist Ari Levy, Director of the Excavation on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, said.
“There is no doubt that there would have been extensive trading here,” he added. “This is evidenced by the many weights and bronze coins we have found here. But to find a rebel coin made of pure silver is definitely very special and exciting.”
The coin has been chemically cleaned and will be shown to the public for the Hannukah holiday at Emek Tzurim National Park.
Photo courtesy: ©Getty Images/Krugloff, this is a stock image.
Milton Quintanilla is a freelance writer. He is also the co-hosts of the For Your Soul podcast, which seeks to equip the church with biblical truth and sound doctrine. Visit his blog Blessed Are The Forgiven. | <urn:uuid:58987b77-3f0c-44c7-afee-261397ad576a> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.tmofjc.com/11-year-old-girl-discovers-ancient-shekel-coin-believed-to-have-been-minted-on-the-temple-mount/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653183.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606214755-20230607004755-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.969633 | 846 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Rendering is an integral part of the architecture and engineering industry. With the realistic 3D views, business owners can market their upcoming structures. However, computer artists involved in 3D rendering Services have to ensure that the views of 3D Render that they produce as realistic as they can be. Although there are several tools and techniques to make the photos look real, it is the experience and expertise of the artist to give the images a realistic view.
Here are some Techniques that Computer Artists can use to make the 3D Render views look real:
1. Bevel or Chamfer: there are no edges in nature, and that is how it should be. Often new artists forget to smooth the edges. Therefore, it is necessary to bevel or chamfer the edges so that when surfaces are made to meet, they seem natural. To bring the realistic view to your 3D render, it is important to bevel or uses the Chamfer tool in 3Ds Max.
2. Use linear workflow: beginners are a little confused with the linear workflow. The concept has been around for years and needs to be practiced well before it can be applied. The idea of linear workflow is the gamma correction of the images. The monitor displays images in RGB but when the image is rendered, the output is different. Gamma corrections are applied to the render so that the images appear as they should be. In today’s modern world, new tools and techniques have been developed that are based on true lighting solutions.
3. Use of IES light profiles: When rendering images and making them appear realistic, computer graphic artists use IES light profiles. These profiles contain essential information with regards to luminance, light shape, fall off and other photometric details that makes the photos more realistic.
4. Chromatic Aberration: this phenomenon can also be termed as “color fringing” where the high contrast edges show a blue or red outline. Computer graphic artists and 3D Interior Rendering Services artists use chromatic aberration to offset the red and blue channels of the render by a pixel or two. This adds realism to a render but it must be used in moderation as overdoing it can detract the effect.
5. Use depth of field: another perfect and easy way to increase the realism of a render is to add blurred background effect. This is called the extent of field effect. A shallow depth of field would isolate the subject and therefore, must be used appropriately to give the real impact. You can set the depth of field at the time of render or apply it post-production by using different tools.
6. Specular maps: every picture has some glossy area and some areas that are diffused. Even in nature, we find some objects appear very brilliant while others are diffused. Using specular maps is a technique that adds specularity to the picture.
7. Add a little dirt: you don’t have to make picture-perfect images. The rendering that you do should have a look of realism in the sense that the place has been lived in. Therefore, you can add a few props or some cracks to the 3D modeling Services and objects making them appear as used.
Contact us for more information about our 3D Rendering Services. | <urn:uuid:62617788-b9ac-41aa-8db2-329e55016879> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.rayvatengineering.com/how-to-do-realistic-views-of-3d-render/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247506094.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221172909-20190221194909-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.937483 | 665 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Ramadan in 2013 will start on Tuesday, the 9th of July and will continue for 30 days until Wednesday, the 7th of August. Based on sightability in the Emirati, in 2013 ramadan will start in UAE on Wednesday, the 10th of July, astronomically corresponding to Ramadan 01, 1434 H, a day later according to the Sharjah Planetarium, .
Eid Al Fitr will be on Friday August 9th. In 2012 it was from July 20th until August 18th. First half of the Holy Month of Ramadan will witness a rise in temperature, which will reach 46 degree Celsius, according to the Supervisor of Sharjah Planetarium.
Muslims believe ramadan is an auspicious month, being the month in which the first verses of the Qur’an were revealed to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The word ramadan is derived from an Arabic root R-M-Ḍ denoting intense heat, scorched ground and shortness of rations.
The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar (for that reason not synchronized with the seasons) consisting of 12 lunar months in a (solar) year with 354 or 355 days, having so an annual drift of 10 or 11 days. the seasonal relation repeats about every 33 Islamic years. This difference means also ramadan moves in the Gregorian calendar approximately 11 days per year. The starting date of ramadan may also vary from country to country depending on whether the moon has been sighted or not. Cause of the moon sightability, for example, in North America ramadan 2012 is starting in North America a day later – on Saturday, the 21st of July.
Those dates are based on astronomical calculations and not on the actual sighting of the moon with the naked eyes.
Sawm (in arabic: صوم) is the word for fasting, abstaining from eating, drinking (including water), having sex and everything against Islamic law (Ithm). The observance of sawm during the ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
According to the Muslim tradition, a holiday begins on the sunset of the previous day, so observing Muslims are celebrating ramadan on the sunset of Thursday, the 19th of July 2012.
The Hijri months are named as follows in Arabic:
Muḥarram — المحرّم, “forbidden” — so called because it was unlawful (haram) to fight during this month; it is the second most sacred Muslim month and includes the Day of Ashura.
Ṣafar — صفر, “void” — so named because pagan Arabs looted during this month and left the houses empty.
Rabīʿ I (Rabīʿ al-Awwal) — ربيع الأوّل, “the first spring”.
Rabīʿ II (Rabīʿ ath-Thānī or Rabīʿ al-Ākhir) — ربيع الثاني or ربيع الآخر, “the second (or last) spring”.
Jumādā I (Jumādā al-Ūlā) — جمادى الأولى, “the first month of parched land”. Considered the pre-Islamic “summer”.
Jumādā II (Jumādā ath-Thāniya or Jumādā al-Ākhira) — جمادى الثانية or جمادى الآخرة, “the second (or last) month of parched land”.
Rajab — رجب, “respect” or “honor”. This is another sacred month, during which fighting was traditionally forbidden.
Shaʿbān — شعبان, “scattered”, reminding the time of year when Arab tribes dispersed searching for water.
Ramaḍān — رمضان, “scorched”. the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar, during which Muslims fast between dawn and sunset.
Shawwāl — شوّال, “raised”, as she-camels begin to raise their tails during this time of the year, after giving birth.
Dhū al-Qaʿda — ذو القعدة, “the one of truce”. Dhu al-Qa’da was another month during which war was banned.
Dhū al-Ḥijja — ذو الحجّة, “the one of pilgrimage”, referring to the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj. | <urn:uuid:4009d583-9a47-4e69-aa5a-6dd64b6e0c89> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.dubayblog.com/ramadan-2013-dubai-uae/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990114.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00112-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914018 | 1,071 | 2.734375 | 3 |
There have only been a few months in the past 30 years which have been as cold in the tropical troposphere as March 2008 four months in the 1988-1989 La Nina… That from Climate Audit.
From Watts up with that (and elsewhere) we get:
A cool-water anomaly known as La Niña occupied the tropical Pacific Ocean throughout 2007 and early 2008. In April 2008, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that while the La Niña was weakening, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) - a larger-scale, slower-cycling ocean pattern - had shifted to its cool phase.Look out California agriculture, he writes. The wine industry, fruits and nut growers will be hit with a shorter growing season and more threats of frost, among other things. Recently in Nevada County, much of their grape crop was wiped out.
Nevada County's agricultural commissioner will seek disaster relief from the state after tens of thousands of dollars worth of crops were ruined from last week’s freezing temperatures. Orchard trees, wine grapes and pastures were hardest hit, Pylman said. The commissioner is compiling a report of damages that he will send to the state Office of Emergency Services in coming weeks. "Growers don’t have anything to harvest. That’s a disaster in my mind," Pylman said.
In Paradise, CA, Noble Orchards reports damage to their Apple crop from recent colder weather, as well as reports of issue with vineyards in the Paradise ridge area suffering from frost damage recently. In 1977, the PDO had switched to a warm phase. California agriculture has ridden a wave of success on that PDO warm phase since 1977, experiencing unprecedented growth. Now that PDO is shifting to a cooler phase, areas that supported crops during the warm phase may no longer be able to do so.
And, from Dow Jones we get a report about the US wheat crop:
Meteorologists are watching out for unusual cold weather systems in the central and southern Plains, DTN Meteorlogix said. Colder temperatures are expected in the northern Delta, although conditions should not be cold enough in the south to impact heading or flowering wheat, the private weather firm said. In the northern US Plains, spring wheat planting was 34 percent complete, compared to 28 percent last year and the average of 40 percent. Snow and rain may help recharge soil moisture in central and eastern areas of the region this week, although cold temperatures could slow seeding and the development of the crop, Meteorlogix said.Recently, I was quite optimistic that, in respect of the "global food crisis", we were over the worst with Chicago wheat futures dropping 40 percent on reports of record wheat plantings.
But, as a rule of thumb – all other things being equal – the later development, the lower the yield. Planting may be up, but yields may be down, the one cancelling out the other. We are not out of the woods yet, even if price sentiment is still bearish.
What I find utterly bizarre about all this though – although perhaps I should not – is the way agriculture, food supplies and "climate change" have dropped out of British politics. But Cameron has bought into to the AGW myth, so the Conservatives are totally compromised, while the government is more concerned with the revenue-raising potential of environmental taxes than it is with the reality.
With agriculture being an EU "competence", that rules out any discussion on that issue, which means that the minor question of whether in the future we get to eat – or can afford what is on offer – is off-limits to our politicians. It is a funny old world, as a former prime minister once observed. | <urn:uuid:63def7d5-7255-45d5-9751-b253672d1d7d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://eureferendum.blogspot.com/2008/04/be-afraid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461647.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00180-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966059 | 764 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Simply put, a hernia occurs any time that an internal body part pushes into an area that it shouldn’t. Although hernias can technically develop anywhere, they most often occur in the abdomen. In this case, the abdominal lining ruptures, and a portion of the soft tissue beneath — usually the intestines — protrudes through.
The rupture can either be caused by normal wear and tear and physical stress, called an acquired hernia, or by a weakness present from birth, called a congenital hernia. In either case, the hernia can grow larger and more painful over time and during strenuous physical activity.
Hernia Symptoms and Conditions
Often, a hernia will make itself known. You might notice a bulge, pain, or swelling in the abdominal area, or experience pain or a heavy sensation while lifting, coughing, or bending over. Pain can range from sharp and sudden to a dull ache, and will usually hit near the end of the day or after periods of extended standing. Some hernias, however, do not cause any symptoms, and will only be noticed by your doctor during a routine checkup.
The first stage of an abdominal hernia is a weakened and torn abdominal wall. The weakened area then begins to form a hernia sac, which can contain fat, tissue, or a small amount of intestine. Soon, the intestine begins to push further and further into the sac, forming a noticeable bulge.
Usually, the bulge will flatten out when you lie down and can be pushed back behind the abdominal wall. After this point, the condition can become complicated, as the intestine may become trapped inside the sac, and will not be able to be pushed back in.
When this happens, the intestine may be trapped so tightly that it becomes strangulated. The trapped area starts to lose blood and, if left untreated, may die, causing intense pain and a blocked intestine. This requires emergency surgery.
Sports Hernia Surgery
Patients with groin pain that will not go away on its own may be suffering from sports hernia, a misunderstood condition that is often not properly diagnosed by doctors unless they are familiar with athletic pubalgia, the medical name for sports hernia.
Sports hernia is not a true hernia that involves a bulge. Rather, it is tear or weakness where muscles join at the pelvis.
During sports like football, soccer, hockey, tennis, and running where the body twists or turns, two muscles can oppose each other to cause a strain or tear. The rectus abdominus muscle across the belly and the adductor longus muscle in the upper thigh join at the pubis, a bone in the low abdomen. When the muscles are pulled the result can be a sports hernia, chronic radiating pain felt in the groin, low abdomen or even in the rectal area or testicles in men. No pain may be felt at rest, but during activity the pain reoccurs.
Diagnosing sports hernia can be difficult for most doctors because there is no test and a sports hernia usually isn’t visible using MRIs or Xrays, which are more useful in ruling out other causes of the pain. An experienced doctor in sports hernias can diagnose the condition through a physical exam and by having the athlete or patient attempt specific exercises. | <urn:uuid:1aa38ac9-d9d2-4a97-9587-5d6a1e3b3b4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://surgicalspecialistsofatlanta.com/hernia-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00751.warc.gz | en | 0.929183 | 687 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Learn More About Hawthorn Berry
What is hawthorn?
Hawthorn is a five-foot shrub that grows throughout the world. Its berries are called haws, and it has thorns, hence the name. Although distantly related to roses, hawthorn has no fragrance.
What is hawthorn used for?
Widely recognized among German physicians for its apparent ability to lower blood pressure, hawthorn may fight hypertension by inginhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, a substance in our bodies that contributes to retention of both sodium and water. Given that modern diets tend to be murderously high in salt, this is particularly important property of hawthorn’s.
Because of this, the herb appears to work as a vasodilator, making more blood available to the heart and, through a decrease is arterial resistance, promoting increased blood flow to the extremities. In one study that involved injecting rats with phenylephrine, a cold medicine that normally induces blood vessel constriction, hawthorn extract counteracted this effect.
Hawthorn also seems to act as a mild beta-blocker, even helping to fight anxiety in some hypertensives.
No one knows for sure, but hawthorn’s promotion of blood circulation may explain why, according to some scientists, it promotes better cardiac function in those with congestive heart failure. One German study indicated that subjects with congestive heart failure who received treatment with hawthorn for four months saw death rate due to cardiovascular events drop by twenty percent. This meant that the subjects had, on average, an extra four months added to their life spans.
A two-year study in New York with over 2,500 heart patients whose left ventricular function was poor yielded similarly encouraging results, reducing cardiac-related deaths by forty percent. The same research indicated that hawthorn could improve exercise output among congestive heart failure patients by ten percent over similar patients who did not get the extract, as well as a decrease in resting heart rate of ten percent.
Other work with hawthorn suggests that beyond its cardioprotective effects, this herb acts as a free-radical scavenging antioxidant, promotes better gastrointestinal function, and possesses mildly antibacterial properties against both listeria and ulcer-causing H. Pylori.
Hawthorn also appears to fight edema through anti-inflammatory pathways. When scientists induced swelling in rats, hawthorn brought down the edema by over seventy percent. This was a better result than what was achieved with rats who were administered NSAIDs but not hawthorn.
Anecdotal reports also exist that hawthorn might also be of help to those who have arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, although more research is needed in this area.
How is hawthorn taken?
Looking for hawthorn extracts derived from the leaves of the plant, as some scientists and herbalists contend that this part of the plant yields more consistent heath benefits. The bottle should indicate that the hawthorn extract has been standardized to contain a compound called vitexin.
A hawthorn dose of 160 to 900 milligrams is not considered unusual.
Is hawthorn safe?
Hawthorn is considered extremely safe, although the data suggest that it amplifies the effect of the heart medicine digoxin. If you suffer from heart disease or take any prescription drug, see your doctor before taking hawthorn.
And remember—you can get the best hawthorn supplements at the best prices from A1Supplements.com! | <urn:uuid:bb61db71-8914-4795-bf19-168210201a17> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.a1supplements.com/learn-about-hawthorn-berry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574710.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921231814-20190922013814-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.95101 | 739 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Heartburn and Reflux
Medical term for heartburn and reflux is called GERD-Gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is a medical condition produced by acid juice in your stomach flushing back into your esophagus, which irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD symptoms. Typical GERD symptoms include heartburn, acid regurgitation, and sour taste in the mouth. These symptoms tend to happen after eating and lying down. There are also atypical symptoms and signs associated with GERD, such as:
Causes and risk factors:
- Problem of Esophageal Sphincter. There is a gate at the end of the esophagus called lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which opens when food or saliva come down and otherwise remains closed. If LES does not close well or relaxes inappropriately, acid contains in the stomach will spill into the esophagus when the stomach contracts.
- Hiatal hernia. A condition that is caused by a part of the stomach that moves above the diaphragm, which affects your LES closing. see picture at upper right.
- Gastroparesis. This is a condition that slows down emptying of your gastric contains.
- Scleroderma. A connective tissue disease that can weaken your lower esophageal sphincter, causing acid reflux.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. A condition that produces too much gastric acid.
- Medications. Such as Aspirin, NSAIDS, etc.
- Certain foods. Such as coffee, fatty fried food, chocolate, and spicy food, can make GERD worse.
Complications of GERD:
GERD not only produces symptoms that affect you life, but also can damage the esophagus. Most common complications of GERD are:
- Erosive esophagitis. It happens if the esophagus is exposed to too much of gastric acid and/or over a long period of time without treatment. In erosive esophagitis, patient may have trouble swallowing, bleeding, and anemia, etc. see lower right image.
- Esophageal ulcer. Ulcer can form in the esophagus in GERD patients. It may cause painful swallowing, bleeding, and anemia, etc.
- Stricture in the esophagus. Long term of GERD can damage the esophagus and cause scar tissue formation, which may cause trouble swallowing.
- Barrett’s Esophagus.
Diagnosis and Treatment of GERD
Diagnosis of mostly is based on symptoms and may involve one or more of the following tests:
- 24-hour Ph study
Treatment options are:
- Life style modifications
- Medications, such as anti-acids, H2 blockers, PPI, prokinects, etc.
- PubMed Health.
- Mayo clinic online health information.
- Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease- by Mark Feldman MD, et al.
- The Little Black Book of Gastroenterology-by David W. Hay.
- Principles of Clinical Gastroenterology by Tadataka Yamada, et al. | <urn:uuid:66a18ae3-d9a6-4d41-9a04-762463141ba5> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.igicare.com/gi-problems/esophagus/heartburn-and-reflux | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038057476.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410181215-20210410211215-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.870077 | 687 | 3.921875 | 4 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Contact: Susan Buchanan
|NOAA News Releases 2002
NOAA Home Page
NOAA Public Affairs
OVERTAKES CANNED TUNA AS TOP U.S. SEAFOOD
For the first time in recorded history, Americans are eating more shrimp than canned tuna, the Commerce Department’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced today. According to NOAA’s 2001 Fisheries of the United States report, seafood consumption in the U.S. decreased in 2001, by 2.1 percent, with Americans eating 4.2 billion pounds of domestic and imported fish and shellfish.
Officials from NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) said that per capita, Americans ate about 14.8 pounds of seafood per person last year. Of these, 10.3 pounds were fresh or frozen fish or shellfish (including 1.1 pound of farm-raised catfish), 4.2 pounds were canned seafood, and 0.3 pound was cured. Compared to 2000 figures, that represents a 10 percent decrease in canned products, a 1 percent increase in fresh/frozen products and a 3 percent increase in fillets and steaks.
Americans also ate a record 3.4 pounds of shrimp per person in 2001, with an overall consumption increase of 9 percent. The 17 percent decrease in canned tuna consumption is attributed to a decline in imports and the closure of two domestic canneries in the United States in 2001.
The latest data from the Food and Agriculture Organization show that the U.S. ranks as the third largest consumer of seafood in the world, importing 76 percent of its seafood fare.
Every decade, the Census Bureau of the United States revises its estimates of U.S. population trends to reflect the latest population numbers. This action requires NOAA Fisheries statisticians to update their population-related data, including seafood consumption. Consumption figures for 2000 and 2001 have been completed. The Census Bureau has not finalized the revised monthly population estimates for the 1990s, so revised per capita data for these years cannot be provided at this time. Additional information is contained in the attached fact sheet.
NOAA Fisheries is dedicated to protecting and preserving our nation's living marine resources through scientific research, management, enforcement and the conservation of marine mammals and other protected marine species and their habitat. To learn more about NOAA Fisheries, please visit http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov. | <urn:uuid:5e39275a-6221-4c86-9520-a02b574588dc> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2002/aug02/noaa02113.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989178.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00238-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922874 | 502 | 2.765625 | 3 |
THINK BEFORE YOU PINK® – 2018 CAMPAIGN
Ford Motor Company runs Warriors in Pink, a program they say is “dedicated to helping those touched by breast cancer.” But the exhaust from Ford’s vehicles increases breast cancer risk.
This hypocrisy is called pinkwashing.
Astonishingly, earlier this year Ford announced they will almost exclusively sell SUVs and trucks in the U.S.—vehicles with higher cancer-causing emissions—and will stop selling their only 100 percent electric, zero emission vehicle and nearly all other passenger cars.
Join us in telling Ford to stop pinkwashing and help put the brakes on the breast cancer epidemic by no longer making vehicles that produce exhaust.
Take Action Now. Tell Ford to Stop Pinkwashing!
COMBUSTION ENGINES CAUSE CANCER
Everyone knows that auto exhaust pollutes the air, but it can also pollute our bodies.
Scientists have known for decades that the chemicals in exhaust, such as carcinogens and hormone disruptors, cause breast cancer. Chemicals such as:
Benzene is a human carcinogen. The chemical is so toxic that it can cause breast cancer in men.
1,3-Butadiene is a mammary carcinogen.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of hormone disrupting chemicals that can also cause mutations in DNA. Diesel is enriched with nitro PAHs, which are particularly potent mammary carcinogens.
Auto exhaust is unavoidable, and virtually everyone breathes in these toxic chemicals, no matter what mode of transportation we choose for ourselves. But Ford can make a difference for us all.
FORD IS DRIVING BREAST CANCER
Ford made its name by bringing cancer-causing combustion engine cars (the famous Model T) to the masses more than 100 years ago. It’s time for Ford to help put the brakes on the breast cancer epidemic by bringing an all-electric fleet to the masses.
As one of the Big Three automobile manufacturers in the U.S., Ford could make a big difference. But instead of leading the industry in making clean vehicles, Ford plans to focus on sales of higher-emission SUVs and trucks in the U.S. Ford is touting plans for future investment in electrification—most of which will be in China—but notably failed to showcase any electric vehicles at a major auto show earlier this year. Plus, they’ve decided to stop selling their only all-electric vehicle in the U.S.
Ford is telling us to hold our breath and wait for their promise of new, cleaner vehicles sometime down the road. Meanwhile, Ford is proudly introducing a new diesel F-150 truck this year. That means the F-150, America’s best-selling vehicle, is now offered with an engine that emits even more potent mammary carcinogens.
FORD WARRIORS IS PINKWASHING
Ford wants to strengthen its corporate reputation by telling us they have “been active in the fight against breast cancer since 1993.” The well-known Ford Warriors in Pink program donates all proceeds from the sales of their branded clothes and other gear to four breast cancer charities. They also say they are “dedicated to fueling the spirit of those living with the disease” by providing tips, “inspirational postcards,” “healing music,” and profiles of 122 “Models of Courage” who have been diagnosed with breast cancer.
Ford Warriors in Pink distracts from the company’s role in driving the breast cancer epidemic by shifting the focus onto our attitude and emotions. Rather than cleaning up their cars, Ford tells us that we need to “harness that fighting spirit.” For some people, fight metaphors help return a sense of agency to a frightening experience that can feel largely out of our control. But the truth is, it doesn’t matter how hard someone “fights”—how strong or determined or hopeful they are—up to 30 percent of all breast cancers will go on to spread or metastasize. Ford says they want us to fight cancer, but in reality, they are asking us to just suck it up when it comes to the exhaust spewing out of their cancer-causing tailpipes.
TAKE ACTION: Tell Ford to Stop Pinkwashing
On its Ford Warriors in Pink website, the company asks, “What more can we do?”
Join us in telling Ford that if they really want to do more, they will put our health before their profits. The best way for Ford to show they care about people affected by breast cancer is to make the shift to 100 percent zero emission vehicles. Send your letter now directly to the executives of Ford and tell them to stop pinkwashing and help put the brakes on the breast cancer epidemic by no longer making vehicles that produce exhaust. TAKE ACTION.
ENDORSING ALLIES AND FRIENDS:
Dr. Sandra Steingraber | <urn:uuid:e95923c3-b3f8-40a0-8443-dc70049bab3c> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://bcaction.org/BrakesOnBreastCancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202628.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322034516-20190322060516-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.934094 | 1,040 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A werewolf is an animal from folklore which can change from human to wolf and back again and is believed to consume human flesh or blood. (Wer is an Old English term for man.) While there are no documented cases of any human turning into a wolf and back, there are documented cases of humans who believed they were werewolves. To suffer from such a delusion is known as lycanthropy.
Lycanthropy is a psychosis in which the patient has delusions of being a wild animal (usually a wolf). Delusions of being a wolf or some other feared animal are universal and, although rare in the industrialized countries, still occur in China, India, Africa, and Central and South America. Not infrequently, bizarre and chaotic sexuality is expressed in a primitive way through the lycanthropic symptom complex. Patients whose internal fears exceed their coping mechanisms may externalize them via projection and constitute a serious threat to others. Throughout the ages, such individuals have been feared because of their tendencies to commit bestial acts and were themselves hunted and killed by the populace. Many of these people were paranoid schizophrenics. | <urn:uuid:cce02b37-f388-4353-9a06-c92b71444079> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://evillilys.blogspot.com/2009/06/lycanthropy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426693.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727002123-20170727022123-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.972949 | 225 | 2.75 | 3 |
Plans, Elevations, And Sections. The various structures, and parts of structures, met with in building construction, are solids, having length, breadth, and thickness, and sides more or less numerous, according to their form. The paper on which the drawings connected with building construction are made, having only surface, that is, length and breadth, some method of representing upon a flat surface the form of solids, so as to show each side and the peculiarities in construction dependent on, or connected with, that side is obviously required. The delineation upon paper of an object which is a solid is, technically speaking, a " projection;" and the peculiar method of projection employed in building construction is called "orthographic projection." For the principles of this, and other kinds of projection, as " isomet-rical," the pupil is referred to the volume in this series on Plane and Solid Geometry. The projection of any body taken on a line parallel to its base, or as viewed when looking down upon it in the direction of a line at right angles to its surface, is called a "plan," as fig. 4, Plate II., which may be supposed to represent the plan of a house, or of a box with the lid or top taken off. Plans of houses, in reality, " horizontal sections," taken on a line, at a distance a little above the ground level, which line is parallel to the base. A "section" is the view of an object, representing it as it is supposed to appear, when it is cut either horizontally or vertically by a line parallel to any given line in the plan. Thus, fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIb., may be taken as a "horizontal section," on the line a b, in fig. 5, Plate XXXYIIIb., showing the thickness of the walls of the house, or the thickness of the sides of the box, as the case may be. The section in fig. 6, Plate XXXYIIIb., is called a "longitudinal section," or a " longitudinal vertical section," on the line a b in the plan, fig. 4, Plate XXXYIIIb., this line being parallel to the front and back lines. If the section was taken on the line c d, fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIb., the section would be called a "transverse or cross section," or a "transverse vertical section." "Elevations" are views of the vertical or standing part of objects, and are called "front elevations," "back elevations," "end elevations," or "side elevations," according to the side from which the object is viewed; the point of view being taken from a point at right angles to the surface of the front, back, end, or side of the object. Thus, fig. 5, Plate XXXVIIIb., is a front elevation, and gives the height of the openings e,f, and g, in plan, fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIb., the breadth of which only is there given; fig. 7, Plate XXXVIII&., is the "end elevation," A, fig. 4; fig. 8, Plate XXXVIIIb., the "end elevation," B, fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIb. If the object were a house, these two end elevations would be distinguished by the points of the compass to which they looked, as " west-end elevation," "east-end elevation." The "back elevations" of fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIa., will be the same as fig. 5, omitting the openings e and f, with the opening g, the same as in fig. 5, Plate XXXVIIIb. Where there are peculiarities in the back part different from the front part of any object, a back elevation would be necessary. The pupil desirous further to pursue the subject of drawings is referred to the volume noted in p. 14. But we give a few examples of a simple kind to show methods of copying and laying down drawings. Infig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIb, we give a drawing showing a "front elevation" of a building, of which, in fig. 10, we give part "ground plan." The two drawings are placed in relation to each other to show the method of taking the lines of an elevation from the distance given in the ground plan, and vice versa. A glance at the two figures 9 and 10, in Plate XXXVlllb., will show this; the dotted lines being carried up from the plan to give the lines of front elevation, or cairied down from the elevation to give the lines of the plan. The letters of the two diagrams, figs. 9 and 10, show corresponding parts; and the pupil, by a study of these should be able to understand, to see the principle of the method adopted, and be able to apply it to other subjects of a like nature. In Plate XXXVIIIc, fig. 1, we give a diagram showing the method of " laying down " or " setting out," the principal lines of the elevation of building in fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIb The line a b, fig. 1, Plate XXXVIIIc, is first drawn as the "ground line" or "base line." Near the centre of this line, as at the point c, a line c d is drawn at right angles to a b. This is the main "centre line" of the building, and corresponds to the line k I, in fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIc From c the distances ce, eg (equal to the distance of centre lines ran, op,fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIc) are set off; and lines ef, g h, are drawn parallel to cd; these give the centres of the side wings, ab,cd, fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIb. The heights of the points r, s, t (taken from the copy of the drawing in fig. 1, Plate XXXVIIIc, being to a larger scale than that in fig. 9, Plate XXXVIII6.), are then to be set off from the base line a b, fig. 1, Plate XXXVIIIc, to the points f, h, d, and b, and lightly pencilled lines drawn through these, parallel to the base line a b. The distance of the terminating lines of these lines on each side of the centre line, po, kl, mn, fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIb., should then be taken and set off from points f h and d, on both sides of the centre lines ef, c d and g h, this will give the width of the respective parts. The heights of the top and bottom lines of windows, as i and e,fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIc, should then be taken and set off in the lines, ef, gh, fig. 1, Plate XXXVIIIc, to the points mn, op, and through these points lines drawn parallel to a b, the full lines show the parts when inked in, the dotted lines represent the lightly pencilled in lines at the first operation. Fig. 2, Plate XXXVIlla., is an enlarged sketch of the window e, in fig. 9, Plate XXXVIIIb., showing the method of drawing it. First, draw a "centre line,"a b, and a "base line," c d, at right angles to this; then set off the various heights, as b, e, and/, those taken from the copy, or the scale according to dimensions given. Then take half the width of opening and set this distance off, on each side of the centre line, a b, to the points g and h; then draw parallel to a b lines gk, hi, making the line drawn through/parallel to cd. Measure next to the end s c d , and draw l c, m n parallel to a b. Fig. 3 shows the lines required to draw the door in fig. 6, Plate XXXVIIIb., fig. 4 being an enlarged sketch, showing the method of putting in the panels; in this, a b is the "centre line" of the door, corresponding to a b in fig. 3, and the line ed, fig. 4, Plate XXXVIIIc, gives the top line of panels, the widths of the panels being set off from the point a, to e and /. Fig. 5 shows the method of drawing a pediment terminating a roof. The line a b gives the upper line of last number of the cornice, and c e the centre line of roof; from b, set off the height b c, measure from a to d, and join cd. Fig. 6, Plate XXXVIIIb., is a front elevation of a house, the leading lines of which are given in fig. 7, showing the method of commencing the drawing; fig. 8, Plate XXXVIIIb., is pediment of door; fig. 9, drawing, enlarged, of chimney stalk, and fig. 10 shows the method of drawing in the "quoins;" the distance, ab, being divided into nine equal parts, and lines drawn through them parallel to c d; the line a b is the outside boundary line, and the projections of the quoin stones inward from this are given by measuring from the point e to f and g ; and drawing from these, lightly pencilled in lines, the intersection of which, with the lines drawn through the points 1, 2, 3, etc., parallel to c d, give the widths or breadths of the quoins.
8. As forming a practical exemplification of the connection of plans, elevations, and sections, with one another, we give, in Plates XXXVIIId, XXXVIIIe., and XXXVIIIf, a set of "plans" of a cottage villa. The student should carefully note the connection of one drawing with another, so as to be able to lay down in elevation from a plan, etc., taking the measurements in order. The plans, elevations, and sections, form what is called a "set" of drawings, but in addition to these a number of other drawings are also prepared; these, as already stated in a previous paragraph, are known as " details or " detailed drawings," which, in number and elaboration of finish, vary according as the architect may consider necessary, or as the builder or contractor may require.
9. These detail drawings, when commencing anything of an elaborate character, in which the lines and parts are numerous and complicated, are of course drawn in the manner and by the aid of all the appliances already described. But in a great many instances, the architect is often, while " upon the ground," called upon to furnish the workmen quickly with "free-hand sketches" of various parts, which, while yielding no pretensions to accuracy of measurement of these parts, or even of drawing, serve nevertheless to afford to the workmen the necessary information as to the form of the part required, and as no "scale" can, of course, be given, the dimensions are simply marked upon the sketches, as in figs. 1, 2, and 3, Plate XXXVIIIg. Free-hand sketches of various parts, for the guidance of workmen, do not require to be finely executed, they must of course indicate accurately the form or outline and the connection of the various parts. There are some draughtsmen, however, who have a wonderful facility in executing sketches which, although called "rough," possess all the accuracy and finish of work done carefully in the study. Not many, however, possess this ready faculty; and although its possession is greatly to be desired, a less perfect capacity will be found useful enough for every-day work. "While a facility to execute rough free-hand sketches of various parts is useful to the practical man in preparing drawings of parts which require the instant attention of the workman, the converse is of course of equal utility to the practical man, in enabling him to take sketches on the spot, from which afterwards, in the quietness of his study, he can prepare finished drawings; care being taken to mark all the dimensions in their proper places. Enough - in connection with which the student will find in other works of this series - has been said on the subject of drawing to enable the student to gather up its chief principles; and to induce him to devote that time to their fuller study, or the special works devoted to their elucidation, which will impart to him the knowledge necessary in following out the pursuits to which he may have devoted his career. We now, therefore, proceed to the more immediate purposes of our work; taking up first that division of construction which treats of Carpentry, or the use of timber in large pieces for work more or less heavy, exterior or interior, as distinguished from the operation of Joinery, which deals with smaller pieces used generally for interior fittings, and which demand finer work and more accurate adjustment of parts. The first department of carpentry work we shall take up for consideration and illustration being that of floors, of which there are several forms or varieties. Recently what may be called " combined floors/' in which certain other materials are used along with timber, have been introduced, chiefly with a view to secure the great desideratum of a fire-proof floor. The most important of these will be noticed in their place. | <urn:uuid:24ebdc3d-cd3b-4ddd-a6e0-ddeb811c24d9> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Building-Construction/7-Plans-Elevations-And-Sections.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.953465 | 2,813 | 3.78125 | 4 |
How would you like an easy-to-teach, step-by-step physics course? How about a biblically integrated science homeschool program with a strong emphasis on creation and the Creator? You'll get both with the LIFEPAC Science curriculum from Alpha Omega Publications! In the LIFEPAC Physics Set, through an in-depth study of physics, your student will observe intelligent design at work in God's universe. Critical physics topics will be covered in ten colorful worktexts which have been created to foster academic independence and develop critical thinking in your homeschooling student. Important physics concepts include acceleration, Newton's and Kepler's Laws, gravity, mechanical energy, sound waves, models of light, electric fields, magnetic fields and forces, the quantum and nuclear theories, and much more!
If all of that sounds a bit overwhelming to teach, don't worry! Because we know how intimidating teaching high school physics courses can be, we've created a must-have teacher's guide! This wonderful resource consists of detailed teaching notes, complete answer keys including solutions, alternate tests, and a complete list of required science equipment. Additional resources, activities, and experiments are included as well. Consumable student worktexts include daily instruction, review questions, experiments, as well as opportunities for regular assessment.
This course can be taken at any point in a student's high school career. | <urn:uuid:9e10ae1a-9c8b-49aa-a3b1-2f32eaaabcb1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://curriculumexpress.com/physics-complete-set.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206118.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00621-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946598 | 284 | 3.28125 | 3 |
|Named By:||Lucas in 1904|
|Time Period:||Late Triassic, 220-216 Ma|
|Size:||Up to 3.5 meters long|
|Fossil(s):||Remains of many individuals|
|Classification:||| Chordata | Synapsida | Therapsida | Dicynodontia | Kannemeyeriidae ||
Placerias (meaning broad body) is an extinct genus of dicynodonts that lived during the late Carnian age of the Triassic Period (221-210 million years ago). Placerias belongs to a group of dicynodonts called Kannemeyeriiformes, which was the last known group of dicynodonts before most of dicynodonts became extinct at the end of the Triassic. | <urn:uuid:21b85ab4-c4d3-4e24-b621-7b870c2c814e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://paleocodex.com/species/101950 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313536.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818002820-20190818024820-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.826199 | 183 | 3.5 | 4 |
Why Renunciation is Prescribed for Seekers of Truth?
Summary: This essay explores the importance of being yourself and seeing things clearly as they are
Try to speak truth for a whole day and see what happens. You will be considered a troll and shut down by many from their communication channels. You will be regarded as a trouble maker, or a dangerous person. People are comfortable with their illusions. If you try to rupture them, you will invite trouble. Therefore, for most of us truth is what is socially acceptable and justifiable rather than what is true.
Being yourself is the first step to be true to yourself. It is an important step in your self-transformation and inner purity. Not many people can practice it, for the same reason as stated before. They cannot alienate people by speaking truth or being truthful. Even the most powerful people on earth have to play to the gallery and act according to their hopes and aspirations rather than the reality of the situation.
The world loves myths, not truths. If it is not so, most people who are admired and remembered in history will not be there. Studies in human psychology show that human beings may rewrite their memories to feel comfortable with themselves and avoid unpleasant memories. Our survival instinct tells us how to get on well with the world and avoid conflicts to regulate our relationships. People know instinctively that they cannot be likable or friendly with others without wearing masks and using politically correct language. For their peace of mind and yours they know that it is better to tell you what you like to hear rather than what they need to say. They embrace your idea of truth rather than theirs because they need your love and friendship rather than your anger and vengeance. Therefore, the freedom to be themselves and truthful remains a distant ideal for many and comes to them at a great price.
Being yourself means you have to be your authentic self and speak from your heart how you feel or what you feel about yourself and the world. It is being honest in your thinking and judgment seeing things as they are, without the distortion of your mind. It is to avoid self-deception and know truthfully what you feel and think. You cannot do it unless you remove the delusions that you build in your mind to create the narrative that suits you but does not really represent you. It may address your fears or your needs, but not the truth of your being.
Knowing yourself is an important part of being yourself. Unless you truly know your feelings and emotions, how can you know who you are? To know yourself truly, you must learn to see things as they are. You must become an impartial observer so that you can see the logical fallacies and irrational beliefs that interfere with your perception and understanding. Paying attention to your own behavior and thinking gives you an opportunity to become familiar with your ego and its behavior, or how it creates an alternate reality to ensure your survival and wellbeing in a world of egos.
The world is a major distraction in your quest for truth, while the mind with which you perceive it is like a nebulous prism. Your perceptions are therefore rarely free from distortions. In your dealings with the world, you are mostly guided by your fears and concerns or your need for security, approval, and belongingness rather than truth, which is why many relationships in your life are built on weak foundation and do not stand the test of truth or trust.
The problem is not because you are inherently weak. It is because the world puts so much pressure on you to confirm to its standards and values. When you live amidst people, you cannot be true to yourself and others, without hurting them or creating enmity or misunderstanding. It is also why spiritual life is so difficult to pursue and why not many people can abide by the instructions that are mentioned in our scriptures for self-purification. People love myths and illusions rather than reality. Therefore, they will not like anyone who wants to snap those balloons of illusions with which they decorate their lives.
If you want to practice deeper awareness, objectivity, and mindful observation, you must find opportunities to spend time with yourself and develop the courage to accept truths about yourself. Spend few quite moments each day for introspection and confront your own illusions, self-deception and mental distortions, as if you are taking a mental bath to cleanse the impurities of your mind that accumulate each day through your public persona. It is the best approach when you cannot renounce the world or live in isolation.
Our scriptures prescribe renunciation and the need to live in isolation because they are aware of the corrupting influence of the world upon your thinking and behavior. They know that you cannot practice truthfulness or any of the Yamas (restraints) and Niyamas (observations) that are mentioned in our scriptures without upsetting your life or your peace of mind.
In today’s world, everyone cannot practice renunciation or go to a forest to live in isolation. Therefore, for them the best alternative is to find time to be alone, and practice detachment, mindfulness, introspection, and discernment to know themselves better and be honest with themselves. Those few moments they spend alone, reviewing their actions, will do them immense good to be self-aware, realistic, alert, and smart. If you cannot be truthful to others, at least be so to yourself, the one person who matters most in your life.
Suggestions for Further Reading
- Why Renunciation is Prescribed for Seekers of Truth?
- Understanding Your Attachments
- Awakening Your Mind and Body To Higher Consciousness
- How to Cultivate Mindful Awareness
- The Basis For Spiritual Life
- Healing Your Consciousness - Advanced Self-healing Techniques
- How to Solve Problems With Spiritual Help?
- Self Discovery - Opening the Door to Self-realization
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- The Truth About You and Your Self-image
- Relevance of Scriptures in Modern Life
- Making Peace With The Imperfections of Your Existence
- Materialism and Spirituality, The Two Paths of Life
- The Soul and the Mind
- Morality and Nature in Good Vs. Evil
- What is Your Natural State of Mind?
- Why Gandhi's Non-violence Was not True Non-violence
- If Peace Is All You Want
- Please Come Back to Earth and Be Here
- The Importance of Right Knowledge
- Right Thinking, Right Speech and Right Action
- How to Practice Silence
- The Soul, The Ego and The Process of Liberation
- Spirituality - The Power of True Surrender
- Tapping Into The Hidden Intelligence
- Ten Reflections For a Spiritual Person
- The Mind and The Illusion of Reality
- What is True Surrender
- What is True Surrender
- Your True Guru
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- Is Enlightenment the Right Word for Spiritual Liberation?
- Who Am I?
- Why do we want our World to End?
- Why is Life Such a Struggle?
- What is Intelligence? A Definition of Intelligence.
- Essays On Dharma
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Hearing Loss in Children Directory
Some infants are born with hearing loss (congenital hearing loss), which can hinder speech development, but doctors may not identify the hearing loss until later in the baby's life when he or she misses certain developmental milestones. There are a variety of causes of hearing loss besides congenital hearing loss, including ear infections, genetic disorders, illnesses that trigger hearing loss, head injuries, medications, and more. Some children may develop hearing loss because of listening to loud music or other loud noises. If you suspect your child cannot hear well, talk to your child's doctor. Follow the links below to find WebMD's comprehensive coverage about how child hearing loss occurs, symptoms, treatments, and much more.
More About Hearing Loss in Children
Discover a child's hearing loss just as other parents of hearing-impaired children do: by realizing that their child hadn't started to talk or respond to sounds.
Read Full Article
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The majority of sports injuries are caused by minor trauma involving muscles, ligaments, and/or tendons, including:
The most commonly sprained or strained joint is the ankle.
The three ligaments involved in ankles sprains or strains include the following:
Sprains or strains are uncommon in younger children because their growth plates (areas of bone growth located in the ends of long bones) are weaker than the muscles or tendons. Instead, children are prone to fractures.
A contusion (bruise) is an injury to the soft tissue often produced by a blunt force, such as a kick, fall, or blow. The immediate result will be pain, swelling, and discoloration.
A sprain is a wrenching or twisting injury or tear to a ligament. Sprains often affect the ankles, knees, or wrists.
A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon, and is often caused by overuse, force, or stretching.
Your adolescent's doctor makes the diagnosis with a physical examination. During the examination, the doctor obtains a complete medical history of your adolescent and asks how the injury occurred.
Diagnostic procedures may also help evaluate the problem. Diagnostic procedures may include:
The following are the most common symptoms of a sprain or strain. However, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
The symptoms of a sprain or strain may resemble other conditions. Always consult your adolescent's doctor for a diagnosis.
Specific treatment for a sprain or strain will be determined by your adolescent's doctor based on:
Initial treatment for a sprain or strain includes R.I.C.E. (rest, ice, compression, and elevation). Other treatment options may include:
Be sure to consult your adolescent's doctor if there is a prolonged, visible deformity of the affected area, or if severe pain prevents use of arm, leg, wrist, ankle, or knee.
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, children and adolescents who regularly participate in sports activities may develop microtraumatic damage to a muscle, bone, or tendon that is repeatedly stressed and does not have time to heal naturally. This cumulative damage is known as an overuse injury. The injury is called microtrauma because it may not appear on X-ray, but it can affect the overall health and development of the child or adolescent. Overuse injuries are classified in four stages:
The American Academy of Pediatrics includes the following in its recommendations to prevent overuse injuries in young athletes:
Contusions, sprains, or strains heal quite quickly in children and adolescents. It is important that your teen adhere to the activity restrictions and/or stretching and strengthening rehabilitation programs to prevent reinjury.
Most sports injuries are due to either traumatic injury or overuse of muscles or joints. Many sports injuries can be prevented with proper conditioning and training, wearing appropriate protective gear, and using proper equipment.
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Oettingen, during the Carlovingian period a royal palace near the confluence of the Isen and the Inn in Upper Bavaria, near which King Karlmann erected a Benedictine monastery in 876 with Werinolf as first abbot, and also built the abbey church in honour of the Apostle St. Philip. In 907 King Louis the Child gave the abbey in commendam to Bishop Burchard of Passau (903-915), probably identical with Burchard, second and last abbot. In 910 the Hungarians ransacked and burnt the church and abbey. In 1228 Duke Louis I of Bavaria rebuilt them and put them in charge of twelve Augustinian Canons and a provost. The Augustinians remained until the secularization of the Bavarian monasteries in 1803. Under their care was also the Liebfrauen-Kapelle with its miraculous image of Our Lady, dating from the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century. The pilgrims became so numerous that to aid the Augustinian Canons the Jesuits erected a house in 1591 and remained until the suppression of their order in 1773. Franciscans settled there from 1653 to 1803; from 1803 to 1844 the Capuchins and some secular priests, from 1844 to 1873 the Redemptorists had charge, and since 1872 the Capuchins. About 300,000 pilgrims come annually. Since the middle of the seventeenth century the hearts of the deceased Bavarian princes are preserved in the Liebfrauen-Kapelle.
MAIER, Gedenkblätter und Culturbilder aus der Geschichte von Altöting (Augsburg, 1885); KRAUTHAHN, Geschichte der uralten Wallfahrt in Altötting (9th ed., Altötting, 1893).
APA citation. (1911). Oettingen. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11215b.htm
MLA citation. "Oettingen." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11215b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Douglas J. Potter. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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A small molecule targeting a protein of the complement system — a large group of plasma proteins that normally react with one another to fight infection — may help prevent the destruction of red blood cells that characterizes autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), a study suggests.
The study “Complement C3 inhibition by compstatin Cp40 prevents intra- and extravascular hemolysis of red blood cells” was published in the journal Haematologica.
In autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), the immune system recognizes red blood cells as foreign, and targets them for destruction. Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a form of AIHA.
The first-line treatment for AIHA uses immunosuppressants that aim to reduce the production of autoantibodies. However, this strategy is not effective in all AIHA patients, and can result in uncontrolled anemia, or the loss of red blood cells. In these cases, patients receive blood transfusions — but the autoantibodies may react against the donor red blood cells.
Now, researchers investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting the complement system, a set of more than 30 blood proteins that form part of the body’s immune defenses. The investigators used a small peptide called compstatin (Cp40) to avoid red blood cells breakdown in AIHA. In particular, Cp40 targets the complement C3 molecule, a protein that attaches to the surface of red blood cells, tagging them for destruction.
To test this alternative treatment, the team used blood from AIHA patients that tested positive for deposits of the C3 molecule on red blood cells. Adding the Cp40 to the samples almost entirely cleared the accumulations of C3b from the cells, the study showed.
The researchers also saw that adding Cp40 prevented hemolysis — ruptured red blood cells — by halting the formation of a structure called membrane-attack complement (MAC). The MAC disrupts the cell membrane, leading cells to burst. The destruction of the red blood cells inside blood vessels is called intravascular hemolysis.
The blocking of red blood cell destruction was similar to that seen with Alexion’s Soliris (eculizumab), an FDA-approved therapy targeting the complement system. Soliris stops the terminal part of the complement cascade, namely the C5 protein, and also blocks MAC formation.
Next, researchers investigated whether Cp40 had an effect on red blood cells’ phagocytosis, the process by which immune cells — called macrophages — “eat” large particles to destroy them. This is called extravascular hemolysis, since red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen or liver, a process that is not stopped by Soliris.
Indeed, Cp40-mediated inhibition of the C3 complement also reduced the ability of macrophages to “eat” and destroy the red blood cells.
These findings suggest that Cp40 can inhibit red blood cells destruction by targeting the C3 complement protein.
Previous studies had shown that inhibition of complement C5 had a beneficial effect for people CAD. But these findings “show that complement regulation by Cp40 can be even more beneficial since both intra- and extravascular hemolysis are prevented,” the researchers said.
“Together, we conclude that Cp40 is a promising new treatment for complement-mediated AIHA” the study concluded.
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Ba Dou also known as Croton Seed, Croton Fruit, or Fructus Crotonis is the mature fruit of Croton tiglium, which is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is a relatively practical and common Chinese herbal medicine, which first appeared in <Shennong Ben Cao Jing> in the late Western Han Dynasty (about 100 BC).
Croton tiglium is known as purging croton and is a poisonous medicinal plant. Ayurvedic medicine has also been documented about it. In Cold Weapon Era, its bark was used as an arrow poison and its seeds were used to poison fish. It is distributed in China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is also called jamaal gota in India.
This plant likes a warm and humid environment. It often grows in montane sparse forests or limestone shrublands at an altitude of 300-1,500 meters. It is now mostly artificially planted. It can grow better on sandy soil with plenty of sunlight, deep soil, loose, fertile, and well-drained soil.
In the autumn of each year, people gather the mature fruits of Croton tiglium, remove their peel and impurities, take out their kernels, air-dry them, or process them, and make them into Ba Dou Shuang (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum).
Ba Dou is rich in fatty oils, including palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, lauric acid, crotonoleic acid, crotonic acid, crotonyl alcohol, crotonol diesters, and crotonol triesters. In addition, it also contains diterpenoids, lactones, crotonoside, isoguanine, magnoflorine, crotonallin I, crotonallin II, β-sitosterol, and amino acids. The plump and yellow-white Ba Dou is the best.
According to <Shennong Ben Cao Jing>, the medicinal property of Ba Dou is relatively hot, with violently toxicity and a pungent taste. It has a certain therapeutic effect on the pathological changes of the stomach and large intestine meridians.
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ba Dou is often used to expel accumulated cold and remove water retention, eliminate phlegm and relieve sore throat, treat constipation, abdominal distension with abdominal pain, schistosomiasis ascites, cirrhotic ascites, diphtheria, malnutrition, verrucous nevus, scabies, cholecystitis, gallstones, ulcerative colitis, facial nerve palsy, acute intestinal obstruction, and thrush in children.
There are about 150 kinds of Chinese medicine prescriptions containing it, such as San Wu Bei Ji Wan, Bao Chi Wan Ying San, and Tian Tai Wu Yao San.
Health benefits of Ba Dou (Croton Seed)
- Promoting platelet aggregation and having hemostatic and analgesic effects.
- Anti-inflammation, inhibiting xylene-induced swelling of the mouse ear, and carrageenan-induced edema of the mouse foot.
- Stimulating the intestines and stomach, promoting bowel movement, and inducing diarrhea.
- Expelling accumulated cold, treating constipation, abdominal distension with abdominal pain, indigestion caused by obstruction of the colon by cold accumulation.
- Removing water retention, treating schistosomal ascites, and cirrhotic ascites.
- Inducing vomiting, promoting sputum salivation, and relieving breathing difficulties and laryngeal obstruction caused by diphtheria or laryngitis.
- Eliminating congested phlegm, treating chest and diaphragm suffocation, and the cold sweat of limbs caused by the chest congestion of cold.
- Corroding skin abscesses and ulcers, treating verrucous nevus, scabies, and malignant sores.
- Inhibiting the proliferation of human gastric gland SGC-901 cells and human cervical cancer Hela cells, and inducing apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells and human ovarian cancer cells HO-8910 cells.
- Inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Influenza bacillus, Diphtheria bacillus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Subcutaneous injection of croton oil can reduce the mortality and prolonged the survival of mice infected with epidemic encephalitis virus.
- Its alcohol extract has a poisonous effect on Xenopsylla cheopis.
- Studies have found that its water extract and methanol extract can inhibit HIV-1 infectivity and HIV-1 induced cytopathic changes in MT-4 cells.
Ba Dou is used with other Chinese herbs
- It with Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei), Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger), and Fu Zi (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata) can treat constipation, abdominal distension with abdominal pain, indigestion caused by cold accumulation.
- It with Lv Fan (Copperas) and Shen Qu (Medicated Leaven) can treat ascites of cirrhosis with advanced schistosomiasis.
- It with Chuan Bei Mu (Fritillaria Cirrhosa) and Jie Geng (Radix Platycodi) can treat chest and diaphragm suffocation, and the cold sweat of limbs caused by the chest congestion of cold.
- It with Dan Nan Xing (Arisaema cum Bile), Zhu Sha (Cinnabaris), and Shen Qu (Medicated Leaven) can eliminate phlegm and remove food retention.
- It with Ru Xiang (Frankincense), Mo Yao (Myrrh), and Mu Bie Zi (Gac fruit seeds) can promote the discharge of ulcers and treat skin abscesses.
Side effects of Ba Dou
Ba Dou is poisonous and its toxic components are croton oil and crotonallin.
Crotonallin is a cell protoplasmic toxin, which can dissolve red blood cells and cause local cell necrosis.
Croton oil is a drastic purgative, which has a strong stimulating and corrosive effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa. It may cause mouth burning, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhea. In severe cases, it may cause hemorrhagic gastroenteritis or blood in the stool. Skin contact with croton oil may cause acute dermatitis.
Overdose of Ba Dou may cause sore throat, vomiting, intestinal colic or multiple watery diarrhea in a short period, severe abdominal pain, or tenesmus.
In severe cases, it may corrode the intestinal wall, cause rice soup-like stool, headache, vertigo, chills, dehydration, respiratory failure, or death.
Topical Ba Dou Shuang (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum) may cause contact dermatitis, pustular rashes. or blisters.
Precautions of Ba Dou
- The dosage of Ba Dou should be controlled at 0.1-0.3g.
- It can be made into pills, powders, or ground for external use.
- Clinically, people make Ba Dou into Ba Dou Shuang (Semen Crotonis Pulveratum), which is used to reduce its toxicity.
- It should not be used with Qian Niu Zi (Semen Pharbitidis).
- Weak people should not take it.
- Pregnant women and children should not take it. | <urn:uuid:da73f739-3ee0-42e4-a0fc-26dffd34bfc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.chineseherbsinfo.com/ba-dou/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00357.warc.gz | en | 0.866653 | 1,627 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: Assessment of International Designations within the United States
Royal C. Gardner
Stetson University College of Law
Kim Diana Connolly
SUNY Buffalo Law School
Environmental Law Review, Vol. 37, 2007
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, also referred to as the Ramsar Convention, is a treaty devoted to wetland conservation. A Contracting Party to the Ramsar Convention must designate at least one site within its territory as a Wetland of International Importance (known as Ramsar sites). To assess the benefits associated with this international designation, the authors conducted a survey of the then-22 Ramsar sites in the United States. After a brief introduction to the Ramsar Convention, the article analyzes the results of the survey. The article concludes that Ramsar designation provides varied and important benefits, including increased funding opportunities, increased support for the protection of the sites and surrounding areas, and increased scientific and tourism interest.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 25
Keywords: wetlands, Ramsar Convention, Wetlands of International Importance, Ramsar sites, U.S. National Ramsar CommitteeAccepted Paper Series
Date posted: May 5, 2008 ; Last revised: March 19, 2014
© 2014 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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The story of the Levite and his concubine in Judges 19 is one of the most misunderstood stories in the Bible. Many Christians have never read the story and are unfamiliar with its gruesome details. If you have never read this story, stop, go to Judges 19 and read it for the first time. Some Christians have read the story but have never paid attention to the ugly actions of an abusive husband. If you have never paid attention to the outcome of the story, stop, read the story again. I will wait for you.
A Story of Violence
I have written one post on this horrific story titled Rereading Judges 19:2. This post has resulted in many comments from readers. Most men and a few women who left a comment blame the woman for being unfaithful to her husband. Some even believe that just by leaving her husband, the woman was being unfaithful to him. I get similar views from some of my students when we discuss this text in class.
Why do I write a second post on a story of violence against a woman who did not deserve the horror inflicted on her? The words of Phyllis Trible in her book Texts of Terror explains the reason I revisit this sad story. Trible wrote:
“The betrayal, rape, torture, murder and dismemberment of an unnamed woman is a story we want to forget but are commanded to speak. It depicts the horrors of male power, brutality, and triumphalism; of female helplessness, abuse, and annihilation. To hear this story is to inhabit a world of unrelenting terror that refuses to let us pass by on the other side” (1984: 65).
Before I discuss the story, let me identify the two main characters in the story. Levites were religious functionaries who served God as temple personnel. This Levite was somewhat wealthy, since he could buy a concubine, had a servant and two donkeys. Because of their position in the religious life of Israel, Levites were honored and respected by the people of Israel and served in many important positions in the temple, court, and palace.
A concubine was a secondary wife. In some poor families, a father would sell his daughter to be a secondary wife, a maid, or a servant in the household of a man of means. In the case of the woman in this story, she was probably sold by her father to be a secondary wife of the Levite.
The Woman and the Text
The reason the woman is often blamed for what happened to her is because of the unfortunate mistranslation of Judges 19:2 by the King James Bible (KJV) and by the New International Version (NIV) and several other versions.
The King James says: “And his concubine played the whore against him, and went away from him unto her father’s house” (Judges 19:2 KJV). According to the KJV, the woman betrayed her husband by becoming a whore. The KJV’s translation implies that the woman left her husband because she became a prostitute. This view finds no support in the text. As Boling wrote in his commentary of Judges, “it is strange that the woman would become a prostitute and then run home” (1975: 273).
The NIV says: “But she was unfaithful to him. She left him and went back to her father’s house” (Judges 19:2 NIV). According to the NIV, the woman betrayed her husband by having sex with another man. However, in Israel adultery was a great evil which was punishable by death: “If a man is caught lying with the wife of another man, both of them shall die, the man who lay with the woman as well as the woman. So you shall purge the evil from Israel” (Deuteronomy 22:22). In addition, the Levite would not be able to take his adulteress wife back because she had been defiled by another man (Deuteronomy 24:4).
The reason the woman left her husband was not because she became a prostitute or because she committed adultery. It was not what she had done that prompted her to leave her husband; it was what the husband did to her that promted her to leave. This is how the New Revised Standard Version reads Judges 19:2: “But his concubine became angry with him, and she went away from him to her father’s house.” The same translation is also adopted by the NET Bible, the New Jerusalem Bible, The New Living Translation, and several others.
The reason for the different translations of Judges 19:2 is because there are different textual traditions about what happened between the Levite and his concubine. Some textual traditions blame the woman and say that she was unfaithful to her husband. Some textual traditions blame the husband by saying that the woman was angry at her husband for something that he did to her.
In his article, “Mistranslations in the Old Testament,” G. R. Driver wrote: “in the story of the outrage at Gibeah the Hebrew text, in speaking of the estrangement between the Levite and his concubine, says wattizneh ‘ālāyw (Jud. XIX 2), which cannot mean ‘and she played the harlot against him’ (R.V.) Because this verb is never followed by this preposition and especially because the cause of the estrangement was obviously a passing disagreement and not an act of unfaithfulness. The LXX makes admirable sense and may be accepted as correct; for the [Akkadian] zinû ‘to be angry’ supports it and suggests a Hebrew zānāh ‘was angry’, totally different from the Hebrew zānāh ‘committed adultery, fornication’. Two homonymous verbs have here been confused by all interpreters except the LXX who, as so often, have preserved the true sense” (1947: 29-30).
What most readers of this story do not realize is that several translations, including the Vulgate, the Septuagint, and the Targum do not understand the Hebrew word zānāh to imply any act of conjugal infidelity on the woman’s part.
The Hebrew word zānāh has two meanings. One meaning of the word is “to be unfaithful” or “to commit adultery.” The second meaning of the word is “to be angry.” In light of how the Septuagint and the Targum translate the word, Soggin, in his commentary of Judges wrote: “In no way can this be the zānāh, ‘practice prostitution’, in the sense of ‘betrayed him’” (1981: 284). Because the word zānāh in Judges 19:2 means “to be angry,” Soggin concludes: “the responsibility for the matrimonial crisis, on which the text gives us no information, must have lain with the husband, at least in view of his later behaviour” (1981: 284).
This is the same view of Josephus, the Jewish historian who wrote a few years after Paul’s death. In his Antiquities of the Jews (v. ii, 8), Josephus wrote:
“There was a Levite, a man of a vulgar family, that belonged to the tribe of Ephraim, and dwelt therein; this man married a wife from Bethlehem, which is a place belonging to the tribe of Judah. Now he was very fond of his wife and overcome with her beauty; but he was unhappy in this, that he did not meet with the like return of affection from her, for she was averse to him, which did more inflame his passion for her, so that they quarrelled one with another perpetually; and at last the woman was so disgusted at these quarrels, that she left her husband, and went to her parents in the fourth month.”
The Woman’s Reason for Leaving Her Husband
In light of the textual evidence presented above, why was the woman not guilty of the accusations lodged against her? The text presents several clues to indicate that the separation should be blamed on the husband.
First, the woman’s husband made her angry so she left. The Bible does not provide any information on the reason she became angry. Whatever the reasons for the anger, it was severe enough that she had to leave her husband.
Second, it is important to notice that in the story it is the woman who takes the initiative to leave her husband. It is also important to notice that this is the only time in the Old Testament where the woman takes the initiative to leave her husband. This fact may also explain another textual problem in the story. When the Levite came to Bethlehem to bring his wife back, the biblical text differs on what happened next.
The New Revised Standard Version says: “When he reached her father’s house, the girl’s father saw him and came with joy to meet him” (Judges 19:3). This translation is adopted by the New Living Translation, the New Jerusalem Bible, and a few others.
The New International Version says: “She took him into her father’s house, and when her father saw him, he gladly welcomed him” (Judges 19:3). This translation is followed by the KJV, ESV, Holman, and all translations that follow the Masoretic text.
The Septuagint and the Syriac versions say that the man came to her father’s house. Many scholars believe that in the textual transmission of the story, the wording of the text was changed by the scribes to say that the woman met her husband and brought him into the house based on the fact that since it was believed that the Levite was (supposedly) betrayed by his wife, that the woman then should take the initiative to welcome him back.
Third, it is possible that the woman did not want to return with her husband. The text never mentions whether or not the woman desired to return with her husband, but her reluctance to return with the Levite may be inferred by several clues in the text. It took four months for him to come after her (19:2). It took five days of dealing between the woman’s father and the Levite before he was able to leave with his wife.
According to the text, he came “to speak tenderly to her” (19:3). Literally, the Hebrew says: “to speak to her heart.” This expression is used nine times in the Hebrew Bible and in a few places it carries the idea of convincing someone. The Levite’s effort to go from the hills of Ephraim to Bethlehem of Judah to reconcile with his concubine clearly shows that she was the one in the right, not him.
The Abusive Husband
Although the text does not give the reason the woman became angry and the reason the man and the woman argued to the point of separation, the text gives evidence that the Levite was an abusive husband. First, he made her angry. His behavior toward the woman probably was abusive, causing her to become angry and leave him. Second, he came after her in order to “speak to her heart,” that is, to convince her to come home with him. When they left the house of her father, they came to Gibeah where he planned to spend the night.
In Gibeah, the Levite met an old man who offered him hospitality. When the Levite met the old man of the city, not wanting to be a burden to him, the Levite said: “we have both straw and feed for our donkeys, and bread and wine for me, your female servant, and the young man with your servant” (Judges 19:19 HCSB). With these words, the Levite demeans his concubine by saying that she was “your female servant,” that is, inferring that the woman was the old man’s property. After he came to the man’s house, his life was threatened by the man of the city. In order to save his own life, the Levite concluded that the life of his concubine was expendable, so he sacrificed her life to save his own. “So the [Levite] seized his concubine, and put her out to them. They wantonly raped her, and abused her all through the night until the morning” (Judges 19:25).
The action of the Levite shows the tragedy of this story. Once the concubine fled from her husband probably to avoid his abuse and violence. He went after her to speak to her heart and brought her back, only to deliver her into the hands of evil men who raped her and abused her mercilessly all night.
When morning came, the Levite was prepared to continue his journey: “When her master got up in the morning, opened the doors of the house, and went out to leave on his journey” (19:27), but without her. But, as he opened the door and prepared to leave the house without his concubine, he found the woman, lying at the door of the house, whether alive or dead the text does not say. The silence of the text may indicate that she was still alive, however, to mitigate the brutality of what happens next, the Septuagint says “for she was dead” (19:28 LXX).
When the Levite arrived home, he took a knife, took hold of the battered body of his concubine and cut her into twelve pieces. When the men of Benjamin asked what had happened, the Levite lied in order to justify what he did: “The Israelites asked, ‘Tell us, how did this outrage occur?’ The Levite, the husband of the murdered woman, answered: ‘I went to Gibeah in Benjamin with my concubine to spend the night. Citizens of Gibeah ganged up on me and surrounded the house at night. They intended to kill me, but they raped my concubine, and she died’” (Judges 20:3-5). The men of Gibeah did not try to kill him; they wanted to rape him and the only reason the men of Benjamin raped his concubine was because he gave her to them to be raped.
The Truth of the Story
I believe the text provides evidence that the woman had reasons to leave her husband. He was an abusive husband, a selfish man who treated his wife as an object to be disposed of, who did not value her as a woman and as a wife. Although some commentaries try to justify the Levite by saying that the woman “treacherously departed from her husband to embrace the bosom of a stranger,” the text does not prove that.
The text, however, seems to present a different view of the situation. To blame the woman for what happened is to ignore the fact that the Levite’s actions clearly show that the woman had a reason to fear him and her rape, abuse, death, and dismemberment proved that she was right all along.
Let her rest in peace.
NOTE TO READERS:
I welcome your comments on this post, however, if you are planning to blame the woman for being unfaithful to her husband, do not leave your comment; this woman has been vilified long enough.
Did you like this post? Be sure to click the “Like” button and then share this post on Facebook, and tweet it on Twitter! If you blog, put a link on your blog. Maybe together we can tell a different story about this woman.
Professor of Old Testament
Northern Baptist Seminary
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Boling, Robert G. Judges. The Anchor Bible. New York: Doubleday, 1975.
Driver, G. R. “Mistranslations in the Old Testament.” Die Welt des Orients 1 (1947): 29-31.
Josephus, Flavius. The Life and Works of Flavius Josephus, Trans. William Whiston. New York, Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1961., p. 152.
Soggin, J. Alberto. Judges. The Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1981.
Trible, Phyllis. Text of Terror. Overture to Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1984. | <urn:uuid:d6c929ff-58d6-4fa9-851b-2a64e94947cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://claudemariottini.com/2016/08/08/blaming-the-woman/?like_comment=44230&_wpnonce=1b4818af7e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362133.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301060310-20210301090310-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.982194 | 3,601 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Yale student Kate McMillan took part in the RIBA-led exploration of a Victorian masterpiece of architecture and engineering. Read her account of the workshop…
Here in London, great architecture is all around us. All you have to do is walk outside, and you might find a Gothic arch, Neoclassical column, or Victorian window staring down from one of the many notable buildings, or perhaps nestled more discreetly on the façade of a lesser-known home or shop. Last Saturday, 8 June, members of the public were invited to dig deeper into one of London’s great structures – St. Pancras station – through a hands-on workshop exploring its history and design.
At the RIBA
Participants stepped into the Education Room of 66 Portland Place to discover a wide assortment of periodicals, books and drawings from the RIBA’s collections waiting for them. Some of the books were so old that they were surprised when workshop leader Viyki Turnbull heartily encouraged them to “Touch! Touch!” Through a close-up investigation of these original 19th-century documents, participants were given a chance to see St. Pancras station in the context in which it was made.
Before heading off to St. Pancras station, participants experimented with drawing tricks and techniques to create the variety of forms that would be seen at the station, including arches, circles, and floors in perspective. From the looks of the work produced, they got the hang of it pretty fast!
At St Pancras station
With the exception of a little breeze, the London weather was its typical self – clear sky, radiating sun, perfect temperature (okay, maybe not so typical) – participants headed outside for a spectacular view of the station’s exterior. With over an hour of explorations with the RIBA’s collections under their belts, participants needed little instruction before they were on their way with their own observational drawings.
When 4.30pm rolled along, it was incredible to see what had been created in so little time. While there were differences in the scope and style of the drawings – some participants focused on detailed close-up arches, while others tackled sketches of the entire façade – all of the pieces had in common the care to the composition as a whole. Everyone enjoyed sharing their work and seeing what each other had captured – it was clear that everyone had produced something of value and had fun doing it. Take a look – what do you think?
By Kate McMillan
The next workshop, Explore & Draw: Sky-walks & Slab blocks, will take place on Saturday 13 July 2013. Booking essential. | <urn:uuid:8dc15294-66c0-4719-8c25-1625dcd78f83> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.ribablogs.com/?p=7842 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163066152/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131746-00026-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977947 | 553 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Shape memory alloys (SMA) have attracted much attention over the past few decades, and NiTi SMA is one of the most studied among other SMAs . As a typical shape memory alloy, NiTi alloys have been widely used in many applications such as industry, medicine, aerospace and construction. In recent years, NiTi films are extensively studied. It has been reported that the properties of NiTi films are similar to those of bulk NiTi SMAs. NiTi films have been tried to be applied to biomedical devices. Magnetron sputtering deposition is considered to be one of the suitable methods to process NiTi films. When NiTi films are deposited at ambient temperatures, they are usually amorphous, and the shape memory and superelasticity can be introduced by crystallization.
The main application of binary NiTi SMAs is in the field of biomedical devices. For biomedical applications, nickel-titanium SMAs can be used to manufacture esophageal, tracheal, vascular, biliary, urethral and other stents and orthopedic internal fixation devices such as embracing fixators, bone clasps, intramedullary nails, etc. . For NiTiCu SMA, the Ni atoms are substituted by Cu atoms, which not only greatly reduce the alloy cost, but also greatly reduce the transformation temperature sensitivity to the Ti:Ni ratio, and the transformation hysteresis is greatly reduced. However, the shape memory effect is still excellent . Therefore, NiTiCu SMAs have attracted some attention from both industrial applications and academic researches . According to the study of localized corrosion of NiTiCu alloy in different conditions at a temperature of 40˚C and a concentration of 0.9% NaCl solution, it has found that NiTiCu has a significantly lower corrosion potential than that of the NiMo binary alloy. However, the difference in the percentage of Cu atoms and the change in phase transition state will have a certain effect on the alloy . The research on Ti50Ni40Cu10 SMA shows that, the addition of Cu element makes the corrosion resistance of the alloy in Hank’s solution significantly reduced. Moreover, the experimental results of further cytotoxicity of the alloy show that the Ti50Ni40Cu10 shape memory alloy has higher cytotoxicity than the binary NiTi and Ti alloys . In a word, the safety of applying NiTiCu shape memory alloys needs further exploration.
The application range of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) includes: corrosion and protection of metals, metal/polymer composites, semiconductor materials; polycrystalline solids, and ceramic materials. Many studies have used EIS to detect corrosion behavior of titanium alloys . However, there are few reports on the corrosion behavior of sputtered NiTiCu shape memory alloys in simulated physiological solution. Therefore, this work used the EIS method to study the corrosion behavior of NiTiCu shape memory alloys with different Cu contents.
2. Experiment Procedures
Four kinds of SMAs (Ni49.6Ti50.4, Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4, Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4, Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9) were magnetron sputtered on Si substrates. Films were co-sputtered NiTiCu and Ti (at 400 W and 70 W DC plasma power) targets at ambient temperature. The target diameter was 100 mm, and the substrate was Si3Nx coated silicon wafer. The base vacuum was 2.0 × 10−7 Torr, and the argon pressure was 2.4 mTorr. The final film thickness is around 1 μm. The films were all amorphous, and subsequent crystallization is a must to introduce the shape memory effect. The crystallization was conducted in high vacuum (basic vacuum of 5 × 10−6 Torr) at a temperature of 650˚C.
The EIS test based on the films was conducted from the potential Ecorr to 1.2 V (a saturated calomel electrode, SCE) in a step of 0.2 V at a DC potential. After immersing the sample in PBS solution at 37˚C, Ecorr was monitored for 60 minutes. When the potential was gradually increased to a subsequent value, the current was allowed to stabilize for 15 minutes before the measurement.
3. Result and Discussion
The surface oxide layer of the NiTi film was characterized using EIS, and Figure 1(a) is the complex Nyquist plot. The impedance decreases as the potential increasing from 0 to 1.2 V. When the potential is increased from 0.2 V to 0.4 V, the impedance shows a large decrement at low frequencies. As the potential is further increased to 1.0 V, the amount of impedance decrement decreases. When the potential increases to 1.2 V, the impedance decreases significantly and forms a semicircular shape. This behavior is attributed to the oxidation of the solution, not the breakdown of the oxide layer on the surface of the film .
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 1. The Nyquist plots of the four films in PBS solution at 37˚C ((a) Ni49.6Ti50.4; (b) Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4; (c) Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4; (d) Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9).
The Nyquist polt of the Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film is shown in Figure 1(b). With the potential increasing, the impedance decay behavior is similar as that of the NiTi film. When the potential is increased from 0.2 V to 0.4 V, the impedance decreases significantly. As the potential is further increased to 0.8 V, the amount of impedance decrement decreases. When the potential is increased to 1.0 V, the impedance shows a significant attenuation, and appears semicircular as the potential rises to 1.2 V. The Nyquist plot of the Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4 film is as shown in Figure 1(c), and its variation is similar to that of the Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film. When the potential is increased from 0.4 V to 0.6 V, the impedance decreased largely. The Nyquist plot of a Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4 film is shown in Figure 1(d), and its variation is similar to those of the other two NiTiCu films. When the potential is increased from 0.2 V to 0.5 V, the impedance decreases significantly.
Figures 2(a)-(d) is the Bode plot of the four films. The effect of the potential is more pronounced in the phase shift angle. For the NiTi film, when the potential was increased to 1.2 V, the phase shift angle (θ) was close to 90˚ in a certain frequency range, showing near-capacitive behavior. The impedance |Z| varies linearly within this range with a slope of −1. However, when the potential was
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 2. The Bode plots of four films in PBS solution at 37˚C ((a) Ni49.6Ti50.4; (b) Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4; (c) Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4; (d) Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9).
increased to 1.2 V, the maximum phase shift angles of the Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film, the Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film, and the Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9 film were 76˚, 70˚, and 74˚, respectively. It is implying that the near-capacitance behavior of the surfaces of these three films is broken. When the potential was 1.2 V, the maximum phase shfit angle of the NiTi film is much larger than that of the other three NiTiCu films, indicating that the corrosion resistance of the NiTi film is superior to that of the other three NiTiCu films .
At a potential of 1.2 V, the Bode plots of the four films are shown in Figure 3. The impedance difference of the four films is more clearly shown in Figure 3. The NiTi film has a higher impedance |Z| value than the other three NiTiCu films, and its maximum phase shift angle θ is much larger than the other three NiTiCu films. It implies that the corrosion resistance of NiTi film is better than the other three NiTiCu films.
The near-capacitive behavior of the film in solution allows a simple equivalent circuit to represent the impedance component of the films. In the literature, there are also reports on the use of equivalent circuits to simulate impedance. K Li et al. used a similar equivalent circuit when studying the impedance of NiTi film in PBS solution . Popa used a parallel circuit of Rox and Cox to represent the impedance of Ti in Ringer’s solution . Pound also used the same method when studying the impedance of Nitinol in PBS and simulated bile solutions . The Bode plots showed that the impedance of NiTi and NiTiCu in PBS can be represented by the simple equivalent circuit shown in Figure 4. The circuit consists of an ohmic resistor (Rsol) of the solution, a resistance of the passivation oxide film (Rox) and a constant phase element (CPE) associated with the oxide. The formula associated with CPE is as follows:
Figure 3. The Bode plots of four films in PBS solution at 37˚C (potential is 1.2 V).
Figure 4. RC equivalent circuit in PBS solution.
where Y0 is the constant phase element parameter, , ω is the angular frequency Rsol, and the values of Rox, Y0 and α can be obtained using a nonlinear least squares curve fitting program. The α value of the amorphous NiTi film was found to be between 0.94 and 0.97. Since α is close to 1, Y0 can be taken as the value of Cox .
The thickness dox of the film surface oxide can be calculated by the value of Cox, and the calculation formula is as the following,
where ε is the dielectric constant of the surface oxide, ε0 is the permittivity of the free space (8.854 × 10−12 Fm−1), and the surface oxide of the NiTi film is mainly TiO2. In the current study, the dielectric constant is 100 .
The calculation results of the thickness of surface oxide layer are shown in Figure 5. The thickness of oxide layer on the surface of several thin film materials were continually increasing in PBS solution as the potential increased. The thickness of the oxide layer of the NiTi film is calculated about 8 nm at Ecorr, which is smaller than the other three NiTiCu films. For the Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film, the thickness of the surface oxide does not change much when the potential reaches 0.8 V. However, for Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4 film and Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9 films, the oxide thickness decreases with further increasing potential above 0.8 V. The oxide thickness of the Ni49.6Ti50.4 film is increased until the voltage reaches 1.2 V. It is generally believed that when the applied voltage is above 0.8 V, oxygen evolution will begin, which will affect the corrosion behavior of the test sample. Even if the voltage is above 0.8 V, the oxide thickness of the Ni49.6Ti50.4 film still continuously increases, which means that the NiTi film has better anti-oxidized capability than the other three NiTiCu films. In addition, the oxide film thickness of Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film has no significant decrement when the voltage reached 0.8 V, indicating that its anti-oxidized capability is better than the other two Cu-containing films.
Based on the assumption that the oxide resistance is a linear function of the thickness of the oxide layer, the resistivity (ρox) of the oxide layer of the thin film s obtained from the thickness of the oxide layer as following,
where dox is the thickness of the oxide layer and Rox is the resistance of the oxide
Figure 5. Dependence of oxide thickness on potential for four films in PBS solution.
Figure 6. Dependence of oxide resistivity on potential for four films in PBS solution.
Figure 6 shows the change in the oxide resistivity of four films with potential increment. It shows that the oxide resistivity of the four films decreases with the potential increment. This behavior indicates that the oxide layer is defective as the potential increment .
The corrosion resistance of four different amorphous films (Ni49.6Ti50.4, Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4, Ni45.6Ti50.4Cu4, Ni42.7Ti50.4Cu6.9) in PBS solution was studied using EIS method. The following conclusions were obtained:
1) The corrosion resistance of Ni49.6Ti50.4 film is superior to that of the other three NiTiCu films in PBS solution at 37˚C. The Ni48.2Ti50.4Cu1.4 film had better corrosion resistance than the other two NiTiCu films.
2) The EIS data could be fitted by a parallel resistance-capacitance circuit to obtain the thickness of the oxide layer of the film. The thickness of the oxide layer of Ni49.6Ti50.4 film is smaller than that of the other three films, but the thickness of the oxide layer of the Ni49.6Ti50.4 film increased as the potential increment, reaching a maximum at 1.2 V. The thickness of the oxide layer of the other three NiTiCu films reached a maximum at 0.8 V.
3) The resistivity of the four films was obtained as well. As the potential increased, the resistivity of the four films decreased, indicating that the oxide layer was defective.
National Key R&D Program of China: Stability Improvement and Product Upgrade of Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Used in Oil and Gas Development: 2016YFB0300204.
Guo, X., Liu, L., Liu, Y., et al. (2014) Constitutive Model for a Stress- and Thermal-Induced Phase Transition in a Shape Memory Polymer. Smart Materials & Structures, 23, Article ID: 105019.
Gil, F.J., Solano, E., Pena, J., et al. (2004) Microstructural, Mechanical and Citotoxicity Evaluation of Different NiTi and NiTiCu Shape Memory Alloys. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, 15, 1181-1185.
Gil, F.J., Solano, E., Mendoza, A., et al. (2004) Inhibition of Ni Release from NiTi and NiTiCu Orthodontic Archwires by Nitrogen Diffusion Treatment. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Biomechanics, 2, 151-155.
Es-Souni, M., Es-Souni, M. and Brandies, H.F. (2001) On the Transformation Behaviour, Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Two NiTi-Based Shape Memory Alloys: NiTi42 and NiTi42Cu7. Biomaterials, 22, 2153-2161.
Pound, B.G. (2010) The Electrochemical Behavior of Nitinol in Simulated Physiological Solutions. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 85, 1103-1113.
Pound, B.G. (2010) Electrochemical Behavior of Cobalt-Chromium Alloys in a Simulated Physiological Solution. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 94, 93-102.
Li, K., Huang, X., Zhao, Z.S., et al. (2016) Electrochemical and Corrosion Behaviors of Sputtered TiNi Shape Memory Films. Smart Materials & Structures, 25, Article ID: 035039.
Popa, M.V., Demetrescu, I., Vasilescu, E., et al. (2004) Corrosion Susceptibility of Implant Materials Ti-5Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4Fe in Artificial Extra-Cellular Fluids. Electrochimica Acta, 49, 2113-2121. | <urn:uuid:dcc17934-6e73-42a3-b47c-b9a844157c1a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://m.scirp.org/papers/98001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107909746.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030063319-20201030093319-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.912257 | 3,554 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Illinois at heart of U.S. Interstate System
Its neighbor to the east may claim “The Crossroads of America” title, but by nearly any measure, Illinois is the heart of the U.S. Interstate System.
Illinois has the third highest total of interstate routes and mileage. Only New York and California have more I-designated roadways, with 7 million and 25 million more residents, respectively. Only Texas and California routes cover more mileage, though those states are five and three times larger by territory.
And the importance of the routes — many of which were designed to pass through or near Chicago, with its access to the global economy — further spell out the importance of Illinois as a hub of trans-U.S. travel. The two longest treks of the interstate system, I-90 and I-80, pass through Illinois on their coast-to-coast journeys. And two key connections to the Gulf States, I-55 and I-65, reach their nadir in the Chicago area. Add in I-57, I-64, I-70 and I-94 and an Illinois driver can reach almost every population center in the nation by navigating one interchange.
Click Here to read more. | <urn:uuid:6b443e85-a0ac-4d0a-b716-38a47c2fa04c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ifca.com/resource_display/?id=3020&title=Illinois+at+heart+of+U.S.+Interstate+System | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057589.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925021713-20210925051713-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.957118 | 256 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Sharks’ teeth are constantly replaced throughout life: multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward as in a “conveyor belt” formed by the skin in which they are anchored. Typically a shark has two to three working rows of teeth with 20 to 30 teeth in each row, although a whale shark has about 300. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8–10 days to several months, some sharks losing 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. That’s why the teeth of ancient sharks turn up in abundance in certain strata, and are easy to spot at low tide on some sandy wave-washed beaches. Here, a shark laments such waste.
Oh, I wish I could keep all me teeth;
Now they litter the sea-floor beneath.
I can’t help lamenting
Such a waste of good dentine.
Oh, I wish I could keep all me teeth.
Evolution, it seems, has designed
That we always have gnashers to grind:
So, like soldiers at war,
When one falls, there are more
To replace their lost mate from behind.
But geologists like to find teeth,
So I solemnly hereby bequeath
My discarded enamels
To you beachcombing mammals.
I still wish I could keep all me teeth. . .
(With apologies to the Queen of Poemology, Pam Ayres.) | <urn:uuid:6f65723b-3097-4cd4-988e-3b6bc996022f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.geoverse.co.uk/2010/07/14/oh-i-wish-i-could-keep-all-me-teeth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591837.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720213434-20180720233434-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.940401 | 311 | 3.1875 | 3 |
As U.S. and China fight, their scientists collaborate
All the tough talk and finger-pointing between officials in the U.S. and China about this pandemic belies cooperation among scientists in the two countries who are racing to understand the deadly virus.
Why it matters: Pandemics are a global problem that scientists say require a global solution. But scientific advances are increasingly seen as a national competitive advantage, creating tension that some experts warn could undercut global efforts to defeat COVID-19.
What's happening: Scientists in the U.S. and China are working together on testing COVID-19 treatments and drug candidates, developing vaccines, and understanding the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
- A new analysis for Axios by Pedro Parraguez of Dataverz, a data analytics startup in Copenhagen, found about 407 papers published so far this year are co-authored by researchers at institutions in the U.S. and China, out of roughly 7,770 published by researchers in the two countries. The analysis was run using the Dimensions.ai dataset and included mostly pre-print papers for this year.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the University of Hong Kong are the top bridges between institutions working on coronaviruses in the U.S. and China, based on another analysis by Parraguez, using co-authorship of papers as a metric for collaboration. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, China's CDC, the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill feed those efforts and are important local and regional bridges.
- "There have been huge amounts of collaboration because of the bridges that were built, 10, 15, 20 years ago," says virologist Richard Kuhn of Purdue University, citing students from China studying in the U.S. and collaboration between scientists on past outbreaks.
The big picture: There are stark warnings of "vaccine nationalism" because if a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available, there won't be enough at first to immunize the global population.
- The World Health Organization last week launched Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, an agreement of governments, companies and other organizations to collaborate on COVID-19 diagnostic testing, treatments and vaccines with an emphasis on making sure "no one is left behind."
- Political leaders from the U.S. and China did not participate in the launch but there is a rolling campaign to join.
The bigger picture: Atoms, bits and base pairs fuel the Great Powers race. The U.S. is trying to keep its top spot as China tries to establish scientific prowess.
- The next 5G, artificial general intelligence, quantum computing and now a vaccine for COVID-19 are seen by leaders as strategies for national security.
Yes, but: The country's scientific enterprises are intertwined.
- The U.S. collaborated most frequently with authors from China — about 26% of U.S. internationally co-authored articles in 2018, according to a report earlier this year from the National Science Board.
The U.S. and China both benefit from their collaboration, says Jenny Lee of the University of Arizona.
- China brings financial investment and the U.S., with its established scientific heft, extends the global reach of China's research, says Lee, who studies global higher education.
- At the same time, there are long-running concerns about IP theft and foreign influence in U.S. research, and some U.S. lawmakers have proposed limiting the areas of science that Chinese students can study.
The two countries worked together during the SARS outbreak in 2003, the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014 and other epidemics over the past 20 years.
- The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says it offered to help its parallel institution in China when the COVID-19 outbreak began but, the FT reports, the CDC hasn't asked them to collaborate formally on research.
- China's initial communication of the emerging epidemic, which included delays and inaccuracies, led to criticisms and concerns about how much the U.S. and the rest of the world could trust Beijing.
For some, those concerns are even more reason to collaborate.
- "The more engagement we have, the more opportunities we have to build relationships and inform our understanding of this emerging infectious disease threat," says Margaret Hamburg, foreign secretary of the U.S. National Academy of Science and a former FDA commissioner.
- "There is a long tradition of science diplomacy," she says, pointing to the role of nuclear scientists in opening up the former Soviet Union and researchers in the U.S. and China working on biosecurity and biosafety today.
What to watch: "Nationalism and attacks can erode even good collaborations [among international colleagues]," says Kuhn, who is also the editor-in-chief of the journal Virology.
- "This can have a big impact on the advancement of science," he says.
- "Tensions between techno-nationalism and techno-globalism are unlikely to diminish in the future ... therefore, societies should not assume that international scientific collaborations will flow naturally, but rather should nurture them carefully — although urgently — through renewed diplomatic efforts, funding programs, and policy instruments," Rajneesh Narula and José Guimón wrote recently in Issues in Science and Technology.
The bottom line: Scientists are already multipolar, says Narula, a professor of international business regulation at the University of Reading in the U.K. "There can be three poles, which is what is happening: the U.S., Europe and China. Everyone is willing to accept that, except perhaps the poles themselves." | <urn:uuid:87e0646a-c1df-4d52-82ff-8ebdf322ede0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.axios.com/2020/04/30/us-china-scientists-coronavirus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.95573 | 1,202 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The loss of a neighborhood is not as simple as a wrecking ball. A close look at Fox Point, just one of Providence’s many evolving neighborhoods, reveals how an entire community was steadily displaced by historic preservation practices, urban renewal, and the growth of Providence as a “college town” in just a few decades. The acknowledgment of this erasure and PPS’s failure to preserve people in place, along with the buildings and streetscapes in Fox Point salvaged during the 1960s and ‘70s, is essential. Increasingly, preservationists embrace the philosophy of advocating for not just the built environment, but also the social fabric and established communities that inhabit it – but this only comes after learning from the painful stories of places like Fox Point.
Fox Point sits to the east of Providence’s College Hill. Before post-war redevelopment changed the landscape, Fox Point was defined by acres of shoreline that supported a thriving port and related industries, and a neighborhood rich with housing priced below that of the rest of the city. This created an attractive landing place for immigrants, and as the neighborhood grew during the 19th and 20th centuries, it was largely shaped by groups who settled there.
Irish immigrants arrived first in the 1830s and 1840s, followed by arrivals from Portugal in the late 1800s through the mid-1920s . Fox Point expanded rapidly, and by the mid-twentieth century, the population had become predominantly Portuguese. The final, and most influential, influx of immigration came from Cape Verde, beginning in the mid-1800s and continuing through much of the twentieth century – they were the first voluntary immigrants to the United States from Africa. By 1924, nearly 40,000 Cape Verdeans had settled in the ports of Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
The Cape Verdeans in Fox Point flourished, establishing a vibrant community that is remembered to this day. The well-used older buildings in the neighborhood, which had not yet been identified as significant architectural resources, supported this community at a time when Fox Point wasn’t seen as a desirable part of the city. That there is little visible trace of the organizations, businesses, and families that populated Fox Point by mid-century is a testament to how effectively state, local, and private interests erased this community from the landscape in just a few decades. The loss of this once dynamic neighborhood is a loss for immigrant, BIPOC, and community history.
Redevelopment & Urban Renewal
The first attempt at renewal in Fox Point occurred in 1935 with a plan called Proposed Slum Clearance and Housing Project for Providence: South Main-Wickenden District issued by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works’ housing division. Citing an unsightly neighborhood plagued with “low grade” housing and shops, this project called for the removal of over 150 buildings – and by extension their inhabitants – to create space for wealthier tenants and property owners. While this plan was never enacted, it set the tone for conversations about the land and people of Fox Point in the years to follow.
The Federal Housing Act of 1949 and the Rhode Island Redevelopment Act (1956) made it much easier for local entities, like the Providence Redevelopment Agency (PRA), to seize properties deemed unsound or dangerous through eminent domain. Additionally, these policy changes allocated funds for land clearing and neighborhood revitalization through local-federal partnerships, further incentivized by federal funds. Together, this greatly incentivized city and state-sponsored redevelopment, making plans like the Proposed Slum Clearance project much easier to accomplish. As Providence sought to modernize in the post-war years, the worn-in streets of Fox Point were once again identified as prime locations for redevelopment and new infrastructure.
Preservation & Studentification
The Providence Preservation Society (PPS) was formed in 1956 by Antoinette Downing and other affluent residents of College Hill in direct response to the growing appetite for redevelopment in Providence. Specifically, PPS founders and their coalition were concerned about the threat urban renewal and college expansion posed to historic buildings in their neighborhood. One of PPS’s first efforts was the publication of the College Hill Study, a groundbreaking, in-depth inventory of historic buildings stretching from College Hill to the shores of Fox Point that set national precedents in preservation and established protections for historic buildings and neighborhoods that halted the relentless threat of redevelopment in many areas.
With the College Hill Study, PPS sought to protect the wealth of historic architecture in areas threatened by redevelopment and plans for Interstate-195, which was slated to carve a path through Fox Point and parts of downtown. To save vulnerable buildings from demolition or radical intervention, PPS made strong recommendations about zoning, land use, traffic, and recreational green space. The College Hill Study enabled PPS to successfully designate buildings throughout College Hill and Fox Point as historic and worthy of rehabilitation rather than destruction, even while countless neighborhoods across the country succumbed to the bulldozer and highway construction in this same period. While the Study served to protect the historic structures of Fox Point, it made no reference to the current residents and the potential impact that preservation could have on the community.
Protecting these historic buildings came at a steep cost, borne almost entirely by the residents of Fox Point and working-class neighbors to the north in College and Lippitt hills. Before PPS intervened, the average value of owner-occupied homes in Fox Point was roughly half that of the rest of Providence. Positioning Fox Point as historic and worth saving attracted both developers and city interests, and they began to buy up property throughout the neighborhood. Once restored, these properties returned to the market with dramatic markups unrecognizable to the residents who had lived there previously.
First- and second-generation residents of Fox Point may have been priced out of these restored housing units, but higher rents were still within reach for students attending nearby Brown University and RISD, for whom off-campus housing had become increasingly attractive. Residents feared that the influx of students would lead to the “gradual destruction of the Fox Point community.” This fear was not unfounded. By the 1990s, the social fabric was entirely changed and the Cape Verdean enclave that had called Fox Point home for a century had largely moved on. Residents relocated to other parts of Providence, East Providence, Fall River, and New Bedford — and often into public housing projects.
We learned these lessons too late. And while the preservation movement wasn’t solely responsible for the erasure of the Fox Point Cape Verdean community — a responsibility shared by the City of Providence, the Rhode Island Department of Transportation, state agencies, and private developers — it certainly played a leading role. Whatever wins came from preserving historic architecture are compromised by the permanent loss of a neighborhood.
Today, we consider established communities along with economic incentives when weighing new policies and projects. People give our city, and cities everywhere, its unique meaning and character. If PPS is truly to walk the walk laid out by the ambitious goals of our 2021 Strategic Plan, this shift in thinking and practice is necessary to move forward as ethical preservationists.
It is crucial in moving forward that preservationists work to intentionally protect human landscapes as well as architectural ones, uplift community voices, and advocate alongside the community — listening to and acting on the interests and needs they express. Listing the Tockwotton Fox Point Cape Verdean Heritage Place Project on PPS’ 2022 list of Most Endangered Properties offers the first formal acknowledgment of our role in the erasure of intangible Cape Verdean heritage. This is just the beginning, and our work must ensure that community in Providence is as valuable as its architecture.
Laurel Gorman – Fox Point: The Disintegration of a Neighborhood Brown University Bachelor of Fine Arts in American Civilizations Honors Thesis (1998)
Emily Taylor – “2000 racial and ethnic breakdown: Fox Point neighborhood, Providence, RI” Fox Point Oral Histories Brown University Library Center for Digital Scholarship (Mar 16, 2009)
Fox Point Cape Verdean Heritage Project, Inc “Our Rhode: A Mile of Fox Point Cape Verdean History” (2020)
“Fox Point Residents Fear Displacement.” Providence Journal. 18 June 1970.
In April 2022, the Brown Daily Herald also published some excellent journalism on this moment in Providence history and the related impact of gentrification and preservation on the city’s vulnerable communities.
Gentrification and displacement in Providence: Urban renewal, economic markets, historic preservation
The Bruno Brief: Gentrification and housing on College Hill, explained
‘The magnitude of the community that we had’: Fox Point, gentrification, urban renewal
The Bruno Brief: A look into the history of Lippitt Hill
‘We didn’t choose to be neighbors’: A history of Brown’s property impact on the East Side
All photos from the Providence Public Library Digital Collections. | <urn:uuid:91567068-05b2-46c2-87a3-ebec90102a14> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://ppsri.org/unraveling-community/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.961972 | 1,878 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Northern Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway), also called the Northern Caracara, Crested Caracara or Audubon’s Caracara, is a non-migratory, diurnal, neotropical bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It has a characteristic crest, strong banding on its chest, and long legs. Common especially in arid open country in Northern South America as far south as Central Brazil and Central Peru, throughout Central America, Cuba, and much of Mexico, the Northern Crested Caracara is also resident in the United States in southern parts of Texas, Arizona and Florida (an isolated population thought to be a relic from the ice ages).
The closely related Southern Caracara (C. plancus) and the extinct Guadalupe Caracara (C. lutosa) were previously lumped together with C. cheriway as a single species but the three species have since been split. While the range of the southern South American C. plancus does overlap with that of C. cheriway, only limited interbreeding occurs.
Like vultures, the Northern Crested Caracara generally scavenges for its food, eating mostly carrion, but also is an opportunist hunter of injured or young small mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. It frequently is found with vultures at a food source, but is dominant to them and will chase them from a roadkill or other carrion. They will steal food from other birds. Unlike other falcons, Crested Caracaras fly low to the ground and hunt mainly by hopping along on foot, usually alone or in family groups up to five birds. Adults maintain a home range averaging about 1500 hectares, but juveniles can be nomadic and found in larger congregations.
The Federal Government and Florida State have listed the Florida population as threatened in recognition of decline to an estimated 500 individuals, due primarily to habitat loss. Other US populations have experienced significant decline in the past but appear to have stabilized (with the caveat that it is difficult to census population numbers). Changes in land use that increase pasture and some agricultural land sometimes benefit the Crested Caracara. However these birds are vulnerable to hunting, trapping and poisoning as their scavenging habits are widely considered undesirable. Habitat decline is still a real factor in their survival as human populations increase and land is converted from prairie and pasture to housing developments and agriculture with tree farms or orchards. Crested Caracaras are also reportedly affected by increasing traffic due to the fact that they spend much time on road-side carrion.
(BirdLife International 2012; Cornell Lab of Ornithology Staff 2011; Morrison 1996; Morrison 2001; Morrison and Dwyer 2012; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Wikipedia 2013)
U.S.A. (AZ, FL, LA, NM, TX) south to Panama; Cuba
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2014. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Catalog Number: USNM A1977
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Birds
Sex/Stage: Male; Immature
Preparation: Skin: Whole
Collector(s): Collector Unknown
Year Collected: 1831
Locality: Saint Augustine, Saint Johns, Florida, United States, North America
- Type: Cassin. (Not Earlier Than January 31) 1865. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. for 1865: 2.
Life History and Behavior
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Barcode data: Caracara cheriway
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Caracara cheriway
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1
Date Listed: 07/06/1987
Lead Region: Southeast Region (Region 4)
Where Listed: U.S.A. (FL)
Population location: U.S.A. (FL)
Listing status: T
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Polyborus plancus audubonii , see its USFWS Species Profile
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you! | <urn:uuid:f257bcd2-95d1-4c4d-a606-ef2db633da6b> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://eol.org/pages/4376699/details | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00180-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889101 | 1,051 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The Willamette River and its extensive drainage basin lie in the greater Cascades geological province, extending from British Columbia to northern California. The river and its principal tributaries drain 11,478 square miles (12 percent of Oregon), with the basin's runoff fluctuating dramatically between the heavy precipitation of the ...
Willamette River flood of 1894
The Willamette River, in its natural state, has been subject to annual flooding, at times severe. Draining an area of over 11,200 square miles, the river supplies water for agricultural, industrial, municipal, and domestic purposes in the Willamette Valley. Between November and February, heavy rains often fall on the deep snow in the Cascade Range.
In the 1890s, when the rains were accompanied by a sharp temperature rise and heavy precipitation in the valley, the Willamette River could experience major floods. The flood of June 1894 was one of the worst such high-water events of the nineteenth century in Oregon. The effects of the high water on the Willamette were hightened by similar flooding on the Columbia River at the same time.
That year, floodwaters inundated agricultural land, eroding soils, killing livestock, and damaging farm buildings. The rampaging Willamette flooded towns along its banks, destroying mills, docks, warehouses, and transportation facilities. At Portland, the river reached a high-water mark of 33.5 feet, the worst flood ever recorded in the city. Surging high water covered 250 square blocks and knocked out public utilities, warehouses, and docks. Two drawbridges were stuck open, limiting travel between the east and west sections of the city. Businesses sold merchandise from their second-floor windows or operated from boats floating on city streets.
With more than a hundred miles of track washed out, the Union Pacific Railroad suspended service to the city. The aftermath of the flood was nearly as unpleasant as the flood itself, requiring a major cleanup of dead animals, rotted fish, and sewage.
MacColl, E. Kimbark. The Shaping of a City. Portland, Ore.: The Georgian Press Co., 1976.
Willingham, William F. Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983.
Related Historical Records
This entry was last updated on March 17, 2018 | <urn:uuid:2b374cf8-5ab0-47e0-80d5-357efaefaff6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/willamette_flood_1894_/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584350539.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123193004-20190123215004-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.949392 | 481 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Table of Contents
A Solution Architect is a critical role in any company that seeks to capitalize on data analytics. In this article, we will outline the key functions of a Solution Architect and discuss why they are so important in the big picture of data analytics.
What is a Solutions Architect Data Analytics?
A Solutions Architect Data Analytics is a professional who helps organizations solve complex data problems. They are responsible for designing and implementing data solutions that support business goals.
Solutions Architects use their skills to design and implement data-driven solutions that help organizations achieve their objectives. They often work with business stakeholders todefine the problem, identify relevant data, and identify solutions.
Some of the key tasks of a Solutions Architect Data Analytics include:
1. Identifying business needs and requirements: Solutions Architects need to understand the business context in order to develop realistic solutions. They must also be able to articulate what the company wants from its data solution.
2. Determining which data is necessary: Solutions Architects need to know which data is essential for solving a problem and which data can be eliminated or simplified. This process can involve extensive analysis of the business context and customer information.
3. Developing innovative data solutions: Solutions Architects must be creative when it comes to coming up with innovative ways to use available data. They should continually seek new ways to optimize processes and improve operational efficiency.
4. Creating workflows and dashboards: Solutions Architects create reports, dashboards, and workflows that help users quickly interpret data insights
The Core Functions of a Solutions Architect Data Analytics
A solutions architect is a key role in data analytics. They are responsible for developing and implementing data solutions across the organization. In this blog post, we’ll explore the core functions of a solutions architect and provide tips on how to become successful in this role.
The first step to becoming a successful solutions architect is understanding your organization’s data challenges. This includes understanding how your data is currently being used, how it can be improved, and what new technologies may be best suited for its storage and analysis. Once you have a good understanding of your data, you need to develop an effective strategy for using it. This includes creating or adapting data models, creating or implementing data analytics solutions, and implementing governance mechanisms to ensure that your data is safeguarded and used properly.
As a solutions architect, you will also need to be able to communicate your findings effectively. This means not only being able to convey the logic behind your analysis but also understanding the different ways that stakeholders will want to use your insights. You should also be able to respond quickly to changes in the environment so that you can continue to improve the efficacy of your data solutions.
If you want to become a successful solutions architect in data analytics, these are some key areas that
What Skills are Required for a Solutions Architect Data Analytics?
A solutions architect for data analytics should possess strong analytical skills, as well as be able to establish and track goals. Additionally, they should be able to collaborate with other team members to create a comprehensive plan for data analysis. Finally, the solutions architect should be able to identify and implement solutions that meet business goals.
developing data-driven analytic solutions
An architect’s key role in data analytics is to develop data-driven analytic solutions that support business goals. In this blog, we discuss some core functions of an architect in data analytics.
1. Understand the business problem: The first step in developing a solution to a business problem is understanding what the problem is. This requires understanding the company’s history, its current state, and its future prospects.
2. Define the data requirements: Next, the architect must define the data requirements for the solution. This includes identifying the types of data needed and the sources from which it can be obtained.
3. Design the analytic solution: Finally, the architect must design a solution that uses data to solve the business problem. This may involve using analytical models, statistical techniques, or machine learning algorithms.
managing and reporting on data analytics projects
Reporting is essential to any data analytics project. It allows you to track the progress of a project, identify and fix any issues, and provide updates to stakeholders. Reporting can be done in a variety of ways, but there are some basic functions that all reporting systems need.
A reporting system needs to:
1) Collect data from various sources and store it in a format that is easy to use.
2) Allow you to analyze the data and understand how it is related to each other.
3) Display the results of your analysis in a way that is easy to understand.
4) Allow you to export the data so that you can share it with others.
As the world becomes increasingly complex, it is more important than ever to have solutions architects who are skilled in data analytics. Core functions of a solution architect include understanding business needs and designing systems that meet those needs, while also keeping abreast of changes in technology and the industry. With this level of knowledge, a solution architect can help your business make informed decisions, keep up with competitors, and stay one step ahead. | <urn:uuid:30c6e2b1-5def-4ab7-931d-3438bf153d8f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://forbesnews247.com/solutions-architect-data-analytics-core-functions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00816.warc.gz | en | 0.940915 | 1,044 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The European Parliament in Strasbourg is currently the centre of what the EU calls an “unprecedented democratic exercise”. Over four weekends in September and October the Parliament is a meeting spot for 800 European citizens who have been randomly selected for the Citizens’ Panels of the Conference on the Future of Europe.
The task of the Citizens’ Panels is no less than to formulate recommendations on what the EU should do to tackle the most burning contemporary topics, including democracy.
The Conference on the Future of Europe is an EU reform process officially launched in May 2021 as an initiative shared and guided by the three European institutions: the Council, the Parliament, and the Commission.
The Conference on the Future of Europe has been particularly important to the Parliament. When the Commission President Ursula von der Leyen was elected – bypassing the parliamentary Spitzenkandidatur process – she made a conciliatory pledge to the Parliament to move forward with the Conference.
The tensions around and the weight given to the Conference are well reflected in the fact that there has been a lot of infighting between the three institutions, which delayed the process. The Parliament has involved its most heavy-weight political leaders in the process, as is well analysed in a chapter in our forthcoming edited book (Johansson and Raunio 2022).
The Citizens’ Panels were preceded by collecting everyone’s ideas and input through an open digital platform. A first interim report gathering this input was produced in August. Its findings are interesting. Most contributions (in proportion to inhabitants) had come from Malta, Luxembourg, Austria, and Belgium. A bit surprisingly, considering the lack of public debate in the country, fifth most contributions, 616 in total, had come from Finland. The least contributions (again in proportion to inhabitants) had come from Romania, Poland, and Estonia, but also some “old” member states like Italy, Spain, and Greece were at the bottom of the chart.
Men had participated in significantly greater numbers as compared to women. 63 percent of those who had declared their gender had said that they were men, whilst only 15 percent were women.
“Democracy” was the most commented upon topic.
This input through the platform formed a loose basis for the Citizen’s Panels.
Citizens’ Panels follow the principles of deliberative and participatory democracy. The 800 citizens have been randomly selected paying attention not just to member state representation but also gender, age, geography, socio-economic background, and education. In line with the theme “Future”, 30 percent of the citizens selected came from the 18-25 age group.
Experts’ input to the Citizen’s Panel on Democracy
It was a great privilege to be invited as one of the six experts to speak to the Citizens’ Panels in Strasbourg. The theme of the Citizen Panel 2 was European democracy, values, rights, rule of law, and security.
Overall, the expert talks covered key aspects of European democracy, including elections and participation in elections, as well as the rule of law and the possibilities for the EU to oversee it in member states.
However, there was also an emphasis on the need to talk about European democracy as a much broader question. The different perspectives on this in the experts’ talks could be summed up as a suggestion to pay attention to the practices of democratic decision-making and policy fields which have become particularly relevant for democracy.
A focus on practices meant that the contemporary problems with democracy do not necessarily relate to the formal powers and roles of EU institutions or their relations. Rather there is a need to focus on the practical ways of doing politics (often the informal side) and on the ways that politics is talked about.
When focusing on policies, several experts emphasised questions around digitalisation and artificial intelligence as central to democracy.
European values played an important role in these talks too, and my own speech dealt with equality. Much like the other values enshrined as basic EU values in the Article 2 TEU gender equality has not been fully obtained – with profound consequences for democracy.
According to the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), EU member states are 67.9 percent gender equal. In other words, they are 32 percent unequal. Gender inequalities have direct consequences for political, economic, social, and civil rights as important dimensions of inclusive citizenship.
In relation to democratic practices, a perspective on gender equality requires making democratic institutions, including EU ones, responsible for acting as gender equal actors.
In relation to policy fields, it is important to hold up the principle of gender mainstreaming: undertaking a gender impact assessment of all policy fields, including for example security or artificial intelligence.
All institutions need to be gender equal in their practical everyday workings and all policy making needs to be based on knowledge about the impact of policies on different genders. Only that way can the principle of gender equality be upheld as a fundamental EU value.
The genderedness of both democratic practices and policies of the EU are indeed at the heart of the EUGenDem project.
The Citizens’ Panels will make recommendations to a Conference Plenary, which, in turn, will forward proposals to the Conference Executive Board. The three institutions in charge of the process will then decide what to follow up and how to make the EU work better. Results can be expected next year.
The Conference on the Future of Europe will offer multiple opportunities to see democracy in action and to follow the fate and impact of gender equality.
Johanna Kantola is Professor of Gender Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University. She directs the European Research Council (ERC) funded research project EUGenDem.
Johansson, Karl Magnus and Tapio Raunio (2022) “Shaping the EU’s Future? Europarties, European Parliament’s Political Groups and the Conference on the Future of Europe” in Petra Ahrens, Anna Elomäki, and Johanna Kantola (eds.) European Parliament’s Political Groups in Turbulent Times (Palgrave Macmillan). Forthcoming. | <urn:uuid:52444130-33df-447a-8cbd-fa17b2f81c99> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://projects.tuni.fi/eugendem/blog/the-conference-on-the-future-of-europe-promoting-democracy-and-equality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.956229 | 1,274 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Dynamic Text and LaTeX
Static and dynamic text
To insert text, choose the Insert Text tool , then
click anywhere in the graphics view. If you want to show text displaying the value
of an object, click on the menu
Objects and pick an object. This object is shown inside a small box in the
edit area. When the value of the chosen object is changed, by dragging points, the displayed value in the text box is also
changed, the displayed text is dynamic.
LaTeX in GeoGebra
The most well-known way to write mathematics is to use LaTeX and TeX-syntax for formulas. LaTeX is used by GeoGebra and you don't have to know TeX-syntax in order to use it. Check the LaTeX-box and choose the formula you want to display, then exchange the default characters to the character you want in your text-box.
If you do know TeX-syntax however, you can just write it between the $-signs:
Regular text and LaTeX
When writing a mathematical formula i LaTeX, characters are written in italics and spaces are ignored. For that reason, checking the LaTeX-box may not give you the result you want.
When you want to mix regular text and formulas, the easiest way to do it is to enclose the text you want to format within $-signs.
Dynamic text and LaTeX
In order to demonstrate numerical equalities, you must sometimes write dynamic text inside formulas. In the
applet demonstrating Pythagoras' theorem on the previous page, dynamic numerical values are written inside a
LaTeX-formula. Thanks to the
Objects menu, it is easy to use dynamic text inside formulas.
Use the LaTeX-menu to make the formula,
then change the default characters to objects using the
Expressions of objects
On the previous page, the value of the sum of the squares of the smaller sides was stored in a variable v2. You don't have to store values in variables if you are showing them using dynamic text, the expressions can be entered directly in the text edit window, enter them inside a box containing object values, as in the picture below.
by Malin Christersson under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Sweden License | <urn:uuid:fa69606d-b9fc-4e36-9335-e902606bf225> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.malinc.se/math/geogebra/dynamictextandlatexen.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812247.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218173208-20180218193208-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.811184 | 487 | 3.34375 | 3 |
What is An IP Address:
An Internet Protocol Address (IP address) is a numerical protocol separated by dots that is assigned to a computer network for client and server communication.
Functions Of An IP Address:
An IP address serves these main functions:
1. Network Interface Identification
2. Location Of Computer Addressing.
3. File sharing: is a process of transferring information from one computer to another.
4. User communication: with use of network its allow the users to communicate with each other by E-mail or other way of communication.
5. Distance: with the use of these network we can be able to communicate with another person no matter how far he is.
6. Cost: it is very cheaper than using transportation in other to deliver an information.
7. Time: its takes a less time to deliver an information no matter how far the receiver is.
Types Of IP Address:
IPV4 and IPV6
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
defines an IP address as a 32-bit number internet protocol addressing system and because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6) was introduced.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
is internet protocol addressing system which uses 128 bits for its addressing. It was standardized in 1998. The IPv6 deployment and usage has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 192.0.0.1 in the case of IPv4, and 2001:db9:0:1234:0:567:7:1 in the case IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g., 192.0.2.1/64, which is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
The IP address space
is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five regional Internet registries (RIRs) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to local Internet registries, such as Internet service providers (ISPs), and other end users. IPv4 addresses were distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each, but have been exhausted at the IANA level since 2011. Only one of the RIRs still has a supply for local assignments in Africa. Some IPv4 addresses are reserved for private networks and are not globally unique.
assign an IP address to each device connected to a network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on network practices and software features.
US Address Generator is a Web App or Web Software for generating Real US Addresses, Random US Address and Fake US Addresses. It offers an interface for easy selection of US States and the display of addresses with copy and shuffle tool for ease of use.
US Address Generator |
USA Address Generator |
Random Address Generator |
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For Enquiries, Advertisements and Guest Posting: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:8c9aad58-7a5a-4899-907b-394251873a0e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://usaddressgenerator.com/usipaddresses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00899.warc.gz | en | 0.89642 | 747 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Fortinet is a California-based company that has been offering security software and services for over a decade. Their solutions include filters and firewalls that allow companies and educational institutions to control the way in which their employees and students use internet. The FortiGuard web filtering service allows system administrators to block content on their network. It is a practical solution to avoid access to malicious websites, but it covers a wide selection of categories to give admins greater control over what can be accessed. Fortinet is trusted by many businesses and organizations, including schools, hospitals, universities and technology companies.
From a college or workplace perspective, it is crucial to ensure that their network runs smoothly and that is not exposed to possible threats. In order to achieve this, they may prevent you from accessing certain websites and services when you connect to their WiFi. Additionally, they also want to put a stop to any distractions that could affect your productivity at work or your focus on your studies. This is why popular websites and applications like Facebook, YouTube, Spotify and BitTorrent clients are usually affected by the firewalls in place. While the implementation of a firewall and other blocking tools helps to enhance the security of a network, it also limits its usability.
Although it is understandable that your employer or school take measures to safeguard their network and ensure that you remain focused on your tasks, dealing with Fortinet filter/firewall can also be frustrating for users. In some cases, the filtering rules (which are taken from a global list of data) may even affect websites that you need for work or for your studies. Plus, the truth is that not everything can be work and going to classes.
Many of us would like to have the chance to relax for a while and watch YouTube videos in or catch up with friends on Facebook, at least during our break. This is why you are probably wondering how to bypass Fortinet at work/school. One simple solution would be to use your own cellular data to connect to internet. However, this is not always an available alternative. In order to bypass Fortinet’s restrictions, a VPN could be an effective option.
VPNs for Fortinet
Apart from stopping you from getting access to content, it is important to keep in mind that Fortinet also gives system administrators the possibility to monitor users’online activity. A VPN will not only allow you to unblock websites and your favorites services, but will also keep your privacy protected as it encrypts your connection. The VPN services in our list offer high technology that could help you to bypass Fortinet.
Just keep in mind that you may need to adjust some settings/opt for certain functions supported by the VPN provider in order to disguise VPN traffic, as it may also be blocked by Fortinet. Additionally, it is worth remembering that if your school or workplace has implemented Fortinet, circumventing it may be considered against their rules and could land you into trouble. As such, if you opt for a VPN (or other technology) to bypass Fortinet at work or school, use it at your own discretion.
ExpressVPN allows you to enjoy an incredibly fast service and thanks to its highly skilled, 24/7 customer support, you will always get assistance when needed. ExpressVPN is also known for high quality software and it includes smart DNS as part of its service. They have stealth servers to bypass firewalls and to ensure that your data remains secure, they apply a high level of encryption. No activity logs are kept and there are servers available in 87 countries.
Surfshark promises to help users to access online content from anywhere, in a secure, worry-free way and it delivers on this promise. Thanks to fast performance, powerful unblocking capacity and reliability of the service, you will be able to overcome the restrictions imposed by Fortinet. Surfshark has more than 800 servers in its network and it doesn’t keep logs of your activities. You can enjoy online freedom and security, for an affordable price.
NordVPN operates from Panama and it is another VPN service known for supporting advanced features and offering high protection for your privacy. They don’t keep any logs and secure your online data with a high grade encryption. To further enhance your security, you can opt for features like double encryption and Tor over VPN. They allow P2P in their network and their technical support is excellent.
IVPN stands out for offering an excellent client that allows you to secure your traffic and disguise your identity. In terms of security and privacy, IVPN is a fantastic choice because it offers strong encryption and there are no logs kept at all. You can adjust the connection settings in order to bypass firewalls and practical technology for this purpose such as obfsproxy is available. IVPN also offers a large selection of alternate ports including TCP/443.
VyprVPN is part of the Golden Frog internet consortium and the provider manages its entire network, which allows it to provide a greater level of security and speed. They offer free smart DNS service and their exclusive stealth solution “Chameleon” is ideal for bypassing strict firewalls. VyprVPN doesn’t keep logs of your online activities and it also uses UDP ports for advanced functionality.
CyberGhost is also effective when it comes to overcoming the filters and blocks implemented by Fortinet’s technology. CyberGhost has more than 3700 servers in nearly 60 countries. CyberGhost doesn’t keep logs and its software is easy to use and it is compatible with several platforms. You will be able to enjoy a high standard of protection for your data, as well as fast performance to get around blocks.
Private Internet Access
Private Internet Access may grab your attention at first, due to its affordability. However, it is its reliability, high encryption and advanced features what has allowed it to remain popular. PIA is one of the most trusted providers in the VPN industry thanks to its amazing performance and effective unblocking capabilities. You will be able to bypass restrictions and enjoy the content that you want, no matter where you are. | <urn:uuid:2263a0a5-a184-4c3a-9151-f50980b22f19> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://vpnpick.com/best-vpn-bypass-fortinet-fortiguard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107863364.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201019145901-20201019175901-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.963972 | 1,236 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Asian Tree Toad genus Pedostibes, as currently understood, exhibits a conspicuously disjunct distribution, posing several immediate questions relating to the biogeography and taxonomy of this poorly known group. The type species, Pedostibes tuberculosus and P. kempi, are known only from India, whereas P. hosii, P. rugosus, and P. everetti are restricted to Southeast Asia. Several studies have shown that these allopatric groups are polyphyletic, with the Indian Pedostibes embedded within a primarily South Asian clade of toads, containing the genera Adenomus, Xanthophryne, and Duttaphrynus. Southeast Asian Pedostibes on the other hand, are nested within a Southeast Asian clade, which is the sister lineage to the Southeast Asian river toad genus Phrynoidis. We demonstrate that Indian and Southeast Asian Pedostibes are not only allopatric and polyphyletic, but also exhibit significant differences in morphology and reproductive mode, indicating that the Southeast Asian species’ are not congeneric with the true Pedostibes of India. As a taxonomic solution, we describe a new genus, Rentapia gen. nov. to accommodate the Southeast Asian species.
|Fig 1. Map showing distribution of species of Pedostibes and Rentapia gen. nov.|
Both ML and Bayesian phylogenies recovered similar topologies, with the ML tree providing better resolution at deeper nodes. Pedostibes tuberculosus was recovered as part of a primarily South Asian monophyletic clade, where it forms a sister lineage relationship to the clade that contains the genera Adenomus, Xanthophryne, and Duttaphrynus (Pedostibes + (Adenomus + (Xanthophryne + Duttaphrynus))). Males from this clade tend to be small in size with the exception of the genus Duttaphrynus. Southeast Asian ‘Pedostibes’ were reciprocally monophyletic with the genus Phrynoidis and represent a clade that exhibits the largest body size among all South and Southeast Asian toads (Fig 4; S2 Table). Uncorrected p-distances calculated from the mitochondrial alignment demonstrate that Southeast Asian ‘Pedostibes’ are 13–14% divergent from P. tuberculosus and 12–13% divergent from the genus Phrynoidis. These levels of divergences are consistent with other generic level divergences among South Asian, and Southeast Asian bufonids (Fig 5; S3 Table).
|Fig 4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny showing the polyphyletic relationship of Pedostibes and the proposed new genus among the South & Southeast Asian Bufonids.|
Distribution, morphological, natural history, phylogenetic relationships and genetic divergences and genetic data do not support the current taxonomy that unites South Asian and Southeast Asian tree toads under the common genus Pedostibes. Because the Indian species P. tuberculosus has priority as the type species, we propose that the Southeast Asian lineages (‘P’. hosii, and ‘P’. rugosus) be recognized as a separate genus. One remaining, unresolved issue concerns the generic status of P. kempi and ‘P.’ everetti. Pedostibes kempi has not been collected since its original description and no modern specimens or genetic samples are available for study. ‘Pedostibes’ everetti is phenotypically similar to ‘P’. rugosus and the only discrete morphological character differentiating ‘P’. everetti from ‘P’ rugosus is the absence (vs. presence) of a tarsal ridge. Furthermore, ‘P’. everetti is only known from one juvenile specimen. Based on these limited data, the taxonomic status of these species remains uncertain and additional data will be required to resolve their taxonomic placement. Thus, based on distribution, we tentatively assign P. kempi to the genus Pedostibes and ‘P.’ everetti to the new genus named below, with the caveat that these relationships may need to be re-evaluated when additional data become available. Because the earliest species description of the Southeast Asian group is ‘P.’ hosii, and its only generic synonym, Nectophryne is occupied by a distinct African tree toad lineage, we define and diagnose a new genus for the Southeast Asian clade as follows:
Description of New Genus
Rentapia gen. nov.
Type species: Nectophryne hosii Boulenger, 1892; Holotype: BMNH 184.108.40.206
Diagnosis: Large-bodied toads with a movable coccyx, eight pre-sacral vertebrae, a complete quadratojugal, and small, pigmented ova laid as strings. Interorbital cranial crests absent. Parotoid glands large, distinct; oval, circular or triangular in dorsal view. Fingers webbed at base, tips expanded into flat discs. Feet fully webbed on all toes except fourth. Nuptial pads present in males. Adults are primarily arboreal and inhabit riparian vegetation around small- to moderately-sized forest streams.
Phylogenetic definition: Rentapia is a node-based name that refers to the clade originating from the most recent common ancestor of ‘Pedostibes’ (Rentapia) hosii and ‘P.’ rugosus (Fig 4).
Content: The allopatric species of Pedostibes of Southeast Asia from the Isthmus of Kra, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo: Rentapia hosii and R. rugosus. We also tentatively place ‘P.’ everetti in Rentapia because of its close geographic proximity with the two Southeast Asian taxa, as well as the character state similarities it shares with R. rugosus (webbed hands and feet, finger and toe tips dilated into truncate disks, movable coccyx, eight pre-sacral vertebrae, complete quadratojugal).
Etymology: The Iban are a subgroup of the indigenous peoples of Borneo (collectively known as the Dayaks) and form the main ethnic group in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. The generic epithet is selected to honor the legendary Iban warrior Libau Rentap, a great war chief, freedom fighter, and Malaysian national hero. Renowned for headhunting, the Iban were subjugated in Sarawak by the White Rajahs (English monarchy), who sought to confiscate land and impose taxes. Libau Rentap rose against the first of the White Rajahs, James Brooke, initiating a rebellion that eventually returned power to the people of Sarawak. The rule of the White Rajahs lasted from 1841 to 1946.
Pedostibes is small in size and deposits medium-sized clutches of eggs that are laid as films. The combination of these traits differentiates it from Rentapia gen. nov., which is diagnosed by its larger body size and an oviposition mode characterized by a large clutch of eggs laid as strings. Given that individual egg sizes in both genera are comparatively similar, this agrees with past studies that show a close correlation of clutch size to female body size. There are also differences in sexually dimorphic traits. Both male and female Pedostibes have the same color pattern, whereas Rentapia hosii females are vividly colored with bright markings, as compared to the duller, uniformly colored males (Fig 6A–6C). However, this color dimorphism has so far been observed only in R. hosii and we do not have evidence for either R. rugosus or R. everetti having such color dimorphism.
The most widespread Rentapia, R. hosii exhibits marked geographically based variation in female color pattern at different localities across its known distribution. Our analyses inferred a strongly supported genetic split between R. hosii populations from Peninsular Malaysia and those from Borneo. Additionally, females from these populations are phenotypically distinct. Females from Peninsular Malaysia are light green (dark gray when handled or stressed) with large, sparse, irregular yellow spots (Fig 6A–6C), whereas females from Borneo are purplish with yellow vermiculation or uniformly brown. Furthermore, a population from Danum Valley, Sabah, exhibits a phenotype that is distinct from populations from Peninsular Malaysia and the rest of Borneo. Females from Danum Valley have more dense dorsal vermiculations and broad, light-colored marbling on the flanks and posterior region of the thigh. The venter shows faint but distinct marbling whereas the venters of the former two populations are immaculate. However, the genetic divergences between Peninsular Malaysian and Bornean populations are low (2.6%) and more data are required to determine whether these populations represent distinct species.
Since several recent studies have shown Pedostibes sensu lato to be a non-monophyletic genus within the family Bufonidae, suggested uniting Rentapia with its sister genus, the terrestrial river toad Phrynoidis, as a taxonomic solution. Although this suggestion would resolve the issue of monophyly, we find the recognition of the new genus to be a preferable solution based on several lines of reasoning. First, Rentapia and Phrynoidis exhibit striking morphological differences: Rentapia has expanded and flat finger discs (dilated into keratinized, bulbous tips in Phrynoidis); is considerably smaller in size (female Phrynoidis range from 120 mm to more than 200 mm SVL); lacks supernumerary palmar tubercles (present in Phrynoidis); possesses basal interphalangeal finger webbing (webbing absent in Phrynoidis); and the oral disk of Rentapia tadpoles is half the maximum width of the body (extends the entire width of the body in Phrynoidis). Striking ecological differences are equally apparent. Rentapia is an arboreal habitat specialist, whereas Phrynoidis are terrestrial riparian habitat generalists, that oviposits enormous clutches with an average size of 12,792 eggs per clutch; Finally, we note that genetic divergences of >12.0% (Fig 5) is consistent with other inter-generic divergences within Bufonidae, suggesting that our proposition is not discordant with other, accepted taxonomic arrangements. Although merging Rentapia and Phrynoidis would remedy the polyphyly of Pedostibes sensu lato, the preponderance of differences in morphology, reproductive characteristics, ecology, and molecular characters is best acknowledged by considering these two lineages as separate genera.
Kin Onn Chan, L. Lee Grismer, Anil Zachariah, Rafe M. Brown and Robin Kurian Abraham. 2016. Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae), and the Description of A New Genus from Southeast Asia.
PLOS ONE 11(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145903
PLOS ONE 11(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145903 | <urn:uuid:af213d71-d06b-4122-b780-f05fabdddf7f> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2016/01/rentapia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861980.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619060647-20180619080647-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.88801 | 2,472 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What I find amazing to this day is how the brain can deal with something which you think should not be compatible with life. ~ American pediatric brain defect specialist Max Muenke
Many people live normal lives missing major portions of their brains. Brain scientists have no explanation for how that is possible.
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A 48-year-old French civil servant living a normal life went to the hospital for weakness in his left leg. Doctors found that 50–75% of his brain was missing; an outcome of hydrocephalus (water on the brain).
The whole brain was reduced – frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes – on both left and right sides. These regions control motion, sensibility, language, vision, audition, and emotional, and cognitive functions. ~ French neurologist Lionel Feuillet
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A 24-year-old Chinese woman sought medical attention for nausea and dizziness. Doctors discovered that she had no cerebellum.
The cerebellum ostensibly coordinates muscle activity and maintains bodily balance. Physical dexterity is a product of cerebellum activity.
The woman was treated to reduce water pressure building up in her brain. She went on living a normal life, though she has always had difficulties with pronunciation.
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Falls and/or loss of balance are relatively common in the elderly. An 84-year-old man had been feeling unsteady over several months and had recurrent falls over several weeks. There was no confusion, visual or speech disturbance, and he was feeling otherwise well. ~ Irish physician Finlay Brown & Indian elderly care physician Djamil Vahidassr
Brain scans revealed that the unsteady 84-year-old had “a large air cavity in the right frontal lobe” of his brain: 9 cm at the longest, and 7 cm deep. The doctors guessed that the condition had progressed for some time, with respiratory exertions – sneezing and coughing – contributing to the growing air pocket.
We were very perplexed by the images we saw! ~ Finlay Brown
The doctors who examined the elderly man could not understand how he could manage so well with so much of his brain missing. As it turned out, the hospitalized patient was diagnosed, declined any treatment, and went back home, knowing to be extra careful.
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Hemispherectomy – removing half the brain – has been done hundreds of times since 1923 to stop chronic seizures.
These disorders are often progressive and damage the rest of the brain if not treated. Hemispherectomy is something that one only does when the alternatives are worse. ~ American neurosurgeon Gary Mathern
The surgery is often successful. 86% of 111 children in one study were seizure free or had nondisabling seizures that did not require medication. Children that underwent hemispherectomies typically had improved academic performance.
The younger a person is when they undergo hemispherectomy, the less disability you have in talking. Where on the right side of the brain speech is transferred to and what it displaces is something nobody has really worked out. ~ American neurologist John Freeman
If brain mass was critical to intelligence, hemispherectomies would not have been successful at all.
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American Michelle Mack had cognitive developmental problems, attributed to a pre-birth stroke. She has trouble controlling her emotions, but otherwise lives a normal life.
Michelle has fairly normal language abilities, certainly basic language abilities, she can construct a sentence, she can understand instructions, she can find words when she’s talking, but she has some trouble in some aspects of visual-spatial processing. ~ American neurobiologist Jordan Grafman
Mack is missing much of her brain.
There are some very deep structures remaining, but the surface of her brain – the cortex – is 95% gone and some of the deeper structures that control movement are missing. These are all structures that are important for movement, behavior, and cognition. ~ Jordan Grafman
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We tend to think of brain damage as a loss of function. But we also have to think about it in terms of gaining functions that were inhibited by certain brain areas before. The human brain is like a very, very big delta: if there is a dam on a major route, then water will flow along the minor routes, and those minor routes will become wider and more functional. ~ Dutch cognitive neurobiologist Beatrice de Gelder, whose apt analogy obscures that there is no physiological explanation for how functional reorganization of the brain is possible | <urn:uuid:c0f4da1d-de0b-4461-aa10-046d55415c81> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://ishinobu.com/8s16-1-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648465.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602072202-20230602102202-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.973344 | 957 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Researchers have mapped a cell mechanism that plays a key role in age-related bone loss. they suggest that the results not only shed light on the biology of osteoporosis but should Besides help to develop new drugs to treat the disease.
In the journal PNAS, scientists from both the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Zhejiang University in China explain how a protein called Cbf-beta is necessary for controlling the rate at which new bone cells replace old ones.
== >> Refer: http://radiologyebook.net/
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become weak & brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. Bone is a living tissue that is constantly regenerating, & the Body maintains a balance – called homeostasis – between the creation of new bone cells and the removal of old cells.
As You age, the rate at which new bone replaces old or damaged bone slows down and bone density gradually diminishes. But if this rate slows too much, it can lead to osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a big global health problem and is sure common in women than in men. Estimates suggest that Surround 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 experience bone fractures due to osteoporosis.
In women over the age of 45, the disease accounts for Definitely more days spent in hospital than diabetes, heart attack, radiologyebook.net/video-medical And breast cancer.
In the United States, low bone mass And osteoporosis are thought to affect over 50% (55 percent) of people aged 50 and older.
Progenitor cells are immature cells that stand in reserve until They receive genetic instructions from transcription factors that tell them which type of cell to become. In the case of bone tissue, the progenitor cells are bone marrow "mesenchymal stem cells."
Depending on the instructions They receive, the mesenchymal stem cells can mature into: bone-producing cells called osteoblasts; cartilage-producing cells, or chondrocytes; & adipocytes, or obesity cells.
Until today, it was not clear what was controlling the direction of maturity of the progenitor cells so as to maintain the delicate equilibrium or homeostasis of bone formation.
when they investigated the transcription factors controlling the direction of maturity, the team found that a protein called core-binding factor subunit beta (Cbf-beta) was vital for switching destinations between bone-producing cell And obesity cell.
To undertake the study, the team engineered three groups of mice by deleting Cbf-beta at three different stages in the maturation of the progenitor cells.
Cbf-beta plays key role
The team found that all three groups of mice developed severe osteoporosis and accumulated fats cells in their bone marrow. The pattern was similar to that seen in age-related bone loss.
us Besides found increased Expression of fat cell genes in the progenitor cells – that is, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells – And bone cells of the skulls of mice lacking Cbf-beta.
Further investigation showed that When Cbf-beta activates a signal Inside inside a type of cell known as Wnt10b/beta-catenin, it blocks Expression of the gene that directs the progenitor cells to mature into fat cells. In other words, it inhibits the "adipogenesis regulatory gene."
The team Apparently found that Cbf-beta drives progenitor cells to become bone-producing cells through another type of Wnt signal sent to nearby cells: the "Wnt paracrine pathway."
The researchers hope that their mapping will upgrade understanding of the role that Cbf-beta plays in maintaining bone, especially as You age.
Source: General online | <urn:uuid:4c2544ae-8edd-4943-ada3-510e24600ad1> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://duhocsinhgioi.edu.vn/osteoporosis-biology-behind-age-related-bone-loss-revealed-they-suggest-that-the-results-not-only-shed-light-on-the-biology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891277.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122093724-20180122113724-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.928007 | 781 | 3.375 | 3 |
The ERDA surface science research program for controlled thermonuclear fusion is closely coordinated with the general schedule for fusion power development, including the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) in 1980, an Experimental Power Reactor (EPR) in 1985, and a Demonstration Plant (DEMO) in 1998. Consistent with this schedule, the program is based on the following objectives:
(1) To treat surface effects from the standpoints of plasma contamination, wall erosion, and device efficiency.
(2) To contribute to the solution of problems in confinement experiments over the near term while developing the data base for dealing with possibly more severe problems in reactors.
(3) To view surfaces as part of a completely integrated system consisting of the plasma and its perimeter, the external blanket, subsystems for vacuum pumping, fueling and ash removal, and possibly bumpers or divertors.
(4) To screen a number of materials to identify those that merit long‐range development.
(5) To provide for correlation of experimental results by including a wide variety of experimental techniques in the program.
(6) To couple experimental observations with strong theoretical support seeking fundamental understanding of surface processes as they relate to CTR, rather than an exhaustive cataloging of data.
With these general guidelines, surface work is carried out on the following individual processes:
(1) Desorption by (a) photons, (b) electrons, (c) ions and neutrals, and (d) thermally.
(2) Sputtering by (a) hydrogen ions, (b) residual gas ions (O+, N+, etc.), (c) helium, (d) metallic ions (self‐sputtering), and (e) neutrons.
(3) Hydrogen–wall interaction by (a) absorption, (b) diffusion, (c) surface migration, and (d) reflection.
(4) Blistering, flaking, and surface erosion by (a) incident hydrogen and (b) helium from the DT reaction, (n, α) reactions, and tritium decay.
(5) Chemical reactions involving (a) hydrogen and carbon, (b) residual contaminants, (c) carbon and metals (NbC), and (d) decomposition, principally of insulators.
(6) Electron emission.
Studies of two of these processes occurring at one time are now beginning and will be extended to studies investigating the synergistic effects of three or more processes. These studies are designed to simulate the effects of a burning DT plasma since the latter will not be available for several years. | <urn:uuid:a1fcdf1a-8494-45cf-9e76-5150b467204b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://pubs.aip.org/avs/jvst/article-abstract/13/1/419/105833/Abstract-Surface-research-for-controlled?redirectedFrom=fulltext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.895293 | 538 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What Are Uterine Fibroids?
A uterine fibroid (leiomyoma) is a specific type of tumor that occurs in the muscle cells of the uterus, a condition affecting approximately 20 to 40 percent of premenopausal women. However, only 5 to 10 percent of premenopausal women actually develop symptoms due to fibroids.
These growths do not spread to other regions of the body, as with other tumors, and are typically not dangerous. Symptoms caused by uterine fibroids include uterine pressure or pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal enlargement, pain with intercourse, constipation, and frequent urination. Women are at increased risk for developing fibroids if they are overweight, African-American, over the age of 40, have high blood pressure, have had no children, and have first-degree relatives with fibroids.
Because most women will not exhibit every potential symptom, diagnosis is usually confirmed by using imaging of the pelvis, with transvaginal ultrasound or MRI.
Uterine fibroid embolization avoids surgery, preserves the uterus, controls symptoms and improves quality of life. Learn more.
Minimally Invasive Treatment For Fibroid
To treat uterine fibroids, interventional radiologists can deliver minimally invasive treatments for fibroid with less risk, less pain and less recovery time than traditional surgery.
Uterine Fibroid Embolization
Fibroids require a blood supply (for oxygen and nutrients) to continue to grow. Without it, some or all of the tumor will die. To treat the uterine fibroids, an interventional radiologist performs a treatment called uterine fibroid embolization, or UFE. With UFE, the interventional radiologist can access the blood vessel carrying nutrients to the tumor through a small incision in the groin.
A catheter, or small tube, is placed inside the femoral artery and is guided to the fibroid’s blood supply. Once the catheter is in the proper position, the interventional radiologist releases small particles at the targeted location to block the small vessels and deprive the fibroid of nutrients, resulting in the fibroid shrinking in size. Approximately nine out of 10 patients who undergo uterine fibroid embolization will experience significant improvement, or their symptoms will go away completely. | <urn:uuid:966b8f75-1d1f-420f-bbd6-6373d88d1f8c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.drzadeclinic.in/uterine-fibroid-specialist-in-pune/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874340.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020221156-20201021011156-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.932511 | 482 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Solar Power: The Leading Source of Energy of the Next Era
More and more American businesses and residents are realizing the need and advantages of solar energy. As a sustainable power source, solar power is becoming increasingly popular for those seeking clean energy for daily consumption. It is also becoming an incredibly important source of energy for the near future.
Solar panels installation already are on the rise and are helping millions across the nation save money. These low-maintenance, high-reliability systems ensure that homeowners and businesses need not to worry about system failures or weather-related damage. Currently, businesses and homeowners with solar panels can receive a federal tax break for the cost of installation. Solar power is typically less expensive than power from the utility company and is projected to cost half as much as traditional fossil fuel sources within the next decade. There are also some states in the U.S. that are initiating programs built to drive investment in the local clean energy economy.
In Maryland, a new statewide pilot program has been enacted. The three-year initiative aims to add over 200 MW of solar power to the community. It also will allow smaller and rural areas to use existing solar facilities while encouraging construction of new systems in the urban and suburban areas of Maryland. Participants in the state do not need to own the solar panels but will have the right to share the production of electricity from solar.
A leader in the next wave of clean energy, solar has many advantages for businesses of all sizes. Because they require a flat surface that is easy to acquire, the placement of solar panels does not cause chaos or an eyesore to rural landscapes or city views. On farms, panels can be installed on the roof of sheds, barns and livestock buildings. Businesses can equip their roofs and even parking lots with solar photovoltaic canopies, which add shade for parked cars on sunny days. | <urn:uuid:29625f2c-3eb4-4487-b576-20b4f80afbe6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | http://greenstreetsolar.com/blog/solar-power-leading-source-energy-next-era | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487613453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614201339-20210614231339-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.96073 | 377 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A curious library caretaker in the Bavarian city of Passau has discovered a treasure trove of ancient silver coins and medals that went overlooked for more than two centuries. The surprise find is reportedly worth as much as six figures.
Janitor Tanja Höls had often passed by an unassuming wooden box stowed away in an archive in Passau's historic state library, but it wasn't until about two weeks ago that curiosity got the best of her and she was decided take a look inside.
What she found were dozens of coins, most of them made of silver. "I had no idea that I'd found a treasure," the 43-year-old told the German news agency DAPD on Wednesday. But when she told the head of the library in the Bavarian city what she had seen, he soon realized their value.
"This find is a real bonanza," Markus Wennerhold said, adding that it happened to coincide with preparations for the library's 400th anniversary.
The library believes that the collection of 172 well-preserved coins likely belonged to Passau's prince-bishops. Wennerhold suspects that they were hidden there around 1803 during Germany's secularization, when such church assets were transferred to the state. They may have wanted to keep them out of the hands of tax officials.
Old Furniture and a Stuffed Crocodile
Dating back from the years between the Roman Empire and Napoleon's rule, initial Internet research has revealed that the coins are worth a "low six-figure sum," Wennerhold said. Experts must now determine their exact value. The most valuable pieces will likely turn out to be decorative medals from the Baroque era, Wennerhold estimated.
The coins were probably forgotten because their value was underestimated by past library workers, Wennerhold told DAPD. "None of the current workers here knew that these coins existed," he said.
Library janitor Höls said she frequently goes to the fourth-floor archive -- where old furniture and even a stuffed crocodile are also stored -- in order to retrieve books for library patrons. The wooden box containing the coins was even periodically dusted by library employees without an inkling as to what was inside, Wennerhold said.
This week the Passau state library plans to release photos of each coin on its homepage. Next year they will be put on display as part of the library's anniversary celebration. Founded in 1612 as part of a Jesuit college, the library claims to be home to one of the oldest book collections in Germany.
-- kla, with wires | <urn:uuid:f85e24d8-c8b7-4ff5-be68-a0c62210b972> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://abcnews.go.com/International/forgotten-treasure-library-janitor-discovers-silver-coin-cache/story?id=15106768 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737942301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221902-00014-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981511 | 531 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Some schools are definitely more concerned about saving the environment than others. If you are an environmentally-conscious individual and you are planning to attend college in the near future, it can be beneficial to you to pursue a school that is environmentally aware and that commits to helping reduce their own carbon footprint while researching ways other consumers and businesses can do the same. If you would like to learn about the ways that eco-friendly colleges are helping students go green while they get a formal education, read on.
Colleges With Sustainable Campuses
One way that a college shows that they are environmentally aware is by designing an environmentally-focused campus or by adopting changes that increase sustainability. Pollution and waste are becoming some of society’s most important issues, and colleges what have more sustainable campuses than others are doing so to cut costs, reduce emissions and also to change the way that future business people of the world think.
There are a variety of ways that sustainability can become a focus for people who spend a majority of their college career on campus. Many schools have started to make changes by ordering only local food for the cafeteria, adopting solar technologies to reduce fossil fuel consumption, and by growing their own agriculture on campus or raising their own farm animals.
Sustainability issues arise when there are large student populations. Some schools have decided that being environmentally conscious is more important than admitting students that will fill classrooms. Other colleges have activities that are sustainability focused so that students can make a difference and recommend possible changes.
Colleges that Have Earned Awards on their Design
One way to find a school that is very committed to going green is to refer to the list of colleges that have received the Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design certification. The LEED Platinum Certification is the highest rating a building can receive and shows that the building’s green design, construction, maintenance and operations are best-in-class.
Colleges with Green Programs
A college can go green to save money or even to reduce their tax obligations, but you may be more interested in a school that teaches you have to be green-minded or how to find a career in a related field. Many colleges realize that environmental issues are at the forefront of social issues that are discussed today at a personal and a corporate level. There are many schools that offer majors in environmental studies, sustainability, environmental policy, geosciences, and ecological restoration. It is up to you to determine if your passion for these issues will drive you enough to pursue a career in an eco-friendly field.
While some schools are much more focused on profits or reducing budgets than they are with implementing sustainable changes, there are colleges that are becoming more environmentally aware. By making an effort to reduce waste and finding ways to reduce dependence on fuel, colleges can make a change by getting as close to carbon-neutral as possible. Find a school as concerned about the environment as you and you will be able to pursue your passion. | <urn:uuid:b9d75909-e0c0-42d5-aaa9-568f4aadbeab> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.bestchoiceschools.com/faq/are-some-colleges-more-environmentally-aware-than-others/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986684425.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018181458-20191018204958-00502.warc.gz | en | 0.976825 | 597 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The BC Ministry of Environment retained Associated Environmental to review the province’s ambient groundwater quality sampling network. The goal was to critically review groundwater quality monitoring studies that are being conducted, compare to those in other jurisdictions, and develop recommendations for future monitoring programs. Tasks included interviewing Ministry hydrogeologists and groundwater protection officers in five regional offices, and creating a database of published ambient groundwater reports that date back to 1985.
Based on the findings, we recommended that the Province do the following:
- Continue trend monitoring using the established observation well network
- Continue surveillance monitoring as needed, depending on critical local water quality issues
- Conduct a comprehensive re-analysis of groundwater quality in specific aquifers (the most recent reviews are nearly 40 years old)
- Consider working jointly with the BC Ministry of Health on groundwater studies related to potential health impacts, and develop coordinated sampling programs
- Create a user-friendly, publicly accessible, GIS-based system that includes well locations and all groundwater data | <urn:uuid:e7ee0481-12d9-49c5-a0f5-0f124913aa99> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ae.ca/projects/details/ambient-groundwater-quality-program-review | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497309.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330212722-20200331002722-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.928575 | 200 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Overview: This is an advanced seminar course on AI-enabled robotics. The key question we will look at is how to build generalist robots that constantly learn, act and improve through natural interactions with the environment. We will study how robots perceive and model the complex world, make plans and decisions, and robustly adapt to various environmental conditions. Students will read, present and discuss the latest research on robot learning which involve areas in robot perception, manipulation, navigation, motion and task planning, robot and sensor design, and multi-robot systems. Throughout this course, students will also conduct a research-level project on robot learning topics.
This course is designed for graduate students and ambitious undergraduate students. If you are unclear whether you meet the prerequisites, please consult the instructor in advance. Undergraduate students must obtain explicit approval from the instructor.
Familiarity with calculus, statistics, and linear algebra.
Practical experience in computer programming. Proficiency in Python is required.
Coursework or equivalent experience in basic machine learning, computer vision and robotics. | <urn:uuid:d639e07b-14fe-41fb-91eb-ade73ca18e06> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://generalroboticslab.com/RobotLearningFall2022/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506028.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230921141907-20230921171907-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.916727 | 216 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee have demonstrated a wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging system that transfers 120 kW of power with a 97% efficiency – comparable to conventional, wired, high-power fast chargers. The laboratory demonstration transferred power across a six-inch air gap between two magnetic coils and charged a battery pack. The lab’s initial work in 2016 introduced the first 20-kW wireless charging system.
The team created a new coil design co-optimized with the latest silicon carbide power electronic devices for a lightweight, compact system, as they believed it “important to maintain the same or smaller footprint as the previous demonstration” in order to encourage commercial adoption.
“We used finite element and circuit analyses to develop a novel co-optimization methodology, solving the issues of coil design while ensuring the system doesn’t heat up or pose any safety issues, and that any loss of power during the transfer is minimal,” Veda Galigekere, project lead at ORNL’s Power Electronics and Electric Machinery Group said.
The research is considered to be a leap forward in the DOE’s “extreme” fast-charging goal to develop a system that delivers between 350 kW and 400 kW, while reducing charging time for EVs to 15 minutes or less. Along with seeking to increase the power transfer level to 200 kW and eventually 350 kW, the laboratory is also refining dynamic wireless charging technology, which would allow EVs to automatically charge using wireless charging pads installed under roadways.
“The goal is dynamic charging at highway speeds,” Galigekere said. | <urn:uuid:b3269feb-478a-421e-b390-f26e3f0c2c9d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://defensetechconnect.com/2019/03/07/doe-researchers-create-new-coil-design-for-ev-charging-leap-toward-fast-charging-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652959.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606150510-20230606180510-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.921525 | 356 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Introduction: What is self-efficacy and how might it relate to cardiovascular health?
Self-efficacy refers to the confidence in one's ability to behave in such a way as to produce a desirable outcome (Bandura, 1977). Self-efficacy makes a difference in how people feel, think, and act. In terms of feeling, a low sense of self-efficacy for a particular situation is positively related to depression and anxiety. High self-efficacy for a specific situation allows one to deal better with uncertainty, distress, and conflict. In terms of thinking, the strong sense of competence resulting from high self-efficacy facilitates enhanced cognitive processes and academic performance. Finally, in terms of action, self-related cognitions are a major ingredient of the motivation process. Self-efficacy levels can enhance or impede motivation. People with high self-efficacy in a particular domain of human functioning choose to perform more challenging tasks. They set higher goals and stick to them. Actions are preshaped in thought, and people anticipate either optimistic or pessimistic expected outcomes of a specific task in line with their level of self-efficacy. Once an action has been taken, high self-efficacious persons invest more effort and persist longer than those low in self-efficacy to accomplish a specific task. When setbacks occur, those with high self-efficacy recover more quickly and maintain commitment to their goals (Schwarzer, 1992). Self-efficacy levels for specific cardiovascular health-related behaviors may be an important determinant of future cardiovascular health. Dietary self-efficacy, physical activity self-efficacy, and cessation of smoking self-efficacy are among the examples that will be discussed where self-efficacy for specific health-related behaviors likely plays a large role in future cardiovascular risk factor profiles. The following sections will review the evidence supporting links between self-efficacy of specific cardiovascular health-related behaviors and specific well-established cardiovascular risk factors.
Assessing the multiple dimensions of self-efficacy
Bandura (1986) argued that self-efficacy expectations consist of three dimensions: magnitude, generality, and strength. Each of these dimensions implies different measurement procedures. Magnitude refers to the ordering of tasks by difficulty level. Generality concerns the extent to which efficacy expectations about a specific situation can be generalized to other situations. Finally, strength refers to a judgment of how certain one is of being able to succeed at a particular task (Mudde et al., 1995).
There is no standard measurement for self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, unlike dimensions of personality, must be considered in terms of a specific situation (Gerin et al., 1995). Therefore, different measures are used to assess self-efficacy for each particular health-related behavior studied. In addition, a different measure is often used to assess each of the three dimensions of self-efficacy for a particular health-related behavior.
Self-efficacy and Smoking Cessation
Cigarette smoking has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, studies indicate that patients with coronary artery disease who stop smoking have a lower mortality from all causes of death and a less frequent occurrence of myocardial infarction in particular than those who continue to smoke (Vlieststra et al., 1986). Self-efficacy in the area of smoking cession has been thoroughly studied. Thus, this is an excellent first example of how self-efficacy has been shown to predict behavioral change for an important cardiovascular risk factor. i.e., smoking. "Several studies have emphasized the predictive value of self-efficacy for behavior change among smoking cessation treatment participants (for review see: Strecher et al., 1986; Crey et al., 1989). The consensus of these studies is as follows: pre-treatment self-efficacy was generally not predictive of smoking status after treatment. However, post-treatment self-efficacy of subjects who were abstinent after treatment was significantly higher than self-efficacy of those who were not successful. Post-treatment self-efficacy expectations were significant predictors for short-term maintenance of smoking cession (3-6 months after treatment) (Pederson et al., 1991; Haaga, 1989; Coelho, 1984; McIntyre et al., 1983). This relationship held true even when post-treatment smoking status was controlled for and only subjects, who were abstinent after the treatment were included (Haaga and Stewart, 1992; Bear and Lichtenstein, 1988; Diclemente, 1981). For self-quitters the predictive power of self-efficacy may be even stronger. Gritz et al., 1992 found that self-efficacy predicted long-term abstinence (12-18 months) from smoking as a result of self-initiated quit attempts in agroup of female smokers (Mudde et al., 1995).
A recent prospective study by Mudde et al., 1995 provides further insight by comparing different measures of self-efficacy for smoking cessation in regards to which is the strongest predictor for smoking cessation. Each measure represented different combinations of the three dimensions of self-efficacy. The perceived difficulty scale used (PDS- Strecher et al.,1985) represented magnitude and generality. The perceived ability scale (PAS- Coletti et al., 1985) and a 1-item perceived ability measure (PAM- Mudde et al., 1995) both incorporated generality and strength in different degrees. Their results confirmed that perceived self-efficacy for smoking cessation predicts short and long-term smoking cessation. Results also suggested that the PDS may predict short-term cessation, while the PAS may be a predictor of long-term abstinence. By means of factor analyses, various subscales were found in both of these scales. The negative/affective subscale of the PDS and the negative/moodstates subscale of the PAS appeared to be the most important elements of these two scales. However, it was the PAM measure that showed the greatest predictive power for post-follow-up abstinence from smoking. Since all three measures included the dimension generality, a conclusion might be that magnitude is the dimension of greatest importance for the prediction of short-term cessation success, while strength may be the dimension that best determines long-term abstinence. Please see Mudde et al., 1995 for further details or for a discussion of the external validity of the study.
"In summary, the predictive ability and consistency of self-efficacy evaluations for smoking behavior have been impressive. Few constructs in the social sciences can boast such a record. In almost every case, efficacy evaluations, particularly abstinence efficacy evaluations, have been the most significant, or among the only significant, predictors of smoking cessation treatment outcome that emerged from studies that included a wide range of other predictors (DiClemente, 1986; DiClemente et al., 1995).
Self-efficacy and Weight Loss
Being overweight is a significant risk factor for the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease (see the link for a review of obesity and cardiovascular health by clicking on "overweight" among the listed risk factors our web page: www.workhealth.org). Weight control self-efficacy to perform behaviors that lead to weight loss has been examined in a number of ways. In fact, the assessment of self-efficacy varies greatly from study to study and is more diverse than in smoking cessation self-efficacy research. Due to the great variety in assessment of the construct of weight control self-efficacy, it should be noted that it is difficult to summarize the findings and make generalizable conclusions. The closest thing to a standard assessment in the field of weight control self-efficacy is Glynn and Ruderman's (1986) Eating Self-Efficacy scale (ESES) (DiClemente et al., 1995).
There is a large amount of evidence suggesting that weight control self-efficacy plays an important role in weight loss. Chambliss and Murray (1979) have found cross-sectional evidence that a self-efficacy enhancing treatment group had greater weight loss than a comparison group. However, this effect was only apparent for those with an internal locus of control. Much stronger evidence comes from numerous prospective studies investigating the predictive powers of weight control self-efficacy on weight control. "Efficacy to resist the urge to overeat increases during the course of treatment (Glynn & Ruderman, 1986; Forster & Jeffrey, 1986). Expectations that seem more like outcome expectancies than efficacy expectancies (i.e., subjects' confidence in reaching their goal weight, confidence in losing a certain amount of weight, or confidence in their ability to lose weight and maintain that loss) have been able to predict dropout from a weight control program (Mitchell & Stuart, 1984), as well as weight loss (Weinberger et al., 1984), and the maintenance of that weight loss (Blair et al., 1989). Most studies that use efficacy to resist the urge to eat or refrain from overeating have found these efficacy evaluations to be predictive of weight loss during the active phase of treatment (Glynn & Ruderman, 1986; Forster & Jeffrey, 1986). In addition, posttreatment efficacy evaluations have been related positively to maintenance of weight loss (Patsis & Hart, 1991; Rodin et al., 1988; DiClemente et al., 1995).
"Despite all the difficulties and differences in the assessment of self-efficacy related to eating behavior in weight control, the role that self-efficacy appears to play is quite similar to that in smoking cessation, where the assessments have been a bit more uniform. Efficacy evaluations appear to be useful and unique predictors of weight loss. Few constructs predict weight loss and maintenance of that loss in as consistent a fashion as self-efficacy focused on overeating behaviors (DiClemente et al., 1995).
Self-Efficacy and Low-Fat Diet
"There is substantial evidence that reducing saturated fat in the diet decreases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in populations (Kromhout and Lezenne-Coulander, 1984; Kushi et al., 1985; Keys et al., 1986). Efforts to alter dietary habits through various programs have met with limited effectiveness (Advisory Board - IHHC, 1992). One reason for the limited success is the failure to fully understand the cognitive mediators of dietary change (Plotnikoff and Higginbotham, 1995) .One recent study by Plotnikoff and Higginbotham (1995) found significant positive association between self-efficacy for following a low-fat diet (dietary self-efficacy) and outcome measures related to low-fat diet. Future research is needed focusing specifically on dietary self-efficacy to determine whether substantial saturated fat reductions can be obtained by treatment programs developed to increase dietary self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy and Recovery from Heart Attack
Ewart and colleagues have studied the relationship between physical activity self-efficacy and recovery from heart attack. According to Ewart, 1992, "large numbers of heart attack survivors experience unnecessary distress and put themselves at significant medical risk due to excessive fear of physical activity." Self-efficacy theory has improved their ability to identify and alleviate these inappropriate fears. Research reviewed by Ewart(1992) suggests that self-efficacy appraisals influence patient involvement in exercise regimens and mediate beneficial effects of exercise participation." Furthermore, evidence is reviewed that self-efficacy predicts physical over-exertion and has called for the development of scales of self-efficacy to identify individuals who may be at risk of dangerous overexertion due to unrealistically optimistic appraisals of their physical capabilities (Ewart, 1992).
Self-efficacy and Physical Activity
Of course, physical activity is not only important to recovery from heart attack. Physical activity appears to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. The United States Center for Disease Control reviewed existing observational studies and found a significant and graded relationship between physical activity and the risk of coronary artery disease (Powell et al., 1987; Littman, 1993). Exercise is widely recommended for health promotion and primary-risk reduction in people who have not developed symptoms of cardiovascular illness, and who are not inhibited by the anxieties patients experience after a heart attack (Ewart, 1995). However, relatively few people engage in regular exercise for a period of time to secure the benefits of moderate exercise to physical health (Dubbert, 1992). "The attrition rate for both clinical and community-based exercise programs can be as high as 50% within the first 3 to 6 months of participation (Brawley & Rogers, 1993; Dishman, 1988). Social-cognitive variables, including self-efficacy, seem to play a major role in this attrition." Research suggests that self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value are important in the initiation and maintenance of a variety of exercise programs (Brawley & Rogers, 1993; Brawley & Horne, 1988; Desharnais et al., 1986; Dzewaltowski et al., 1990; Garcia & King, 1991; McAuley, 1991, 1994; McAuley & Courneya, 1993; McAuley & Jacobson, 1991; Poag-Ducharme & Brawley, 1991a, 1991b; Rogers & Brawley, 1991a, 1991b). The relative influence of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on exercise behavior has been shown to differ at different stages of exercise experience (Marcus et al., 1992; McAuley, 1991; McAuley & Jacobson, 1991; McAuley & Rowney, 1990; Poag-DuCharme & Brawley, 1993). Although initial experience with exercise may base their decision to try it largely upon their beliefs of the value of the benefits of exercise, this initial experience with exercise strongly influences self-efficacy (Ewart et al., 1983) which become the primary determinant of persistence (Maddux et al., 1995). Recently, studies have attempted to learn more about what types of self-efficacy best predict exercise behavior over time. Self-efficacy for the exercise components, self-efficacy for scheduling, and self-efficacy for overcoming barriers have been studied by Poag-DuCharme and Brawley (1993). The types of self-efficacy that predicted exercise intentions varied at different points in their 12-week community-based exercise program. This study and others (Poag-Charme, 1993; McAuley, 1992, 1993) suggest the need for further study concerning changes in the relationship between self-efficacy and exercise over time (Maddux et al., 1995).
Self-efficacy as a Component of Active Coping to Stress, and Resulting Enhanced Cardiovascular Reactivity
Stress, specifically model of job stress called "job strain," has been shown in over a dozen epidemiological studies over the last decade to be a significant risk factor for CHD (Schnall et al., 1994; See our review of job strain). The concept of active coping is one model in which we think about the stress-illness relationship (Gerin et al., 1996). Active coping to stress enhances cardiovascular reactivity, elevating blood pressure and heart rate (Gerin et al., 1996). However, it is unclear which aspect of the process actually produces the elevations. A recent study by Gerin et al., 1996 has "concluded that self-efficacy for a particular task may be an integral part of the active coping process, indirectly affecting the blood pressure response by acting on the effort involved in the coping response." Subjects engaged in a video game shape-matching task, who were preevaluated to have a high self-efficacy for this task, had greater blood pressure cardiovascular reactivity than subjects engaged in the same task who were preevaluated to have a low efficacy for this task.
Social determinants of Self-efficacy
There has been remarkably little research on the determinants of self-efficacy, particularly social class and job stress. Such factors might shape personality development in childhood. For example, certain parental behavior patterns (i.e., overly strict, critical and demanding of conformity) are more common in low SES households, and may be viewed as a reflection of the parents' occupational and other life experiences, which are characterized by low control and insecurity (see Sennett &Cobb, 1973, The Hidden Injuries of Class; Rubin, 1976, Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working Class Family). Similarly, an adult's experience, which might include stressful, low control jobs, may shape their personality development (Kohn and Schooler, 1982). The active motivated persistent personality style described in the beginning of this review as resulting from "self-efficacy" is quite similar to the hypothesized effects of active (high demand-high latitude) jobs on personality and coping in Karasek's model (Karasek, 1979; 1981; Landsbergis et al., 1992). In the Cornell worksite blood pressure study, a three year increase in job decision latitude among men was associated with quitting smoking (Landsbergis et al., 1998). It is not known whether increased self-efficacy was a mediator in this causal pathway. Thus, research on the social determinants of personality measures believed to be associated with illness outcomes needs to be a major priority in future research.
Smoking cessation, a CVD risk factor, has been the most common cardiovascular health-related behavior that self-efficacy has been linked to. "The predictive ability and consistency of self-efficacy evaluations for smoking behavior have been impressive. Few constructs in the social sciences can boast such a record. In almost every case, efficacy evaluations, particularly abstinence efficacy evaluations, have been the most significant, or among the only significant, predictors of smoking cessation treatment outcome that emerged from studies that included a wide range of other predictors." (DiClemente, 1986; DiClemente et al., 1995).
Numerous studies have also investigated the relationship self-efficacy has on weight control, since obesity is a well-established CVD risk factor. Despite all the difficulties and differences in the assessment of self-efficacy related to eating behavior in weight control, the role that self-efficacy appears to play is quite similar to that in smoking cessation, where the assessments have been a bit more uniform. Efficacy evaluations appear to be useful and unique predictors of weight loss. Few constructs predict weight loss and maintenance of that loss in as consistent a fashion as self-efficacy focused on overeating behaviors." (DiClemente et al., 1995).
Self-efficacy has been shown to play a role in influencing other CVD risk factors, such as high-fat diet, physical inactivity, and high blood pressure (via active coping to stress). In regards to high-fat diet, future research is needed focusing specifically on dietary self-efficacy to determine whether substantial saturated fat reductions can be obtained by treatment programs developed to increase dietary self-efficacy.
Concerning physical inactivity, research suggests that self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value are important in the initiation and maintenance of a variety of exercise programs. Self-efficacy for physical activity may become particularly important for those recovering from a heart attack. However, the links between self-efficacy and these CVD health-related behaviors have not been as thoroughly studied as for smoking cessation and weight control. Finally, concerning high blood pressure, it appears that self-efficacy for confronting mentally and physically vigorous psychosocial environmental stressors may be a component of active coping. Active coping to stress enhances cardiovascular reactivity, elevating blood pressure and heart rate (Gerin et al., 1996). High blood pressure is of course a major CVD risk factor. As for high-fat diet and physical activity, the link between self-efficacy and high blood pressure through active coping to stress has not been studied thoroughly enough. More research is needed investigating the role that self-efficacy plays in active coping, work-stress models (i.e., job strain, effort-reward and John Henryism), and as a possible risk factor for hypertension.
Further research is definitely needed to better understand how much self-efficacy influences each of these CVD health-related behaviors, and the mechanism of that change by further narrowing in on what tasks self-efficacy is particularly important for in affecting behavioral change. Lastly, very little is known about the determinants of self-efficacy. Research on the social determinants of personality measures believed to be associated with illness outcomes needs to be a major priority in future research.
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Forster, J.L., & Jeffery, R.W.(1986). Gender differences related to weight history, eating patterns, efficacy expectations, self-esteem, and weight loss among participants in a weight reduction program. Addictive Behaviors, 11(2), 141-147.
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Gerin, W., Litt, M., Deich, J., & Pickering, T.(1995). Self-efficacy as a moderator of perceived control effects on cardiovascular reactivity: Is enhanced control always beneficial? Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 390-397.
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Glynn, S.M., & Ruderman, A.J.(1986). The development and validation of an eating self-efficacy scale. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(4), 403-420.
Gritz, E., Berman, B., Bastani, R., & Wu, M.(1992). A randomized trail of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population: Testing the limits of the public health model. Health Psychology, 11, 280-289.
Haaga, D.A.(1989). Articulated thoughts and endorsement procedures for cognitive assessment in the prediction of smoking relapse. Psychological Assessment, 1, 112-117.
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James, S.A.(1986). John Henryism: The JH Active Aoping Scale (JHAC12) (unpublished scoring instructions).
James, S.A., Harnett, S., & Kalsbeek, W.(1983). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. J. Behav. Med., 6, 259-278.
James, S.A., Strogatz, D., Wing, S., & Ramsey, D.(1987). Socioeconomic status, John Henryism, and hypertension in blacks and whites. Am. J. Epidemiol., 126, 664-673.
Keys, A., Menotti, A., Karvonen, M., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Djordjevic, B., Dontas, A., Fidanza, F., Keys, M., et al. (1986). The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 903-915.
Kohn, M.L., & Schooler, C.(1982). Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American J. Sociology, 87(6), 1257-1286.
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Kushi, L., Lew, R., Stare, F., Ellison, C., el Lozy, M., Bourke, G., Daly, L., Graham, I., Hickey, N., Mulcahy, R., et al.(1985). Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart Study. New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 312, 811-818.
Littman, A.B.(1993). Review of Psychosomatic Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. Psychother. Psychosom., 60, 148-167.
Maddux, J., Brawley, L., & Boykin, A.(1995). Self-efficacy and healthy behavior: Prevention, promotion, and detection. In R. Schwarzer(Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: theory, research, and application(pp.173-202). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Marcus, B., Selby, V., Niaura, R., & Rossi, J.(1992). Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior change. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63, 60-66.
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Rogers, W.M., & Brawley, L.R.(1991a). The role of outcome expectancies in participation motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 411-427.
Rogers, W.M., & Brawley, L.R.(1991b, June). Evaluating fitness messages promoting involvement: Effects of attitudes and behavioral intentions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, Kent, Ohio.
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Schwarzer, R.(1992). Preface. In R. Schwarzer(Ed.), Self-efficacy: thought control of action(pp. ix-xiv). Washington D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Strecher, V., Becker, M., Kirscht, J., Eraker, S., & Graham-Tomasi, R.(1985). Evaluation of a minimal-contact smoking cessation program in a health care setting. Patient Education and Counseling, 7, 395-407.
Strecher, V., DeVellis, B., Becker, M., & Rosenstock, I.(1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 13, 73-91.
Vlieststra, R., Kronmal, R., Oberman, A., Frye, R., & Killip, T.(1986). Effect of cigarette smoking on survival of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. JAMA, 255, 1023-1027.
Weinberger, R., Hughes, H., Critelli, J., England, R., & Jackson, A.(1984). Effects of preexisting and manipulated self-efficacy on weight loss in a self-control program. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 352-258. | <urn:uuid:749d5c1d-c9a8-4e0a-9cf8-19bd335d864a> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.workhealth.org/risk/rfbself.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931007607.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155647-00111-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901572 | 7,604 | 3.328125 | 3 |
What is Data?
Data is raw facts and figures that haven't been processed.
Example: 23edfr32 << means absolutley nothing.
What is information?
Data + Structure + Context + Meaning
Data Structure Context Meaning
1210200512/10/2005 UK Datedate of booking
How To Distinguish Between Data, Information & Kno
Data is meaningless.
When we add structure, context and meaning to data it becomes information.
Knowledge is the use and application of this information and how we interpret it.
Data - 60
Information - Marks awarded for an exam
Knowledge - This means I need to get 60/180 marks in order to pass this exam. | <urn:uuid:7a9ad431-ddde-4ec4-b08c-ca34797fe29b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/as_ict_6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279657.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00454-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.774605 | 148 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Walmart and the Robot Bees
Walmart patented for robot bees last year. http://images2.freshpatents.com/pdf/US20180065749A1.pdf
Discussing the feasibility of using drone-bees in large scale pollination, David Goulson, professor of biology at the University of Sussex and founder of the Bumblebee Conservation Trust in the United Kingdom, wrote a blog post last year. His back-of-the-envelope calculation revealed that if it cost just a single penny to build a single drone-bee (which is a ridiculously impossible assumption), it would cost £32 billion ($45 billion) to replace every honey bee in the world. He wrote:
While I can see the intellectual interest in trying to create robotic bees, I would argue that it is exceedingly unlikely that we could ever produce something as cheap or as effective as bees themselves… Consider just the numbers; there are roughly 80 million honeybee hives in the world, each containing perhaps 40,000 bees through the spring and summer. That adds up to 3.2 trillion bees. They feed themselves for free, breed for free, and even give us honey as a bonus. What would the cost be of replacing them with robots?
Bee populations are being decimated, undoubtedly through human action, and things have reached a point where whole species of bee are likely to be added to the endangered list. How could this be happening?
Bees know which flowers to pollinate and when. They stay with one species at a time so the pollen actually is the right pollen to fertilise the flower. Bees remember where flowers are and can communicate it to other bees. They also make honey and wax.
For many decades, research results showing that the natural electrical and magnetic fields and their variation are a vital precondition for the orientation and navigation of a whole range of animals, have been freely available. What has also been known to science for many decades is that we as humans depend on this natural environment for many of our vital functions. Today, however, this natural information and functional system of humans, animals and plants has been superimposed by an unprecedented dense and energetic mesh of artificial magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic fields, generated by numerous mobile radio and wireless communication technologies. The consequences of this development have also been predicted by the critics for many decades and can now no longer be ignored. Bees and other insects disappear, birds avoid certain areas and are disoriented in other locations. Humans suffer from functional disorders and diseases. And those that are hereditary are passed on to the next generation as existing defects.
Bees, Birds and Mankind, Destroying nature by electrosmog by Ulrich Warnke
The Birds, the Bees and Electromagnetic Pollution Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy May 2009
Robert O. Becker, M.D., in his book “Crosscurrents: The Perils of Electropollution” said:
“GWEN is a superb system, in combination with cyclotron resonance, for producing behavioral alterations in the civilian population. The average strength of the steady geomagnetic field varies from place to place across the United States. Therefore, if one wished to resonate a specific ion in living things in a specific locality, one would require a specific frequency for that location. The spacing of GWEN transmitters 200 miles apart across the United States would allow such specific frequencies to be ‘tailored’ to the geomagnetic-field strength in each GWEN area.”
The bees seem to be playing the role that canary birds had in the mines, warning us of impending disaster. These insects, by their unprecedented behaviour of flying off without returning to their hives, show us that something insidious is going on.
At Cornell Univ. honeybees in a hive relocated into a new building became disoriented. After extensive research ruled out other causes, someone noticed the hive was next to the building’s electric transformer. The bees were confused by 60 hz magnetism strong enough to interfere with homing and communication to gather nectar and pollen. (http://www.ratical.org/ratville/RofD4.html)
Before we had all of the electro-pollution, animals could simply orient themselves to the earths electromagnetic signature. Additionally animals could store into memory at a subconscious level the discrete signatures of subtle variations in electromagnetic signalling from various regions.
So who are Walmart?
The World,s biggest corporation with 5 family members, the Walton,s classed as 5 of the 10 richest people in the world!
S.Robson Walmart is ranked number 1.
The founder of Walmart, Sam Walton worked for the US Military and was in charge (chief) over the last functioning internment camps in the United States.
He named the stores Walmart, look at the name Walmart = Martial Law backwards.
And as we know many Walmart stores closed down at short notice.
They are built like a cinder block prison, few windows, anti-ramming vehicle barricades at the front door, surrounded by dozens of cameras
Walmart did not just grow organically as some great corporate idea, they received billions of dollars that built them up as Walton worked for the CIA.
The Masonic Lodge is very connected to Walmart, the Walmart slogan is “Save Money Live Better” copied from the Masonic Lodge Slogan “Masons Live Better.”
Walmart has been involved with Homeland Security for many years, a document shows they have been partners since 2001. Walmart top executives are the private sector partners.
Walmart were the first corporation to use pin hole facial recognition cameras in stores at the entrances and exits and they share data with the Federal Govt.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the expansion of the Department’s national “If You See Something, Say Something” campaign to hundreds of Walmart stores across the country.
Humans and bees are affected by electromagnetic frequencies, how long before the robot bees are joined by robot humans? Well someone has to do the dirty work for those behind this destructive agenda! | <urn:uuid:b38ea2bf-f83c-48a7-9d6f-707d92b28cd1> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.vigiliae.org/walmart-and-the-robot-bees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314732.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819114330-20190819140330-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.953186 | 1,252 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Improving your health and the environment
Whether you’re an avid biker or you’ve simply been prepping for National Bike to Work Day, you should know that biking has a plethora of mental and physical health benefits. Not to mention, you can reduce your carbon footprint and save gas money. Here’s some reasons to get back into cycling, whether you want to go long distance or simply bike to the beach:
1. You’ll look younger
Stanford University scientists find that regular cycling can reduce the signs of aging by protecting your skin against harmful UV radiation. Doesn’t this seem contradictory, though, if you’re outside in the sun riding?
Dr Christopher Rowland Payne, a dermatologist, says, “Increased circulation through exercise delivers oxygen and nutrients to skin cells more effectively, while flushing harmful toxins out.” Exercise also optimizes collagen production to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and increase the skin’s own healing process. Just make sure to wear your SPF 30.
2. You’ll recover from injury faster
Data shows that cycling can help improve knee pain and osteoarthritis in elderly patients.
3. You’ll live longer
One study indicates that prior Tour de France riders lived longer than the general population because of their cycling habits. The life expectancy of former pros is 81.5 years, while the general population lives 73.5 years. Bike commuters also benefit from an extra three to 14 months of life.
4. You’ll feel sexier
Aside from the toned body you’re sure to have, being a biker is seen as an attractive commodity. The British Heart Foundation’s survey shows that cyclists are viewed as 13 percent more intelligent and cooler than the average person. And 13 percent of those surveyed indicated they would prefer a cyclist if their blind date were an athlete.
5. You’ll help the planet
Unlike cars – even hybrids – there are zero pollutants coming from bikes. The University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center indicates that transportation discharges large quantities of pollutants. Their data shows 80 percent of the atmostphere’s carbon monoxide can be traced to motorized vehicles powered by gas or diesel. These modes of transportation are also responsible for 55 percent of the air’s nitrogen oxide pollution.
6. You’ll save money
In addition to emitting zero pollutants, riding a bike also costs close to $0 per day. On average, an American spends $2,600 per year on gas for their work commute by car; that doesn’t include maintenance and repairs, parking, insurance, tolls, tire replacement, license and registration, and more! United States families spend 29 percent of their earnings on transportation. By biking, you spend only the initial cost of the bike and helmet, repairs and any tune-ups.
Plus, you’re saving the environment and getting a workout on your way to and from work, making for a healthier, happier you. What’s more, if you ride your bike enough, you can cancel your gym membership to save even more money. | <urn:uuid:4eaa0832-6c80-4160-bd89-e69b9816748a> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.rewireme.com/wellness/six-benefits-riding-bike/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107922411.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031181658-20201031211658-00647.warc.gz | en | 0.933528 | 652 | 2.921875 | 3 |
“A hinge is a type of bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixed axis of rotation.” –From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
There was never any freedom in Emily’s life, not really. Freedom was a transient concept used by men to control women and hoisted over the heads of the enslaved. Its conceptual origin was transfixed, mutated actually, upon the arrival of the pilgrims who in their crafting of a new society challenged the relevancy of the social mores and rules of their motherland while creating a different life. Crudely but accurately put, Freedom was connected to the provincial legal rights afforded to genitalia, the penis more specifically, and not how gender was expressed in colonial times. From the earliest moment of the morning when the outstretched rays of violet sunlight kissed the tops of the pine trees to the eventual setting of the silvery gray moon, she worked tirelessly trying to make a comfortable life for her family. Though not enslaved, which means, in our current language, that her skin was blessed with a peach like hue, Emily felt like an enslaved African having to work like an automaton. Although she was indentured to the dreams she grew and harbored from childhood. Emily worked fastidiously with an air of nobility as she managed the people and things that lived in her compacted handmade wooden house.
Their house was small and tucked away. It was surrounded by daunting pine trees and sprinkled with regal white birch trees.
Hours upon hours Emily would chase down the spiders who left their cob webs between the doorways, underneath chairs, and beneath the windowsills. Her days were full of expected monotony, loneliness, and anger. It was a seething type of anger. Like a dew drop from a leaf, there but vanishing when the sun came only to return again every morning. It was an anger closely related to contempt, abhorrence and imprisonment. There were no other forms of lives for white women given the harshness of having to survive cold winters, abandoned in unknown and mysterious lands, and having to reckon with burgeoning oligarchies that proliferated throughout the colonies. Death was certain and the tears that came from mourning the dead were in fact sometimes tears of relief because the mourner realized that the seething anger could not exist any more.
She learned to be a colonial wife, good at everything in order to keep everything going but inside her heart cried, it howled at the moon like the howl of the last wolf in its dying pack. She was forced to perform happy things in order to appease and please every living being that crossed her path, for example, she learned to hum a hymnal because they were the only things that seemed to calm the cows when she milked them. She learned to rub the backs of her children while talking softly to them when they bathed because this helped them to sleep through the night. The children, three of them, would spend their days picking their noses and chasing the hens around and through the tall unmanageable grass. She learned how to whisper in her husband’s right ear as he arched his muscular back before making his final thrust, just before he released his weary fluids into her unwillingness. His body reeked of burning iron, as if the iron smoke settled into his pores waiting for the moment to be set free into Emily’s nose and mind. His hands rough and callous from the constant pounding and turning of the red hot metal. Rodger spent his hours striking and bending the circular holes that would eventually catch and hold the hinge pins. Large hinges, medium hinges, and small hinges, he would marvel at their ability to be so little and yet contain such utilitarian power. He was a door hinge maker and he grew richer and richer as his ability to make the perfect hinges spread throughout New England.
Rodger never noticed Emily because she was only his maid, built in cook, sexual automaton, and housecleaner, and mother of his children, and besides a wife could never truly understand him because the only thing that really brought him true joy was making door hinges. Life there with Emily from his view was difficult, full of paradox and whimsical chagrin. The love she so desperately wanted never came to her because her husband did not have it inside of himself to give. She would spend many nights revealing her temple to Rodger wishing that the movements he made on top of her would move her inner spirit, but they never did. She had married Rodger as part of a pitiful back up plan because his brother, whom she really wanted, never looked at her with any intention of lust or even subtle longing. His eyes when he looked at her were like flat coals; lifeless with no intention other than burning. Emily so wanted to love Rodger but any emotional fire she could muster would flicker into a dying flame the moment he touched her.
“Morning, dear,” he said planting a frigid kiss.
“Morning.” Emily replied turning her head not quite fully to receive his kiss but just enough to let her sadness show.
“You sleep well?”
She drew in a quiet lonely breath but before she could answer Rodger continued, “I sure didn’t that damn moonlight.”
“Mama, mama!” little Jenny called out bouncing into the room.
“Yes,” Emily said wiping her wet hands on her worn thread apron, gladly ending the empty conversation from her husband.
“Colin is playing rough with the chickens…he stepped on one.”
“Colin,” Emily yelled as she made her way past her husband out into the yard. She chased her son and smacked him on the back of his head.
“Owww what’s that for?” Colin chimed.
“I told you about stepping on those chickens.”
“Eliza fetch me some water please.” Emily commanded as she let her anger with her son rapidly dissipate.
“Yes maam,” Eliza replied. She was long legged with unruly long brown-blond strands of hair tussled around, as if clumps of hair had formed their own caucuses and were trying to divorce themselves from her head. She obeyed the mother whom she loved so much because she knew that her mother ached with unrelenting loneliness and pain. Eliza made the long walk up the steep hill and as soon as she got there saw a man drinking from the well. She stood there in frozen joyfulness. Stuck in feeling a half and half emotion, not quite frightened but not feeling an open welcoming feeling either.
“Hello,” she whispered.
Tilman turned and almost jumped seeing the sight of the disheveled and dirty rag-a-muffin girl. He looked at her with survival sturdiness sensing that he was not in danger, “Morning,” he replied sucking in the last drop of water before returning the ladle to the stonewall.
“You a slave–I mean a runaway?”
He nodded two times by lowering his chin up and down slowly while maintaining a connection between their eyes.
“Wait here as soon as my Pa leaves for work—Uh—ah—um–he makes door hinges,” she added parenthetically as if this would mean something to him. “I will go and get my mother. She helps runaways.”
Tilman listened closely as her words floated into his ears. He had heard about the door hinge maker’s wife, she was known in the underground world for giving favors.
“You hungry?” she asked.
“Yes,” he answered while feeling his heart race.
Eliza quickly lowered the well bucket and pulled up the bucket of water and moved like a gazelle disappearing down the steep grassy hill. He watched as water droplets playfully leaped out of the bucket top splashing onto the warm summer grass.
Eliza straightened her dress before entering the house. She cozied up beside her mother helping her to dry the dishes with the ragged cloth. Colin ran past the window looking for a chicken.
‘I’ll be back at sunset” Rodger said not looking behind him as he closed the door.
Eliza waited until she heard the horse foot sounds slowly dissipating, “Ma, there is a man, I mean a slave up at the well.”
“Would you like me to fetch some biscuits and other stuff.”
Her mother smiled warmly smoothing her long hair with her hands with long sensuous motions. She grabbed the cloth package of biscuits that her daughter had gathered and quickly made her way out of the door way up to the hill, “Watch your When she got to the top of the hill she scanned her surrounding trying to see where he was hiding. He rose up slowly so she could see him. | <urn:uuid:e537059f-d74f-434d-aedb-dd391a9c67c0> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://brianragsdalewriter.com/2013/10/11/the-door-hinge-makers-wife/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.984504 | 1,919 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Figure 11 mechanism is coupled to a lateral bar which is pivotally connected to a pair of upright bars pivoted at their lower ends A, only one such end being illustrated for simplicity. A circular motion is essentially the product of two orthogonal sinu- soidal motions, one left and right the other up and down.
Figure 10 shows a variant of the Figure 9 arrangement. In effect, the arrangement of Figure 1 is placed back to back with another such arrangement. Figure 14a and b illustrate mechanisms in which the Figure 11 principle is applied to a carriage mounted for sliding or rolling movement between rails and the application of a simple wheel and connecting rod arrangement to the carriage.
Dolor Sordo Significado
A more controllable version of that principle is shown in Figure 9, where a pair of rollers A, B is mounted on a carriage for simultaneous movement transverse to the length of the belt so as to vary the phase difference between the main wheels. Figure 20 shows a mechanism in which the principle of Figure 12 is applied via bar D to oscillate L-shaped bar A through pivotal connection E. Similarly, the same drive mechanism causes L-shaped bar B to oscillate in antiphase to bar A. Figures 21, 22 show the use of bars A, B provided with sector-shaped members C, D that inter-engage to transfer the oscillatory motion of one bar to the other.
Dolor Neuropático Periférico
As shown in Figure 2b, the vane 20 is rigidly connected at right angles to a first arm 21 and is pivotally connected at 22 to one end of a second arm 23. The remote end of arm 21 is pivotally connected to rod 24 that extends parallel to arm 23. The rod 24 and arm 23 are connected to each other at the other ends and at an intermediate point by further arms 25 and 26. The arm 23 rotates about the same axis as a wheel 27. The arm 26 is connected for rotation with the wheel 27, which is mounted for rotation about an axis intended to have a fixed location in a ves sel. The invention will be described with reference to the following drawings, in which: Figures 1 a-f illustrate a first mechanism for causing a vane to oscillate like a fishtail; Figures 2a-in illustrate a second mechanism; Figure 3 shows the Improvements possible with the present invention; Figure 4 illustrates how lift and drag vary with vane angle; Figures 5a-n Illustrate another mechanism using matched pairs of vanes; Figure 6a-i illustrate another paired mechanism; Figure 7 shows the invention applied to two pairs of vanes; Figure 8 shows the invention applied to four pairs of vanes; Figure 9 shows an adjustable belt drive – 4 Figure 10 shows an alternative adjustable belt drive; Figure 11 shows a device for converting rotary to linear motion; figure 12 shows an application of the Figure 11 device; Figure 13 shows another device for converting rotary to linear motion; Figure 14a-b shows two linear motion devices; Figure 15 shows another application of the Figure 11 device; Figure 16 shows an alternative form of linear motion device; Figure 17 shows a further application of the Figure 11 device; Figures 18,19 and 20 show alternative double acting devices; Figures 21,22 and 23 show alternative rotary drive devices using belts; Figure 24 shows an alternative version of the Figure 23 device; Figure 25 shows a linear motion device; Figures 26,27 and 28 show alternative forms of coupling to a foil; Figures 29 and 30 show different forms of double acting devices; Figures 31 and 32 show two different versions of power generating plant using the principles of the present invention; Figure 33 shows a propulsion mechanism for a pedal boat; Figure 34 shows a variation of the Figure 33 arrangement; Figure 35 shows the disposition of the propulsion device in a pedal boat; Figure 36 shows an adjustable phase device using a chain drive; Figure 37 shows a pedal mechanism; Figure 38 shows an enlarged view of the main bearing axis of the pedal boat; and Figure 39,40 and 41 show alternative versions of drive mechanisms.
Likewise, the same principles can be applied to cause a further set of four hydro- foils as shown schematically in Figure 8 to be driven from a single drive wheel. It will be noticed that from figure 2e onwards that the wheel 32 has not moved whereas the apparent length of the rod 29 has shortened. The pin rides in a slot A formed in another component of the mechanism. Figure 37 is a schematic representation of a conventional bicycle pedal mechanism connected to a right angle gearing for converting the direction of rotation through ninety degrees. The other ends of the rods are pivotally coupled to a third rod 5 and a fourth rod 6 respectively. Wheel 30 dictates the angle of the foil and wheel 32 dictates its dis – 6 placement.
Dolor Muscular Piernas
The curve for the complex tangent mechanism matches this curve approximately. More particularly, the Invention uses such a mechanism either: (a) to generate power, when the mechanism is caused to oscillate by a fluid flow, or (b) to propel a vessel in fluid (water) when the hydrofoil is oscillated by drive means.
Tipos De Dolor Torácico
The range of angles covered by the foils can be con- trolled in this system either by changing the radius of the angle drive cycle, or by moving the track relative to the centre of chain wheel one. In this way, the maximum thrust of one foil is always accompa- nied by the minimum of another, such that the resultant is always substantially constant. This synchrony ensures that the angle of the hydrofoil is always appropriate for its movement across the direction of flow. Remedio para el dolor de rodilla . The lift on a single foil is always either rising or fal- ling because of the variation in angle at which it is placed In the flow. The mechanism consists of a single disc 2 mounted for rota tion about its central axis. Figure 6 shows another mechanism in which a single wheel controls the operation of a pair of opposed hydrofoils.
Others attempt to harness the flow of water in rivers and coastal areas where the flow varies in magnitude and direction ac cording to the bees. Prior attempts at providing efficient, workable systems that do not suffer from in superable maintenance difficulties tend to separate into propeller turbine and cross-flow turbine types. The others are a long way from coming close. The parallel arm 23 and rod 24 co-operate with the linking arms 21, 25 and 26 to form a parallelogram. This structure is therefore eminently suitable for deep water and exposed locations. The present invention therefore provides mechanisms for causing vanes/hydrofoils to oscillate like a fish tail (i.e.
Such control can therefore harness energy in water flowing – 7 in two directions and equally can exert propulsive thrust in both forward and reverse di- rections. The graph below shows that only the complex tangent mechanism man ages to meet both these demands. Both systems give essentially the same output. All three systems are derivatives of the previously described method where the cycle which controls the angle of the foil is 90 degrees out of phase with the cycle which moves the foils through their oscillation.
The mechanism is mounted on the boat relative to a cross member 337 spanning across a pair of outboard bodies forming a catamaran-lke structure as shown in Figure 35. The cross-member 337 also carries the main bearings as will be described with refer- ence to Figure 38. A pair of rods 338, 339 is connected to the pedal mechanisms by any of the appropriate couplings already described so that as the pedals are turned, the rods are caused to oscillate from side to side.
They are mounted on an A-frame anchored to the bed of the waterway.
When the wheel 30 (say) Is rotated, the rod 29 is reciprocated up and down and, to a lesser extent, oscillates from side to side as shown in the sequence from Figure 2a through Figure 2h. Dolor muscular lado derecho . The rack 28 causes the wheel 27 to rotate as the rack reciprocates. However, they still suffer from disadvan sages such as fouling from underwater debris etc. They are mounted on an A-frame anchored to the bed of the waterway. Figure 34 shows the construction of Figure 33, omitting the direction control mechanism for the sake of clarity, and with the leading vanes as they move through a po sition aligned with the direction of flow/motion. The vane is preferably a hydrofoil section so that when in a fluid flow it can generate “lift” relative to the flow direction.
- Análisis de orina para revelar exceso de proteína o presencia de glóbulos rojos
- Manos a la nuca
- The surface area of blade
- In a wave motor, the combination of a supporting structure disposed over a body of water; a
The significance of this construction is that all of the “moving parts”, i.e. The element of the transmission rod which slides in the fixed track also slides in the track at- tached to the lower chain wheel. There are two main cranks A, B to which are pivotably mounted four smaller L-shaped cranks. In Figure 18, two L-shaped rods A, B are pivoted at fixed reference points C, D. When their ends E, F are moved in the direction of the vertical arrows, their other ends G. H move laterally as shown by the horizontal arrows. | <urn:uuid:c98fed45-2772-4d2c-a974-915c76801552> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://paninimotormuseum.com/15f85c4c078d1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153934.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730060435-20210730090435-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.918007 | 1,988 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The idea of harvesting the invasive Chinese Mitten Crab, currently clogging up the Thames and rapidly spreading through Britain, is taking shape, with a conference planned for March to discuss the pros and cons.
It’s been proposed to use fyke nets, as pictured above. But these long net tubes held open by hoops are also a very efficient means of trapping eels, now a threatened species in Europe. Another drawback is, if the crab fishery were an economic success, people might be tempted to introduce the Mitten Crab to new rivers. As Paul Clark, marine biologist at the Natural History Museum and conference organiser, puts it:
“We are damned if we do and damned if we don’t. Mitten crabs have few natural enemies capable of reducing their numbers, but the establishment of a fishery would certainly carry risks.”
In Shanghai the Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is a delicacy. They are eaten steamed, as this best preserves the flavour and keeps the meat tender. | <urn:uuid:549da555-a9a0-4f4a-81de-24d2b732f1e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://iberianature.com/britainnature/category/fishing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662675072.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527174336-20220527204336-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.953111 | 215 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This set of VLSI Question Bank focuses on “Doping Process of GA-2”.
1. ______ is a direct gap material with valence bond maximum
b) gallium oxide
c) gallium arsenide
d) silicon arsenide
Explanation: Gallium arsenide is a direct gap material with valence bond maximum and conduction band minimum.
2. Narrow valleys corresponds to
a) electrons with lower mass state
b) protons with lower mass state
c) electrons with higher mass state
d) protons with higher mass state
Explanation: Valleys with band structure that are narrow and sharply curved corresponds to electrons with low effective mass state while valleys that are wide are characterized by larger effective masses.
3. The curvature of ___________ determines the effective mass of electrons
a) energy versus concentration
b) energy versus mass
c) energy versus momentum
d) energy versus structural design
Explanation: The curvature of energy versus electron momentum profile determines the effective mass of electrons travelling through the crystal.
4. Conduction band minimum occurs at
a) low momentum
b) high momentum
c) all of the mentioned
d) none of the mentioned
Explanation: The minimum point of gallium arsenide’s conduction band is near the zero point of the crystal-lattice momentum. Conduction band minimum occurs at high momentum.
5. Mobility depends on
a) concentration of impurity
c) electron efficient mass
d) all of the mentioned
Explanation: Mobility depends on several factors such as concentration of impurity, temperature and is relatively related to electron efficient mass.
6. The effective mass of GaAs is _________ than the mass of a free electron
a) 0.67 times greater
b) 0.67 times lesser
c) 0.067 times greater
d) 0.067 times lesser
Explanation: For GaAs, the effective mass of these electrons is 0.067 times the mass of a free electron.
7. Electrons travels faster in
b) gallium arsenide
d) silicon oxide
Explanation: Electrons travel faster in gallium arsenide than in silicon as the result of their superior electron mobility brought out by the shapes of their conduction bands.
8. Electrons is low valley have high mass.
Explanation: Electrons in the higher valleys have high mass and strong intervalleys scattering and therefore exhibit very low mobility.
9. The probability of photon emission has energy which is _______ the band gap
a) greater than
b) lesser than
c) equal to
d) does not depend on
Explanation: The probability of photon emission with energy nearly equal to the band gap is high, GaAs makes an excellent light-emitting diode.
10. Silicon can also be used as light- emitting device.
Explanation: Silicon cannot be used as light-emitting device. It is indirect-gap semiconductor with the conduction gap minimum separated in momentum from valence band minimum.
11. As the applied field increases
a) drift velocity increases
b) energy decreses
c) drift velocity remains constant
d) energy remains constant
Explanation: As long as the resultant balance is positive, the energy and drift velocity of the charge carriers increases with an increase in the applied field.
12. Saturation velocity is attained when
a) energy gained is greater than energy lost
b) energy lost is greater than energy gained
c) enery gained equals energy lost
d) enery is fully drained
Explanation: The energy gained from the field equals the energy lost as the result of collisions. At this point drift velocity attains a limiting value called saturation velocity.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – VLSI.
To practice VLSI Question Bank, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers. | <urn:uuid:6fb8f653-a378-4d11-b72f-617ed87237a8> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.sanfoundry.com/vlsi-questions-bank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948515313.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20171212095356-20171212115356-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.790166 | 835 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Energy 101: Key Energy Industry Terms
What is a kilowatt-hour? What are renewable energy sources? And what exactly is the power grid? In this ‘Energy 101’ series, our goal is to help you better understand energy terms that power your daily tasks.
Having a basic understanding of what these terms mean empowers you to become an informed energy consumer. With today's busy lifestyles, we don't take time to think about the electric power that makes it all possible: from modern-day conveniences and appliances at home, to the devices we depend on, at our schools, churches, businesses and work—electricity is the driver that makes it happen. We encourage you to understand it better.
A system of synchronized power providers and consumers connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by control centers. This web of interconnections enables utilities and suppliers to share resources on a regional basis. In the continental U.S., the electric power grid consists of the Eastern Interconnect, the Western Interconnect, and the Texas Interconnect. Oklahoma is in the Eastern Interconnect.
BASELOAD POWER PLANT
A large, efficient generating station that provides dependable electric power 24/7. Coal-fired, nuclear and large natural gas-fired power plants make up most baseload generation in the U.S. These plants are dispatched as needed to meet consumer load. Contrary to renewable energy sources that are intermittent, baseload power generates at a constant rate and “covers” where renewable energy lacks on the delivery of constant power.
Sources of energy that are naturally replenishable, including wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, hydro, and hydrokinetic (ocean wave and tidal), but are flow-limited. Renewable generation accounts for 2 percent of power owned by co-ops (2016 data); and 13 percent of electric co-op power nationwide, which includes power-purchase agreements (2014 data). Nationwide, renewables account for 15 percent of power generated at utility-scale facilities (2016 data).
The maximum output, measured in megawatts or kilowatts, that generating equipment can supply to a system load, adjusted by varying conditions. It can also mean the electric load, measured in watts or kilowatts, of a piece of electrical equipment. A capacity factor is the ratio of actual net electric energy generation to the maximum possible energy that could have been generated if a plant operated at its maximum capacity rating over the same time.
The process of moving large amounts of electricity from where it’s generated to the next step in the path of electricity: distribution substations and powerlines. Transmission is the bridge between generation and distribution of electric power. A transmission system is an interconnected network of lines, poles, wires, and other equipment that move large amounts of electricity from generating plants to distribution systems, whether on a local or regional level.
The basic unit of electric energy usage is kilowatt-hours. It is a measure of electricity defined as a unit of work or energy, measured as 1 kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for 1 hour. For example, a 100-W lightbulb burning for 10 hours uses 1 kWh. The average residential energy usage for co-op members in Oklahoma is 1,171 kWhs per month (2016 data). | <urn:uuid:819b9ecc-9628-4c42-bd73-d34cfa8de1ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.okl.coop/sections/powerful-living/energy-101-key-energy-industry-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258453.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525224929-20190526010929-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.921256 | 680 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Scrapie Submissions NeededThe good news for American sheep producers is that the industry has scrapie on the run. The bad news is that the current status makes carriers of the fatal disease more difficult to find.
“The incidence rate is now very low and finding the few remaining cases becomes more difficult using traditional surveillance methods,” said Wyoming State Veterinarian Jim Logan, DVM. “The best and most appropriate method now is within flock surveillance. It is in the best interest of the industry that we sample as many adult dead sheep and goats that we can find and get them tested.”
The only diagnostic tests currently available to determine if a sheep has scrapie require brain or lymphoid tissue. Scrapie is typically diagnosed by finding abnormal prion protein accumulation in the brain and/or lymphoid tissue of infected sheep. A positive test must be confirmed by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories.
While no new cases of classical scrapie have been reported in the United States since April 2016, there’s still a need to be vigilant.
“If producers take this on in a serious manner and get heads to the laboratory, it will help the U.S. Department of Agriculture prove to the international community that the United States is free of scrapie, and we will finally be able to wrap up this national eradication program,” Logan said.
Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is among a number of diseases classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Infected flocks can experience significant production losses. Scrapie is the oldest known TSE, and under natural conditions only sheep and goats are known to be affected by scrapie. Once infected, the animal remains infected for life and eventually dies from the disease typically at between 3 and 5 years of age.
The best way for producers to assist in completely eradicating scrapie from American borders is to participate in APHIS’ sample submission program. The program is provided at no cost to the producer, and asks that producers submit samples from sheep or goats 18 months of age or older.
“Most producers don’t see scrapie as an issue in their flock,” said Diane Sutton, USDA/APHIS Veterinary Services Sheep and Goat Health Team Leader. “We’re so close to being free of scrapie, but we need to be able to demonstrate that to the world. Slaughter surveillance alone won’t get the job done.”
The process for submitting samples is fairly simple and outlined in the graphic below. Shipping boxes with packing supplies and shipping are provided at no cost by APHIS. For more information, visit Sheepusa.org/IssuesPrograms_AnimalHealth_Scrapie. | <urn:uuid:b8ca984b-7f59-422b-940b-ca8bbc666304> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.sheepusa.org/Newsmedia_SheepIndustryNews_PastIssues_2017_May2017_ScrapieSubmissionsNeeded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948618633.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218161254-20171218183254-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.944424 | 578 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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The Roots of Hitler's Evil
Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship, by Brigitte Hamann, translated from the German by Thomas Thornton, Oxford University Press, 1999, 482 pp.; $17.95, paper
Hitler: 1889-1936, Hubris, by Ian Kershaw, Norton, 1999, 845 pp.; $21.95, paper
Hitler: 1936-1945, Nemesis, by Ian Kershaw, Norton, 2000, 1115 pp.; $35, paper
On a gray June day in the summer of 1999, I visited Herrsching, a beautiful resort on Ammersee, a lake in southern Germany. Herrsching was the home of physician Alfred Ploetz, the founding father of the race hygiene or eugenics movement in Germany, whose goal was to improve human heredity by rationally controlling reproduction. I'd come to examine his correspondence and papers. My host was Ploetz's 87-year-old son, Wilfried Ploetz, still living in the medieval manor house bought by his father, who conducted scientific experiments on heredity there.
After Herr Ploetz graciously picked me up at the train station, I cautiously asked harmless questions about his father. Uncertain about how he viewed his father and the movement he led, especially the Nazi connection, I proceeded gingerly. But Herr Ploetz himself unabashedly introduced the topic of Nazism, relating to me several stories about the Nazi period involving his father or him. While admitting that his father made some mistakes, he clearly tried to distance his father and other leading eugenicists—many of whom he knew personally from their frequent visits with his father—from the Nazis and Nazi racism.
Scholars continue to probe and debate the extent of involvement between German science and the Nazi regime, and the influence of scientific and pseudo-scientific thought on Nazi ideology. Clearly Alfred Ploetz was no Hitler. He experimented on rabbits, not on humans. Left to their own devices, probably neither Ploetz nor most other German eugenicists would have perpetrated the evil deeds we associate with Hitler, especially the Holocaust. Ploetz opposed the Nazis before they came to power, ... | <urn:uuid:6451cb9a-7f23-4831-b224-2ce4f212efdb> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/2001/marapr/6.18.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320209.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624013626-20170624033626-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.967475 | 468 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Printable version (pdf)|
By Diana Kenney
MBL, WOODS HOLE, MASS.—Exposure to arsenic in drinking water at the level the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently deems as safe in the United States (10 parts per billion) induces adverse health outcomes in pregnant and lactating mice and their offspring, concludes a study led by Joshua Hamilton of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) (mbl.edu) and Courtney Kozul-Horvath at Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (geiselmed.dartmouth.edu). The team is part of the Dartmouth Superfund Research Program on Toxic Metals (dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal).
Pregnant and/or breastfeeding mothers who consumed low levels (10 ppb) of arsenic in their drinking water, the scientists found, exhibited significant disruption in their lipid metabolism, leading to diminished nutrients in their blood and in their breast milk. As a result, their offspring showed significant growth and development deficits during the postnatal period before weaning. Birth outcomes such as litter size and length of gestation were unaffected.
“The pups were essentially malnourished; they were small and underdeveloped,” Hamilton says. Once the pups were switched to milk from a mother who had not consumed arsenic, their growth deficits reversed, although only the males fully caught up with the pups that had had no arsenic exposure.
The U.S. EPA recently lowered the Maximum Contaminant Level for arsenic to 10 ppb in public water supplies—a regulated level that is considered “safe” for a lifetime of exposure—yet concentrations of 100 ppb and higher are commonly found in private, unregulated well water in regions where arsenic is geologically abundant, including upper New England (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine), Florida, and large parts of the Upper Midwest, the Southwest, and the Rocky Mountains.
“This study raises a couple of issues. First, we have to think again about whether 10 ppb arsenic as a U.S. drinking water standard is safe and protective of human health,” says Hamilton, who is the MBL’s chief academic and scientific officer and a senior scientist in the MBL Bay Paul Center.
“Second, this study reiterates an emerging idea in toxicology that pregnant women and their offspring are uniquely sensitive to chemicals in their environment,” Hamilton says. “There is a special window of vulnerability for both of them.” Third, says Hamilton, “If you are on a private water system, particularly in a region with high arsenic, have your water tested so that you know what you are drinking.”
The levels of arsenic and other regulated chemicals in public drinking water are published by water systems and readily available to consumers. In most states, the Department of Environmental Protection or its equivalent will also test an individual’s sample of private well water for arsenic and other chemicals. If the concentration of arsenic is of concern, Hamilton says, the best options for private well owners are drinking bottled water or buying a remediation system, such as reverse osmosis, that will remove arsenic. Additional information and resources can be found on the Dartmouth Toxic Metals web site .
Based on this and prior studies (Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 2009), Hamilton and colleagues posit that exposure to low levels of arsenic may act as a predisposing factor, in which a second stress is needed to induce adverse health affects. In this study, pregnancy and lactation acted as that secondary stress. In the prior study, Hamilton’s group demonstrated that arsenic suppressed immune function, leading to dramatically greater effects of a flu infection in mice.
Offspring are also uniquely sensitive to environmental chemicals because “they are developing rapidly. It’s not hard for very low doses of a chemical to have big effects on a developing animal,” Hamilton says.
In the current study, the mothers who were exposed to arsenic had significantly lower triglyceride concentrations in their serum and breast milk than normal, indicating the process of fat metabolism and storage in their bodies was compromised.
“Normally, the body is very good at storing fat and glucose for later use,” Hamilton says. “Up to a certain point, if a mother is malnourished during and after pregnancy, the offspring will not be compromised, because her body uses nutrients it has stored to nourish the baby. Her body will basically ‘eat itself’ to provide for the baby.” However, because this protective mechanism was disrupted in the arsenic-exposed mothers, they could provide less nutrients to their pups via breast milk.
The arsenic-exposed mothers also displayed a condition known as hepatic steatosis or “fatty liver,” in which fat accumulates abnormally in the liver.
As early as day 10 after birth, the pups of arsenic-exposed mothers showed significant deficits in growth, as evidenced by body weight. At the typical time of weaning (21 days after birth), many of the arsenic-exposed offspring were so small that it was not feasible to separate them from their mothers.
“The message here is, ‘Pay attention to your total arsenic exposure, both in drinking water and also in food.’” Hamilton says. “Pregnant women, especially, need to be very careful and protective of their health. Environmental chemicals such as arsenic, along with tobacco, alcohol, drugs—all of these chemicals are potential stressors to pregnant women and their offspring.”
“The research conducted by Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Kozul-Horvath is an important component of our Superfund Research Program (SRP) at Dartmouth,” says Bruce Stanton, Dartmouth SRP Director. “These significant results add to the body of knowledge we are developing pertaining to the sources of arsenic, its effects at the cellular level, the ways in which it affects the health of mammals like mice and ultimately, how it causes disease and harmful health outcomes for humans.”
Kozul-Horvath CD, Zangbergen F, Jackson BP, Enelow RI, and Hamilton JW (2012). Effects of low-dose drinking water arsenic on mouse fetal and postnatal growth and development. PLoS ONE (May 31, 2012) [PDF attached].
Link to paper: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038249
Kozul CD, Ely KH, Enelow RI, Hamilton JW (2009) Low-Dose Arsenic Compromises the Immune Response to Influenza A Infection in Vivo. Environ. Hlth. Perspect. 117: 1441-47 [PDF attached]
The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery and improving the human condition through research and education in biology, biomedicine, and environmental science. Founded in 1888 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, the MBL is an independent, nonprofit corporation. | <urn:uuid:685c1f0e-3a20-491b-8d25-f5f629702611> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.mbl.edu/blog/arsenic-in-drinking-water/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121090.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00066-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955272 | 1,465 | 2.65625 | 3 |
September 6, 2018
Hot off the press: NEW K-5th grade curriculum aligned to the 2018 NYC Science Scope and Sequence
It has been a busy summer at NY Sun Works! Our curriculum development team has designed an entire new set of lessons for Kindergarten to 5th grades that are aligned to the NGSS and the 2018 NYC Science Scope and Sequence. The curriculum is available to all NY Sun Works partner schools and it will be accessible through our online Learning Center.
How does the NY Sun Works program align with the new NYC Science Scope and Sequence? The NY Sun Works K-5th new curriculum is specifically designed to match the unit themes of the 2018 NYC Science Scope and Sequence. In fact, it offers small targeted lessons that directly link to NYC’s mandated science units of study, answer the specified essential question, and address specific performance expectations while providing meaningful connections to sustainability science. In addition, all lessons have a direct connection with the students’ jobs and interactions with the hydroponic systems in a typical NY Sun Works Greenhouse Classroom.
What makes NY Sun Works curriculum unique? The use of hydroponic technology in the classroom allows students to have a 3D approach to learning science while understanding the much needed connections to sustainability. Our curriculum aims to raise student awareness of the developing and complex environmental challenges our planet faces and to introduce them to innovative solutions to some of those challenges. Our goal is to instill a passion for science, inspire stewardship for the planet, introduce an understanding of the need for sustainability science, and to foster a commitment to change attitudes and behaviors for a sustainable future. Students using our curriculum will not only be exposed to the mandated science standards but will also benefit from an increased awareness and knowledge about sustainable development and their role as global citizens.
How is the new K-5th grade curriculum organized? Our curriculum is designed to offer two distinct but connected avenues for student learning: The Greenhouse Classroom Connect and The Sustainability Extension.
The GHC Connect lessons are designed in sets, typically trios, and augment the NYC Scope and Sequence science units of study as they reinforce the standards being taught within that unit. These lessons can be implemented at any point, but will have maximum impact when taught within the connected science unit.
The Sustainability Extension, also designed in sets, exposes students to current environmental concerns and models sustainable solutions for living in a changing world. The Sustainability Extension includes hands-on projects, engineering tasks, and opportunities to create citizen action campaigns, to empower and inspire students to feel that they can affect meaningful and positive change in their communities and their own lives.
The new K-5th grade curriculum also offers special features such as the NY Sun Works Report. These are short, easy to read, highly visual and engaging reports of different topics covered in a lesson. They are designed to be used to guide learning and provide in-depth research. The NY Sun Works Reports are written by science experts and contributors. The new lessons also include differentiation for English Language Learners and ideas for students who need more support or more challenges.
What is the best way to start off the year? We created a new Farming Foundations Unit to make teaching with the GHC Connect and the Sustainability Extension a success for every teacher. This serves as an introduction to all grades and provides a structure for establishing and maintaining a year round hydroponic farming classroom. This introductory unit comes with a toolkit for each of the hydroponic systems and includes materials to help students learn and interact with them. Word Wall cards, hand lenses, tweezers, tape measures, and other tools will be used by students to get the most out of their hydroponic farming experience along with “jobs” or class assignments that will support the teacher with maintenance tasks. In this way, teachers can teach, grow, and harvest throughout the year, having students manage the systems while being engaged in learning with a hands-on approach.
What can teachers expect as they teach science through the lens of urban farming?
Urban farming in the classroom can be very exciting. Plants grow fast since they are in a controlled environment, keeping students invested and engaged throughout the process. It is proven that higher order thinking, academic performance, and student engagement are all boosted by exposure to this type of program. Furthermore, teachers can expect abundant harvests of fresh and delicious hydroponic vegetables throughout the year.
We look forward to working together in the implementation of this new curriculum, and to another exciting year in collaboration! | <urn:uuid:c7480eaf-7274-455a-ab96-f00f63dc84a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://nysunworks.org/blog/hot-off-the-press-new-k-5th-grade-curriculum-aligned-to-the-2018-nyc-science-scope-and-sequence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664437.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111191704-20191111215704-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.949936 | 923 | 2.890625 | 3 |
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has defined healthcare coalitions as: A collaborative network of healthcare organizations and their respective public and private sector response partners that serve as a multiagency coordinating group to assist with preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation activities related to healthcare organization disaster operations.
The purpose of a healthcare coalition is a healthcare system-wide approach for preparing for, responding to, and recovering from incidents that have a public health and medical impact in the short and long-term. The primary function of a healthcare coalition is sub-state regional healthcare system emergency preparedness activities involving the health and medical
members. This includes planning, organizing, equipping, training, exercises and evaluation. | <urn:uuid:0ec218d7-cccd-47ea-8630-632e331a2172> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://myemail.constantcontact.com/Your-KHCA-KCAL-COVID-19-Daily-Update-4-2-20.html?soid=1132536205126&aid=lxtA8JMncnw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.94929 | 146 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Indiana’s Aquatic Research Institute… on Great Lakes Aquatic Habitats
By Tim Early, Aquatic Research Institute
Were you to attend a class on aquatic habitats offered by the aquatic research institute (ARI) you would first be asked if you knew what a shark, a whale, or a dolphin are. You may be asked to describe a starfish or an octopus, or possibly what you think a coral reef looks like. If you are like most people you would typically answer every question accurately. The next series of questions, however, may throw you: what is the fresh water counterpart of a coral reef? Can you name ten plants or animals, besides fish, that commonly live in lakes? Are sponges and jellyfish found in fresh water? Or how about a carnivorous aquatic plant—where would you find one? And so would begin your introduction to, and education about, habitats within the world’s largest freshwater system … the Laurentian Great Lakes.
“Contemporary thought typically classifies lakes, themselves, as a type of aquatic habitat,” says ARI director, Tim Early. “In the case of the Great Lakes this is far from accurate. Rather, the Great Lakes represent a vast submerged region containing a great number and variety of habitats—analogous to terrestrial regions that contain forests, prairies, or dunes—it’s all a matter of familiarity and perception. Understanding exactly what they are, where they are, how they function within the system are all vital to our understanding and management of aquatic resources.”
That understanding, according to Early, is sometimes problematic, not because it is difficult, but simply because the aquatic environment is so different from our own. We tend to identify terrestrial systems according to their long-lived, dominant species … plants. Hence we derive such terms as “forest,” “prairie,” or “meadow.” In such systems, plant populations control short-lived animal populations. Not so underwater where we name communities after dominant animal species, i.e., coral reefs, fish shoals, oyster beds, etc. In aquatic systems it is the plants that are ephemeral, some species living only a matter of days or even hours. ‘Down there’ it is the animals who “live long and prosper,” as a visiting Vulcan might phrase it. Add to this things such as “plankton,” that have no counterpart in our terrestrial world (there are no organisms that live out unending generations requisite on continually floating in the air), and familiarity suffers even more.
For the past seven years ARI scientific divers have been engaged in locating, identifying, and classifying habitats within the near shore area of southern Lake Michigan. Their efforts have resulted in a list that includes: coastal lagoons, weed beds, sand flats, incidental/artificial habitats, shoals, and clay banks.
“Coastal lagoons are to the lakes as coral reefs are to the ocean or wetlands to a river,” says Early. “These are the biologically richest and most diverse of aquatic habitats.” The ARI defines a coastal lagoon as “… a calm water embayment, separate from the lake, but connected to it by an open channel through which water and aquatic life can pass freely.” Within this type of system one can typically find several other types of habitats normally existing as distinct units in the open waters of lakes. This characteristic classifies the habitat as an ecotone—a component system exhibiting the features of several systems, e.g., an inland lake and mega-limnetic open water. Coastal lagoons also function as spawning sites and nursery grounds for many species, including varieties of sport fish, both territorial (centrarchids) and pelagic (perch, salmon, trout, etc.).
It was their study of coastal lagoons that led ARI researchers to investigate a unique biochemical process involving two seemingly unrelated species, sponges and zebra mussels. In a paper recently published in Environmental Science and Technology (a journal of the American Chemical Society) the researchers proved that a native species of sponge, Eunapias fragilis, actually feeds on the exotic mollusks by encapsulating and digesting them.
Carnivorous sponges are not the only surprise encountered by the ARI in studies of aquatic habitats. While classifying a clay bank habitat the dive team was intrigued by the large number of “pits” occurring throughout the glacial clay structures. Careful observation revealed that each one “erupted” in what appeared to be regular intervals. Samples of the substrate showed the “pits” to actually be the entrance to tunnel systems … each tunnel occupied by a chironomid (midge) larva. The sheer number of pits showed the clay to be home to virtually millions of the tiny insects that metamorphose into winged creatures that fly.
As any fisherman will tell you, midges are an important food source (and sometimes bait) for many species of sport fish. Normally, however, these animals are found in river or stream environments, not deep in the open waters of Lake Michigan. This discovery led to conclusions, such as the reason perch lay eggs at these habitats, or the fact that the midges actually weaken the otherwise solid clay matrix—the first case of “bio-erosion” cited by the group.
“We are only now beginning to see and understand how aquatic habitats function in the lakes,” says Early. “Until now they have been out of sight and, subsequently, out of mind. That is all about to change.” The “change” he is referring to is, perhaps, one of the most unique and innovative ideas to come from the ARI—live and interactive virtual dives, or, “LVDs” as the group calls them.
An LVD virtually puts you underwater. You see the aquascape and everything in it, and you can see, hear, and speak with the divers, underwater, who are conducting the dive—all live and in real-time. “It’s the closest thing to diving you can do without actually getting wet,” according to Jim Gentile, ARI’s dive operations manager.
Using a system pioneered by the ARI in partnership with Ameritech, video and audio signals from underwater are integrated within Indiana’s fiber-optic telecommunication system and, from there, can be channeled anywhere in the world. Recently, the ARI conducted an underwater session, from East Chicago, Indiana, in which thousands of students from around the world participated live and interactively in a dive.
“The concept, itself, is not new,” says Gentile. “You saw it in action during the Gulf War where reporters came to you, live on TV, from the Middle East. Unfortunately, the cost of such production is astronomical … something only major news agencies are capable of funding. What we have done is to design a system whereby we can do the same thing … only at the cost of a long distance telephone call rather than millions of dollars.” Later this year the ARI will offer LVDs to the public, from either its video teleconferencing center in East Chicago, Indiana, or by “sending the dive” to a any distance learning center in any U.S. city.
“This will provide everyone with the opportunity to see and experience aquatic habitats first hand, from the comfort of a room,” says ARI’s director. “You will be able to visit any one of several types of habitats and learn about it through direct interaction—you can ask questions, take a closer look, even follow a fish—you are, for all intents and purposes, ‘down there’ with the other divers.”
The expected result? Increased awareness, knowledge, and understanding of the aquatic environment—not thousands of miles away in the oceans—but right here in our own back yard …
For more information contact:
Aquatic Research Institute
2001 E. 135th St.
E. Chicago, IN 46312 | <urn:uuid:eb415260-b58d-4354-bc0a-cdd70cee9454> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://freshwaterfuture.org/services/publications/freshwater-voices-newsletter-archive/glahnews-2000-vol-8-issue-2/indianas-aquatic-research-institute-on-great-lakes-aquatic-habitats/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146643.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227002351-20200227032351-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.939862 | 1,724 | 3.21875 | 3 |
- upper respiratory infection or common cold
- deviated septum (when the wall of tissue that separates your nostrils is displaced to one side)
- nasal polyps (noncancerous growths in the lining of your sinuses or nasal passages)
- dental infections
- enlarged adenoids (sections of tissue located behind your nasal cavity where your nose meets your throat)
- swimming (water can block the flow of your nasal secretions)
- exposure to secondhand smoke
- trauma to the nose and face
- foreign objects in the nose
- facial swelling
- runny nose lasting longer than seven to 10 days
- thick nasal secretions
- post-nasal drip (mucus that moves down the back of your throat)
- sore throat
- bad breath
- decreased sense of smell and taste
- over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin
- steroid nasal drops, such as fluticasone (Flonase)
- antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or azithromycin (Zithromax)
- decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
- nasal irrigation (using a saline solution to flush out your sinuses)
- warm compress
- inhaling steam
- oral steroids
- nasal irrigation
- staying hydrated
- inhaling steam to cleanse the nasal passages
- using a humidifier, especially in dry environments
- using saline drops to keep nasal passages moist
- sleeping with your head elevated
- avoiding blowing your nose too often
- blowing your nose gently when necessary
- avoiding antihistamines, unless directed by your doctor
- avoiding the overuse of decongestants
Ethmoid sinusitis refers to an infection that has developed in the ethmoid sinuses, which are located near the bridge of your nose. Sinuses are air-filled pockets located in your skull and facial bones. There are four sets of sinuses: maxillary, sphenoid, frontal and ethmoid. While the exact function of the sinuses is unknown, it is commonly accepted that they filter and humidify the air we breathe. The sinuses drain into the nose.
Sinusitis occurs when mucus gets backed up in your sinuses and they become infected. This is usually due to swelling of the nasal passages, which can be caused by upper respiratory infections or allergies.
An infection of the ethmoid sinuses can also affect the frontal and maxillary sinuses, which are located in the forehead and cheekbone. This is because the fluid from these sinuses needs to drain out through the ethmoid sinuses.
Sinusitis may also be called rhinosinusitis or nasal congestion.
Conditions that affect the structure of the sinuses or the flow of nasal secretions can cause sinusitis. Causes of sinusitis include:
Ethmoid sinusitis tends to cause pain between the eyes and tenderness when touching the bridge of your nose. Sometimes, the area around your eyes will swell, especially upon waking.
However, even if your infection is in the ethmoid sinuses, you may not feel pain in this area. Many people with sinusitis feel pain throughout the face, regardless of which sinus the infection is actually located.
Other symptoms of sinusitis include:
Usually, ethmoid sinusitis can be diagnosed based on your symptoms and an examination of your nasal passages. Your doctor will use a special light called an otoscope to look up your nose and in your ears for evidence of a sinus infection. The doctor may also take your temperature, listen to your lung sounds, and examine your throat.
If your doctor notices thick nasal secretions, he or she may use a swab to take a sample. This sample will be sent to a lab to check for evidence of a bacterial infection. Your doctor may also order blood tests to check for evidence of infection.
Sometimes, doctors will order imaging tests to check for sinusitis and to rule out other potential causes of your symptoms. X-rays of your sinuses can help identify any blockages. A computerized tomography (CT) scan, which provides much more detail than an X-ray, can also be used to check for blockages, masses or growths, and infection.
Your doctor may also use an endoscope (a small tube fitted with a camera) to check for blockages in your nasal passages.
Treatment for ethmoid sinusitis involves treating the infection and easing your symptoms. Treatment varies depending on the severity of your symptoms and the cause of your sinusitis.
Ethmoid sinusitis treatment may include:
Ethmoid sinusitis usually improves with these treatments. However, if these techniques are not successful, surgery is an option. Sinus surgery may involve removing damaged tissue, widening your nasal passages, and correcting anatomical abnormalities, such as nasal polyps or a deviated septum.
Keeping your nasal passages clear can help to prevent sinusitis. These methods may also be helpful for allergy sufferers. Prevention methods include: | <urn:uuid:fdc302fa-ea8a-4233-820a-b00941f2e37e> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.healthline.com/health/ethmoiditis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164960531/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134920-00048-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924672 | 1,076 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Brexit has left many Britons with an air of uncertainty surrounding things where we have previously used products, labour or skills from other countries within Europe. The medical industry is no different, so it is important to help patients understand what, if anything, the effect that leaving the EU will have on their medical requirements.
Although some EU laws have received a bad press, others have been welcomed and the UK has benefitted from some legislation passed in EU courts. Regulation of medical ‘devices’ is one such law whereby revisions have been made that provide UK patients with a higher degree of safety than before it was amended. The law governing medical devices now places a higher level of regulation upon a vast range of items. ‘Devices’ in this sense is a broad term covering a wide variety of things which are given to patients to benefit from their health. This ranges from smaller items such as plasters, contact lenses and pregnancy tests, to high value items such as hip replacements, x-ray machines and pacemakers.
The aim of these enhanced regulations is to ensure a consistency with safety testing so that all EU citizens can be reassured regarding the medical devices they use or are fitted with. It also encourages ‘free and fair trade of the products throughout the EU’; meaning components are readily available from trusted suppliers.
These changes have been come about because of cases whereby non-regulated components have been used in devices such as breast implants and hip replacements, and the revised laws are designed to ensure this does not happen again.
Breast implants made by the company PIP are a well-known example of where old legislation failed the consumer. PIP manufactured its own silicone, rather than use the more expensive medically-approved silicone. The result was that thousands of women in the UK received implements containing potentially harmful chemicals, many of whom have had to have their implants removed or replaced as a result.
The same is true for hip replacements. A company called 3M fell foul of using components that were not as heavily regulated as they should have been. During the 1990’s they produced a copy of the widely used Charnley hip, which performed very badly and was more likely to come loose and need further re-work, compared with more rigorously tested alternatives. DePuy Orthopaedics developed a metal-on-metal joint replacement called an Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) which contained components that had not undergone the rigorous medical testing they should have done. The result here was that tiny fragments wore off the synthetic joint and entered the surrounding muscle and tissue, some even entered the bloodstream.
The UK also has a National Joint Registry (NJR) and something called Beyond Compliance. The NJR records all hips implanted in England and Wales and identifies when they require revision, allowing surgeons to distinguish between different implants and choose designs with a low failure rate. Beyond Compliance allows new designs which are developed to be monitored before general release. Newly developed hip replacement implants are implanted in a controlled manner by selected centres, before general release. Beyond Compliance is “a service to support the safe and stepwise introduction of new or modified implantable medical devices.”
For patients who wish to undergo a hip replacement, be reassured that orthopaedic surgeons such as Mr Simon Bridle only operate using devices that have undergone the comprehensive medical testing required before these products are released to the EU marketplace. This will continue to be the case, regardless of the UK’s status within the EU. | <urn:uuid:cf4772d7-6a07-407b-aef2-58423dfafcda> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://simonbridle.com/will-leaving-eu-affect-hip-replacement-surgery-uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104660626.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706030209-20220706060209-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.971158 | 719 | 2.671875 | 3 |
William Adam (1689 – 24 June 1748) was a Scottish architect, mason, and entrepreneur. He was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland, designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings, and often acting as a contractor as well as an architect. Among his best-known works is Hopetoun House near Edinburgh, and Duff House in Banff. His individual, exuberant style built on the Palladian style, but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture.
In the 18th century, Adam was considered Scotland’s “Universal Architect”. However, since the early 20th century, architectural critics have taken a more measured view, Colin McWilliam, for instance, finding the quality of his work “varied to an extreme degree”. As well as being an architect, Adam was involved in several industrial ventures and improvement schemes, including coal mining, salt panning, stone quarries and mills. In 1731 he began to build up his own estate in Kinross-shire, which he named Blair Adam. He was the father of three architects; John, Robert and James, the last two were the developers of the “Adam style”.
William Adam was born in Linktown of Abbotshall, now a neighbourhood of Kirkcaldy, Fife, and was baptised on 24 October 1689. He was the only surviving child of John Adam (d. c. 1710), a mason, and Helen Cranstoun, daughter of William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun. His paternal grandfather was Archibald Adam, a laird in Angus. Adam probably attended the grammar school in Kirkcaldy until 1704, when he turned 15, and thereafter learned the craft of masonry, possibly from his father. It is often suggested that Adam was apprenticed to Sir William Bruce at Kinross House, although the dates make this unlikely. John Fleming suggests that if Adam trained under Bruce at all, it must have been at Hopetoun House which Bruce was building from 1699–1703. By 1717 Adam was a fully qualified member of the Kirkcaldy masons’ guild, and before 1720 he travelled to France and the Low Countries, visiting country houses and viewing the canal at Ostend.
In 1714, Adam entered into a partnership with William Robertson of Gladney, a local laird, to set up a brickworks at Linktown. The venture was successful, and Adam has been credited with introducing the manufacture of Dutch pantiles into Scotland. On 30 May 1716, Adam married Robertson’s daughter Mary, and the couple moved into his home, Gladney House, at Abbotshall.
East front of Hopetoun House, designed and built by William Adam over a period of over 20 years
Rise to fame.
It is not known how William Adam became a successful architect from these beginnings, but by 1721 he was engaged on major projects at Floors Castle, where he executed design by Vanbrugh and designing extensions to Hopetoun House. John Gifford links Adam’s rise with the retirement of James Smith, the most prominent architect of the early 18th century, who was in his 70s by this time. Like Smith, Adam was a trained mason, had social connections through his family, and had the financial backing of successful business ventures. It was in 1721 that Adam became a Freemason being initiated in The Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary’s Chapel), No.1.
However, unlike the Episcopalians Smith and Bruce, Adam was a Presbyterian Whig, in a time of Whig domination of the British government. Scottish Episcopalians were associated with Jacobitism, and as such found little favour with the ruling Hanoverian regime. Sir William Bruce, for example, was imprisoned on at least three occasions between 1693 and his death in 1710, merely on account of his principles. Adam’s beliefs were much more acceptable, although he did manage to maintain relations with the exiled Jacobite, and amateur architect, John Erskine, Earl of Mar. Adam’s political stance allowed him to acquire influential patrons such as John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, and Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, who, besides being his clients, attempted to secure government positions and contracts for him. For example, Sir John Clerk unsuccessfully proposed Adam for city architect under the “Town of Edinburgh Bill”, which would have seen him overseeing new public works in the capital. In 1727, Stair tried, again unsuccessfully, to have Adam appointed Surveyor of the King’s Works in Scotland, although the following year he acquired the lesser position of Clerk and Storekeeper of the King’s Works in Scotland, under the Master of Works Sir John Anstruther. In 1730 Adam was appointed principal Mason to the Board of Ordnance in North Britain.
Colen Campbell’s design for Wanstead House
In 1727 Adam and Sir John Clerk travelled to London, visiting a number of country seats along the way, including Cliveden, Wilton, and Wanstead House. In London, Adam attempted to make further political contacts, as well as seeking out an engraver for his projected book of architectural plans, which would eventually become Vitruvius Scoticus. Also while in London, he sat to William Aikman for his portrait.
Architect, entrepreneur, and laird
By 1728, Adam was firmly established as a successful architect with numerous ongoing business concerns, including coal mining, salt panning, quarrying and agricultural improvements, although in that year occurred the death of his partner and father-in-law William Robertson. For the same year, William Adam and Alexander McGill are called architects in the subscribers’ list to James Gibbs’s Book of Architecture. On 21 February 1728, Adam was made a burgess of Edinburgh and moved with his family to a property on the Cowgate, where he later built a large tenement.
His business activities continued to expand. Since the commission for Hopetoun in 1721, he had leased quarries near Queensferry which provided the stone for his building contracts. Starting in 1734, he leased lofts, granaries and warehouses in Leith, and leased coal mines and salt pans at Cockenzie, and later at nearby Pinkie he built a canal in 1742–44, to serve the mines. Other engineering works included an aqueduct cut through a hill at Inveresk, and in 1741, an attempt to promote a Forth and Clyde canal, a project eventually realised by others some 30 years later. His main concern from 1731 became Blair Crambeth, the estate in Kinross-shire, near Kelty, which he purchased that year for £8,010 Scots. Renaming the estate Blair Adam, he set about expanding and improving it, planting trees, enclosing land, and setting up coal mines. He established the village of Maryburgh to house the miners, and built a small house, although he seldom visited for any length of time.
Realised designs for the south front (top) and north front of House of Dun, Angus
In 1741 Adam was forced to initiate legal proceedings against William, Lord Braco, to retrieve unpaid fees arising from his work at Duff House. There was no formal contract, and client and architect disagreed on costs for carved stonework. Adam sued for £5,796 12s 11⅓d, and the matter was initially resolved in his favour. However, Braco was a stubborn opponent and dragged out the proceedings, which were not resolved until just before Adam’s death.
After the Jacobite rising of 1745, Adam’s position as Mason to the Board of Ordnance brought him a number of large military contracts in the Highlands. In 1746, the position of Master Carpenter to the Board of Ordnance became vacant, and Adam was quick to put forward his son John’s name for consideration, although he was unsuccessful in securing him the post. His three eldest sons were all involved in the family business by 1746, James and John both leaving Edinburgh University early to join their father.
William Adam succumbed to illness in late 1747, dying the following summer. He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh, where John Adam designed the family mausoleum built-in 1753. This was restored by Edinburgh City Council and Historic Scotland in 1997 to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.
Hamilton Old Parish Church, designed by Adam in 1735
Adam used a wide variety of sources for his designs and created an inventive personal style of decoration. His chief influences were from English Palladianism, and several of his houses have been likened to designs reproduced in Colen Campbell’s Vitruvius Britannicus, but Adam mixed these with English Baroque motifs from Gibbs and Vanbrugh. He relied greatly on a range of French, Italian and English pattern books, including Gibbs’ Book of Architecture, from which he borrowed freely with little regard for consistency of style. In addition, he took inspiration from earlier Scottish renaissance architecture, and from his predecessors Bruce and Smith. During his nearly 30-year career as an architect, Adam designed, extended or remodelled over 40 country houses, and undertook numerous public contracts. He also laid out landscape garden schemes, for instance at Newliston and Taymouth Castle.
His first commission seems to have been for extensions to Hopetoun House, near Edinburgh, for Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun. Hopetoun had been built only 20 years before by Sir William Bruce, and Adam was retained to rebuild the south-east wing. These works, completed in 1725, aimed to give the east front a bold new facade, stepping forward at the ends with curved sections. According to John Fleming, “nothing so ambitious or imaginative had ever before been attempted in Scotland”. Over the following years, Adam would return to Hopetoun, building the south colonnade from 1726, the north wing from 1728, and finally the pavilions from 1736. These were not finished until 1742, the year of the Earl’s death, and the completed scheme was finished by Adam’s sons after his own death. Adam also laid out the gardens, possibly to designs by Bruce, whose axial style they follow.
Craigdarroch in Dumfriesshire, a small house designed by Adam in 1729, for Alexander Fergusson
Other early designs included Drum House, which boasted Scotland’s first Venetian window, and Mavisbank, both near Edinburgh. Mavisbank House, constructed between 1723 and 1727, was the first Palladian villa in Scotland, a collaboration between Adam and the owner, amateur architect Sir John Clerk of Penicuik. The latter claimed much of the credit, and certainly criticised some of Adam’s suggestions, although evidence suggests Adam got his way on a number of points. As at Hopetoun, here Adam enjoyed an unusually close relationship with his client, despite their differences of opinion. His most ambitious early work was the baroque, Vanbrugh-inspired house at Arniston, near Gorebridge. Built for Robert Dundas, a lawyer and politician linked to the Earl of Stair, Arniston includes extensive grounds laid out by Adam, with a parterre and cascade, and the main avenue centred on Arthur’s Seat to the north. The stucco work to the hall at Arniston is one of Adam’s finest Vanbrughian interiors.
Duff House, “a medieval castle in baroque dress”
Duff House, Adam’s major work of the 1730s, demonstrates his accretion of local and foreign influences, presenting itself as “a medieval castle in baroque dress”. Built between 1735 and 1739, Adam acted as contractor and architect to William, Lord Braco. James Gibbs had recently built another house for Lord Braco, but he declined the commission for Duff, recommending Adam for the job. The main facade of Duff House is remarkable for its height, and with the tall corner towers, the impression is of a highly vertical house. This style is related to the designs produced by the exiled Jacobite Earl of Mar, an amateur architect who collaborated with Adam at the House of Dun. Charles McKean compares Duff to the 17th century Drumlanrig Castle and places it within the Scottish architectural tradition. Like Drumlanrig and Heriot’s Hospital (the 1620s–1690s) in Edinburgh before it, Duff House has a double-pile block flanked by taller square corner towers. The “baroque dress” at Duff derives from Vanbrugh, and particularly Eastbury Park (1724–38) in Dorset. Designs for pavilions and quadrant wings were never executed due to Lord Braco’s dispute with Adam. Braco never occupied or fitted out the house for the same reason.
Chatelherault, the Duke of Hamilton’s hunting lodge, 1731–43
Adam’s other houses of the 1730s include House of Dun in Angus, Tinwald in Dumfriesshire, Lawyers House in Perthshire, and Haddo House in Aberdeenshire. His early, unexecuted design for House of Dun, a collaboration with the Earl of Mar, is interesting, as it appears to show a traditional tall Scottish tower house, complete with spiral stairs within the walls, but externally clad in neo-classical detailing; Adam clearly took some inspiration from the Scottish vernacular. Chatelherault, the Duke of Hamilton’s “Dogg Kennel” and hunting lodge near Hamilton, was completed in 1743. His redecoration of the Duke’s apartment in Holyroodhouse was Adam’s most important interior design commission. In the 1730s Adam extended Taymouth Castle and laid out gardens, although his work was largely demolished to make way for the present building in the 19th century. Adam’s approach here mirrored the work of Bruce at Balcaskie, extending a Scottish tower house to form a near-symmetrical architectural composition.
After 1740, Adam built only two houses, Cumbernauld House for the Earl of Wigton, and Cally House for Alexander Murray, which was not complete until 1763. From 1746, Adam was acting as “Intendant General” and contractor, overseeing the building of Inveraray Castle to a Gothic design by Roger Morris. His role was to correspond with the architect on behalf of the client, Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, and Adam also offered Morris his own advice on detail design. He also provided an early draft for the layout of the new town at Inveraray. His last architectural work was for Lord Lovat in 1744, for a new house at Castle Dounie. The stone was supplied, but construction never started as Lord Lovat was “out” in the Jacobite rising of 1745, and his property was sacked by government troops.
William Adam’s Tay Bridge at Aberfeldy
Adam’s first public building commissions were in Aberdeen, where he built the townhouse, or town hall, from 1729–30, since demolished, and Robert Gordon’s Hospital from 1730–32, now an independent school. The original Edinburgh Royal Infirmary on Infirmary Street was an imposing building designed by Adam in 1738, although based on a standard Ordnance Board barrack block. One of the first infirmaries in the world, it was founded by physician Alexander Monro and was demolished in 1884. Remnants of the building can be found on various sites in the city. Also in Edinburgh, Adam built George Watson’s Hospital from 1738–41, demolished 2004, which in the 19th century was incorporated by David Bryce as part of the new Royal Infirmary. In 1745, work was completed on William Adam’s “New Library” for the University of Glasgow, also since demolished. Adam’s townhouse for Dundee has also been demolished; that of Haddington remains but is much altered. Adam built only one church, Hamilton Old Parish Church, in 1733 while working on nearby Chatelherault.
The last Jacobite rising occurred in 1745 when “Bonnie Prince Charlie” attempted to seize the British throne, aided by rebellious Scottish Highlanders. In the aftermath of this unsuccessful coup, the Highlands were extensively militarized by the government, and Adam’s Ordnance Board work consequently multiplied. He and his sons carried out works at Fort Augustus, Fort William, Carlisle, and the castles of Dumbarton, Stirling, Edinburgh, Blackness, and Duart. He was engaged in 1747 to provide the mason work and brickwork for Fort George near Inverness, although the project only began shortly before Adam’s death. Every summer until 1760, one of his sons spent the summer at Fort George, supervising the works under Colonel Skinner, the chief engineer for North Britain.
Robert Gordon’s Hospital, Aberdeen, now Robert Gordon’s College
In the 1720s Adam planned to publish a book of architectural drawings of Scottish houses, including his own work and that of others. His Vitruvius Scoticus was started and named in response to Colen Campbell’s Vitruvius Britannicus. He commissioned some engravings during his 1727 trip to London and had begun to collect subscriptions. The further engraving was completed in Edinburgh in the 1730s by Richard Cooper. The project then stalled, possibly due to the lack of subscriptions (only 150 were collected, compared to over 700 for Vitruvius Britannicus), although it may have been revived around the time of Adam’s death. In 1766, John Adam attempted to restart the project and collect fresh subscriptions, although nothing came of this. The book was finally published in 1812 by John’s son William and contained 160 plates, including 100 of Adam’s own designs.#ARCHITECT #ARCHITECTURE #BUILDINGS #WILLIAMADAM #SCOTTISH Click To Tweet | <urn:uuid:7dd8927a-e3c6-4b50-817f-41c064add832> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://williamsinclairmanson.co.uk/famous-scots-william-adams-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655924908.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711064158-20200711094158-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.979018 | 3,840 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Rack & Pinion
A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature.
Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line.
Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod.
Racks also feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of particular actual radii are then derived from that.
Racks can be delivered with different hardening methods different precision grade , and different materials from module 0.5 up to 10.
More information about the manufacturer >> RELIANCE rack & pinion
Company Tel: 073-2000200 | <urn:uuid:2824c47f-95c4-426c-b743-3691f5d5ee34> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.medital.com/products/rack-pinion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.841724 | 215 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A tennis sensor is really a device that measures the rate, spin, and shot position of the ball. Players may use the very best tennis sensors to enhance their game by focusing on how different characteristics affect their trajectory.
In tennis, sensors are utilized to measure a player’s performance. These sensors help to look for the precision of the shot and just how much pressure was applied. Which means that if you are taking a champion, it’s better to invest your strength in to the swing.
A tennis sensor is really a device that may be connected to the internet, or placed on the floor, which will highlight how solid a tennis ball continues to be hit. This post is then displayed within an application for the phone.
These sensors are ideal for ensuring you’re playing in the right level – too easy, and it is less fun too tricky, also it becomes frustrating. The sensors make certain you do not get tired of your game.
Where would be the Sensors
Use a sensor in various places from the racket. This is actually the complete guide on how and where you should use these sensors.
Fundamental essentials places where sensors are often located:
- Bottom from the racket
- Within the handle
- Inside a damper
ALSO READ – LindellTv .Com Reviews Who’s Mike Lindell?
1- Sensors towards the bottom from the racket:
Tennis sensors have been in existence for some time now, but they’re still only progressively gaining popularity. One type of sensor which was common may be the The new sony Smart Tennis Sensor which inserts on your racket and enables you to definitely hook it up wirelessly via Bluetooth. Data could be collected from games performed on several surfaces in addition to performed shots.
2- Sensors within the handle:
The Babolat Play sensor embedded tennis racket may be the first available in the future into fruition, with two companies designing and producing rackets incorporating sensors. The main difference between Pure Drive Lite (an easy version) and Pure Aero models lie inside their design instead of different types or weight.
Both of them come with an advanced acceleration system that utilizes three components:
accelerometer/gyroscope for discovering how quickly you’re swinging
humidity-sensing nick for calculating air density at a specific temperature
altitude changes all year round
3- Sensors inside a damper:
A brand new tennis sensor continues to be developed that’s not only a dampener. Qlipps sensors could be mounted on your racket and can measure just how much vibration there’s on every string, in addition to which areas require extra attention when playing or training simply because they may require the help of you.
4- Wearable Sensor:
For athletes who choose to swap rackets frequently out on another want the irritation of moving sensors in one racket to a different, they might consider putting on an exterior sensor. The information ought to be consistent if worn in the same manner, with any other bits removed or else configured for minimalism.
As you can tell, there are a number of sensors that may be utilized in tennis to determine different factors from the game. If you were thinking about using any new sensor technology for your forthcoming match or work out, consider whether a few of these may go and more before investing. Contact we today for more information about how exactly we can sort out this method and answer all of your questions about why is a appropriate sensor for the sport. | <urn:uuid:c32f44f1-debe-43b9-a194-6398508fbe6a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.buzrush.com/tag/tennis-racquet-sensors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.939458 | 719 | 2.71875 | 3 |
I had thought I had hit a gold mine. A plant that would repel moles in the garden. A friend of mine said that it worked for her and she gave me a slender stalk a couple of years ago. She didn’t tell me what a weed it could turn out to be if not kept under control.
The sweet little plant has sent seeds many directions and now I am systematically removing each little start as it emerges from the soil. I now keep a closer eye on the original plant and keep it trimmed down so it will not form more seed pods that could send out seeds in all directions. This seems like such a small requirement and minimal time with the payoff of repelling pesky critters from my vegetable garden.
I have not had a mole in the garden for the last three years, I attributed my good fortune to the mole plant. It seemed too good to be true, and you know the warnings when something seems too good to be true. I wanted to learn more so I decided to investigate the magical properties of this plant.
I visited the Washington State University website to look up my sweet little plant.
The Mole Plant (also known as Caper Spurge, Gopher Spurge or Gopher Plant) is a garden annual or biennial that is mistakenly thought to repel moles or pocket gophers.
What could they possibly mean by ‘mistakenly’? Then I read further,
All parts of this plant are poisonous. Human symptoms include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. If one comes in contact with the plant skin will turn red and swell.
I was surprised when I learned it was poisonous, all parts poisonous. Do I really want this near my garden? This little plant has some explaining to do.
When checking sources, some touted benefits from the plant and others called it an invasive weed. It appears that the jury is out, I could come up with no information of reliable testing if this plant can repel pests or not. Yet, it seems to be working for me.
For the time being, I have decided to keep one single plant, well groomed and pod-less, at the edge of the garden where it is away from visitors and pets. You can bet that if I even sense a mole in the area, that plant is getting pulled out immediately and I’ll be back to trapping. | <urn:uuid:7e6b3693-00ef-4b52-95c3-0f2b4854e2da> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://mrssusanschmidlin.wordpress.com/2015/07/22/mole-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105922.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819201404-20170819221404-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.975386 | 487 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Vancouver Aquarium has decided to end its practice of housing whales and dolphins in its Stanley Park site.
“Having significantly contributed to tens of millions of people caring about whales and dolphins over the past four decades, Vancouver Aquarium will now focus on raising awareness of ocean issues impacting other marine animals and will no longer display cetaceans at its facility, with the exception of doing what is best for the Pacific white-sided dolphin Helen and any need to use the aquarium for the temporary accommodation of a rescued cetacean,” said the Aquarium’s president John Nightingale.
“There is much work to be done to protect our oceans, and we are focused on the immense leadership needed to help safeguard our aquatic ecosystems,” he said.
The aquarium will begin work on a new exhibition on Canada’s Arctic exhibit that will feature species ranging from coldwater corals to seals and walruses. The exhibit is to open in 2019.
The only cetacean at the aquarium is Helen, who has been there since 2005 and is believed to be in her 30s. She has only partial flippers.
“After many years in professional care and with only partial flippers, Helen is not a candidate for release,” Nightingale said in a media release. “However, dolphins are a social species so finding companionship for her is paramount.”
The aquarium’s Marine Mammal Rescue Centre will continue to rescue and rehabilitate animals in need, including whales or dolphins. When necessary, on a temporary basis, the aquarium may need to house a rescued cetacean until an appropriate receiving facility has been identified, the release said.
“The Vancouver Aquarium was the original environmental organization in Vancouver,” said Nightingale. “We put conservation into action every day. It’s what we do, it’s who we are, and we will keep doing it long into the future.”
Last spring, the Vancouver Park Board voted to prevent the aquarium from bringing in any new whales and dolphins.
Since the vote, two cetaceans died, leaving Helen. Two belugas died in the fall of 2016.
The facility has been strongly opposed to a private members bill in the Senate to ban the captivity of whales and dolphins in Canada. In May, head veterinarian Dr. Martin Haulena told the committee studying Bill S-203 that keeping cetaceans in captivity does not cause them harm.
“Is life different? Absolutely. Is it inherently stressful? No. Is it inherently harmful. No,” he said.
Haulena implied that life can be better in captivity, citing a recent paper that looked at the immune systems of wild dolphins versus animals living at an aquarium. He said the wild dolphins are much sicker than the animals living in an aquarium.
Bill S-203 ‘s swim through the Senate has been a slow one. It was first tabled in June of 2015 by Liberal Sen. Wilfred Moore and finally found its way to committee in February of 2017. After several attempts by Conservative senators to kill it quietly, the bill, now sponsored by Sen. Murray Sinclair, cleared committee in October and was sent back to the Senate.
In December, it appeared it might get to continue its marathon swim, having largely been stranded since it left committee. But for now, it remains beached.
– With files from Holly Lake | <urn:uuid:eb4160aa-2d6e-4faa-a53c-dd9bbed23b95> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://ipolitics.ca/2018/01/18/whales-dolphins-will-no-longer-displayed-vancouver-aquarium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247489425.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219061432-20190219083432-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.962841 | 718 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Goals of psychological research
All of the following are core goals of psychological research except _____ - 6638421. He argues that physical science and common-sense psychology are differ- i now want to say something about psychological research into goals sehon. Allpsych psychology 101 chapter 1: section 1: introduction to psychology and research methods the study of psychology has five basic goals: 1. Start studying chapter 1 - intro to psychology and its research methods learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The purpose of psychology is to accurately describe, explain, predict, and change human behavior and mental processes it strives to achieve these goals within all.
It draws on research and theory to show how setting goals can cultivate happiness this article defines goal setting psychology on the benefits of goal setting. The four main goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict and control the behaviour and mental processes of others describe psychology aims to und. This is a doctoral training program, culminating in a phd the goal of this program is to pro duce outstanding research scientists within the field of psychological. Goals of psychological research essaysiii the four goals of psychological research are to describe, explain, predict, and control the issue the first goal of.
Goals of psychological research
Psychology has four primary goals to help us one of the first goals of psychology is psychology researchers utilize a range of research methods to help. In 1951 the academy created a psychology research office one goal of such research is similar to that in positional cloning and its success in huntington's. The four goals of psychology research paperthe four goals of psychology psychology is based on its findings from scientific. While research methods in psychology is fairly the overarching goal of this textbook is to present the basics of psychological research methods.
The four goals of psychology are describe, explain what are the four goals of psychological research to describe behavior to understand (explain. Undergraduate psychology learning goals and outcomes knowledge, skills collection, interpretation, and reporting of psychological research 26. Goals of clinical psychology you are here it is our goal that their research endeavors are informed by a fundamental understanding of department of psychology. To describe behavior to understand (explain) its causes to predict how people will behave to influence behavior.
- The journal psychological research publishes articles that contribute to a basic understanding of human perception, attention, memory and action it is devoted to the.
- The goals in apa's strategic plan are to maximize the organization's effectiveness, expand psychology's role in health, and increase the recognition of psychology as.
- » choosing to focus on research as a psychologist | choosing to focus on research as the ultimate goal of scientific research in psychology is to.
- The science of psychology and its research methods the goal of many psychologists is to apply what is we may say that psychology has four interrelated goals.
Psychology program goals findings, and claims about psychological phenomena in the popular media and in the psychological research literature. Four goals of psychology four goals of ethics are very important when carrying out any type of psychological research and before any research method is. Connections between the apa undergraduate psychology learning goals and outcomes and the in psychology goal 2 research psychology learning goals. This book uses multiple research methods and combines the philosophy of science, theoretical innovations, empirical methods chapter 5 psychological goals and. | <urn:uuid:a9b666b0-96d1-4f39-9e62-b16596024b9e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://nzpapermcev.sgoods4.me/goals-of-psychological-research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158958.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923020407-20180923040807-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.930611 | 679 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Hedda, the famous daughter of General Gabler, married George Tesman out of desperation, but she found life with him to be dull and tedious. During their wedding trip, her husband spent most of his time in libraries doing research in history for a book that is soon to be published. He is hoping to receive a position in the university.
An old friend of Hedda's comes to visit her and tells her of Eilert Lövborg, an old friend of both women. Eilert Lövborg has also written a book on history that is highly respected. In the past, however, he has lived a life of degeneration. Now he has quit drinking and has devoted himself to serious work. His new book has all the imagination and spirit that is missing in George Tesman's book. Hedda's friend, Thea Elvsted, tells how she has helped Eilert stop drinking and begin constructive work.
Later at a visit, Lövborg is offered a drink. He refuses and Hedda, jealous over the influence that Thea has on Lövborg, tempts him into taking a drink. He then goes to a party where he loses his manuscript. When George Tesman returns home with Lövborg's manuscript, Hedda burns it because she is jealous of it. Later, Lövborg comes to her and confesses how he has failed in his life. Hedda talks him into committing suicide by shooting himself in the temple. Lövborg does commit suicide later but it is through a wound in the stomach. George then begins to reconstruct Lövborg's manuscript with the help of notes provided by Thea Elvsted. Suddenly, Hedda leaves the room, takes her pistols, and commits suicide. | <urn:uuid:dfe525d6-bf63-47f4-8014-5b46371aa2dd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/h/hedda-gabler/play-summary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701999715.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195319-00001-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982912 | 372 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Math is one of the most dreaded subjects by both and young and old students alike. You may lessen the terror of children learning Math by providing them some help via online courses.
One of the most effective ways of learning Math is through play. Kids easily grasp the lesson when they are enjoying what they are doing. That’s why many online Math courses for kids involve game plays, which aims to teach the lessons in a fun manner.
There are several websites that offer Math games that seek to enrich young kids with the right skills to learn the subject fast. There are numerous games that involve numbers and educators take advantage of that to make the subject much more attractive to students.
Learn to Refresh
Math courses basically intend to try and help students keep up with the competitive classroom environment. A lot of students, especially those slow learners, easily get distracted when they are finding it difficult to cope. By enrolling them to extra classes, you will be able to build their confidence in the subject. You will also help them cope up with others who can easily learn Math, even with simple instructions.
Refresher courses in Math vary according to grade level. You must enroll your child on the grade level that is suitable to him. That makes it useful. If you will enroll him in a different level, you will not make it work.
The benefits of learning online are countless. You will not only make your child benefit from the lessons that he will gain through the subject itself. You will also help him gain the confidence he need to perform at his best in school. Since the lessons and lectures are coursed through the Internet, there is no need for you to drive your child all the way to the school. You can sit with him while he is taking his lessons. You may organize his study and play schedules to make it easier for him to do what it takes to complete the requirements of the course.
Online education is so flexible. That makes it suitable even to non-traditional students. If your child does not seem to perform at his best because he does not feel confident in a classroom setting, you might want to consider enrolling him in an online school. This will definitely help him not just in his current studies but also in his future intellectual pursuit.
- Online Math Courses for Adults (onlinecoursesfor.com)
- Online Courses for Teaching Math (onlinecoursesfor.com) | <urn:uuid:92bf7342-659c-43ee-9d9d-200644302f82> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.onlinecoursesfor.com/online-math-courses-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657104119.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011144-00132-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975695 | 490 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Placement is one of the hardest topics to teach, but it can have a huge impact on your accent. Learn the basics of this concept.
YouTube blocked? Click here to see the video.
In this American English pronunciation video, We’re going to talk about aa, aa, aa, and placement in American English.
I’ve found myself talking about placement a lot recently in my online course, and with my private students. This is because placement can effect the quality of a vowel, the sound of a vowel. Take, for example, AH and UH. The difference in the tongue position, in the lip position, jaw position, is very subtle. The sound is effected as much by the placement as by the change in the mouth position. AH — I feel that vibrating more here in the mouth. Ah. But UH, uh, I feel that more here. Ah, uh. The core sound of American English is, uh, very grounded here in the chest. But for other languages, there’s some manipulation in the throat, in the neck, that causes the placement, uh, to rise further up into the face. So if you’re trying to speak American English but all of your placement is here, you’re going to lack some of the quality of the vowel, uh, uh, that we need.
If you’ve never thought about placement before, this can be a pretty confusing concept. It’s not something you can see, like adjusting a lip position. But, it can make a big difference in your sound. As a first step, I invite you to just play around with placement like I did in the introduction of the video. AA. Point, ah, and try to feel the vibration there. Uh. Pay attention to what subtle differences are changing. Maybe there’s some tension in the neck and then a relaxation as you move from one placement to another.
Keep in mind we’re not changing the pitch of the sound, we’re changing the placement. Aa, aa. Same pitch, same vowel, different placement. Once you’ve been able to start feeling your voice in different places in your mouth, start trying to think about getting it down here. This requires a full relaxation of the throat. No muscles here should be engaged. Uh, uh. So when the throat relaxes and opens up, it allows the voice to settle down here. Uh, uh. If you’ve always spoken with a high placement, it might feel like your throat is already relaxed because that is what is natural and normal to you. So, try to push your placement really far forward. And see what changes happen to make that sound move forward. Aa. If I make that sound, I feel, aa, a tightening here, in my throat. So I know if I want to bring it back, I have to relax that. Aa, aa.
If you have a hard time hearing the difference between between Ah and Uh, ah, uh, thinking about placement may help.
As you work on your speech, think about the fact that the core sound of American English is uh, placed here, uh, uh. You may find that the quality of your vowels improve, and that you start to sound more American.
That’s it, and thanks so much for using Rachel’s English.
I’m excited to announce that I’m running another online course, so do check out my website for details. You’ll find on there all sorts of information about the course, who should take the course, and requirements. I really hope you’ll check it out and consider signing up. I’ve had a blast with my first online course, and I’m looking forward to getting to know you.
Don’t stop there. Have fun with my real-life English videos. Or get more comfortable with the IPA in this play list. Learn about the online courses I offer, or check out my latest video. | <urn:uuid:a8ed60c0-f901-47d3-86d4-ae05e221d12a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://rachelsenglish.com/placement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.942387 | 848 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Ball Game Hall (Míčovna) is a terrific sight. Set in the Royal Garden, it’s a huge hall, long and narrow, once used for ball games and a riding school. It gives a real sense of a 16th century nobleman’s world where the Royal Courtiers played the forerunners of tennis with leather balls and shuttlecock with feather balls. The Hall was built in 1569 and was only used as a games hall for a few decades before it was turned into stables, and then a military store. It is an example of Renaissance garden architecture, built by the architect and stonemason Bonifác Wohlmut, who was also responsible for the Royal Summer Palace.
It is worth noting the sgraffito decoration, a fanciful feature of this period, made by scraping off a layer of plaster in intricate patterns, a darker layer being underneath. The figures are allegorical. They represent the four elements – wind, fire, earth and water; six virtues – justice, valour, prudence, temperance, continence and faith; and eight sciences – divinity, music, astronomy, geometry, mathematics, oratory, dialectic and grammar.
The building was set on fire in 1945 by the Nazis and reconstructed in the 1952 but it was closed to the public until 1989. It’s used currently for exhibitions and concerts. | <urn:uuid:9d0b1f3d-4532-4a6a-906b-45327b654c11> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://prague-castle.org/ballgamehall.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188213.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00175-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957177 | 288 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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