text stringlengths 222 548k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 95 values | url stringlengths 14 1.08k | file_path stringlengths 110 155 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 53 113k | score float64 2.52 5.03 | int_score int64 3 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The BSI has a selection of public engagement activities that you can download from our website or contact us to order. These provide background information on immunology as well as some practical activities for you to run yourself. Please click on the links below and in the right-hand menu bar to find out more.
Supercells and Supercells II - Educational cartoon videos describing the roles of different immune cells and how these cause - and dampen down - inflammation.
The Secret Life of Snot - Snot, what's it all about? Resources on what snot is, why we make it and what it can tell you about your health...plus a recipe to make your own snot at home!
Malaria - A series of resources for schools focusing on the science of malaria.
Vaccine and Herd Immunity activities - Ideas for public engagement activities surrounding vaccines and herd immunity.
Allergy and Asthma - Our educational resource looking into Asthma. We have a range of ideas for activities surrounding allergy and asthma, and explain what asthma is, the link between allergies and asthma as well as what happens in an asthma attack.
Information on immunology
Bite-Sized Immunology – Our online guide to the immune system. The content is especially suitable for biomedical undergraduates but should also appeal to advanced schools students and others coming to the field of immunology for the first time.
Immunology Infographics - Our collection infographics on a range of immunology topics. Vaccines, autoimmunity, malaria and more!
Your Amazing Immune System – This book provides comprehensive information on how the immune system works and is a valuable tool for both school and home education. While the content supports both the GCSE and A-level Biology curriculum, its pictorial nature makes it accessible to children of all ages. To request a copy, please email Glyn Jones.
Podcasts & Music - We have a number of podcasts on different topics of immunology and also a collection of immunology inspired songs on our SoundCloud account that are available to download.
Videos - In December 2015 we published a series of short videos on different aspects of the immune system including asthma, cancer immunotherapy, immunodeficiency, parasites and more. These videos can be viewed on YouTube or downloaded from Vimeo.
Respiratory viruses and immunology: a short interview with BSI President, Professor Peter Openshaw, about his work on how the immune system defends against respiratory viruses. This video was made by the Infectious Diseases Hub. | <urn:uuid:38703859-b5b1-4b32-8ddc-43fe30974470> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.immunology.org/public-information/immunology-related-activities-and-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232260658.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527025527-20190527051527-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.930431 | 518 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Hazard taking is nearly connected with the picture of an individual. Individuals who are vigorous, enthusiastic and athletic are accepted to participate in more hazard taking exercises. In any case, the whole discussion based on hazard taking and the picture of an individual is very emotional. For instance, an individual who bungee hops or scuba plunges is generally cautious about his wellbeing, paying little mind to the dangers that he may take later while enjoying the experience sport. Then again, somebody who sits on the sofa and smokes weed while flipping through TV diverts isn’t partaking in any action that is related with excite, experience or threat.
The name of a daring individual would not make a difference to them preferably. Nonetheless, they could see themselves in an unexpected way. Given the way that numerous who take sedates or devour liquor or smoke all the time could have begun the propensity when they were youthful, despite the fact that they knew about the dangers related with it, they could be correct.
Another examination that embraced an exploration of hereditary information has concocted astounding discoveries. Throughout the exploration led by U.K. Biobank, the members were asked to self-survey themselves premise the inquiry, “Okay portray yourself as somebody who goes out on a limb?”
The examination prompted the recognizable proof of two genome-wide critical loci. One was seen inside CADM2, and the other was situated in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locale of the chromosome.
The examination additionally discovered hereditary relationships between’s hazard taking movement of people and schizophrenia, post-awful pressure issue (PTSD), consideration deficiency hyperactivity issue (ADHD), corpulence and smoking.
Progressively about the discoveries
The individuals who recognized themselves as daring people were male and had higher BMI. It was additionally seen that contrasted with the individuals who had surveyed themselves as non-daring individuals were bound to have smoked or doped sooner than their friends. Ladies who distinguished themselves as daring people had a youngster at a more youthful age contrasted with others. The investigation likewise noticed that there was a positive connection between hazard taking and burdensome issue.
Some different finishes of the investigation distributed in the Communications Biology are:
There are 26 variations in areas of the human genome connected with hazard taking movement. Four zones of the mind are related with hazard taking conduct, specifically the pre-frontal cortex, nerve center, foremost cingulate cortex, hippocampus. Past examinations have shown that hippocampus assumes an imperative job in conduct restraint, nerve center is in charge of dread including the dread of torment, predators, and so forth., and the front cingulate cortex assumes an essential job in the activity of control when playing out an assignment. The insusceptible framework assumes a key job in the beginning of temperament and social issue like sadness.
Insubordinate soul or genuine mental issue?
Since early adolescence, youngsters are instructed to separate between things that are great or awful for them. As they develop more established, they naturally take sign from what they have been educated or what they have picked from the earth and carry on in like manner. They are never again guided by the ID which is in charge of unstructured or awkward motivations. Rather, sense of self or superego assumes a noteworthy job in the manner in which they act or carry on. They figure out how to reason – rather than smoking a joint that is effortlessly accessible or driving a vehicle dangerously fast, they practice limitation.
In any case, in individuals with a psychological condition, the inclination to act imprudently stays notwithstanding when they are never again kids. They think that its hard to practice restriction and follow up on motivation. The impulsivity is found in individuals living with a wide scope of emotional well-being issue, for example, ADHD, bipolar turmoil, schizophrenia, and so forth. For instance, adolescents who have been living with a noteworthy burdensome turmoil have appeared more prominent probability of hazard taking exercises, for example, taking part in sex with more than one accomplice or drinking liquor or taking medications.
Street to recuperation
As the ramifications of unsafe conduct go past the standard refusal to adjust and insubordinate soul, it is important to distinguish the purposes for somebody’s hazard taking exercises. Screening for psychological wellness conditions and substance misuse is similarly as critical. | <urn:uuid:0deb5542-8b8c-4116-a559-cd86513fa32e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.egymix.net/articles/how-risk-taking-behavior-impacts-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039508673.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421035139-20210421065139-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.964255 | 887 | 2.53125 | 3 |
BEACHSIDE TEEN TREATMENT CENTERUNSPECIFIED ANXIETY DISORDER
What is an Anxiety Disorder?
An anxiety disorder is a state of fear, uncertainty and/or extreme nervousness, that results from an anticipated threat, event or a situation, to such an extent that it disrupts the normal physical or psychological daily functioning. Many factors, such as, environmental, medical, genetics, brain chemistry, substance abuse, or a combination of any of these may cause anxiety disorders. Generally, stress is the most common reason for an anxiety disorder.
Teen Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified anxiety disorder in teens is an anxiety disorder that hampers a teen’s ability to function normally in various social situations. When an individual exhibits symptoms of two or more kinds of anxiety disorders, he/she will often be diagnosed with an unspecified anxiety disorder due to the overlapping of similar symptoms, making it difficult to isolate any one type of anxiety disorder.
Symptoms & Causes of UNSPECIFIED ANXIETY DISORDER
It is generally thought that a change in the chemical balance in the brain causes unspecified anxiety disorder. Otherwise, no specific causes are known at this time. The uncertainty of symptoms and their cause/origin make this disorder a very difficult one to accurately diagnose and competently treat. However, there are signs and symptoms that one can look out for.
Symptoms of Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
- Irritability, short tempered
- Panic attacks
- Sleep problems
- Selective amnesia
- Detachment or withdrawal from family and friends
- Avoidance of circumstances or situations
- Feelings of bewilderment
- Difficulty in concentrating
- Overwhelmed by sadness
- Extreme anxiety
- Zero or low motivation level
Treatment AT BEACHSIDE TEEN TREATMENT CENTER
Due to the disorder being unspecified and the symptoms overlapping with other disorders, unspecified anxiety disorder can prove difficult to treat. Therapy and professional help can only be helpful to a teen who learns to deal with and manage his/her symptoms, as well as educate him/herself with effective methods and tools as preventive measures.
Treatment at Beachside Treatment Center
Beachside Treatment Center is a beautiful residential rehabilitation facility for adolescents struggling with mental health disorders. Based in Malibu, California, with panoramic views of the Pacific Ocean, it employs the key principles of mind-body health, catering to each client’s physical, emotional, mental, psychological and nutritional needs.
After admission at Beachside Treatment Center, our clients undergo a series of professional evaluations, aimed at finding the root cause of the disorder. Although unspecified anxiety disorder is more tricky to diagnose and treat, our professional evaluations, coupled with our dedicated staff and bespoke treatment plans will provide the very best opportunity for maximum healing and ultimate life quality. | <urn:uuid:6938c7be-4bb3-47b7-99cc-992f2626ca8e> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://beachsideteen.com/uad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665521.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112101343-20191112125343-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.918812 | 585 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Cardio activity helps you lose weight, get better sleep and improve your mood, according to the YMCA.
This type of activity can even help you combat chronic illness, such as heart disease, high blood pressure and osteoporosis, according to MayoClinic.com. If you're just starting out, you might wonder what types of exercises are best for beginners and how often to exercise. Creating a basic cardio plan will help you accomplish your fitness goals.
Cardio Frequency: Select moderate activities when you're just starting your workout plan. With moderate activity, you need only two hours and 30 minutes of cardio activity weekly, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This is about 30 minutes, five times a week. Also, don't forget to plan strength training sessions. You need a minimum of two sessions each week, targeting your major muscle groups such as the hips, legs, abs, arms, chest and back.
Moderate Activity: Moderate activity allows you to burn calories and lose weight. One example is walking at 3.5 mph, which burns 277 calories an hour for a 160-lb. person, according to MayoClinic.com. Another option is water aerobics, which sheds 292 calories an hour. Or select low-impact aerobics, which burns 365 calories an hour. Discuss an appropriate activity level for your situation with your medical provider. She will assist with setting safe and healthy goals.
Interval Training: An interval training approach allows you to build strength and shed weight quicker. Interval training allows you alternate moderate and intense activity. For example, start out with a light activity, like walking. After a few minutes, switch to something more strenuous, such as jumping rope or jogging. Continue to alternate between the two different types of cardio activity for your entire cardio session.
Circuit Training: Another option for your cardio plan is circuit training. With circuit training, you alternate cardio activity with strength training exercises to burn 30 percent more calories, according to "Fitness" magazine. For example, beginners can start out with a moderate activity, like walking at a brisk pace. After a few minutes, select a strength training activity, such as lunges. Then rotate back to walking for a few minutes and select a new strength training exercise, like bicep curls. Continue this rotation for at least 30 minutes. | <urn:uuid:be6661e8-6096-4f82-8419-69c47879e5c3> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2012/09/13/commit-to-be-fit-cardio-plans.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246635639.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045715-00032-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929801 | 482 | 2.6875 | 3 |
102. An eight‐lane steel bridge on Interstate 35 collapsed during evening rush hour. Dozens of cars plummeted 60 feet into the Mississippi River. Ten people died, and more than 50 were seriously injured. The bridge was being repaired because it was found to be structurally deficient; it needed to be reinforced. Like many bridges throughout America, the bridge was built more than 40 years ago. Traffic was much lighter then. Nowadays, cars, buses, and big trucks cross the bridge steadily, even late at night.
"I heard a terrific boom. It was like the loudest thunder I ever heard," said one witness to the disaster. She ran out of her car to see what was happening. She saw cars falling into the river and heard people screaming. She heard the loud cracking sounds of the bridge collapsing and splashing sounds as bridge sections and vehicles hit the water. "It was horrible," she said.
Engineers had no explanation for the collapse. They said the bridge had been inspected recently. The report said that, although it was structurally deficient, the bridge was not unsafe. Since the report did not declare the bridge unsafe, the decision was to simply reinforce it at strategic locations.
Americans were shocked that an American bridge could simply collapse. The news was all over TV, radio, and most newspapers. One newspaper investigation revealed that almost 10 percent (about 59,000) of America's bridges were structurally deficient.
Initially, some people speculated that terrorists might have rigged a bomb to the bridge. Others noted that all the pigeon poop on the bridge's support rails might have eroded the steel. One blogger wrote that, before he drove over another bridge in America, he would make sure that a life jacket was in the front seat next to him.
7.6, 62.0, 13%, 12.7, 297
Vocabulary: blogger bomb boom collapse crack declare disaster engineer erode explanation horrible initially injure inspect interstate investigation Mississippi pigeon plummet rail reinforce reveal rig section serious shock speculate splash steadily strategic structural terrific terrorist thunder vehicle witness PLUS America American bridge cross deficient heard jacket light loud news report river see steel traffic
Crossword | Keys
Vocabulary Yes/No Questions Cloze newXword Crossword | Keys Dictation
102. Copyright © Mike Carlson. All rights reserved. www.eslyes.com | <urn:uuid:301f94b7-4ca4-42c0-bb40-91f9c420fb3d> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://eslyes.com/eslread/ss/s102.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.976468 | 495 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Eastern Michigan University
Ypsilanti, MI 48197
Frequently Asked Questions
What constitutes a disability?
An individual with a disability is defined as anyone with a physical or mental impairment that substanially limits one or more major life activities, such as walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, working, or learning. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) further defines "disability" as broadly covering people in three categories:
- people who currently have a disability;
- people who have a history of a disability; and
- those who are regarded* as having a disability whether or not they actually have a disability.
*According to the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments, individuals who are regarded as having a disability are protected from discriminatory treatment but are not entitled to reasonable accommodations.
What is the role of the Disability Resource Center (DRC)?
The DRC recognizes that some students have a disability that impacts their academic or campus experience due to an incompatible environment. The DRC advocates for an accessible educational environment by working collaboratively with students and EMU faculty, staff, and administration to coordinate reasonable accommodations that allow equal access and opportunity to our courses, programs, and services. Ultimately, this can improve a student's ability to learn, study, and participate in campus activities.
What is the accommodation process?
Students who have a disability are responsible for contacting the DRC to request accommodations. Students will meet with a Disability Advisor to discuss their disability and accommodations that would reduce the impact of the environment on the disability. Once the student has gone through the process and reasonable accommodations are determined, the student will receive an accommodation letter from the DRC to provide to each instructor. The student is responsible to then initiate a conversation with the instructor to determine how accommodations will work for their particular course.
How are accommodation decisions made for students with disabilities?
The DRC determines accommodations on an individual basis. When evaluating a request for accommodations, the following are considered:
- barriers resulting from the interaction between the disability and campus courses, programs, services, and activities;
- possible accommodations that may remove the barriers;
- whether or not the individual has equal access without accommodaitons;
- whether or not the essential elements of the program or course are fundamentally altered by the accommodations;
- reasonable and unreasonable accommodation guidelines.
As previously mentioned, the student is responsible for contacting the DRC to request accommodations. If the student does not initiate this process, accommodations are not provided.
What are reasonable accommodations?
Accommodations are modifications to the ways in which things are usually done. The purpose of effective accommodations is to provide students with disabilities an equal opportunity to participate and benefit from college. The following are examples of the most common accommodations that permit a student with a disability to effectively participate in the educational process:
- Changes to a classroom environment or task:extended time for an exam, the use of a dictionary or spell checker, materials in alternative format;
- Removal of architectural barriers:adapting a classroom to meet the needs of a student who uses a wheelchair;
- Exceptions to policies, practices or procedures:priority registration or accessing assignments early;
- Provision of auxiliary aids and services:providing a sign language interpreter, or providing a note-taker or scribe.
In accordance with the law, there are some modifications that the college or university does not provide. Examples include:
- personal devices, such as wheelchairs;
- personal services, such as private tutoring or personal attendants;
- accommodations that would place the student or others at health's or safety's rist as a result of the accommodation; for example, a science lab or medical program scenario;
- modifications that lower or change course standards or program standards (including waivers);
- modifications that would change the essence of a program (including waivers);
- services that are unduly burdensome - administratively or financially.
What is considered an unreasonable accommodation?
Eastern Michigan University is not required to offer or provide an accommodation, to admit or continue to admit an individual with a disability to any course, program, service or activity, or to provide educational opportunities and other services when:
- the educational standards or mission of Eastern Michigan University would be substantially altered;
- the nature of the course, program, service or activity would be fundamentally altered;
- the student is not otherwise qualified (with or without accommodations) to meet the academic and technical standards required for admission or participation in an education course, program, service or activity;
- an undue financial or administrative hardship (college-wide) would be caused by the accommodation; and
- if the individual would pose a direct threat to the health or safety of self or others.
Additionally, EMU is not required to provide accommodations of a personal nature, such as a personal care attendant or personal use equipment.
What types of accommodations are available?
- Extended time on exams;
- Quiet testing outside of the classroom;
- Use of a computer for essay exams;
- Volunteer note taker services;
- Use of a scribe and/or reader for exams;
- Attendance accommodation;
- Early course registration
- Use of equipment/software such as a tape recorder, FM loop, Dragon Naturally Speaking
- Talking calculator;
- Books in alternative format
Other accommodations may be available on a case-by-case basis.
What are the grievance procedures?
Students who have questions or concerns regarding the denial of accommodations or possible discriminatory action may request a review of the situation by contacting the DRC. This review will include consultation with the director of the DRC and any other relevant parties. If, after this review, the student continues to believe he/she has been discriminated against due to disability, he or she may contact the EMU Ombudsman in a timely manner to file a complaint.
Eastern Michigan University recognizes its responsibility to help facilitate a campus-wide climate that does not discriminate against anyone on the basis of disability. The responsibility of upholding a climate that allows for equal access to all campus opportunities is shared equally among all faculty, staff, and students. | <urn:uuid:e5a94142-48e1-4996-a7cf-e12d75df939d> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.emich.edu/drc/student_info/general_faq.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982954852.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200914-00071-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941179 | 1,265 | 2.984375 | 3 |
You can use the Access Flag (
AF) bit to track whether a region covered by the translation table entry has been accessed. You can set the
AF bit to:
AF=0. Region not accessed.
AF=1. Region accessed.
AF bit is useful for operating systems, because you can use it to identify which pages are not currently being used and could be paged-out (removed from RAM).
Note: The Access Flag is not typically used in a bare-metal environment, and you can generate your tables with the
AF bit pre-set.
Updating the AF bit
AF bit is being used, the translation tables are created with the
AF bit initially clear. When a page is accessed, its
AF bit is set. Software can parse the tables to check whether the
AF bits are set or clear. A page with
AF==0 cannot have been accessed and is potentially a better candidate for being paged-out.
There are two ways that the
AF bit can be set on access:
Software Update: Accessing the page causes a synchronous exception (Access Flag fault). In the exception handler, software is responsible for setting the
AFbit in the relevant translation table entry and returns.
Hardware Update: Accessing the page causes hardware to automatically set the
AFbit without needing to generate an exception. This behavior needs to be enabled and was added in Armv8.1-A.
Armv8.1-A introduced the ability for the processor to manage the dirty state of a block or page. Dirty state records whether the block or page has been written to. This is useful, because if the block or page is paged-out, dirty state tells the managing software whether the contents of RAM need to be written out to the storage.
For example, let's consider a text file. The file is initially loaded from disk (Flash or hard drive) into RAM. When it is later removed from memory, the OS needs to know whether the content in RAM is more recent than what is on disk. If the content in RAM is more recent, then the copy on disk needs to be updated. If it is not, then the copy in RAM can be dropped.
When managing dirty state is enabled, software initially creates the translation table entry with the access permission set to Read-Only and the
DBM (Dirty Bit Modifier) bit set. If that page is written to, the hardware automatically updates the access permissions to Read-Write.
DBM bit to 1 changes the function of the access permission bits (
S2AP), so that instead of recording access permission they record dirty state. This means that when the
DBM bit is set to 1 the access permission bits do not cause access faults.
Note: The same results can be achieved without using the hardware update option. The page would be marked as Read-Only, resulting in an exception (permission fault) on the first write. The exception handler would manually mark the page as read-write and then return. This approach might still be used if software wants to do copy-on-write. | <urn:uuid:cf3b9c71-1ec0-4023-b4e1-a22c1b58878b> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://developer.arm.com/architectures/learn-the-architecture/armv8-a-memory-model/access-flag | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737168.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810175614-20200810205614-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.893265 | 646 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Christmas books for kids 2012, but Jennifer Adams thinks outside the box when it comes to babies and their board books. Told in a direct manner with simple terms and beautiful illustations, A Christmas Carol is part of the Little Master Dickens series; a group of board books for children who wouldn't yet understand the timelessness of Charles Dickens and his stories of Scrooge.
What can I expect in this version of A Christmas Carol?
This book is condensed into a board book, perfect for children 3 and up. The key elements of the larger written version are detailed through colorful pictures and few words, allowing kids to get the 'jist' of the tale without feeling overwhelmed by extensive vocabulary. The tale introduces Ebenezer Scrooge -- a crochety old man with a penchant for overworked employees, strict conditions, and no compassion. He's visited by the usual ghosts -- past, present, and future. The tale skips quickly along through creative pictures and limited word usage, detailing how Scrooge's outlook changes to reveal a remorseful and kinder man.
This version of A Christmas Carol is less morose than the original, because it's meant to entertain children -- not scare or depress them. The ghosts aren't terrifying, but they retain their reflective manner -- while Scrooge keeps his "Bah Humbug!" declaration without the mild profanity from the Dickens novel.
Clever, simple text teaches toddlers how to recognize certain words, while bold illustrations offer understanding. This is a board book of a different breed, since parents usually don't consider the lengthy versions of A Christmas Carol to be attention-appropriate for their growing children. However, Jennifer Adams believes kids shouldn't be left out of the magic of classic literature. With these easy-to-understand board books, Scrooge can become an integral part of your brilliant toddler's seasonal to-read list. | <urn:uuid:fdfdbaa2-a502-42d0-8623-7bfe17d4aed8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://best-reading-for-kids.blogspot.com/2012/07/a-christmas-carol-little-master-dickens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608956.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170527152350-20170527172350-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.932455 | 385 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Satellite sensors have potential for understanding agricultural productivity across the world by routinely observing millions of smallholder farms. Between 2014-2015, CEGA affiliates Marshall Burke and David Lobell at Stanford University used high-resolution satellite imagery and intensive field sampling on hundreds of fields over a two-year period to measure smallholder crop yields in western Kenya, in collaboration with One Acre Fund. Results show that satellite-based measures can detect positive yield responses predict smallholder agricultural productivity as accurately as traditional survey-based methods. In addition, the satellite estimates were able to detect responses to the amount of fertilizer and hybrid seed inputs used by farmers, suggesting that satellite imagery have the potential to rapidly accelerate knowledge regarding interventions in smallholder systems and at less cost than traditional field surveys, leading to greater positive impact in rural households. Burke and Lobell’s published paper on the study can be found here.
Copyright 2023. All Rights Reserved
Design & Dev by Wonderland Collective | <urn:uuid:33ca1673-2622-4ba7-aa89-db214d4bf861> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://cega.berkeley.edu/research/remote-sensing-of-african-smallholder-yields/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657169.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610095459-20230610125459-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.913755 | 193 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A primary source records or documents events as seen or experienced directly by witnesses or persons involved in those events.
For more detailed explanations with examples:
Use these search terms in OneSearch to locate primary sources (search by subject and keyword)
A large-scale collaborative repository of digital content of over 10 million volumes, 2.5 million in the public doman, from research libraries including content digitized via the Google Books Project.
Eurodocs: Online sources for European History
Links connect to European primary historical documents that are transcribed, reproduced in facsimile, or translated.
World Digital Library
an international digital library operated by UNESCO and the United States Library of Congress.
The Internet History Sourcebooks Project of Fordham University is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Enlightenment Socialism
Eighteenth century collections online -- text collection partnership
A collection of 2387 works in English published in the 18th century
On the French Revolution:
French Revolution Digital Archive (official government documents from the French Revolution which have been digitalized and can be translated)
There are also examples of specific Enlightenment texts that have been digitalized:
Digitalized Encyclopedias (in English & French)
Digitalized Work by Specific Thinkers (all in French)
French printed Images: | <urn:uuid:f0c085ea-7198-4790-93b5-f1b175506fb6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://libguides.kzoo.edu/c.php?g=731643&p=5226603 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222220118-20180223000118-00162.warc.gz | en | 0.874665 | 278 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Keeping young children occupied these days is quite a challenge. Quite naturally they see computers as a source of entertainment and want to enjoy them along with the rest of us. Herein lies the next challenge in that some areas of the internet are not suitable at all for child viewing and can potentially present real life dangers.
DoudouLinux aims to achieve an optimum balance by providing an environment aimed at kids 2-12 which is fun, educational and safe to use. This is good thinking because it removes the need to let your kids loose with your own operating system and also prevents the possibility of them bypassing whatever security software you have installed on it. Never underestimate the ability of little minds to work these things out. Instructions for bypassing parental filters can easily be found via Google or on social networking sites.
The easiest way to run DoudouLinux is from a downloaded CD image. Once you've burned the image to a disk, there is nothing to install, update or configure. Running it from a live CD also means you wont interfere with your normal Windows installation. To run Windows again just pull out the live CD and reboot.
An alternative using a USB key is also provided but this is a lot more complicated and not supported by all systems. The download link and instructions for both options are here.
Although DoudouLinux is designed primarily to run as a live CD, if you like what you see and have a spare computer, it is possible to make a full install.
The system comes complete with a range of programs which are both fun and educational. Content filtering is included by default so you have no worries about your charges accessing inappropriate material when connected to the internet. Most of the programs don't even require a knowledge of files, folders or menus and can be operated without the ability to read.
The latest release, 2.1 (December 2013) contains quite a lot of new features.
Some users may even find DoudouLinux suitable for older people with learning difficulties or other disabilities.
There's no doubt that older kids will soon outgrow this and want the “real thing”, but for younger children, DoudouLinux is an ideal introduction to the world of computing.
Qimo is another option which although aimed at kids from 3 and up, is much more sophisticated in what can be accomplished with it. Based on Ubuntu and using the Xfce desktop, Qimo can be used as either a live CD, or fully installed as a complete system. To use the live CD, just boot from it, select the language to use and then choose “try Qimo without any changes to your computer”.
As expected for an Ubuntu based distro, Qimo recognized my network and I was able to connect straight away. You can also assign custom DNS servers thus adding a range of default online protection safeguards depending on the service chosen (see the DNS related section in this article for more information). Firefox is the default browser so familiar territory for many there.
Qimo comes pre-installed with a range of educational games some of which, and a basic text editor, are already configured as desktop icons. Everything else is available from a standard drop down menu.
Although Qimo is more than usable for very young kids, it's better suited to the older age groups that will be more capable of getting the most out of it. This might be especially important for “transitional” types who don't want to feel they are being obliged to use a kids system.
Another option aimed at young children is the Fedora based Sugar on a Stick (SoaS) featuring the award winning Sugar Learning Platform. (My appreciation to fellow editor Panzer for informing me about this one). SoaS is available in 25 languages and comes as a x32 or x64 bit live CD image which can also be installed if users so wish. According to the stats, Sugar is used every day by over one and a half million students in classrooms throughout the world.
A final option is Edubuntu which focuses mainly on the older age groups. This is also available as a live CD or can be installed as a complete system. Additionally, Edubuntu can be previewed as a two hour live web session on a range of platforms or downloaded as a series of application bundles. The latter comes in four groups from aged 5 and under up to university level, but requires an existing Ubuntu installation.
Related Products and Links
You might want to check out these articles too:
10 Websites That Help Kids Spell Words Right
An Office Suite That's Especially Designed For Kids
Best Free Parental Filter
Free Printable Coloring Pages and Handwriting Worksheets For Kids
124 Sites For Free Children's Books Online
This category is maintained by volunteer editor MidnightCowboy. Registered members can contact the editor with any comments or suggestions they might have by clicking here.
Kids, operating system for kids, free operating system. | <urn:uuid:b936ea51-0372-4f16-82f9-e0cf3c90af87> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.techsupportalert.com/content/best-free-operating-system-kids.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646242843.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033042-00041-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944422 | 1,005 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It’s normal to snore occasionally – perhaps when you are suffering from a cold or after you’ve had a few drinks at a party before going to sleep. But what if you, like millions of Americans, snore regularly night after night? Are you suffering from a debilitating sleep disorder that can significantly affect all aspects of your life, or are you harmlessly sawing logs?
Sleep Apnea and Snoring
By Clark O. Taylor, M.D., D.D.S.
According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology, 45 percent of the population snores occasionally and one in four adults snore chronically. At the same time, an estimated 18 million people across the country suffer from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which has been linked to a bevy of health issues including obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
The Difference Between OSA and Snoring
All too often, snoring and sleep apnea are confused or thought of as interchangeable. In truth, while all untreated OSA sufferers snore, only some people who snore have sleep apnea.
Snoring is simply a sound caused by a vibration during breathing. The vibration is the result of a partially blocked airway in the mouth, nose, or throat. Snoring can be caused by a number of different factors, including:
- Sinus infections or colds.
- A deviated septum.
- Poor muscle tone.
- Throat and airway obstructions.
Snoring is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is when a person has multiple pauses in their breathing pattern during sleep. These interruptions in breathing can cause disturbed sleep, interrupted sleep, and light sleep. In turn, a lack of restful sleep can cause a litany of other health issues, such as extreme daytime drowsiness, difficulty concentrating, depression, and anxiety.
Have a Sleep Study to Diagnose OSA
While evaluating your symptoms and risk factors for sleep apnea may be useful, the most accurate way to definitively diagnose and treat your possible sleep apnea is to meet with a doctor. In most cases, your regular doctor will evaluate your symptoms and medical history before referring you to a sleep specialist. A sleep specialist will evaluate:
- Your symptoms.
- Your medical history.
- Your current physical health.
- Your sleep study results.
A sleep study analyzes both how you sleep and how your body responds to issues related to sleep. These studies, which may be conducted at a sleep center or at home, record your vital signs, the amount of oxygen in your blood, the air movement through your system, your brain activity, your chest movements, and your snoring.
A sleep study accomplishes more than simply diagnosing your OSA–it will also determine the severity of your condition. The sleep study and the physical exam may also shed light on the cause of your OSA, such as extra-large tonsils or other obstructions.
If Snoring Affects Your Life, Seek A Solution
It is vital to understand that even if you are not diagnosed with sleep apnea, snoring could still be adversely affecting your partner, the restfulness of your sleep, and your overall health. Talking with your doctor about your chronic snoring, a formal diagnosis, and effective treatments may lead to improvements your health, whether or not your snoring is caused by sleep apnea. | <urn:uuid:2bc0afd4-1e89-4bb3-9e9e-f8b1a538ce71> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.sleepdr.com/the-sleep-blog/snoring-vs-sleep-apnea-which-is-it-guest-post/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865081.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623132619-20180623152619-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.932394 | 712 | 3.015625 | 3 |
With more than 40 current accounting standards within generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) that require funds to measure assets and liabilities at fair value, clarification is in order. While fair value is by no means unfamiliar to investment fund managers and CFOs, there are different definitions of fair value and limited guidance for its application. Moreover, that guidance is isolated among the many accounting pronouncements that require fair value measurements. Differences in that guidance have created inconsistencies that add to the complexity in applying GAAP and in the area of valuation. In covering FAS 157, this article specifically handles hedge funds.
The definition of fair value retains the exchange price notion used in earlier definitions of fair value. FAS 157 is a clarification that identifies fair value with regard to an orderly transaction between market participants selling an asset, typically an investment, in the principal or most favourable market. Therefore, the definition focuses on the price received to sell the investment (an exit price), not the price paid to acquire the asset (an entry price). The valuation techniques should be appropriate for the measurement, considering the availability of data with which to develop inputs that represent the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the investment and on the level in the fair value hierarchy at which the inputs fall.
There are three key valuation techniques employed to measure fair value: the market approach, income approach, and/or cost approach. Below are some major aspects to each approach:
Inputs generally concern the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the investment, as well as assumptions about risk. For example, the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique used to measure fair value (such as a pricing model) and/or the risk inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Inputs may be observable or unobservable.
Valuation techniques used to measure fair value are required to maximise the use of observable inputs and minimise the use of unobservable inputs. Valuation techniques that suggest gains and losses immediately after acquisition are suspect and should be recalibrated.
The fair value hierarchy arranges the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three general levels, giving the highest priority to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical investments (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). In some cases, inputs may fall into more than one level of the hierarchy. Assessing the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and consideration of factors specific to the investment. See Figure 1
This statement prohibits entities from adjusting Level 1 quoted prices for premiums or discounts based on the relative size of the position held, such as a large portion of total trading units of an instrument, which is called the blockage factor. It also eliminates the exemption for investment companies and broker-dealers provided in the respective AICPA Auditing and Accounting Guides, which permit entities under the scope of those guides to apply blockage factors.
For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis in periods following initial recognition (for example, trading securities), the fund shall disclose information that allows users of its financial statements to assess the inputs used to develop those measurements and for recurring fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), the effect of the measurements on earnings (or changes in net assets) for the period. Quantitative disclosures must be presented in a tabular format. To meet that objective, the fund shall disclose the following information for each interim, if applicable, and annual period (except as otherwise specified) separately for each major category of investments. Upon adoption of FAS 157 during an interim period, the annual period disclosures are required.
This statement is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after 15 Nov 2007, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The provisions of this statement should be applied prospectively as of the beginning of the fiscal year in which this statement is initially applied with certain exceptions. For calendar year funds, application of the statement would begin in the 2008 year.
This statement will have significant impact on the respective controls and procedures related to the summary and documentation of the valuation process. Funds will need to designate all securities into the three levels discussed above and provide detailed activity of profit and loss and related movement into and out of the Level 3 investments. Tracking systems may need to be designed to mirror the disclosure requirements of this statement while providing a trail for the funds management and auditors to review. Funds using outside administrators should start discussing transitional items in the next few months, which would include planning for the calculation of opening 1 January 2008 balances. | <urn:uuid:18d52981-f8cf-45bf-b05e-864b7e5b763a> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://thehedgefundjournal.com/fasb-s-statement-on-fair-value-measurements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634576.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617222646-20210618012646-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.93095 | 928 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Develop a synthesizer that outputs a periodic voltage signal based on a hand-drawn template waveform in real time.
The objective of this project is to develop a real-time waveform generator / synthesizer that outputs a periodic voltage signal based on a template waveform that the user draws by hand on paper. The system could also synthesize waveforms based on pre-printed templates. The input to the system will be a real-time video signal, captured using a simple USB camera that is pointed at the template waveform. Custom software (developed as part of the project) will use image processing techniques to extract the shape of the waveform from the incoming video frames. The system output will be a synthesized voltage waveform that is a quasi-periodic extension of the template waveform shown in the video signal.
A system of this type has multiple possible applications:
Waveform generator: The system could be used as a laboratory waveform generator, especially in educational settings, allowing students to explore the frequency content and other characteristics of different waveform shapes by sketching them on paper.
Music synthesizer: The system could be used as an electronic music synthsizer that allows a performer to craft the timbre of an instrumental sound by drawing different waveforms. Other parameters such as pitch and intensity could also be controlled by changing the position and/or size of the template waveform in the input video stream, allowing the system to be played as a standalone instrument using the video input stream as a user interface.
Sonification: The word sonification refers to the conversion of visual input into audio form so that it can be experienced by means of listening rather than seeing. This has sometimes been proposed as a form of assistive technology for users with visual impairments. In this case, the conversion of a visual shape into a waveform output that can be played as audio could allow a user to recognise different visual forms based on their characteristic sounds.
Capture video frames from a camera in real time.
Analyse the pixel content of the incoming video frames to extract a waveform shape from the image background and store it as a series of samples in an array.
Generate a periodic output waveform (e.g. as a voltage signal, or as an audio signal played through a computer's audio hardware) that continuously reflects whatever template shape appears in front of the input camera.
Thoroughly test the system using a broad selection of example inputs.
Fully document the design, implementation and testing of the system in the project report.
Produce a compelling system demonstration for the final project assessment.
Additional project information
Software development: The technical implementation aspect of this project will mainly consist of software development (preferably in C, C++ or Python).
Hardware: It is envisaged that mostly off-the-shelf hardware will be sufficient for this project. The custom software will run on a laptop, desktop PC, Raspberry Pi, or similar. The camera will be a regular USB webcam or similar. Waveform output could either be via the computer's audio output channel, or using an externally connected digital-to-analog converter (e.g. via an Arduino).
Location: Since the bulk of the implementation work involves software development and the system could be designed to be highly portable, there is a reasonable degree of flexibility in where the work is carried out. However, the primary setting will be in the electrical / electronic laboratories in Central Quad and the system (as it currently stands) should be available for inspection at each weekly meeting. | <urn:uuid:aa06de97-0bbb-4ffe-bbaf-bf66976dd177> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://tedz.eu/view.php?mdfile=20230912_160605.md | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.91229 | 723 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Are Oil Companies 21st Century Slaveowners?
Photo Credit: The Special Education Squad (L, James Hammond); Mathew Brady (R, John Calhoun); Composite Screenshot / Wikimedia Commons
Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email.
This article originally appeared in The Nation, and is reprinted here with their permission.
Before the cannons fired at Fort Sumter, the Confederates announced their rebellion with lofty rhetoric about “violations of the Constitution of the United States” and “encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States.” But the brute, bloody fact beneath those words was money. So much goddamn money.
The leaders of slave power were fighting a movement of dispossession. The abolitionists told them that the property they owned must be forfeited, that all the wealth stored in the limbs and wombs of their property would be taken from them. Zeroed out. Imagine a modern-day political movement that contended that mutual funds and 401(k)s, stocks and college savings accounts were evil institutions that must be eliminated completely, more or less overnight. This was the fear that approximately 400,000 Southern slaveholders faced on the eve of the Civil War.
Today, we rightly recoil at the thought of tabulating slaves as property. It was precisely this ontological question — property or persons? — that the war was fought over. But suspend that moral revulsion for a moment and look at the numbers: Just how much money were the South’s slaves worth then? A commonly cited figure is $75 billion, which comes from multiplying the average sale price of slaves in 1860 by the number of slaves and then using the Consumer Price Index to adjust for inflation. But as economists Samuel H. Williamson and Louis P. Cain argue, using CPI-adjusted prices over such a long period doesn’t really tell us much: “In the 19th century,” they note, “there were no national surveys to figure out what the average consumer bought.” In fact, the first such survey, in Massachusetts, wasn’t conducted until 1875.
In order to get a true sense of how much wealth the South held in bondage, it makes far more sense to look at slavery in terms of the percentage of total economic value it represented at the time. And by that metric, it was colossal. In 1860, slaves represented about 16 percent of the total household assets — that is, all the wealth — in the entire country, which in today’s terms is a stunning $10 trillion.
Ten trillion dollars is already a number much too large to comprehend, but remember that wealth was intensely geographically focused. According to calculations made by economic historian Gavin Wright, slaves represented nearly half the total wealth of the South on the eve of secession. “In 1860, slaves as property were worth more than all the banks, factories and railroads in the country put together,” civil war historian Eric Foner tells me. “Think what would happen if you liquidated the banks, factories and railroads with no compensation.”
* * *
In 2012, the writer and activist Bill McKibben published a heart-stopping essay in Rolling Stone titled “ Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math.” I’ve read hundreds of thousands of words about climate change over the last decade, but that essay haunts me the most.
The piece walks through a fairly straightforward bit of arithmetic that goes as follows. The scientific consensus is that human civilization cannot survive in any recognizable form a temperature increase this century more than 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Given that we’ve already warmed the earth about 0.8 degrees Celsius, that means we have 1.2 degrees left — and some of that warming is already in motion. Given the relationship between carbon emissions and global average temperatures, that means we can release about 565 gigatons of carbon into the atmosphere by mid-century. Total. That’s all we get to emit if we hope to keep inhabiting the planet in a manner that resembles current conditions. | <urn:uuid:e058f403-4b55-4cc0-a8e4-b6f820485f1f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/new-abolitionism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769981.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00118-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960192 | 845 | 3.15625 | 3 |
One hundred years ago, at the height of the Balkan Wars, Bulgarian forces moved into Macedonia and Thrace, finally taking Edirne on 26 March 1913 after a protracted siege. Although they held the city only briefly, the Bulgarians saw their presence in “Odrin” as permanent, and the Tsaritsa Eleanor came to visit barely a week after the conquest. A recently published note by Bogdan Filov (later Prime Minister), who was one of several archaeological “researchers” traveling with the Bulgarian army, accompanies his photographs from that time. He wrote:
On our arrival in Odrin, we met the Queen… She told us that a committee had been established in Sofia whose wish had been to turn the mosque of ‘Sultan Selim’ into a church. She of course opposed this and expected us to support her. I think that it would be best if the architecturally significant monuments are left to be owned by the state, but available for the Turks to use them, by letting them be open for visitors.
The mosque in contention was Sinan’s masterpiece, the Selimiye Camii (1569-75), a signature monument of Ottoman architecture, and the first of the great imperial mosques to surpass the scale of Hagia Sophia. By July, however, the Bulgarian army was in retreat, Edirne returned to Ottoman control, and the incident was forgotten.
Looking back, the proposed conversion of an historic mosque into a church might strike us as shocking, but the United States and many other Christian countries were vocal supporters of the Bulgarians. Their ultimate goal was the conquest of Istanbul and the reconversion of the Ayasofya Mosque into the Church of Hagia Sophia. This too might strike us as shocking, but the move was regularly and routinely advocated in the West.
Istanbul only officially became Istanbul in 1930. Before then, it answered to many names, but for much of the Western world it remained Constantinople, legendary entrepôt of the East and capital of a vanished empire (fig. 1). For the educated traveler schooled in the Classics, Constantinople was the last great ancient city, albeit a bit down in the heel and overlaid with an Oriental veneer. During the waning years of the Ottoman Empire, it represented a brash alternative to the contemporary urban situation, with what European tourists saw as decline and decadence on all sides. If the archaeologists could only sweep away that veneer, they imagined, the vestiges of a glorious past would reappear, as they had decades earlier in Athens – testimony of an all but forgotten civilization, uniquely responsible for preserving and transmitting the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity.
Byzantium represented the continuation of the ancient Greco-Roman tradition, and thus merited study. Moreover, it was a Christian past, and that mattered greatly to Christian Europe, which still viewed the Muslim world with suspicion. Shaped by attitudes of European imperialism of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was viewed as decadent, irrational, and bellicose. In contrast, Byzantine Constantinople had “defended the higher life of mankind against the attacks of formidable antagonists, and rendered eminent service to the cause of human welfare,” as Alexander Van Millingen wrote in 1899. “This is what gives to the archaeological study of the city its dignity and importance.” That is, the past, waiting to be unearthed, represented something entirely different from the present reality – it was not something that could provide validation or symbolic underpinnings for the current regime. Unlike other nations and capitals, which had used the past to forge a modern identity, the pre-Ottoman past of Constantinople stood in dramatic opposition to the present – doubly tainted by its Hellenism and by its Christianity. This curious past offered no symbolic capital to the Ottomans; it could only serve to empower the present regime by remaining conquered – that is, if its churches continued to function as mosques, and its spaces of power remained unexplored. Still today in Istanbul, it constitutes a radical political statement to call the city Constantinople.
Byzantinists like myself are accustomed to being politically incorrect, to finding our religious monuments transformed into mosques, reconfigured to suit the functional and symbolic requirements of a different religion, and to dealing with all the challenges that come with a messy afterlife. In writing Byzantine architectural history, later transformations, accretions, and altered meanings (all too often ignored) must be balanced against a narrow period focus and incorporated into a larger historical view. Buildings are forever in the process of becoming, and to fix them at their moment of conception severely limits what we might learn from them. Working a decade ago on the restoration of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul – that is, the twelfth-century Byzantine monastery of Christ Pantokrator – our theoretical discussions often devolved into something very basic, such as what kind of cornices should be restored in areas where they were missing – Byzantine, Ottoman, Republican? It would have been considerably easier to simply restore the building to its 12th-century Byzantine form. But if we were going to understand the building as the sum of its history, we couldn’t just sweep away its disparate accretions, but how to reconcile the jarring historical juxtapositions? And could we still privilege the Byzantine past when the building had a long Ottoman history and continues to function as a mosque? Difficult questions, indeed. Historical circumstances provided an easy answer: following George W. Bush’s visit to the NATO meeting in Istanbul in 2004, the Vakıflar Genel Müdürluğü (General Directorate of Pious Foundations) revoked our permit, and the project was given to the municipality. The building’s Byzantine history will take a back seat to its current religious function.
Our sort of longue durée approach represented a relatively new, ecumenical attitude toward archaeology and historic preservation, very much in contrast to the attitudes of the preceding centuries, as for example, what occurred in the fervor of nationalism within modern Greece. In early twentieth-century Thessalonike, all Ottoman transformations were undone, so that most Byzantine churches retain no vestige of their Ottoman history. Many buildings are almost unrecognizable in their pre-restoration states, as the Holy Apostles or Hagia Sophia. At the Hagia Sophia, the past was so effectively erased that scholars subsequently interpreted the base of its minaret as the remnant of the Byzantine belfry.
One of the very basic realizations I had while working at the Zeyrek Camii is that Byzantine churches don’t make very good mosques – at least from a purely functional perspective. After the sixth century, most Byzantine churches were private, oriented to small congregations and private devotions, so that plans are characterized by their complexity rather than their monumentality – with subsidiary chapels, narthexes, and ambulatories to address the increasingly intricate nature of Byzantine devotions. In the Ottoman transformations of buildings like the Fenari İsa Camii (the Monastery tou Libos), walls and columns were removed in an attempt to unify the space for congregational worship. Add into the mix the shift of focus from due east toward Mecca and you have a recipe for complexity and contradiction. The Fethiye Camii in Istanbul (Theotokos he Pammakaristos), for example, is so transformed that Byzantinists still puzzle over its construction history (figs. 2-3). The motivation for conversion was never simply functional.
For the early Ottomans, the conversion of churches was part of the symbolic appropriation of the land: domination and the Islamic presence were expressed in the standard practice of transforming the main church of a conquered city into a mosque, as for example the Ayasofya Camii at Iznik. At Bursa (conquered in 1326), intriguingly, we have no record of a cathedral converted to a mosque, but two Byzantine churches were appropriated for use as the mausolea of Osman and Orhan. Both were destroyed by earthquake in the nineteenth century but are known from drawings. The conversion of Byzantine churches to house the tombs of the founders of the Ottoman dynasty is an act I find redolent with meaning, as recently discussed by Suna Çağaptay.
The functional appropriation of important Byzantine buildings was symbolically significant and would have been clearly understood by the contemporary viewer, whether Christian or Muslim. In most instances, the physical transformation was minimal, often without the immediate destruction of the figural decoration. A minaret would have been added on the exterior, a mihrab and other necessary furnishings on the interior, giving the building a sort of transitional appearance – at once identifiable as both a church and a mosque. The building would have stood symbolically as a monument of conquest and domination. What was most important was the clear recognition that the building used to be a Christian church but was no longer. Initially at many converted buildings, including the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, much of the original interior decoration was left intact, although the visibly Christian elements were understood differently by later, more religiously conservative generations.
As is well known, Mehmed the Conqueror converted the church of Hagia Sophia to a mosque in one of his first official acts following the 1453 conquest of Constantinople, and it was clearly a symbolic act. The conversion involved minimal physical transformation, and even its name remained the same – Ayasofya Camii in Turkish. As appropriated, however, the scale and evocative power of the building cried out for a symbolic reading. Two aspects of the conversion of Hagia Sophia from a church to a mosque are important to our discussion. First, it was necessary to create an Islamic text and an Ottoman legend for Hagia Sophia. Borrowing from Byzantine accounts, Ottoman historical texts interwove history and myth to situate Hagia Sophia in an Ottoman present and to justify its conversion into a royal mosque, as Stephane Yerasimos and Gülru Necipoğlu have discussed. Thus, according to one version, when the half-dome of the apse collapsed on the night of the Prophet Mohammed’s birth, it could only be repaired with a mortar composed of sand from Mecca, water from the well of Zemzem, and the Prophet’s saliva. In addition, Muslim and Ottoman symbols were introduced into Hagia Sophia, including the first minaret, the mihrab, and other mosque furnishings, as well as sacred relics and battle trophies.
Half a millennium later, Atatürk performed a similar symbolic transformation: as he secularized the Turkish state, he secularized Hagia Sophia following the foundation of the Republic. On 24 November 1934 – the same day that Gazi Kemal was proclaimed “Atatürk” (Father of the Turks) – the Turkish Council of Ministers decreed that the building should be turned into a museum:
Due to its historical significance, the conversion of Ayasofya mosque, a unique architectural monument of art, located in Istanbul, into a museum will please the entire Eastern world; and its conversion to a museum will cause humanity to gain a new institution of knowledge.
Thomas Whittemore, who had befriended Atatürk, had gained his permission already in 1931 for the uncovering of the mosaics. These had been exposed in the 1847-49 restoration by Gaspare Fossati, but they were hurriedly documented and subsequently covered up in response to religious sentiments. As Whittemore embellished his story, “Santa Sophia was a mosque the day I talked to him. The next morning when I went to the mosque, there was a sign on the door written in Atatürk’s own hand. It said: ‘The museum is closed for repairs.’”
Certainly the secularization fit within the context of Atatürk’s political vision and civilizing mission to reshape modern Turkey as a part of Western civilization. All the same, there had been regular and repeated calls for reopening Hagia Sophia as a church for much of the previous half-century. An 1877 article in the New York Times began, “How soon the crescent over the minarets of St. Sophia will be replaced by the cross, or how soon the minarets themselves will be entirely swept away, leaving the outlines of the church in their ancient condition, no seer has foretold.” The same article notes the longstanding Greek belief – “not altogether discredited by the Turks” – that the building would be restored to Christianity. A 1912 article in the same newspaper predicted that the Bulgarians, advancing on the Ottoman capital, would soon plant the cross on top of St. Sophia. A decade later, the Greek megale idea had the conversion of Hagia Sophia as one of its top priorities. Across England, ardent philhellenes formed the St. Sophia Redemption Committee, its manifesto published in 1919. The idea of the return of Hagia Sophia to Christian usage epitomized European aspirations for the city and was supported by major political figures of the day. In the discussions following the end of World War I and the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire, it seemed entirely possible. In 1921, a special service was held in St. John the Divine in New York with Orthodox and Episcopal clergy praying in six languages (Hungarian, Greek, Arabic, Russian, Serbian, and English) for the restoration of Hagia Sophia as a Christian sanctuary. The cathedral was filled to capacity for the service, with many turned away. Similar services were held simultaneously in Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Detroit, Newark, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Through the early twentieth century, almost all Western commentators expressed the same wish, while to them the Ottoman mosque represented no better than a desecration. One wonders if Atatürk’s secularization of the building came something of a compromise – that is, a defensive strategy when faced with the unified desires of the very Christian West.
Seventy-nine years later, Ayasofya remains the most popular museum in Turkey.
All of this might seem like ancient history but for recent events in Turkey. In November 2011, the Ayasofya in Iznik (Byzantine Nicaea) was reopened as a mosque (fig. 4). Originally a church and the setting of one of the most important early Church councils (in 787 CE, to end the first phase of Iconoclasm), the building had been converted to a mosque with the Ottoman conquest of Bithynia, and subsequently outfitted by Sinan. But it had fallen into disrepair long before the foundation of the Republic and stood as a roofless ruin. For decades it had functioned as a museum and recently had begun to attract Christian pilgrims. Then Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç found a loophole in the law, insisting the building had never officially been a museum, and that allowed its conversion to a mosque. Reaction has been predictable: academics and secularists have decried the move, which they see as setting a dangerous precedent. Islamists are delighted: as one local commented, “And high time too. Next, I want to see it happen in the Ayasofya in Istanbul.” In fact, the Byzantine antiquities of the buildings are being protected – perhaps even better than before. Still, locals expect tourism to decline, even though admission fees are no longer collected.
The reconversion of one Ayasofya has spurred efforts for the reconversion of another. On 29 May 2012, the anniversary of the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople, thousands of devout Muslims, organized by the Anatolian Youth Organization, prayed outside the Istanbul monument, shouting, “Break the chains! Let Ayasofya Mosque open!” As their leader Salih Turhan explained, “Keeping Aysofya Mosque closed is an insult to our mostly Muslim population of 75 million. It symbolizes our ill-treatment by the West.” He continued, “As the grandchildren of Mehmed the Conqueror, seeking the reopening of Ayasofya as a mosque is our legitimate right.”
Meanwhile, as if in complete ignorance of the last century’s history, the Free Agia Sophia Council of America continues to lobby the U.S. Congress to support the reopening of Hagia Sophia as an Orthodox church, even after their failed attempt in 2010 to conduct a liturgy inside the building. In short, the building has accrued meanings that have nothing to do with its physical form and quite possibly very little to do with its history – and even less to do with religion. Proponents on both sides of the political debate employ cultural memory selectively, while conflating religious and national identities. As with both of its historic conversions, the symbolic implications far outweigh the functional.
Then, early in 2013, it was announced that Ayasofya in Trabzon (Byzantine Trebizond) would reopen as a mosque. With its rich Byzantine fresco program lovingly restored, the thirteenth-century building has been a museum for the last half-century (fig. 5). Never the focus of controversy, the reconversion seems to have been instigated solely on the basis of its name. What will happen to the frescoes remains to be determined; for now, they are screened off by a false ceiling and out of sight. As the most popular touristic site in the city, the economy of the city will no doubt be affected. A major force behind the conversion movement, Vakıflar Director Adnan Ertem proclaimed that of the Ayasofyas in Turkey, five are functioning as mosques, while two are “inactive” (i.e., museums), calling their present owner, the Cultural Ministry, an “occupying force.”
As I write, a parliamentary commission is now considering an application to reopen Ayasofya in Istanbul as a mosque, with a petition signed by millions of Turks. This time they’re serious. Indeed, like the abortion issue in the United States, supporting the reopening of Ayasofya has become the litmus test of the true believer. Protests by the academic community have fallen on deaf ears, as Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Islamist government presents the conversion as a move toward “religious freedom.” Sadly, the politically motivated debate within Turkey is framed almost entirely in religious terms, and the response from outside Turkey has been largely religious as well, with the common (mis)perception that Istanbul’s Hagia Sophia is a Christian building. Indeed, the vast majority of responses coming from outside Turkey have been by Christian religious organizations and not by political leaders, who see a NATO alliance as more valuable than cultural heritage.
More than religion is at stake, however, as the building is deeply embedded in competing narratives of national and regional history. As part of its human rights policy, UNESCO has attempted to define both the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of humanity deemed worthy of protection. But with a monument as symbolically loaded as Hagia Sophia, there is always the danger of accepting a majority narrative that would silence all other histories. Nationalist, religious, or other selective readings of cultural heritage can effectively erase historic memory and sever links with the past, and one wonders if this in fact is the subtext of the current Turkish/Islamist agenda.
How far have we come in the last century? A few recent incidents are telling. The fifth-century basilica of St. John Stoudios (the Imrahor Camii) is the oldest surviving church in Istanbul and the center of the city’s most important Byzantine monastery. Destroyed by fire in 1894, the site belongs to the Cultural Ministry as an historic site. Closed to visitors and now a roofless ruin, its evocative remains have never been properly documented. A parliamentary commission has now determined that the basilica should be rebuilt to function as a mosque.
The Kesik Minare (“Broken Minaret”) in Antalya faces the same fate, despite public opposition. Recently excavated, the ruin preserves substantial remains from a Roman temple, a Byzantine church, a Crusader church, and an Ottoman mosque. As in so many other sites, its rich, heterogeneous history would disappear if rebuilt.
Another recent event is noteworthy in this context. The Arap Camii, originally the early fourteenth-century Dominican church in Galata, suffered minor damage in the 1999 earthquake, after which plaster began to fall from the vaults, revealing remnants of its original decoration. Contemporary with the famed Chora Monastery (Kariye Museum), the unique frescoes and mosaics of the Arap Camii combine stylistic features and iconographic themes of Italian and Constantinopolitan painting. Not only do the paintings demonstrate the close working relations of Byzantine and Italian artisans of late Byzantium, they illustrate graphically the political complexities of the period. Perhaps second in importance only to the Theodosian Harbor among recent archaeological discoveries, the paintings were fully uncovered and conserved in 2011-12. Sadly, the Vakıflar decided to cover them up again. They are no longer visible.
One wonders if this is to be the fate of Turkey’s rich, colorful, and heterogeneous past. At least the Tzaritsa had the good sense to say no.
Author: Robert G. Ousterhout
*This article was originally published in İstanbul Araştırmaları Yıllığı / Annual of Istanbul Studies 2 (2013).
Bogdan Filov, 2 April 1913, quoted in Ivo Hadjimishev, The Gipson Archive: Dr. Bogdan Filov and a description of his research mission in 1912-1913, Sofia, Ethnographic Institute and Museum, 2009, p.10.
Gülru Necipoğlu, “Challenging the Past: Sinan and the Competitive Discourse in Early Modern Islamic Architecture,” Muqarnas, 10, 1993, pp. 169-80, esp. pp. 175-76.
I repeat here some ideas first expressed in Robert Ousterhout, “The Rediscovery of Constantinople and the Beginnings of Byzantine Archaeology: A Historiographic Survey,” in Scramble for the Past: A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753-1914, eds. Zainab Bahrani, Zeynep Çelik, Edhem Eldem, Istanbul, Salt Garanti Kültür, 2011, pp. 181-211. For understanding attitudes to Constantinople’s past in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries see also Robert Nelson, Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom, Modern Monument, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Alexander Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites, London, John Murray, 1899, p. v.
Note the numerous essays in Toplumsal Tarih 229, 2012.
See most recently, Robert Ousterhout, Zeynep Ahunbay and Metin Ahunbay, “Study and Restoration of the Zeyrek Camii in Istanbul: Second Report, 2001-05,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 63, 2010, pp. 235-56.
Charles Diehl, Marcel le Tourneau, and Henri Saladin, Les monuments chrétiens de Salonique, Paris, 1918, for earlier appearance. See also Hadjimishev, Gipson Archive, pp. 36-37.
Apostolos Bakalopulos, “He chronologesis tou kodonostasiou tes Hag. Sophias Thessalonikes,” Byzantion, 21 1951, pp. 333-39.
Compare the plan in Jean Ebersolt and Adolphe Thiers, Les églises de Constantinople, Paris, 1913, pl. XLIX; with E. Mamboury’s restored plan, in Theodore Macridy et al., “The Monastery of Lips (Fenari Isa Camii) at Istanbul,”Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 18, 1964, fig. 5.
Compare Ebersolt and Thiers, églises, pl. LIII; with Hans Belting, Cyril Mango, and Doula Mouriki, The Mosaics and Frescoes of St. Mary Pammakaristos (Fethiye Camii) at Istanbul, Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks, 1978, fig. A; and Robert Ousterhout, Master Builders of Byzantium, Princeton, Princeton University Press,1999, fig. 82.
Sabine Möllers, Die Hagia Sophia in Iznik/Nikaia, Alfter, 1994; followed by Urs Peschlow, “The Churches of Nikaia/Iznik,” in İznik throughout History, eds. Işıl Akbaygil, Halil İnalcık, Oktay Aslanapa, Istanbul, 2003, pp. 201-18.
Suna Çağaptay, “Prousa/Bursa, a city within a city: chorography, conversion, and choreography,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 35, 2011, pp. 45-69; see also Robert Ousterhout, “Ethnic Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture,” Muqarnas, 13, 1995, pp. 48-62.
As I emphasize in Robert Ousterhout, “The East, the West, and the Appropriation of the Past in Early Ottoman Architecture,” Gesta 43/2, 2004, pp. 167-78.
See Çiğdem Kafesçioğlu, Constantinopolis/Istanbul: Cultural Encounter, Imperial Vision, and the Construction of the Ottoman Capital, University Park, Penn State Press, 2009, pp. 18-22.
Gülru Necipoğlu, “The Life of an Imperial Monument: Hagia Sophia after Byzantium,” in Hagia Sophia from the Age of Jutinian to the Present, eds. Robert Mark and Ahmet Çakmak, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 195-225; Stephane Yerasimos, Légendes d’empire: La fondation de Constantinople et de Sainte-Sophie, Paris, 1990.
Nelson, Hagia Sophia, p. 180; as announced in the New York Times on 14 October 1934: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F12FF3A58177A93C6A8178BD95F408385F9 (consulted 21 May 2013)
Cyril Mango, Materials for the Study of the Mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1962; also Volker Hoffmann, ed., Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Bilder aus sechs Jahrhunderten und Gaspare Fossatis Restaurierung der Jahr 1847-49, Bern: Peter Lang, 1999, esp. pp. 139-48.
Lord Kinross, Hagia Sophia, New York, Newsweek Books, 1973, p. 128.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4071EF8385B137B93C2AB1783D85F438784F9 (consulted 21 May 2013)
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B14FA385813738DDDAD0894D9415B828DF1D3 (consulted 21 May 2013).
See among many others, Michael Finefrock, “Atatürk, Lloyd George and the Megali Idea: Cause and Consequence of the Greek Plan to Sieze Constantinople from the Allies, June-August 1922,” Journal of Modern History, 52, 1980, pp. D1047-66.
Rev. John Albert Douglas, The Redemption of St. Sophia: An Historical and Political Account of the Subject, London, 1919; note also Erik Goldstein, “Holy Wisdom and British Foreign Policy, 1918-1922: The Saint Sophia Redemption Agitation,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 15, 1991, pp. 36-64; and Nelson, Hagia Sophia, pp. 105-28.
http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70911F83F5810738DDDAA0894D9405B818EF1D3 (consulted 21 May 2013).
US News ranks Hagia Sophia number one of twelve Things to Do in Istanbul: http://travel.usnews.com/Istanbul_Turkey/Things_To_Do/Hagia_Sophia_Museum_Church_Ayasofya_60785/ , noting, “Some say the building is symbolic of the eclectic history of Istanbul itself.” (consulted 27 May 2013).
See for example, http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/02/opinion/l-restore-hagia-sophia-for-the-bimillennium-120986.html (consulted 21 May 2013).
David Talbot Rice, The Church of Haghia Sophia in Trebizond, Edinburgh, 1968; for the conversion, see Andrew Finkel, “Mosque conversion raises alarm,” The Art Newspaper, 245, April 2013, online edition: http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Mosque-conversion-raises-alarm/29200 (consulted 21 May 2013).
http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/trabzons-hagia-sophia-to-open-for-prayers.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40538 (consulted 21 May 2013).
See the essays in Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles, eds., Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, Springer, 2007.
Wolfgang Müller-Wiener, Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls, Tübingen, 1977, pp. 147-52.
http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_imrahor-camii-100-yil-sonra-ibadete-aciliyor_2043653.html (consulted 21 May 2013)
For the mosque history see Gasme Kaymak, Die Cumanin Camii in Antalya. Ihre Baugeschichte und ihre byzantinischen Ursprünge Bauaufnahme, Istanbul, Adalya Suppl. 9, 2010; for the proposed conversion, see http://www.sabah.com.tr/Akdeniz/2013/01/13/kesik-minare-cami-mi-olsun-muze-mi (consulted 21 May 2013)
Engin Akyürek, “Domenican Painting in Palaiologan Constantinople: The Frescoes of the Arap Camii (Church of S Domenico) in Galata, in The Kariye Camii Reconsidered, eds. Holger Klein, Robert Ousterhout, and Brigitte Pitarakis, Istanbul, Istanbul Research Institute, 2011, pp. 327-41; Haluk Çetinkaya, “Arap Camii in Istanbul: Its Architecture and Frescoes,” Anatolia Antiqua – Eski Anadolu 18, 2010, pp. 169-88.
[no author], “Rönesans Istanbul’da Başladı,” Tarih 39 (April 2012), 34-46. | <urn:uuid:0240bc06-095d-4998-aae2-8ecd2178fbc2> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://blog.iae.org.tr/en/uncategorized-en/from-hagia-sophia-to-ayasofya-architecture-and-the-persistence-of-memory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.934814 | 6,737 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The development dream
|UNs goals for economic and social development||read: the UN wants detailed information on the status of countries waterbodies. If only a developing country could secure resources to maintain such meticulous records on the hundreds of rivers, estuaries, lakes and ponds... |
The UN provides a Manual of Environment Statistics to guide developing countries embarking on the development of environmental statistics.
The manual teaches goals, provides targets and gives indicators to measure success
to measure success that world gives this world a set of indicators. sample some...
|1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger|
|2. Achieve universal primary education|
|3. Promote gender equality and empower women|
|4. Reduce child mortality|
|5. Improve maternal health|
|6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases|
|7. Develop a global partnership for development||Targets |
>> Develop further an open trading and financial system. Includes a commitment to good governance
>> To make debt sustainable in the long term
>> Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
|read: opening markets to free trade of goods and free flow of investment is the way ahead for countries that desire social development |
read: being indebted is essential
|8. Ensure environmental sustainability||Target |
>> Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
>> Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
>> Proportion of population using solid fuels
|read: natural resources are for export, for conversion into currency. people should be kept off them. they are commodities to be sold for others consumption. not resources to be utilised sustainably by people|
|Who tells the UN what matters, what does not for development? |
The London group: an informal groups created to address selected problems in statistical methods. it provide a forum for leading countries and international organisations to decide They do what? Measure depletion of natural resources in...monetary terms
|read: what is economics, what is not? |
what is measurable, what is not?
|Note: All original text is quoted from the United Nations statistics department website: www.unstats.un.org|
- A Just Jobs Index for India: How do Indian States Fare in the Creation of Good Jobs?
- Linking permit markets multilaterally
- Bus Rapid Transit in China: a comparison of design features with international systems
- 'They should be much bigger': the heavy toll of malnutrition in Madagascar
- Mangaluru college engineering grads develop four rural India-oriented projects
- Zambian capital can't quench thirst of its booming population | <urn:uuid:fdcd4e04-1f81-419b-a9a3-7b7828443931> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/23967/the-development-dream/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401032604-20230401062604-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.874991 | 586 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Butterflies 'fly early as planet warms'
Australian scientists say they have uncovered a "causal link" between the early emergence of a common butterfly and human-induced global warming.
"It's now coming out about 10 days earlier than it was 60 years ago," says Kearney.
"When you look at the air temperatures over that time, it's getting warmer."
Kearney says the local Wurundjeri Aboriginal people have traditionally defined one of their seasons as beginning when they see the male of the common brown butterfly on the wing.
"That part of their calendar would be shifted 10 days earlier," he says.
Kearney says that while previous studies have found a correlation between global warming and animals coming out earlier in spring, this study is the first to provide evidence of a causal link between this phenomenon and human-induced global warming.
He says, his team has carried out laboratory experiments to quantify the physiological effect of rising temperatures on butterflies and has also shown the measured temperature increases are not due to natural climatic variation.
"It's causal all the way through," says Kearney.
For the laboratory work, team member, Natalie Briscoe spent hours in the lab, feeding caterpillars under different conditions to see how temperature affected their emergence into winged butterflies.
"The warmer it is, the faster they will emerge," says Kearney.
This enabled the researchers to calculate how many days it would take a caterpillar to emerge given a particular temperature.
They then combined this laboratory evidence on butterfly physiology with historical temperature records, to predict how soon butterflies would have emerged each year between 1944 and 2005.
Kearney and colleagues found these predictions matched with butterfly emergence times as stated in museum records.
Records showed an increase of approximately 0.14°C per decade in the region and the shift in emergence date had shifted 1.6 days per decade over the same period, says Kearney.
The final step taken by the researchers was to link the regional temperature changes with human-induced global warming.
Team member, climatologist, Professor David Karoly applied global circulation models to the Melbourne region, taking into account local factors that influence climate.
This suggested that the regional temperature changes observed over the decade were unlikely to be observed without the influence of human greenhouse emissions, says Kearney.
He and colleagues used temperature records from the Laverton weather station, located on Melbourne's outer edge.
This weather station was used to avoid the "urban heat island" effect of the city of Melbourne on temperature records, says Kearney.
The research is part of an Australian Research Council-funded project to predict the response of species to shifts in climate.
Kearney says the team hopes the findings from the butterfly study can be applied to other less common species. | <urn:uuid:71ed54af-4752-4358-9486-99623de96f7f> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2010/03/17/2846005.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.95596 | 578 | 3.796875 | 4 |
You probably already knew that berries are nutritious. But new research shows that a compound found in berries, nuts and other fruits might help prevent wrinkles and repair skin damage caused by the sun.
Researchers in Korea applied ellagic acid, an antioxidant found in raspberries, strawberries, cranberries and pomegranates, to human skin cells in the lab and to the skin of hairless mice that had been exposed to strong, ultraviolet rays.
In the human cells, ellagic acid reduced the destruction of collagen and inflammatory response, both major causes of wrinkles. Researchers had a similar result in 4-week-old mice, which are often used in dermatology studies because their skin is similar to that of humans.
For eight weeks, 12 hairless mice were exposed three times a week to increasing ultraviolet radiation. The exposure would have been strong enough to cause sunburn and skin damage in humans, according to the researchers from Hallym University in South Korea. Half of the exposed mice were given daily topical applications of ellagic acid, even on the days in which they did not receive UV exposure. Ellagic acid was not applied to the other mice.
The mice that did not receive ellagic acid developed wrinkles and thickening of the skin that indicates sun damage. The mice that received the ellagic acid showed less wrinkle formation, according to the study.
In human skin cells, ellagic acid protects against ultraviolet damage by blocking production of matrix metalloproteinase enzymes that break down collagen and reduce the expression of ICAM, a molecule involved with inflammation.
The American Academy of Family Physicians has more on preventing sun damage.
HealthDay News, April 21, 2009 | <urn:uuid:ac8184e7-5f0c-483f-ad55-4b38d9725af5> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.skininc.com/skinscience/ingredients/43538087.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661123.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00093-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96507 | 340 | 3.328125 | 3 |
By Tim Lambert
BEVERLEY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Beverley means beaver stream (beavers were once common in Britain). About 705 a monastery was founded by the stream. In 721 John of Beverley, the Bishop of York died and was buried at the monastery. He was canonized (declared a saint) in 1037. It was said that miracles occurred around his tomb e.g. people were healed from illnesses. Soon pilgrims came to his burial place, some of them hoping for cures, some merely to worship. Soon a little trading settlement grew up around the monastery at Beverley.
Medieval Beverley did not have a stone wall but it did have a ditch and an earth rampart probably with a wooden palisade on top. However, there were 4 stone gates known as bars (bar is an old word for gate). Merchants bringing goods into the town had to pay tolls at the bars. The 4 bars were North Bar, Norwood Bar, Keldgate or South Bar, and Newbegin Bar. Only 1 of the 4 gates survives, the North Bar. The present one was rebuilt in brick in 1409. When the town grew a suburb appeared outside the gate and was called North Bar Without. The buildings inside the gate were called North Bar Within.
Beverley was famous in the 15th century for brick making and tile making. In 1461 a by-law was passed that stated ‘on account of the stink, fouling of the air and destruction of fruit trees no-one is to make a kiln to make tiles in or nearer to the said town (Beverley) than the kilns that are already built’. The kilns were obviously on the outskirts of the town but it is not known exactly where.
There was also a large leather industry in Beverley and there were many tanners. There were also butchers who lived and worked in Butcher Row. In Beverley, there were also potters and coopers.
However, Beverley was most famous for its cloth industry. Wool was woven in the town. Then it was fulled. This means it was pounded in water and clay to clean and thicken it. When it was dry the wool was dyed. In 1390 a total of 38 trades were mentioned in Beverley. Commerce in Beverley was helped in the 12th century when the Archbishop persuaded the people ‘to make a channel from the river of sufficient depth to carry barges’. This made it easier to bring goods to and from ships on the river.
In the Middle Ages there were weekly markets in Beverley. There were also 3 annual fairs. Fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year and buyers and sellers would come from all over Northeast England to attend. Originally the market was held in the south of the town, in a large triangular piece of land by the Minster between Eastgate and Highgate. Gradually shops and other buildings were erected on this market place and it shrunk in size. The market continued to be held there but it became known as the Wednesday Market.
In the 12th century, a new marketplace was built north of the town. It became known as Saturday Market. A chapel dedicated to St Mary was built there and in 1269 it became a parish church. The Archbishop of York was Lord of the Manor of Beverley and he had the right to charge tolls on stallholders in the markets. Toll Gavel may have been the place where tolls were charged.
In the 13th century friars arrived in Beverley. The friars were like monks but instead of withdrawing from the world, they went out to preach. By the 1230s there were Dominican friars in Beverley. They were known as Black friars because of the colour of their costumes. By 1267 there were Franciscan friars in Beverley. They were called Grey friars because of the color of their habits. By the end of the 13th century, they moved to a site outside Keldgate Bar.
In the early 13th century the Knights Hospitallers came to Beverley. They were an order of monks who provided hospitality to pilgrims and travelers.
In the Middle Ages, the only ‘hospitals’ were run by the church. In them, monks or nuns would care for the poor and infirm. Trinity hospital was founded in Beverley in 1397. By the mid 15th century there were 3 more, St Mary’s, St John the Baptist’s west of the Wednesday Market, and St John’s Hospital by Lairgate. There were also 2 leper hospitals. One was outside Keldgate and another was outside North Bar.
From the 12th century there was a grammar school in Beverley run by the church. However, in 1188 Beverley Minster was burned. Rebuilding began in 1220 but it wasn’t complete till 1420. There was also, after the 12th century, a parish church of St Nicholas. Meanwhile, in the 12th century, Flemings arrived in Beverley. They came from Flanders (roughly modern Belgium) as craftsmen or merchants.
By the late 14th century the population of Beverley had risen to over 5,000. By the standards of the time, it was a large town. It was much larger than Hull.
In the Middle Ages, the church and Lord of the Manor gave the people of Beverley land on 3 sides of the town. These were common lands where the townspeople could graze their livestock. The last one, Westwood, was given in 1380. The lands, on 3 sides of the town, are sometimes called Beverley pastures. In the 20th century, they formed a ‘green belt’ around Beverley.
At first, the town of Beverley was owned and controlled by the Archbishop of York, who was Lord of the Manor. He built a house in the northern marketplace in the 12th century. But in time the Archbishop’s grip on the town weakened and the merchants increasingly took control. At first, the Archbishop appointed a steward to run the town but from the 14th century, Beverley was run by a council of 12 keepers elected by the merchants.
In the 15th century, like many East Yorkshire towns, Beverley went into decline, mostly because of competition from up-and-coming towns in West Yorkshire such as Bradford and Sheffield.
BEVERLEY IN THE 16th CENTURY AND 17th CENTURY
In 1520 the central tower of St Mary’s church collapsed killing several people.
By the 1530s Beverley had declined a long way from its peak in the Middle Ages. One visitor said it had ‘diverse and many houses and tenements in great ruin and decay’. Another visitor said there had been ‘good cloth making at Beverley but that is now much decayed’.
In the Middle Ages people believed their sins would be forgiven if they went on a long, difficult journey called a pilgrimage. The Protestants rejected this teaching. When England became a Protestant country the practice of going on pilgrimages was ended which was a blow to Beverley. For centuries the town had benefited from pilgrims who came to visit the tomb of St John and spent money in the town.
In the 1530s Henry VIII closed the friaries in Beverley. He also dissolved the Knights Hospitallers. The hospitals were also closed.
During the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of York was Lord of the Manor of Beverley. In 1542 the town was transferred to the crown. In 1573 Beverley was incorporated. In other words, it was given a corporation and a mayor. After 1573 Beverley was independent and no longer had a Lord of the Manor.
But at the end of the 16th century, Beverley was still impoverished. In 1599 a writer said it was ‘very poor and greatly depopulated’ There were ‘four hundred tenements and dwelling houses utterly decayed and uninhabited besides so great a number of poor and needy people altogether unable so to be employed any way to get their own living’.
The population of Beverley slowly declined from about 5,000 in the Middle Ages to about 3,000 by the late 17th century. The cloth industry slowly declined. By the end of the 17th century, some prosperity returned to the town but it was no longer a major manufacturing center. Beverley was a market town and a center where farm produce was processed e.g. millers ground grain to flour, skinners and tanners processed leather and malt and hops were brewed.
At the end of the 17th century, a travel writer named Celia Fiennes said that Beverley was: ‘a very fine town for its size. It’s preferable to any town I saw except for Nottingham. There are 3 or 4 large streets, well-paved, bigger than any in York, the other lesser streets about the town being equal with them. The market cross is very large. There are 3 markets, one for beasts, another for corn, and another for fish, all large. The town is served with water by wells, there are many of these wells in the streets. The buildings are new and pretty lofty. The Minster is a fine building all stone, carved on the outside with figures and images. There is another church called St Mary’s that is fine and good. There is a very good free school for boys, they say the best in England for learning and care’.
BEVERLEY IN THE 18th CENTURY
Lairgate Hall was built in 1700. In 1714 a market cross was erected in Saturday Market. On it are 4 shields with the arms of Queen Anne, Beverley Borough, and the Warton and Hotham families to who gave money to help build it.
Horse racing has been carried on in Beverley since the mid 18th century.
In the early 18th century the writer Daniel Defoe visited Beverley and said that there was ‘no considerable manufacture carried on there’. But later in the 18th century, there was some shipbuilding in Beverley. There was also some brick making. There were also many craftsmen working in Georgian Beverley such as bricklayers, carpenters, blacksmiths, tilers, tailors, coopers, shoemakers, butchers, bakers, and brewers.
By 1770 the population of Beverley had reached about 4,000. It was a fair-sized market town and also an administrative center for East Riding.
BEVERLEY IN THE 19th CENTURY
In 1801 at the time of the first census, Beverley had a population of 5,400, which was about the same as it had been 400 years before. By 1831 it had reached about 7,400 and by 1871 it was around 10,200. After 1809 Beverley was lit by oil lamps. From 1824 it was lit by gas. Then a railway to Hull was built in 1846.
In the 19th century there was still a leather industry in Beverley and there were several tanners. There were also brickyards and breweries. There was also an industry making and repairing farm implements. A shipbuilding industry also existed.
There were other craftsmen such as blacksmiths, coopers, and wheelwrights. Nevertheless, Beverley was still essentially a small market town for the surrounding countryside rather than a manufacturing center. A corn exchange was built where grain could be bought and sold was built in 1886. It is now a cinema.
Beverley was much later than other towns in obtaining modern facilities. A piped water supply began in 1883 but there were no sewers until after 1889. Even then it was decades before everyone was connected to them. Given the lack of sanitation in the town, it is not surprising there were epidemics. A cottage hospital was built in 1876 but there was an outbreak of typhoid in Beverley in 1884. Digging sewers and creating a piped water supply finally ended the epidemics.
BEVERLEY IN THE 20th CENTURY
In 1901 the population of Beverley was about 13,000. By 1951 it had risen to about 15,500. The first public library in Beverley opened in 1906. A museum and art gallery followed it in 1910. The first cinema opened in Beverley in 1912.
However, some of the amenities in Beverley were still primitive. There was no electric streetlight until immediately after World War II. The townspeople did not have electricity in their homes until 1930. In the 1930s only about half of the homes in Beverley had flushing lavatories. They did not become universal until 1960.
In the 1920s the first council houses were built in Beverley. In the 1930s council houses were built around Mill Lane, Grove Hill Road, and Cherry Tree Lane.
In the early 20th century some traditional industries such as brewing declined. The manufacture of farm machinery also declined. Brick making ended in the 1920s. The shipbuilders of Beverley carried on making trawlers. The only significant new industry was making parts for vehicles.
In the 1950s and 1960s, many slums were demolished in Beverley. In the 1950s the council built new estates at Riding Fields and Swinemore. Many private houses were built at Molescroft. In the 1960s Swinemoor industrial estate was built to encourage light industry to the town. But manufacturing industry in Beverley suffered severely in the recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Unemployment was very high in those days but Beverley recovered.
Today Beverley is largely a dormitory town for Hull.
The Southeast bypass was built in 1973. The Southwest bypass was built in 1981. In 1981 Toll Gavel and Butcher Row were pedestrianized. In 2020 the population of Beverley was 29,000. | <urn:uuid:9d6b4b0b-375b-4ad0-9766-0ec628a463b7> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-beverley | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.991185 | 2,907 | 3.359375 | 3 |
First, draw a medium sized circle. Then, draw a triangle on top of the circle, with the top of the circle acting as the bottom of the triangle. Next, draw two half circles on the sides of the triangle. After that, draw two small shaded circles inside the medium sized circle. Then, draw two lines above the shaded circles. Next, draw a line at the top of the triangle. After that, make two short lines with triangles on top of them. Then, draw a square touching the underside of the medium sized circle. Draw another square surrounding the first one. Draw a line separating the bottom right corner of the smaller square from the rest of the smaller square. Shade in the larger section of the smaller square. Erase the shaded square and replace the underside of it with the underside of the larger square. There you have it, a horse head.
Want to master Microsoft Excel and take your work-from-home job prospects to the next level? Jump-start your career with our Premium A-to-Z Microsoft Excel Training Bundle from the new Gadget Hacks Shop and get lifetime access to more than 40 hours of Basic to Advanced instruction on functions, formula, tools, and more. | <urn:uuid:97607a7d-c8d9-44d5-9ede-6a31ecbc9376> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://drawing.wonderhowto.com/how-to/draw-cartoon-horse-head-291905/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879537.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022111909-20201022141909-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.897285 | 248 | 3.015625 | 3 |
I found I could say things with color and shapes that I couldn’t say any other way—things I had no words for. –-Georgia O’Keefe
Before you get started painting, you need to know some of the basics about color theory. Understanding the effect of mixing two or more colors together and the vocabulary of color will provide the foundation for your understanding of color theory. You want the paint that you apply to your canvas to match your artistic intention.
Here are the topics we’ll be discussing:
The Importance Of The Color Wheel
We’ve mentioned the color wheel in some previous lessons. It is your guide to mixing paints to get the color you want. Let’s build the color wheel, using our vocabulary for colors.
The primary colors are red, blue, and yellow. Many of us were introduced to the primary colors in elementary school.
Mixing any two of these create what are called as secondary colors. The secondary colors are orange, green, and purple.
Blue + Yellow = Green
Blue + Red = Purple
Yellow + Red = Orange
Secondary colors: The colors you get when you mix primary colors together are called secondary colors. These are orange, green, and purple.
Tertiary colors: Tertiary colors are the colors you get when you mix a primary color with a secondary color, or mix two secondary colors. For example, if you mix red (primary) with orange (secondary), you get vermillion (tertiary). Or blue (primary) mixed with purple (secondary) makes violet/blue-purple (tertiary).
Exercise One: Make Secondary And Tertiary Colors
Grab a small canvas (8” x 10” or thereabouts) and all of your paints. Lay your paints out on your palette and try mixing them on your palette. Try making secondary colors with your primaries. Then try making some tertiary colors by mixing primary and secondary (or secondary and secondary) colors. Make swatches on your canvas to note how you arrived at each color mixture. For example, if you mix red and yellow, make a swatch of each of those colors on your canvas and the resulting mixed orange next to that.
Color Clock (Or Color Wheel)
Look at this color “clock.” You’ll notice the primary colors are located at 12, 4, and 8, while the secondary colors are at 2, 6, and 10. The others are all tertiary colors. Download it as a PDF here so you can print it for handy reference!
If you mix equal parts of 1 and 3, you’ll get 2.
If you mix less of 3 with 1, you’ll get a 2 that’s closer to 1.
If you mix colors directly across from each other (12 and 6, 9 and 3, 10 and 4, etc.) you’ll make a neutral color because you’re mixing complementary colors.
Complementary colors: These are colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel.
These are important to know because, for one, it will help you to pick out a color scheme that matches your artistic intentions (I’ll get into this more in a bit) and two, mixing complementary colors will make mud. This is both a good thing and a bad thing! If you’re unaware that mixing blue and orange will make a grayish brown, and you start painting some orange flowers on top of your still-wet blue sky, your flowers will look pretty muddy. If, though, you’re painting the sky and it’s just too blue, you can add a bit of orange to your paint to tone down or neutralize the blue.
Exercise Two: Make Your Own Color Wheel
Mix your paints and come up with as many of these colors as you can then put it on canvas, paper, or cardboard. You can also use colored pencils, markers, or even colored paper.
Mixing Paints To Create Colors
This image is from Ian Sidaway’s book, Color Mixing Bible, which has some really great information on color and color theory as well as lots of illustrations showing different paint combinations in every medium.
The bar on the left shows mixing two complementary colors, in this case, cadmium red and pthalo green. At the top is pure cadmium red, mixed with progressively more and more pthalo green as it moves down. You’ll see in the middle where the colors are mixed closest to 50/50, the color becomes a neutral dark grey. The bar on the right is showing value—the lighter values are created by adding increasingly more white to the dark grey in the middle of the left column.
Every color has a complementary color. This doesn’t mean that all reds mixed with green will make grey, brown, or black! For example, if you’re using a red with more orange tones and you mix it with a green that has more yellow tones, you won’t get a nice grey or black mixture. You’ll need to experiment with your colors to see what you can make with what you have. And that is what your palette is for!
Helpful hint: If you’re using oil paints, instead of throwing out your leftover colors on your palette at the end of a painting session, mix the complementary colors together to make some rich neutral greys and browns to save for later painting. Scrape off the paints with a palette knife and save them in airtight containers such a baby food jars or buddy cups, which can be purchased at the art store.
Exercise Three: Mixing Neutrals
Try mixing some grey/brown tones by mixing your complementary colors. Try to get as close to black as possible. Add white gradually to make different values.
Test these on your small canvas and keep notes, including the colors you started with—you may come up with something you want to use later.
Here is an example of one:
- Cad (Cadmium) Red Deep & Viridian
- Alizarin [Crimson] & Sap [Green]
- Cad (Cadmium) Yellow & Dioxazine Purple
- Cobalt Violet, [Yellow] Ochre, touch of Ivory Black
- Cad (Cadmium) Yellow, Cad (Cadmium) Red Light, French Ultramarine [Blue]
- Cad (Cadmium) Yellow, Cad (Cadmium) Red Light, Prussian Blue, Burnt Umber
- Cad (Cadmium) Red Deep, Sap [Green], touch of Ivory Black
- Prussian Blue & Ivory Black
- Viridian & Alizarin [Crimson]
- Viridian & Cad (Cadmium) Red Light
- French Ultramarine [Blue], Cad (Cadmium) Red Deep, Cad (Cadmium) Yellow, Ochre
- Alizarin [Crimson], Cad (Cadmium) Yellow, French Ultramarine [Blue], Ivory Black
- Cobalt Purple, Raw Sienna, Ivory Black
- Lemon Yellow, Cad (Cadmium) Red Light, Prussian Blue, Ivory Black
- Cad (Cadmium) Red Light, Sap [Green], touch of Ivory Black
- (no label)
I split the canvas into two sections (note the dotted line down the center to divide the two halves). The darkest swatch on the left is the colors mixed together without any white. I add progressively more white as I move to the right to see what each color looks like with a different value. The colors all look very similar because they are neutrals made by combining complements on the color wheel. Some combinations are more successful than others!
You’ll notice that not all complementary colors make grey or black. That’s just because they’re not true complements. For example mixing red and green should yield a neutral black color, but if the red has a little more of a blue tint and the green also has a little blue, you won’t get black. You’ll just get a toned-down green or red. This is why it’s good to experiment! A lot of the color mixes I did on the canvas pictured above look pretty neutral in their darkest value (on the left) but the lighter they get, the more it looks like a toned-down or neutralized version of another color. Though the lightest values aren’t neutral greys or browns, they’re good to keep in mind for when you’re painting and need to tone down your hues.
You can hang these canvases on the wall in your studio or just keep them tucked away in a cupboard. In fact, I have a lot of small canvases I have tested things on (paint mixes, mediums, etc.) that I keep around for reference. I usually write the names of the colors or mediums directly on the canvas so I don’t forget. You don’t have to have a memory like a steel trap to be an artist!
A note about smart phone photos: You may think about using your smart phone to take a photo of the color you’ve mixed as a way to keep a record. The problem with this is that 1) cameras lenses and the lenses of our eyes perceive color and light in very different ways 2) photographing color to be a perfect representation of what you’re actually seeing is VERY difficult! The white balance on your phone may not be adjusted to the light you’re in and the photographed color will look different. It’s best to test these colors on canvases or even thick pieces of white paper so you can always be sure of the color’s accuracy.
Time for some more definitions–value, tint, shade, and tone–to help you further understand color theory.
Value: Value (also called brightness or luminosity) is the lightness or darkness of a color. Light colors are often referred to as tints while dark colors are referred to as shades.
Tint: A tint is made by adding white to your color, making it lighter.
Shade: A shade is made by adding black to your color, making it darker.
Tone: A tone is made by adding grey, or both black and white, to your color.
Pigment: A pigment is an ingredient used to color your paint. Paints can be made with one or more pigments.
Natural ultramarine pigment in powdered form.
Exercise Four: Mixing Values
Try making different values with your paints by adding white or a dark neutral (that you’ve mixed from the previous exercise). See the example below.
Grab another small canvas and start by putting a small dab of your starting color in the middle. Underneath your color, add gradually more and more of your dark neutral until you have as close to black as possible. Then do the same thing with white on top of your pure color.
The Temperature Of Colors
Colors also have temperatures. When you look at a color wheel below, you can see it can be generally divided into warm and cool colors.
Y = Yellow / YO = Yellow-Orange / O = Orange / RO = Red-Orange / R = Red
RV = Red-Violet / V = Violet / BV = Blue-Violet / B = Blue
BG = Blue-Green / G = Green / YG = Yellow Green
Close your eyes and try to think of things that are warm and cool. Did you think of fire and ice? Those are good examples of warm and cool color temperatures. Fire is generally red or orange, which are both warm colors. Ice we usually think of as blue, which is a cool color. This doesn’t mean that everything is a warm color or a cool color based on its actual temperature, it’s just helpful to keep in mind when thinking about color temperature.
To complicate things even more, not all red and oranges are warm, just as not all blues and greens are cold. In the images below, the big square is the pure color (fully saturated) and the light part on top is the same color mixed with some white.
The Gamblin website has some handy tools for navigating color space, including a video explaining hue, saturation, value, and a list of all their paints with the color temperature listed next to them. Click the link above to go there.
Utilizing Color Temperature In Painting
When you’re painting, warm colors will appear closer to you and cool colors appear further away. Also, objects that are further away will appear lighter in color while objects in the foreground (close to the viewer) will be darker and more saturated.
Leonardo da Vinci knew this. See how he makes the mountains in the background fade just by making them lighter and cooler in color than Mona Lisa herself? We can even tell that the mountains over her right shoulder are closer to Mona Lisa than the ones over her left shoulder because they are darker in value and warmer in tone. Look at what happens when we isolate the colors and put them next to each other:
The first square is the color of the mountains that are furthest away from Mona Lisa (and us), while the second square is from the mountains closer (over Mona Lisa’s right shoulder). You can see how the closer mountains are warmer and darker, making them push forward.
The first square is from Mona Lisa’s face, which is in the foreground (closest to us) of the picture. The second square is from the background (furthest away from us) of the picture. Even though when you’re looking at the whole painting they may appear to be almost the same color, when we isolate them, notice how the object closest to us is darker.
Hue And Saturation
These terms come up in the discussion of color, so we want you to be familiar with them.
Hue: The hue is important to know because it’s the main way you’ll be describing the colors you’re using to paint. The hue is the most obvious characteristic of a color, i.e. red, blue, yellow, green. In painting color theory, the hue is a color that hasn’t been mixed with white or black.
For example, if you’re working with a paint color you would describe as Navy Blue, the hue is blue. Persimmon = Orange hue. Burgundy = Red hue. Canary = Yellow hue.
If you see the word “hue” on a tube of paint, it means that the original ingredient used for the pigment has been replaced by something very similar to achieve the same hue as the original. Usually, this is done when the ingredient is toxic or very expensive (this happens a lot with cadmiums).
Saturation, Intensity, or Chroma: These three terms all refer to the purity of a color. Fully saturated colors (colors with a full pigment load) are vibrant, while less saturated colors are duller.
Least saturated → Most saturated
Key Lesson Learnings:
We’ve covered a lot in this lesson, including many definitions used in talking about color, mixing colors to get secondary and tertiary colors, and the color wheel. You’ve had a chance to mix your paints to create colors you might use in future paintings, and kept notes on the paints used to create these colors. Using the Mona Lisa as an example, we’ve seen how artists use warmer and darker colors to push objects to the foreground, while using cooler and lighter colors has the opposite effect.
Next lesson: Color Illusions and Themes | <urn:uuid:0944f7f7-bbb9-4e4c-9b42-580f436f2118> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://www.beginnersschool.com/2015/10/27/basic-color-theory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039550330.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421191857-20210421221857-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.927308 | 3,323 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Scientists Fear Antibiotics are Perpetuating Diseases Impossible to Treat
Antibiotics, like many other drugs, are handed out by doctors as an end-all solution pill. Even for viral ailments doctors irresponsibly prescribe these pills as a solution. Unfortunately with all of the over-prescriptions and even necessary prescriptions, antibiotics have routinely been creating drug-resistant bacteria. Britain now seems to be facing their own massive increase in antibiotic-resistant blood poisoning caused by escherichia coli (E. coli).
Bugs and bacteria rapidly adapt to survive, only taking months to for the genetic mutations to occur. Antibiotics, although successful in wiping out most of the bacterial invaders, don’t kill absolutely all of them. Over time the bacteria which survive the antibiotics become resistant, and continue to reproduce, only now with a quirk in their genetic structure allowing them to survive.
The slow but problematic growth of resistant organisms are resulting in antibiotics being nearly useless. The Independent reports:
Using standard antibiotic regimens, there is a one in 10 chance that treatment of an E.coli infection will fail because the bug is resistant. But, as numbers of resistant infections rise, there will be increasing pressure to use more powerful antibiotics, called carbapenems, which are the last line available. And resistance to those is already emerging…The warnings follow increasing reports from Europe of patients with infections that are almost impossible to treat.
But should this be a problem, as antibiotics, even if used in higher doses, are still killing off the invading bacteria? Sadly antibiotics do not discriminate against beneficial and bad bacteria. These medical giveaways are virtually depleting your body of all beneficial bacteria, leading to numerous health complications due to poor gut flora.
Antibiotics, linked to skyrocketing mental illness rates, are being identified as a player in the soaring obesity rates around the globe. In one study regarding the depletion of ‘good’ bacteria in the gut, researchers explained how antibiotics administered to mice ultimately resulted in altered behaviors far beyond diarrhea and pain.
With the combination of health complications and resistant superbugs, it is any wonder why antibiotics are still being used excessively. The drugs, making up what we at NaturalSociety like to call the disease machine, are perpetuating diseases that the medical establishment views as impossible to treat. All the while, their overuse is costing the National Health Service the equivalent of over $10.5 million per year.
Luckily a number of powerful natural antibiotics exist that do not come with such harsh side effects. Honey, garlic, echinacea, goldenseal, wild indigo and various amino acids have been shown to reduce the need for antibiotics. In addition, strengthening the body’s natural defensive mechanisms with super supplements like turmeric or curcumin would be a wise choice.
Mike is the co-founder, editor, and researcher behind Natural Society. Studying the work of top natural health activists, and writing special reports for top 10 alternative health websites, Mike has written hundreds of articles and pages on how to obtain optimum wellness through natural health. | <urn:uuid:6ba4a563-0951-4ffe-a9df-3603a0667ef5> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://naturalsociety.com/12930/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143373.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217205657-20200217235657-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.929633 | 629 | 2.828125 | 3 |
CLICK HERE for the paperback version of this book.
A straight-forward, detailed overview of pathophysiology, providing nursing students with clear and simple explanations of the basic principles that underpin health and illness, and the main causes of disease.
The book uses person-centred nursing as its guiding principle (in-line with the new NMC standards) to encourage students to develop a more detailed understanding of specific disorders and learn how to apply the bioscience theory to nursing practice and patient care.
- Full-colour diagrams and figures: all content supported by colourful, reader-friendly illustrations.
- Person-centred bioscience: a fictional family woven through the book encourages students to think holistically about pathophysiology and consider the lived-experiences of different conditions and diseases.
- Online resources: access to online materials for lecturers and students, including multiple choice questions, videos, flashcards, lecturer test bank, an image bank and a media teaching guide. | <urn:uuid:4b7be41e-b754-4118-8773-a1dd4d194b72> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.sagepub.com/en-us/cab/essentials-of-pathophysiology-for-nursing-practice/book251553 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657129517.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712015556-20200712045556-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.904732 | 198 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Since knowledge and skills related to curriculum content and pedagogy are crucial for teachers, it is of interest to explore the research relating to what preservice teachers know and can do. Refereed journal articles published between 2005 and 2015 that reported on the assessment of the knowledge or skills of Australian preservice teachers are reviewed. Data were extracted from 52 articles relating to the context of the research, participants in the research and the adequacy of the knowledge and skills of preservice teachers. Most authors expressed some concern about the level of knowledge and skills of preservice teachers and where both were reported there was often a discrepancy between perceived and actual knowledge.
"A Systematic Review of the Research on the Knowledge and Skills of Australian Preservice Teachers,"
Australian Journal of Teacher Education: Vol. 43
, Article 7.
Available at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol43/iss4/7
Elementary Education and Teaching Commons, Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons, Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons, Secondary Education and Teaching Commons | <urn:uuid:34d1675a-544b-4d85-aaf3-da541ccf3380> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol43/iss4/7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506623.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924055210-20230924085210-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.929076 | 286 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Monday, March 31, 2008
Today you can find it in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda.
It’s placed in a very particular spot for a very particular reason.
Read my latest post over at American Presidents to find out why.
Friday, March 28, 2008
While we have primary sources detailing massacres, instances of natives being worked to death, and other atrocities the number one killer of natives during the exploration and early colonization period was disease. It is the number one cause of the severe population decrease of natives during those years.
And just when we thought it was over it would seem there are new conquistadors in the guise of reality television producers.
If I didn’t already have a good reason not to watch their crap, I have one now.
Wednesday, March 26, 2008
Of course, I do teach a full blown unit every year on formal research and writing where we develop a topic, research, take notes, and then develop those notes into a three to four page report with a reference list to boot. For this unit I have always used U.S. Presidents for our topic became I’m very familiar with the books and I’m pretty knowledgeable about each administration.
I make several databases available to students for their research including this one that uses a pull down menu to access voting information for each election. The site not only lists the winners but lists all of those than ran. Sometimes I use this database as a center-type activity for students to research and answer a question or make an observation. One question I’ve used is to ask students to look at the information for the 1800 election and compare the information to the 1804 election. Students should see for the first time in 1804 a separate race was established for the office of Vice-President due to the passage of the Twelth Amendment. Up to that time the second runner-up automatically assumed the office of Vice President.
Another observation I’ve asked students to make in the past involved strange or unusual names of men who have run for the two highest offices in our nation by choosing 10 elections and reviewing the names listed. I remind students that the names should not be those that we hear every day.
Here are the top 13 results:
1. De Witt Clinton---Election of 1812 (P)
2. Elbridge Gerry---Election of 1812 (VP)
3. Theodore Frelinghuysen---Election of 1844 (VP)
4. Hannibal Hamlin----Election of 1860 (VP) He actually won
5. Shuyler Colfax---Election of 1868 (VP)
6. B. Gratz Brown---Election of 1872 (VP)
7. Absolom West---Election of 1884 (VP)
8. Alson Streeter---Election of 1888 (P)
9. Ignatius Donnelly---Election of 1900 (VP)
10. Valentine Remmel---Election of 1900 (VP)
11. Silas Swallow---Election of 1904 (P)
12. Thomas Tibbles---Election of 1904 (P)
13. Estes Kefauver---Election of 1956 (VP)
and one of my favorite unusual names even though he resigned in disgrace was Spiro Agnew who ran for VP in 1968 and 1972 winning both times.
Which name do you think sounds the most unusual?
The image with this post is from the 1880 Republican National Convention in Chicago courtesy of the Library of Congress.
Catch other 13s here.
What are your thoughts on how our three branches makes America a great nation?
Note: The three branches shown in the photo were created by my daughter for a project she is working on for her AP Government class. It’s amazing what some twigs from the yard, an old silk flower arrangement, and a printer can create.
You can view other wordless images here.
Tuesday, March 25, 2008
However, none of my actions to plan appropriate lessons matter if my students are asleep. It can be very frustrating to be fully engrossed in teaching your plan, look out across the room, and see two or three nodding off. Yes, I’ve had my share of sleepy ones as well.
My first reaction has been one of anger. How dare they fall asleep during my lesson?!
Next I decided that perhaps it was me. Was I really that boring? I poured over my plans and looked for weak areas. Did I include enough activity for students in my plans or were they merely sitting in their seats watching me? What was the level of the “boring meter” regarding the content the lesson covered, and how could I eliminate the boring factor?
Even with all of my introspection I still had sleepy students. I’ve now come to the conclusion that it isn’t always me. There are outside environmental factors that determine how my students react in the classroom, and while I cannot control these factors I still have to address them in a manner designed to maximize the learning in my classes.
Outside environmental factors include:
*In most homes both parents work and have a set time to be at their jobs. It’s hard to get a family up and ready to go all at the same time and often what happens is some children manage to get their clothes on and fall back to sleep while their parents finish getting ready. There is no breakfast since a large majority of kids eat at school now. Once in the car many kids fall asleep again and often still asleep as they are hustled out of the car at school. They stumble into the building sometimes a good hour to 30 minutes before the school day actually begins. Even after eating a school breakfast many sit 15-20 minutes in the hallway before homeroom begins…..just long enough to nod off again.
*Some children, even the nine and ten year olds I have taught serve as caregivers for younger siblings in the afternoon and evenings. There is no time for homework or even fun sometimes because every minute is looking after little ones, preparing a meal, or cleaning the house.
*Many children are burdened with schedules that would make you and I cringe. Their afternoons are full of various lessons or practices. Sometimes ball practice of some sort last as late as 9 o’clock for some teams.
*More and more families are out and about during the evening. Go into any restaurant at 10 o’clock in my neighborhood and you see several children eating dinner with their parents.
*I often use writing assignments during Language Arts to gather more incite into the lives of my students, and what they write is very revealing. They are so honest….sometimes painfully honest. From a simple prompt such as “How I Spent My Afternoon…” I find out that many of my students are visiting the local Walmart at nine, ten, eleven and even after midnite. Some wind up with a parent who is working the late shift. One little boy plays video games every evening till midnight in his Dad’s office and then has an hour long drive home before bedtime. Another student wrote about sitting at the jail with her aunt waiting on the release of her mother. She had been picked up for drugs that morning.
*Many children don’t have a bedtime. If they do, it’s much too late. Students report they are up till all hours doing whatever they want to.
*Some children report they do have a bedtime, but once their parent goes to bed they get back up to watch the television in their room, play on their computer, read, eat, etc.
So I continue to have sleepy babies sitting in my room. One way I have attempted to improve this situation is through the use of lively music and dancing. When things seem to be getting bogged down and I notice a few are getting droopy-eyed we DANCE and DANCE, and DANCE!
Yep, we DANCE. We’ll take a break and I play some lively songs and in order to get everyone involved I’ll act as silly as I have to. They think I’m crazy the first few times, but when they see how much fun it can be they join in. No, there are no video tapes of me DANCING….thank the Lord, so don’t ask.
Once the break is over we are much more ready to tackle the content at hand and more learning can take place…….and there’s nothing like letting others see you in a silly dance move to build camaraderie among members of a group.
Some songs we have used are
Little Eva's Locomotion
Play That Funky Music by Wild Cherry
Chubby Checker's Let's Twist Again
Twist and Shout with The Beatles
Shout with the Isley Brothers
Marcia Griffiths Electric Boogie (Slide)
Cha Cha Slide
Pink's Get the Party Started
And don’t discount Brain Gym for improving the alertness of droopy students.
Can you think of some other lively tunes we could use?
Monday, March 24, 2008
A Tale of Two Houses
House number one is a 20 room mansion (not including 8 bathrooms) heated by natural gas. Add on a pool (and a pool house) and a separate guest house, all heated by gas. In one month this residence consumes more energy than the average American household does in a year. The average bill for electricity and natural gas runs over $2400. In natural gas alone, this property consumes more than 20 times the national average for an American home. This house is not situated in a Northern or Midwestern “snow belt” area. It’s in the South.
House number two was designed by an architecture professor at a leading national university. This house incorporates every “green” feature current home construction can provide. The house is 4,000 square feet (four bedrooms) and is nestled on a high prarie in the American southwest. A central closet in the house holds geothermal heat-pumps drawing ground water through pipes sunk 300 feet into the ground. The water (usually 67 degrees) heats the house in the winter and cools it in the summer. The system uses no fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas and it consumes one-quarter electricity required for a conventional heating/cooling system. Rainwater from the roof is collected and funneled into a 25,000 gallon underground cistern. The collected water then irrigates the land surrounding the house. Flowers and shrubs native to the area surround the home enabling the property to blend into the rural landscape.
Hmmmm….I wonder who lives in these houses? I kept reading and the email soon told me.
House number one is outside of Nashville, Tennessee, and it’s the abode of the “environmentalist” Al Gore. Yes, that Al Gore.
House number two is located in Crawford, Texas. Today it is known as the Western White House and belongs to President George Bush. Yes, that president!
Now to be totally honest about Mr. Gore and his not so green home. He and his staff have stated that the home is much larger than the average American home and of course it will use a larger amount of power. Also the Gores pay an extra premium to make sure their power comes from green sources other than the $2400 big green ones they ante up each month. Mr. Gore has also concluded that his carbon footprint works out in the end because his home is also an office for both he and his wife, Tipper.
Who knew Bush was so green!?
More information can be found at the wildly entertaining Snopes.com
You can find out more about your own personal carbon footprint here.
Friday, March 21, 2008
Who am I kidding! If someone fixed me an Easter basket I’d take it. I’d want lots of chocolate and a few sparkly things too!
All that’s left to do is the churchin’, the cookin’, and the eatin’.
If you are new to History Is Elementary you might enjoy my Sticky Easter Memory…I never celebrate Easter without remembering the particular Easter detailed in my story.
Whether you celebrate Easter or not I send good wishes your way that your weekend is safe, relaxing, and filled with what you desire.
I’ll be back Monday with more history goodness.
Wednesday, March 19, 2008
2. The first written constitution in the Americas was the Fundamental Orders, written for the Connecticut Colony at its founding in 1639. This document is considered the first written constitution not only in America, but the world as well.
3. There were two firsts in the category for magazine. Two Philadelphia-based political periodicals, both published in February 1741, share the honor. One was the American Magazine or A Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies published by Andrew Bradford. The other was the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations published by Benjamin Franklin. They both folded within the first year.
4. The first cookbook published in the United States was from 1796. It was called American Cookery by Amelia Simmons and was published under the pen name An American Orphan. There were four editions of the cookbook between 1796 and 1808.
5. The first U.S. federal prison was established in Auburn, New York in 1821. The Auburn Method used in subsequent prisons began there. Inmates were required to work silently in groups. When they weren’t working inmates were confined to their cells and were required to be silent so as to meditate on their crimes.
6. The first U.S. warship to make it around the world was a sloop named the Vincennes between the years 1829 and 1931. President Andrew Jackson used this action as a show of force to protect American commerce in the Pacific.
7. The first American steam railroad to carry passengers and freight was the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It began in 1830 and was powered by the Tom Thumb locomotive built by Peter Cooper.
8. The first U.S. president photographed while in office was James K. Polk in 1849.
9. The first Socialist elected to the U.S. Congress was Wisconsin’s Victor Berger elected in 1911.
10. The first movie to be shown in the White House was D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation during the administration of Woodrow Wilson.
11. The first person to receive a Social Security check was Ida May Fuller in 1940. The check was for a grand total of $22.54.
12. Walter F. Mondale and Robert Dole took part in the first vice presidential debate in the 1976 presidential election between Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter.
13. The first atomic powered submarine launched from Groton, Connecticut in 1954. It was named the Nautilus.
Check out other 13s here
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Darren, over at Right on the Left Coast, has begun posting family letters written in 1865. He’ll be posting them over a few days. Go take a look. Darren mentions the spelling errors, but I’m mesmerized by the formality of the writing and tone.
*Ben Franklin….his portrayal makes you want to sit down and have a private audience with him…it’s just that good. Thomas Jefferson…..you would never have thought he would be so quiet…
*As a whole what I’ve seen so far shares great visuals of social mannerisms and dress for the time period. Everyone looks a little unkept and they should. Without hair dryers and permanent press things were much, much different. The tar and feathering scene was hard to watch. We tend to place the Patriots on a pedestal, but they did some very alarming things in their quest to establish their rights. These actions should not be forgotten.
*The trial for the soldiers following the Boston Massacre was particularly interesting as the court system we are used to didn't exist. Very few Americans realize Adams represented the British soldiers let alone that the incident was used as propaganda by the Sons of Liberty.
*I was especially touched by the scene in part one where Adams comes in after the trial is over and asks a young John Quincy Adams to help him remove his boots. Knowing how the events end as I do I couldn’t help but think, “There are two presidents of the United States, and they don’t even have a country yet.”
*Ok, some details are being left out, but it is a movie afterall…Following Lexington and Concord, Abigail Adams recognizes the body of Dr. Warren in a cart, but that's not the whole story.
*The conversations between Adams and his wife, Abigail, were the standout moments of part one and part two. Her importance over the life of John Adams cannot and should not be glossed over in any classroom. It is an interesting point that her counsel was so important yet today we seem to have hissy fit if we think our fearless leaders take counsel from their wives. Hmmm….. One sentence of Abigail’s struck me rather forcefully….”I’m frightened. I’m afraid this war will never end or begin.” Twenty-first century Americans are rather comfortable in our freedom. We tend to forget those that forged the way for us. It was rife with doubt and fears.
*The road to making the declaration that the colonies were free was not an easy one and to a certain extent the miniseries shows this. The personal convictions expressed and the zeal with with the pros and cons were weighed were riveting. I couldn’t help but laugh at one point when the delegates are arguing into the night and it’s so very hot in the room mainly because the windows were kept closed so folks wouldn’t overhear them. Adams removes his wig at one point. He gets caught up in the conversation and begins to speak. Then he realizes he doesn’t have his wig on and quickly places it back on his head.
The scene where Franklin and Adams are reviewing Jefferson’s efforts with drafting the Declaration of Independence was so interesting. Again, the slavery issue was discussed and those two little words……”self-evident.”
*At the moment the vote is taken for independence the stunned silence at what they have done is a highlight not to be missed….and one delegate got it so right when he said Congress had the opportunity to do what no other group of men had done in history up to that time in forming a government where all men would be free. How I wish they had settled the slavery issue at the Constitutional Congress following the Revolution?
Some people weren't impressed with the portrayal of Adams while overall others like the series so far. Read those reviews here and here
Monday, March 17, 2008
Saturday, March 15, 2008
Around here though, the last two Fridays have been knee deep in tornado terror. As a native Georgian tornados and stories of tornados have been a part of my life since birth, but lately……
Last Friday night I was posting something over at my Georgia site while there was a nice little rain coming down. It was already dark and I was waiting on my husband to get home. News reports had mentioned rain and had mentioned the possibility of wind but no mention of tornados. As I was working with my laptop the lights suddenly went out…..pitchblack except for the light of the laptop which had switched over to battery.
I kept working as the power went on and off, on and off, on and off, on and off, several times in succession. The rain had stopped, and it was very quite and still. Five minutes later the storm sirens went off. I didn’t get scared until the sirens went off. I think that sound is more scary than the wind and the rain, quite frankly. It was so confusing to hear the siren because there was nothing going on outside.
There I was computer in hand, no warnings from my television, no warnings when I checked the local tv sites…..nothing but quiet. I thought maybe I should go to the basement, but there I was in the dark with no flashlight, and I’d probably kill myself just trying to get down there navigating the maze I’ve created with “important stuff” I keep telling myself I need to store.
Come to find out while it was so quiet and the power kept going on and off a tornado was overhead and was traveling to its dismise just a few miles away. In fact the storm had hit a grocery store and some houses about 5 miles away from me and had done quite a bit of damage.
Witnesses there said the sirens didn’t go off until ten minutes after the storm had hit. What’s the point? Later in the week the National Weather Service confirmed a touchdown of an EF1 tornado with winds of 110 mph. The track of the storm was seven miles long and approximately 100 yards wide. The touchdown was at Hampton Mill Road, and the track continued northeast through the grocery store across Chapel Hill Road through Brookmont, and finally disappating at Vulcan Drive near Groover Lake in Lithia Springs. Since I’m near Vulcan Drive I know that all of that time it was so quiet the storm was moving overhead.
That brings me to last night when the city of Atlanta made history. A tornado hit the city for the first time that we know of. The damage pictures are absolutely amazing. Fellow Georgia blogger Spacey G from Mostly Media shares her own video from last night.
Details from Atlanta’s oldest local news channel, WSB-TV, can be found here along with a slideshow of images taken by media types, and a slideshow of images uploaded by everyday folks. A paper from Kentucky has a few daytime images of highrises as well as the many condo buildings (converted factories) that dot the downtown area.
It is amazing to see Atlanta landmarks like the Equitable Building and the Peachtree Plaza with windows blown out. Also, as much as many Georgians complain about the craziness that can go on with Atlanta government and politics it seems the city did a great job last night handling a situation that could have resulted in utter chaos. I’m sure we’ll hear somebody complaining in the days to come though.
As I am writing this today another wave of storms are racing across the state and fatalities are reported in Polk County, Georgia. For a time they were mentioning my father’s community of Macedonia near Canton, so I have been in prayer for folks I know and love as well as folks I don’t know.
Springtime in Georgia….it appears it will be a bumpy ride this year.
….note for you grammar-type folks--- tornadoes and tornados are both accepted as proper plural forms….just in case you wondered. :)
UPDATE: A little while after I posted this we had another storm come through with hail the size of golf balls. The storm went over us, but as it moved on towards Atlanta a local television tower camera got an image of it. It's rare to get an image of a tornado in Georgia. See my update over at Georgia on My Mind titled Well, Hail!
Friday, March 14, 2008
If you're education minded the education carnival is up over at Learn Me Good while Noirlecroi.com presents a teacher's life carnival.
Wednesday, March 12, 2008
Not sure where some of these places are? Well, pull yourself up a map and learn something. :)
Now c’mon…..isn’t this just waaaay cool?
1. The Waukesha Carnival
2. The Georgia Carnival
3. Hopespun Honolulu Carnival
4. Carnival of Australia Bloggers
5. Carnival of Cities
6. Carnival of Maryland
7. Northwest Indiana Blog Carnival
8. The San Diego Special Edition
9. Western New York Blog Carnival
10. Carnival of Travel Guide
11. Carnival of Travelers
12. Travel on a Shoestring-Americas and Travel on a Shoestring-Asia, Oz.
13. Travel on a Shoestring-Europe and Travel on a Shoestring-South America, Africa, Middle East
So, go take a twirl around this great big world of ours and have yourself a wonderful Thursday!
Visit other 13s here
Note: Some of the websites where these carnivals are located are simply host blogs. If you would like to participate in any one of these carnivals check the Blog Carnival site for the blogger that maintains the carnival, current host, and submission requirements.
Tuesday, March 11, 2008
Dealing with students who begin the year thinking Robin Hood fought the American Revolution with help from SpongeBob and Gary the Snail and a belief that woodland creatures often broke into song with Pocohontas because "Disney says so" also makes my job daunting since "the test” is how I’m judged regarding my teaching capabilities.
That being said it is certainly an understatement to say that I love teaching history. History is one subject where small bits of knowledge can be used to review content as well as extend content in order to meet up with future content.
Follow this link to continue reading this post regarding how a painting by Trumbull, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and a pile of rocks contributed to the character of a U.S. president.
The picture with this post is a young John Quincy Adams by John Singleton Copley.
Monday, March 10, 2008
However, as a Southerner I can’t help but be shocked at what my fellow Southerners did in years past. The act of lynching, mob mentality, the celebratory nature of the events, and the braggadocios behavior that followed have haunted and will continue to haunt the South for many more years to come.
When I conducted a casual search for information regarding the word “lynching” I discovered that many people link the word back to Charles Lynch who was a jurist in Virgina during the American Revolution. Mr. Lynch was in charge of punishing Loyalist supporters. I haven’t found any scholarly sources verifying this bit of history, so don’t take my word for it, but it is interesting. If anyone knows of any scholarly sources please send them my way. :)
Apparently Mr. Lynch’s extralegal sentences---whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military---were accepted by Virginia lawmakers and “Lynch’s Law”, “Judge Lynch”, and “Lynching” became synonymous for punishment outside the law.
Of course when the word “lynching” is used today we automatically reflect on the horrific acts across the South though there have been lynchings in every state of the Union but four. Much like floggings, disembowelments, and the decapitations that took place in merry old England lynchings drew a crowd…..a crowd of some of the most powerful and prominent members of a community.
This macabre practice by Southern ancestors gets even stranger when you realize they were proud enough to have their pictures taken with the evidence of their crimes, and even stranger still to realize many of the photographs were reproduced on postcards so they could send them to friends and family members. Sadly, many of these murders were committed against innocent men and women as a result of trumped up charges.
Many of the postcard images have been collected by James Allen. You can see them online at his site called Without Sanctuary. (Warning-----extremely graphic site)
Over at Georgia on My Mind I posted about the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish man who was lynched by mob in Cobb County, Georgia in 1915. The picture with this post is some of the crowd celebrating the lynching in the town square at Marietta, Georgia. Recently a historical marker was placed at the lynching site and some of Georgia’s famous sons were there to remember and condemn the horrific events of that day including former governor Roy Barnes…..seems one of his great-grandfathers was a participant in the events that day.
Ever hear of the song Strange Fruit sung by Billie Holliday? The song actually describes the displayed bodies resulting from lynch mob violence. The lyrics go like this:
Southern trees bear a strange fruit
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root
Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees
Pastoral scene of the gallant South
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth
Scent of magnolia sweet and fresh
Then the sudden smell of burning flesh
Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck
For the sun to rot, for a tree to drop
Here is a strange and bitter crop.
This site advises Strange Fruit was a controversial song. It was a struggle for Ms. Holiday to incorporate into her nightclub act, but she wanted to include it as her “personal protest” song.
Here is Billie Holiday singing Strange Fruit:
May we never forget……How on earth could we?
Thursday, March 06, 2008
When I have tried to figure out the right combination of strategies to communicate with an autistic child I’m often encouraged by the courage and determination of Miss Keller’s teacher, Anne Sullivan.
The picture with this post is a brand new one recently found showing Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan. It just may be the earliest picture of the two together. Miss Keller is probably around eight years old. You can read all about it here.
As an adult Helen Keller was very involved in politics and social issues. Textbooks covering women’s issues usually mention Helen Keller, but rarely go into much detail because of her radical (some for the time period) ideas. Besides her involvement with Helen Keller International, her non-profit organization for preventing blindness, she also worked as a suffragist, spoke out against war, and supported birth control (a very radical idea for the times).
She was one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1920s and was a known radical socialist. As a member of the Socialist Party she campaigned for Eugene V. Debs when he ran for president.
I’m glad that in today's classrooms students can access resources that explain the whole story of Helen Keller’s life….not just a cleaned up version that meets someone’s idea regarding what a good American looks like. Helen Keller and other high profile individuals who lived during the early part of the twentieth century are perfect examples for students to analyze the life choices historical figures made along with actual historical events and social issues of the time.
When examining a historical figure it is helpful to dig a little deeper to understand why someone makes the particular life choices they make. Putting events and life choices in context with the times being studied help to build critical thinkers, and that should always be the ultimate goal in a study of history not a regurgitation of causes, effects, and dates.
Wednesday, March 05, 2008
I wish more teachers would spend a little of time discussing the Pequot War since it is one of the first major interactions between colonists and Native Americans. While it is mentioned in many of today’s textbooks being used in lower middle grade classrooms the war is not generally covered at an adequate level and it is usually grouped with King Phillip’s War which occurred almost thirty years after the Pequot War.
Here are 13 facts regarding a horrific time in colonial history:
1. The main events surrounding the Pequot War occurred between 1637 and 1638. The parties involved were the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies along with Native Americans from the Naragansett and Monhegan tribes against the Pequot tribe. The Connecticut colony was also involved.
2. The homeland of the Pequot tribe was along the Thames and Mystic Rivers. Growing European settlement found the Pequot tribe basically surrounded by English and Dutch colonies. They weren’t very happy about it as you can well imagine.
3. Causes of the war stem from the murder of eight Europeans in 1634. John Stone has been described as a privateer, slaver, and smuggler. He and his crew were attacked near the mouth of the Connecticut River by the Western Niantic, a tribe connected to the Pequots. The reason for the attack was earlier Dutch traders had lured a member of the Niantic tribe aboard a Dutch vessel and then held him for ransom. When the Pequot paid the ransom they received a corpse in return. John Stone figures into the picture because he had been committing atrocities as well. He had a habit of kidnapping Western Niantic women and children and selling them into slavery to the Virginia Colony.
4. Even though John Stone had been banished from Boston due to malfeasance colonial officials were extremely upset at the murders and made demands to the Pequot that the Western Ninantic tribe members responsible for the killings should be turned over to them. The Pequot refused.
5. In 1636, another colonists, John Oldham, was attacked near Block Island. He and his entire crew were killed and the ship was looted. Some scholars debate that many of the New England colonists blamed tribe members from the Naragansett, however, John Oldham’s murder and the murder of his crew is touted as a beginning point for the Pequot War.
6. Within a month John Endicott, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, sent a group of men on a revenge mission to Block Island. In the whole scheme of things it was a small fracus with 14 members of the Niantic tribe loosing their lives. The village was burned to the ground and crops that had been stored were either destroyed or taken by the colonists.
7. Endicott then traveled to a Pequot Village where the demand was made again for payment regarding Stone’s murder and Oldham’s murder as well. The demand resulted in many of the Pequot escaping through the woods and the loss of their village and crops to fire. Endicott and the other Massachusetts Bay colonists went home.
8. The Pequots turned their anger on the Connecticut colonist and began a seige on Fort Saybrook. By 1637, the Pequot began attacking colonial towns. Buildings and fields were destroyed, a few colonists were killed, and even two young female colonists were kidnapped, but were eventually returned via Dutch traders.
9. Finally, on May 20, 1637, Connecticut colonists attacked the Pequot at a village known as Misistuck or Mystic. Many of the men of the village were gone having traveled to Hartford on a raiding mission. When the colonists attacked Mystic it was mainly inhabited by Pequot women and children. It was a massacre with the colonial leaders using God as a justification for the killing. Approximately 600-700 natives were at Mystic during the attack. Only seven or so were taken prisoner. Only another seven or so escaped. The remaider died.
10. The actions of the colonists so horrifed members of the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes who were along on the raid that they returned home. That was the end of their participation. The idea of “total war” was foreign to Native Americans. They stated that the warfare waged by the English was too furious and too the number of deaths were too numerous (from William Bradford’s Of Plimoth Plantation, 1620-1647).
11. From that point on the Pequot were hunted down, taken prisoner or killed systematically.
12. On September 21, 1638 the Treaty of Hartford was signed. Pequots who had survived were distributed to the Naragansett, Mohegan, and Metoac tribes as slaves, or shipped by colonist to Bermuda where they were sold into slavery. Some became household slaves belonging to colonists in Massachusetts Bay or Connecticut. Colonists declared the Pequot extinct and took their lands. They even outlawed the word “Pequot”.
13. The strong show of force by New England colonists assured peace for the next several years. As noted historian Alden T. Vaughan wrote in his book New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620-1675:
"The effect of the Pequot War was profound. Overnight the balance of power had shifted from the populous but unorganized natives to the English colonies. Henceforth [until King Philip's War] there was no combination of Indian tribes that could seriously threaten the English. The destruction of the Pequots cleared away the only major obstacle to Puritan expansion. And the thoroughness of that destruction made a deep impression on the other tribes."
While many historians still argue over who was at the most at fault and over the number of Native Americans that were actually killed primary sources such as Captain John Mason's account or the account of John Underhill are useful reads.
Find more 13s here.
Tuesday, March 04, 2008
Did you know there were two flags raised on Mt. Suribachi that day? Did you know three of the five flag raisers played themselves in the John Wayne movie Sands of Iwo Jima? Did you know one of the five flag raisers (Ira Hayes) was a Native American?
Does this image portray America as a great nation? Why or why not?
Monday, March 03, 2008
LEDs, or light-emitting diodes, are energy-efficient lights and are being used to illuminate the vaults inside the church which dates back to 1723. The church steeple was used to display two lanterns as a signal about British troop movements on April 18, 1775, and is aptly described in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s famous--- if not somewhat inaccurate poem--- which included the line: “One if by land, and two if by sea.”
So, what’s so important about April 18, 1775? On that evening church sexton, Robert Newman, climbed the steeple and held high two lanterns to signal Paul Revere, William Dawes, and the other midnight riders that the British were marching to Lexington and Concord by sea and not by land.
What followed is commonly referred to as the 'shot heard round the world'.
While the installation has been done with historic sensitivity, and while it is as one visitor remarked no different than updating a building with air conditioning or running water it is a little sad that eventually the steeple’s compact fluorescents will be replaced with LEDs.
It might be a little interesting, however, to tie in the concept of historic preservation with the march of time and technology when studying Lexington and Concord.
My links to Paul Revere and the ‘shot heard round the word’ are from the site
Archiving Early America which has a few slideshows that could be useful to introduce a topic, review a topic, or for small group and individual use.
Saturday, March 01, 2008
The Education Carnival was posted this past Wednesday over at the Sam Jackson College Experience and contains lots of education topics.
The History Carnival can be found over at Spinning Clio. Marc advises he had several off topic submissions. I’ve noticed the same going on with Education Carnival and the Georgia Carnival as well over the last several months, and the practice seems to be increasing. Did some spammy blog guru post some sort of insane post advising high-roller wannabes to submit to every blog carnival that comes down the pike to increase their hit counts and links? Basically the practice does nothing but slow down the carnival host as they attempt to put the carnival together, frustrate the readers who visit a carnival for one particular overarching topic or focus, and it really does nothing to increase the blogger’s reputation who adheres to submitting to this carnival and that carnival willy- nilly. These folks get a great big BOO from me…..not that it matters to them.
Me? I’m an innkeeper this weekend. Go read the intro to the Georgia Carnival and discover why. One thing is for certain....it’s very difficult to keep 8 female guests supplied with enough towels and toilet paper to get them through their day and evening. Last night at bedtime (2 a.m.) two of our toilets flushed continuously for 30 minutes…I kid you not! Also, don’t believe that hogwash regarding how teen boys eat more than girls. This evening they plowed through an entire stock pot full of chili and since last evening I’ve already thrown away six empty 2-liter drink bottles not to mention a gallon-sized milk jug that was full this time last night. Don’t get me wrong….for all my fussing I’ve enjoyed being their host. The whole situation has proven to me though that I don't have what it takes to be a hotel mogul.
Have a great rest of the weekend. I have to go on a reconnaissance mission regarding toilet paper and fold more towels. | <urn:uuid:c03cb61a-2b80-49f9-9766-b2b537e60254> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://historyiselementary.blogspot.com/2008/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426169.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726142211-20170726162211-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.97259 | 8,631 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe is working within the Leech Lake Reservation boundaries to address loss and degradation of aquatic habitat for wild rice and waterfowl. Efforts will include regulating water levels on shallow lakes by controlling beaver activity and conducting periodic water level draw-downs, reseeding of approximately 200 acres of wild rice, and implementing adaptive management based on analysis of wild rice productivity.
OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS The impetus for this project was the need to better protect and manage functional lake ecosystems in Minnesota. There is widespread concern about the consequences of poorly planned development on water quality and fish and wildlife habitat. Given the increased demands for water and shoreland, continued habitat fragmentation and loss of species diversity, protection of sensitive lakeshores is critical.
To rehabilitate plumbing, electrical, and weather-tightness, and restore interior finishes on the log residence of the Marcell Ranger Station, constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and listed in the National Register of Historic Places | <urn:uuid:11a96997-6c97-409b-b073-9153c0e77009> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.legacy.mn.gov/projects?search_api_fulltext=&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=fiscal_year%3A2012&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B1%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A79&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B2%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A48&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B3%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A440&%3Bf%5B0%5D=project_facet_watershed%3A45&f%5B0%5D=project_facet_administered_by%3A168&f%5B1%5D=project_facet_administered_by%3A1271&f%5B2%5D=project_facet_administered_by%3A163&f%5B3%5D=project_facet_administered_by%3A172&f%5B4%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A478&f%5B5%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A465&f%5B6%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A473&f%5B7%5D=project_facets_counties_affected%3A431&f%5B8%5D=project_facet_recipient_type%3A156&f%5B9%5D=fiscal_year%3A2016&f%5B10%5D=fiscal_year%3A2013&f%5B11%5D=project_facet_recipient_type%3A153 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.918406 | 205 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Traumatic head injury can have widespread effects in the brain, but now scientists can look in real time at how head injury affects thousands of individual cells and genes simultaneously in mice. This approach could lead to precise treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study, reported in Nature Communications, was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health.
“Instead of clustering responses according to categories of cells in TBI, we can now see how individual cells in those groups react to head injury,” said Patrick Bellgowan, Ph.D., program director at NINDS.
University of California, Los Angeles professors Fernando Gomez-Pinilla, Ph.D. and Xia Yang, Ph.D., along with their colleagues, used a novel method known as Drop-seq to closely look at individual brain cells in the hippocampus, a region involved in learning and memory, after TBI or in uninjured control animals. Drop-seq allows thousands of cells and genes to be analyzed simultaneously. Its creation was in part funded by the NIH’s Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative.
“These tools provide us with unprecedented precision to pinpoint exactly which cells and genes to target with new therapies,” said Dr. Yang. “Another important aspect to this study was the highly collaborative and multidisciplinary nature of the work. Lots of people, from many different scientific areas, made this study possible.”
In one set of experiments the team looked at TBI’s effects on gene expression activity in individual cells. They found that certain genes were upregulated or downregulated across many different cell types, suggesting these genes may play important roles in TBI. Some of these genes are also known to be involved in diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, which may help explain how TBI can be a risk factor for other disorders. For example, Drs. Yang and Gomez-Pinilla’s groups observed altered activity in genes that are involved in regulating the amyloid protein, which builds up in Alzheimer’s.
In particular, the genomic analysis revealed that the activity of the Ttr gene, which is involved in both thyroid hormone transport and scavenging of amyloid protein in the brain, was increased in many cells following TBI, suggesting the thyroid hormone pathway may be a potential target for therapy. Drs. Gomez-Pinilla and Yang’s teams treated animals with the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) 1 and 6 hours after brain injury and saw that they performed much better on learning and memory tasks compared to animals that received a placebo.
The team identified 15 clusters of cells based on gene activity, including two clusters, named Unknown1 and Unknown2, the cells of which had not been described previously in the hippocampus. Further analysis of these clusters revealed that the cells in the Unknown1 group were involved in cell growth and migration and the cells in Unknown2 were involved in cell differentiation during development. The findings in this study also reveal that although two cells may have similar structure and shape, their functions, as suggested by the analysis of gene activity, may differ.
“We now know the secret life of single cells, including how they coordinate with other cells and how vulnerable they are to injury,” said Dr. Gomez-Pinilla. “In addition, seeing which types of genes, including genes involved in metabolism, were involved across many cell types helps identify processes that may be critical in TBI.”
Future studies will examine how TBI affects cells in areas other than the hippocampus. In addition, more research is needed to learn about long-term effects of TBI. Analyzing individual cells and genes may identify potential therapies for TBI. | <urn:uuid:c74f56c9-7657-490b-a9d9-215d74697ed2> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.medicalnewser.com/2018/10/06/new-approach-could-lead-to-precise-treatments-for-traumatic-brain-injury.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257847.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525024710-20190525050710-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.965427 | 785 | 3 | 3 |
Globally, the definitions vary, but essentially informal economy means economic activity that takes place outside the formally regulated structures. Typically, informal economic enterprises are small, often based around households. These usually do not pay taxes, nor do they enjoy social protections. While their activities are not necessarily illegal, they are not covered by the framework of national laws in the country.
Importantly, there is not always a clear divide between formal and informal economies; for example, sometimes people may work cash-in-hand for formal, registered businesses. So, defining informal economic activity can be difficult. And if the informal economy is hard to define, it is even harder to measure. But we do know that it is very big, especially in a country like Bangladesh. According to BBS Economic Census 2013, out of a total of 7.82 million enterprises in the country, 7.81 million (99. 8 per cent) are small and micro (including cottage) enterprises, most of which belong to the informal economy.
Informal employment is a job-based concept and encompasses those jobs that generally lack basic social or legal protections or employment benefits and may be found in the formal sector, informal sector, or households. The operational definition adopted by the BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics) for informal employment is a combination of both the informal character of the individual job and employment in the informal sector. According to the Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2016-17, out of the total 60.83 million employed labour in the country, 51.73 million (85.1 per cent) work in the informal sector; females are more involved in informal activities (91.8 per cent) relative to 82.1 per cent for males. In both rural and urban areas, females and youths (aged 15-29) are more likely to be in informal employment. Over the years, the share of informal employment has not declined much; it was estimated to be 87.5 per cent in 2010.
There is an ongoing debate on whether informal sector employment is a result of competitive market forces or labour market segmentation. More recently, it is argued that the informal sector shows a heterogeneous structure. For some workers, the informal sector is an attractive employment opportunity, whereas for others - rationed out of the formal sector - the informal sector is a strategy of the last resort.
The dualists have a positive view towards the informal economy and consider the informal sector as a tangential or marginal occurrence that results when there is an inadequate amount of jobs in the formal economy; and this will recede with the development of the modern sector. The structuralist school perspective does, however, view the informal economy as a means to reduce labour and capital costs by subordinating small informal producers and traders into completing tasks, creating competitiveness. On the other hand, the underground economy approach views the informal sector as downgraded labour who receives lower wages, fewer benefits in addition to inferior working conditions in comparison to individuals employed in the formal economy. The legalist school does, however, has a rational response regarding the absence of over-regulation of employees of the informal sector as they are able to avoid governmental regulations and bureaucracy, reducing costs and promoting wealth creation.
Nevertheless, the development and magnitude of informal employment has been traditionally credited to the displacement of workers into insecure forms of labour market attachment as the only feasible alternative to unemployment. The informal economy rotates around a variety of economic activities that evade costs; additionally all these activities are excluded from not only the benefits and rights incorporated in laws but also administrative ruling and commercial licensing. Thus, this sector not only has little to no social protection or employee benefits but undermines the principle of inclusiveness within the labour market.
Moreover, the feminisation of poverty combined with prejudice with regard to gender, age, ethnicity or disability implies the most exposed and marginalised groups tend to end up in the informal economy. This is especially the circumstances for women and young people especially since informal employment is the standard condition amongst most youths in Bangladesh. Consequently, a significant disadvantage of working in the informal sector rotates around a lack of economic security. Economic insecurity defined by several factors, irregularity of income, pricing skills as well as a low income customer base. Dealing with unprincipled employers is another familiarity when dealing with the informal sector.
EMINENCE OF INFORMAL ECONOMY: The eminence of the informal economy in Bangladesh derives from the promise it offers of generating a reasonable source of income for the most vulnerable populations. The informal economy has become an important characteristic of all sectors, with economic units employing millions of workers. All sectors in Bangladesh are characterised by dualistic structures, i.e. the prevalence of formal and informal activities. The LFS 2016-17 shows that 95.4 per cent of all employment in the agriculture sector is informal employment, followed by 89.9 per cent in industry sector and 71.8 per cent in the services sector. Further, informal work covers a vast spectrum of activities, ranging from fairly basic survivalist labour to sophisticated and skilled craft work.
What induces entrepreneurs to hire contract workers? Major suspects are the rigid labour regulations, increasing import penetration leading to substitution of regular workers by contract workers due to lower wages of the latter, and effect of staffing companies. Further, formal firms may hire more contract workers to curb the bargaining power of regular workers for keeping their wage demand in check and use them as an alternative work force to their strategic advantage against unionised regular workers.
Employees of the informal economy are not protected by law and as a result stand at the risk of being exposed to different forms of both abuse and exploitation. Additionally, expansion of this sector potentially has the ability to intensify problems connected with slums, congestion and health already plaguing the major cities in the country. Furthermore, informal economic activity severely limits tax revenues, most in need for a stable tax base in Bangladesh.
There is certainly lots of innovation going on, and it takes many different forms in the informal sector. For the metal workers in Bangladesh, it is often a case of reverse engineering products sold by formal businesses and working out how to make cheaper alternatives from available materials. But, there is also some brilliant high-end creative work. The informal manufacturers are innovative not only in terms of new products they come up with but also in the way they market those products - through attractive, distinctive packaging and other types of branding.
There is a diverse range of innovation, but one can also identify some important common points. For example, as in the formal economy, geographical concentration is noticeable. Activities tend to focus in certain areas so that one can identify innovation clusters (e.g. light engineering in Bogra). Indeed, there is often some overlap between formal businesses and informal businesses or workers within a cluster.
Usually, there are ways of regulating knowledge flows and intellectual property (IP) in the informal economy. While these are not the same as formal IP mechanisms, they show some similar features. For example, if a worker within a cluster invents a new product or a new way of doing something, they can enjoy a competitive advantage for a while by being the first to produce or use it, but they will be expected to share it with their peers in due course. That sort of a period of near-monopoly followed by the mandatory sharing of knowledge is essentially the same idea that underlies the patent system and other IP systems. So there is a real sense that informal workers often have their own informal IP rules.
Moreover, through an increased income as a result of economic engagement in the informal economy, many entrepreneurs are able to save earnings hence aiding in the transformation from informal to formal activities. Additionally, employees in the sector often receive good pay as their employers have no tax obligations. What is more, employee effort in this sector of the economy is often directed towards achieving a loyal customer base through producing best goods and/or services. Furthermore, auxiliary positive effects of the informal economy consist of a reduction in the crime rates, reduction in rural to urban migration, a reduction in poverty levels as well as the construction of an appropriate base for apprenticeship training. However, many informal entrepreneurs have no access to banking facilities or collateral as a means to secure bank loan.
POLICY OPTIONS FOR DEALING WITH INFORMALITY: In theory, the government has several policy options for dealing with informality: it can choose to do nothing about it, or it can seek to reduce it either by deregulating the formal economy or by facilitating formalisation. In reality, the negative impacts of doing nothing mean that interventions to tackle informal employment are required. Deregulation means reducing taxes and state regulations that apparently forces up labour costs and prevent flexibility, and which thus act as a disincentive to formalisation. However, there is little evidence that reducing taxes and deregulating the formal economy reduces the informal economy.
Given the problems that informality poses, a policy to eliminate the informal economy is a daunting challenge. It would simply be unrealistic in Bangladesh of today, where over 85 per cent of the labour force works informally - mostly for a subsistence-level livelihood and for want of alternative employment. The point of the policy aimed at reducing informality is not so much to eradicate it per se as to bring informal workers and enterprises within the sphere of formality. The objective is indeed the growth of the formal economy, decent work, fuller employment and increased tax revenue for the government. The efforts should therefore be not only shifting informal workers into formal jobs, but also registering and taxing formalised enterprises, providing informal workers with benefits such as access to legal and social protection as well as support services (e.g. skills or business training), and enabling them to participate in collective bargaining processes.
The policy measures available for promoting formalisation may be divided into a hard compliance approach and a soft approach that seeks to foster a culture of commitment to acting lawfully, including through the pursuit of broader development objectives. In the hard compliance approach, deterrence measures and/or making formalisation beneficial and easier are used both to prevent businesses and labour from entering the informal economy and facilitate the formalization of businesses and labour already in the informal economy. The intention is to change the terms of the cost/benefit trade-off confronting those engaged in or planning to join informal employment.
The deterrence approach concentrates on the cost side of the trade-off by increasing the perceived or actual likelihood of detection and penalties and sanctions for those who are caught. Policy measures might include enforcing the obligation to register all new workers with a social security agency prior to their first day at work, increasing labour inspections, strengthening or creating new monitoring agencies, improving cooperation between agencies and increasing the penalties for offenders. This, therefore, constitutes a 'negative reinforcement' approach, using punitive measures to elicit behavioural change among those not in compliance. The evidence on whether this approach works is mixed. Although some find that improving detection and/or penalties does reduce informal employment, others find that informal employment actually grows in the face of such policies.
Rather than increasing the cost side of the trade-off, recent policies have given more attention to making it beneficial and easier to formalise. Firstly, preventive action can be taken against non-compliance, notably by simplifying regulatory compliance, introducing new categories of legitimate work, providing business support and advice, giving direct and indirect tax incentives, and developing initiatives to smooth the transition to formal self-employment. Secondly, measures can be taken to facilitate the formalisation of those already in informal employment. Such 'remedial' action can include business advisory and support services to those seeking to formalise their endeavours, and a variety of targeted direct or indirect tax incentives encouraging the use of declared rather than undeclared work.
The hard approach thus assumes that participants in the informal economy are rational economic agents and that it is simply a case of changing the cost/benefit ratio confronting them. The soft approach focuses on developing a culture of commitment to being lawful so that 'sticks-and-carrots' are no longer required. In other words, it shifts the policy focus from direct to indirect controls. Specific policy measures include educating people into the benefits of formality and not evading labour laws, running awareness campaigns about the benefits of formality, and promoting procedural justice and fairness among tax and social security offices and labour directorates.
What is clear is that informal economic activities are highly diverse and there is no one-size-fits-all policy to support the development of formal businesses. In order to truly change the living conditions of the population of Bangladesh, it is essential that the government not only realises but also takes advantage of the hidden potential within the sector. The people in Bangladesh are natural innovators in lots of different ways; we need to understand that and help them make the most of it.
Dr. Mostafa K Mujeri is Executive Director, Institute for Inclusive Finance and Development (InM). | <urn:uuid:a7afa8cb-0087-4932-87fb-7267dddb96e2> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/informality-in-the-formal-economy-of-bangladesh-1551799572 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192778.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919142021-20200919172021-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.953604 | 2,628 | 3.296875 | 3 |
I began to feel that, in a sense, we were all prisoners of our own history. Roland Joffe
Our lives are set in motion by many factors, some we can control and some we cannot. Often, those that we can control reside just below our awareness. It’s these factors that influence our interactions with others, our successes and failures, our relationships with our loved ones and the way we care for ourselves.
We can live our whole lives without discovering the keys to change. Or, we can excavate our beliefs about ourselves and the world that lies just beneath our consciousness.
The difference between the two is the difference between a life lived intentionally with confidence and direction and a life of reaction defined by a desire for something different and no idea of how to get it.
The steps to discovery are simple, though they require a willingness to invest in oneself. When we do the work of discovering what we believe and why, we free ourselves to change, if that is what is best, and to let go of what is no longer necessary.
Our personalities are shaped early on in our lives, before we’re able to comprehend others’ motivations and desires. We internalize many messages and beliefs that are critical to our early survival and development. But often, as we become adults, these beliefs no longer serve their purpose. Questioning these beliefs and their accuracy allows us to more fully accept ourselves as we are today and our world as we understand it now.
There are different paths to this learning. Each one requires a commitment to learning and understanding ourselves.
Journaling is one way to do this work. Working with a therapist is another.
If you decide to learn more about yourself through journaling, you may find the following prompts helpful:
- What were the early messages I received as a child? These can be verbal things you were told about yourself and others, or, nonverbal messages that you understood to be true. Examples include, “You’re not capable.” This can be expressed verbally or non-verbally when a caregiver intervenes before you’re able to try things for yourself.
- Which of these messages were really true and which were not? Often times we receive messages that aren’t true from caregivers who are struggling with their own challenges. They may project mistaken beliefs onto those around them. Children are especially vulnerable to these projections.
- What are my strengths? Each of us has a set of gifts that are unique to us. If you find listing your strengths difficult, think about what others appreciate in you. Consider how you’ve overcome obstacles in your life.
- How do I care for myself? Before you can invest in others, you must learn to appreciate, love and care for yourself. It can be helpful to treat yourself as you would a dear friend. When you find yourself feeling down or struggling, speak to yourself as you would a loved one. This can help turn around any negative self talk you may be engaging in.
- What are my priorities? These are the things that are most important to you in your life. List them in order of importance, then list small steps you can take daily to increase your focus on these priorities.
If you find yourself struggling with anything that comes up for you as you do these exercises, consider talking with a trusted friend, family member or a professional therapist. You can learn more about getting the most out of working with a therapist here.
Please ask any questions you have or share your experiences with personal insight in the comments section.
Thank you for reading! If you’d like to receive weekly updates, subscribe here. | <urn:uuid:2d866c86-1840-46cb-9733-d38d20acb009> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://oakcliffcounseling.com/change-through-insight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320395.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625032210-20170625052210-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.968495 | 751 | 2.625 | 3 |
Cicada’s molting. In biology, molting is the process in which an animal casts off a part of its body to develop itself in a new form. Concept by Lucia Raffaelli. Listening to Massive Attack, Butterfly Caught.
On skin and metamorphosis. Skin as metamorphosis’ fossile, to the limit where the substrate vanishes, evolving in a new form. The only skin stays, nude in the inside. | <urn:uuid:73e04103-0449-4ba1-b0e7-83a2f86930f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://dothemutation.wordpress.com/2013/12/02/anatomie-di-memoria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00016.warc.gz | en | 0.913398 | 97 | 2.625 | 3 |
Health Status > Infants
VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
In 2004, 1.5 percent of live births were infants
of very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams, or 3 pounds
4 ounces). This has slowly climbed from a rate of just over
one percent in 1980.
Because the chance of survival increases
as birth weight increases, very low birth weight infants
have the lowest survival rates. Infants born at such low
birth weights are approximately 100 times more likely to
die in the first year of life than are infants of normal
birth weight. Very low birth weight infants who survive
are at a significantly increased risk of severe problems,
including physical and visual difficulties, developmental
delays, and cognitive impairment requiring increased levels
of medical, educational, and parental care.
The overall rate of very low birth weight
among non-Hispanic Black newborns (3.1 percent) is over
two and a half times greater than the rate among most other
racial and ethnic groups, including non-Hispanic Whites
(1.2 percent), Hispanics (1.2 percent), and Asian/Pacific
Islanders (1.1 percent). This difference is a major contributor
to the disparity in infant mortality rates between non-Hispanic
Black infants and infants of other racial/ethnic groups. | <urn:uuid:98b7bee5-1a4f-4d14-99af-29c75b89a89d> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa_06/healthstat/infants/0303vlbw.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049276964.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002116-00046-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907002 | 274 | 3.640625 | 4 |
In a frustrating outcome, a long-term weight-loss program aimed at overweight adults with diabetes didn't cut the rate of heart attacks and strokes, a major study showed.
But losing weight did provide at least one major benefit by cutting the development of chronic kidney disease, a leading cause of premature death in people with Type 2 diabetes. It also showed some ancillary benefits like cutting medicine use, depression and hospitalizations. Doctors said the finding shouldn't discourage people—particularly those with diabetes—from exercising and eating a healthy diet. Several other studies have shown that exercise and a healthy diet can prevent people at risk for Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease, from getting the disease.
New results from the study were presented Monday at the American Diabetes Association's annual meeting and published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Diabetes affects about 26 million Americans and is characterized by high blood-glucose levels caused by the body's inability to either make or properly use insulin. Type 2 diabetes is associated with weight gain and older age. The disease raises the risk of heart attacks and strokes, kidney disease, blindness, amputations and nerve damage.
The study—called Look Ahead—was stopped early by the National Institutes of Health partly because it was clear a goal of showing a reduction in cardiovascular events wouldn't be reached. The study was supposed to last for about 13 years but was stopped after patients had been followed for about a decade. Patients in the study were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, were overweight or obese, and were between age 45 and 75 when the study started in 2001. Although the lifestyle interventions in the study were stopped early, researchers said they continue to track the patients in the study.
Researchers wanted to know if a long-term study looking at weight loss would show a reduction in actual events like heart attacks and strokes. The study was able to successfully show that a middle-age and elderly group of patients could lose weight and keep it off for nearly a decade. Several short-term studies looking at overweight people considered to be at risk for developing diabetes and heart disease have shown benefits of losing weight, such as improved blood sugar levels, lower blood pressure and cholesterol.
The study assigned about 2,600 people to an intensive intervention group that emphasized exercise and cutting calories. About 2,600 were in a less intensive group that received counseling sessions on nutrition and physical activity. People in the intensive group initially met with a counselor weekly for the first six months of the study; those in the less intensive group started out with three counseling sessions annually. For both groups, the frequency of the counseling sessions was reduced later in the study. Patients in the more intensive group were instructed to exercise for 175 minutes a week and to consume a diet of about 1,200 to 1,800 calories a day. Those in the less intensive group—which was the study's control group—weren't given specific exercise or calorie targets.
During the first year of the study, patients in the intensive group lost 8.6% of their total body weight, while those in the control group lost just 0.7%. When the study stopped, people in the intensive group had lost a total of 6% of their body weight while those in control group lost 3.5%. Doctors said the 2.5% between study groups simply might not be large enough to show a reduction in cardiovascular events. Patients in the intensive group lost about 14 pounds.
Rena Wing, the study chairwoman and a professor at Alpert Medical School of Brown University in Providence, R.I., said another possibility for the study failing to meet its main goal was that patients in the control group were more likely to be on cholesterol-lowering medicines which lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Exercising such as walking for just 75 minutes a week provides some health benefits, studies show, although 150 minutes is best. "It's really better than not doing anything," said Ronald Sigal, a professor of medicine at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, during a separate presentation on exercise and diabetes. Dr. Sigal said people could consider as little as walking for 15 minutes three times a week and some sort of resistance training twice a week.
Write to Jennifer Corbett Dooren at firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:93d5f5f4-7ec1-4354-a500-0017f3a672d1> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324183204578565531664058760?mod=trending_now_3&mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324183204578565531664058760.html%3Fmod%3Dtrending_now_3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997902579.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025822-00024-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973231 | 883 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Glynn County Clean Water Welcome to the Glynn County Clean Water Website, your source for information on how you can be part of the "Solution to Storm Water Pollution."
What is Storm Water Run-Off?
Storm water runoff occurs when precipitation from rain flows over the ground. Impervious surfaces like driveways, sidewalks, and streets prevent storm water from naturally soaking into the ground.
Why is Storm Water Run-Off a Problem?
Storm water can pick up debris, chemicals, dirt, and other pollutants and flow into a storm sewer system or directly to a lake, creek, river, wetland, or coastal water. Anything that enters a storm sewer system is discharged untreated into the water bodies that we use for swimming, fishing, and other forms of recreation.
What are the Effects of Pollution?
- Polluted storm water runoff can have many adverse effects on plants, fish, animals, and people.
- Sediment can cloud the water and make it difficult or impossible for aquatic plants to grow. Sediment also can destroy aquatic habitats.
- Excess nutrients can cause algae blooms. When algae die, they sink to the bottom and decompose in a process that removes oxygen from the water. Fish and other aquatic organisms can’t exist in water with low dissolved oxygen levels.
- Bacteria and other pathogens can wash into swimming areas and create health hazards, often making beach closures necessary.
- Debris—plastic bags, six-pack rings, bottles, and cigarette butts—washed into water bodies can choke, suffocate, or disable aquatic life like ducks, fish, turtles, and birds.
- Household hazardous wastes like insecticides, pesticides, paint, solvents, used motor oil, and other auto fluids can poison aquatic life. Land animals and people can become sick or die from eating diseased fish and shellfish or ingesting polluted water.
Click Who-to-call if you would like to report a suspected violation
Be a water quality watchdog!
OTHER EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
- “Freddy the Fish Teaches About Stormwater” is a fun 4-minute video teaching young kids about stormwater, non-point source pollution, and its effects: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjPfLhJbdc0 | <urn:uuid:dbf67d53-6df3-4212-9849-966212bb3f1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://glynncounty.org/326/Clean-Water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400227524.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925150904-20200925180904-00656.warc.gz | en | 0.904554 | 480 | 3.421875 | 3 |
from a handpicked tutor in LIVE 1-to-1 classes
NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 4.4 Quadratic Equations
NCERT solutions for class 10 maths chapter 4 exercise 4.4 Quadratic Equations throws light on some of the important guidelines related to the nature of roots of quadratic equations depending on the value of discriminant, which is measured by the formula b2 - 4ac.
Thus, for any quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 :
(i) if b2 – 4ac > 0, it indicates that there are two distinct real roots,
(ii) if b2 – 4ac = 0, that reflects two equal real roots, and,
(iii) if b2 – 4ac < 0, that means no real roots
NCERT solutions class 10 maths chapter 4 exercise 4.4 contains a total of five questions, out of which two are easy, and 3 are long answer-type problems. The difficulty level is intermediate and helps kids instill a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. The Class 10 maths NCERT Solutions chapter 4 exercise 4.4 Quadratic Equations can be found in a scrollable PDF format presented below :
☛ Download NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 4.4
Exercise 4.4 Class 10 Chapter 4
More Exercises in Class 10 Maths Chapter 4
- NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Ex 4.1
- NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Ex 4.2
- NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Ex 4.3
NCERT Solutions Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 4.4 Tips
NCERT solutions class 10 maths chapter 4 exercise 4.4 Quadratic Equations will seem easy to the students if they are clear with the conditions of the discriminant as mentioned above. The calculation part here plays an important role as the value of the determinant needs to be determined precisely to find out the nature of the roots.
NCERT solutions for class 10 maths chapter 4 exercise 4.4 has well-explained examples which the students should try practicing by themselves. This will not only ensure a proper revision of the concepts read so far but will also help in enhancing the problem-solving speed. Also, they should refer to the summary section at the end of the chapter to get a quick glance at all the formulas if they need help during the solving of exercise questions.
Download Cuemath NCERT Solutions PDF for free and start learning!
NCERT Class 10 Maths Video Solutions Chapter 4 Exercise 4.4
|NCERT Videos for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4 Exercise 4.4|
|Question 1||Question 4|
|Question 2||Question 5| | <urn:uuid:d4643db9-d192-4eb0-9b54-cb4780df2708> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.cuemath.com/ncert-solutions/ncert-solutions-class-10-maths-chapter-4-exercise-4-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322082826-20230322112826-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.882232 | 589 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Jazz:The Soul of the City - New York City Article
Jazz:The Soul of the City Follow @nyccitiview
Many cities are associated with various forms of music. Chicago and the Blues, New Orleans and Ragtime, but New York is undeniably the home of jazz. From the early 1920’s, New York Jazz quickly developed into a very sophisticated form of music with ties to both pop and classical music.
Throughout the 1920’s, Harlem was known for its outstanding and expanding nightclub scene and every jazz musician aspired to play there. The scene became so well known that it drew the attention of residents citywide that were eager to experience all of the excitement surrounding the new music and the fabulous theaters.
Club owners were aggressive in luring clientele. One of the biggest draws was the Cotton Club. Its large stage was designed to resemble the veranda of a plantation house, including tall white columns, a painted backdrop featuring slave cabins and live oak trees complete with moss. The Cotton Club was home to lavish floorshows of songs, dances and scantily clad showgirls. The music, choreography, costumes and stage was a match for any Broadway show.
Duke Ellington first came to prominence as the bandleader at the Cotton Club from 1927 to 1931. Many of these shows were broadcast live via radio, which helped elevate Duke to national and international fame. His tenure here helped him to solidify his skills as a performer and just as importantly a composer. As Duke moved on in 1931, Cab Calloway became the new bandleader.
While the Cotton Club was Harlem’s most glamorous club, the biggest was the Savoy. The Savoy occupied an entire block of Lenox Avenue between 140th and 141st St. Two bands had to be playing once so that the music never stopped.
Performers at the Savoy were very serious minded. Drummer Chick Webb had a great eye for new talent and he uncovered the likes of Johnny Hodges, Benny Carter and their first star, Ella Fitzgerald.
Bebop Jazz was developed in 1941 as Dizzy Gillespie, Milt Hinton, Charlie Parker, Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke were playing informally together at a small club on W. 118th St. called Minton’s Playhouse. Minton’s was another jazz nerve center frequented by jazz musicians and enthusiasts. By the mid 1940’s, race riots and an economic decline shuttered most of these Harlem clubs.
Beginning in the 1930’s a cluster of jazz clubs sprang up along W. 52nd St. between Fifth and Seventh Avenues and jazz began moving to Midtown.
At least seven clubs flourished in this area into the early 40’s. The Spotlite, Yacht Club and Three Deuces were located along the south side of the block between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The Onyx, Jimmy Ryan’ s and Tondelayo’s were on the other side of the street. One block further west was the Hickory House and Kelly’s Stable.
While many jazz greats such as Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Count Basie, Pee Wee Russell and Eddie Condon played in these clubs, Billie Holiday was the Queen.
After World War II, the neighborhood surrounding 52nd St began to decline. As the 1940’s drew to a close, two clubs took over prominence in the New York Jazz world. The Royal Roost, located a few block southwest at 47th & Broadway played host to many live broadcasts by Symphony Sid and proclaimed itself “The House That Bop Built.” It was host to Miles Davis many times and he debuted his nine-piece nonet project there in 1948. This breakthrough became known as the “Birth of the Cool” The club was moved in the early 1950’s and subsequently closed.
Birdland opened in late 1949, on Broadway just north of 52nd St., with a bill that included its namesake and inspiration, Charlie Parker. Many jazz legends including Parker called Birdland home and their booking history reads like as who’s who of jazz: Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Bud Powell, Stan Getz, Lester Young, Count Basie and a long list of others.
Many celebrities of the time were regulars at Birdland including Marilyn Monroe, Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Marlene Dietrich and Ava Gardner.
Several classic live recordings have been made at Birdland including Coltrane’s “Live at Birdland." and George Shearing’s “Lullaby of Birdland.” Symphony Sid moved his popular live broadcasts from the Royal Roost here in 1950.
The club was closed for some time after 1965 but is now operating near the corner of W. 44th St. and Eighth Avenue. The new venue has been haled for its great sightlines and acoustics. Since the reemergence of the club, midtown has seen some of the best jazz in the world. Oscar Peterson, John Pizzarelli, Pat Metheny, Ron Carter, Diana Krall, Michael Feinstein and a very long list of contemporary artists have played memorable sets here. The club also hosts the annual Django Reinhardt NY Festival and the Umbria Jazz Festival.
During the 1960’s, jazz clubs tended to be located downtown near Greenwich Village. The Village Gate, Five Spot and, of course, the Village Vanguard were favorites of fans and musicians.
In 1994, The Iridium opened on the Upper West Side and after great success it is now located at 1650 Broadway near the corner of 51st St.
The Iridium books seven nights a week and continues to honor Les Paul every Monday night with performances by the Les Paul Trio accompanied by guest guitarists such as Jeff Beck and Steve Miller. Many jazz legends play here regularly including the likes of McCoy Tyner, Max Roach and Lionel Hampton.
The Iridium has also been host to several live recordings by artists such as: Kenny Garret, Charlie Haden, Clark Terry and the Jazz Messengers. The club is well known for the city’s only “audiophile space,” with amazing sound, sightlines and design. Shows are webcast in high definition sound and The Iridium features a state of the art recording studio.
There are great jazz clubs throughout the city. The Jazz Standard in the Flatiron District; the Fat Cat, Zinc Bar, Village Vanguard and Blue Note in the West Village; Jazz at Lincoln Center and Smoke Jazz and Supper Club on the Upper West Side; Ginny’s Supper Club and Minton's in Harlem are all currently popular and showcase the best in the world of Jazz.
For a more complete list of Live Jazz venues and schedules please visit: Live Jazz | <urn:uuid:3d1ce404-19f4-4166-be59-d9f8184cf397> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://thecitiview.com/nyc/articles/2015/03/12/jazzthe-soul-of-the-city.5727 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513804.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021073314-20181021094814-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.972699 | 1,425 | 2.546875 | 3 |
NASA's scientists have determined a fungus that carries an entire ecosystem inside; moreover, two new categories of microbial lifestyles have been observed inside the fungus.
In the nearly lifeless basin of the Norris geysers on the territory of the Yellowstone country wide Park, the fungi of the Pisolithus arhizus species are domestic to microorganism which could "devour" many poisonous materials and bring energy on the equal time. An article approximately the discovery changed into posted within the magazine Microbiology Open. The fungus pisolitus dye is frequently determined inside the woodland, but, because it became out, is likewise common in an area wherein neither bushes nor even most microbes can survive.
Scientists have discovered that bacteria, algae, and other microorganisms live internal them: they all have interaction in a closed gadget, with some areas containing no oxygen in any respect, and in others its awareness is 4 instances higher than inside the surroundings. Among the range of microbes, two new classes have been determined. These bacterial divisions (in biology, a department is a category degree under a Kingdom and above a class in rank, ed.) are so new, the researchers say, that they do now not yet have names, and they could "deliver new information of the arena of microbes.
"The query of in which and the way those fungi and microbes in them get power for life stays a mystery. The authors believe that bacteria observed inner Pisolithus arhizus can absorb factors like arsenic. Decoding their genome has shown that there are not the handiest genes for developing mechanisms for producing strength from hydrocarbons, however also for absorbing a wide variety of toxins (gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, and other things that pollute the soil and groundwater).So these microbes may be the important thing to treating wastewater and toxic materials, researchers believe, and simultaneously generating electricity.
"What we found internal this mushroom encouraged our issues approximately the ability of organisms to continue to exist on other worlds," NASA employees pressured.
I have been trading Forex for more than 5 years, mostly with manual and automatic trading. I set up advisors for round-the-clock automated trading. I'm sure I can help to establish your trading skills.... | <urn:uuid:ec0f10a4-bb4b-4c68-87c9-8457d5e6eee0> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://signal-means-profits.com/science/new-type-of-life-found-inside-unusual-mushrooms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337595.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005073953-20221005103953-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.939884 | 474 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The researchers included Jeffrey Dalley, PhD, of the University of Cambridge in England. Their findings, published in Science, could help explain the brain's role in drug addiction.
"The next step is identifying the gene or genes that cause this diminished supply of brain receptors," Dalley says in a University of Cambridge news release.
Addiction to stimulants "is often linked to excessive risk taking, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, but in ways that are poorly understood," write Dalley and colleagues.
Their goal was to see which comes first: impulsivity or drug addiction; and how dopamine influences impulsivity and addiction.
Tests on Lab Rats
Dalley's team studied male rats, not people.
When the study started, none of the rats had been exposed to any drugs.
First, the rats spent three weeks taking impulsivity tests.
In those tests, researchers shone a bright light a fraction of a second in one of five spots in the rats' cage. The rats had no way of knowing where the light would shine next.
The rats were rewarded with a food pellet if they quickly scurried to the light's location. They got no food if they impulsively dashed to the wrong spot.
The tests show that some rats were highly impulsive. The impulsive rats had fewer dopamine receptors in a key brain area than less-impulsive rats, according to brain scans using positron emission tomography (PET scans).
Next, the researchers surgically attached an intravenous (IV) tube to the rats.
About two weeks later, after getting used to their IV tubes, the rats could get a liquid laced with a small amount of cocaine through the tube by pressing on levers in their cages.
The amount of cocaine was limited, but the highly impulsive rats gave themselves more cocaine than other rats, the study shows.
Dalley and colleagues only studied cocaine, but they suggest their findings may also apply to other abused drugs -- including nicotine and opiates -- linked to dopamine receptors. | <urn:uuid:76630d27-ad8b-4c0b-b744-7affed88cd1a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/news/20070301/brain-chemical-tied-to-drug-addiction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313436.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817164742-20190817190742-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.960903 | 415 | 3.015625 | 3 |
WOLFRAM LANGUAGE TUTORIAL
The Wolfram Language function Integrate[f,x] gives you the indefinite integral . You can think of the operation of indefinite integration as being an inverse of differentiation. If you take the result from Integrate[f,x], and then differentiate it, you always get a result that is mathematically equal to the original expression f.
In general, however, there is a whole family of results which have the property that their derivative is f. Integrate[f,x] gives you an expression whose derivative is f. You can get other expressions by adding an arbitrary constant of integration, or indeed by adding any function that is constant except at discrete points.
If you fill in explicit limits for your integral, any such constants of integration must cancel out. But even though the indefinite integral can have arbitrary constants added, it is still often very convenient to manipulate it without filling in the limits.
The Wolfram Language applies standard rules to find indefinite integrals.
You can add an arbitrary constant to the indefinite integral, and still get the same derivative. Integrate
simply gives you an
expression with the required derivative.
This gives the indefinite integral
Differentiating should give the original function back again.
You need to manipulate it to get it back into the original form.
The Integrate function assumes that any object that does not explicitly contain the integration variable is independent of it, and can be treated as a constant. As a result, Integrate is like an inverse of the partial differentiation function D.
is assumed to be independent of
The integration variable can be any expression that does not involve explicit mathematical operations.
Another assumption that Integrate implicitly makes is that all the symbolic quantities in your integrand have "generic" values. Thus, for example, the Wolfram Language will tell you that is even though this is not true in the special case .
The Wolfram Language gives the standard result for this integral, implicitly assuming that
is not equal to
If you specifically give an exponent of
, the Wolfram Language produces a different result.
You should realize that the result for any particular integral can often be written in many different forms. The Wolfram Language tries to give you the most convenient form, following principles such as avoiding explicit complex numbers unless your input already contains them.
This integral is given in terms of ArcTan
This integral is given in terms of ArcTanh
This is mathematically equal to the first integral, but is given in a somewhat different form.
The derivative is still correct.
Even though they look quite different, both ArcTan[x]
are indefinite integrals of
chooses to use the simpler of the two forms. | <urn:uuid:61ad71ee-0087-4cbd-bee2-4ec4948ca0f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://reference.wolfram.com/language/tutorial/IndefiniteIntegrals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136896.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00319-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855867 | 561 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Natural Approaches to Tick Control
Greenfield Environmental Commission, Feb 2015.
The early results we’ve received on an Environmental Action Survey (Dec 2014) all named the hazard of ticks as a big concern. Black-legged ticks living in the margins of our yards can carry Lyme disease and other dangerous infections. Because of that concern, we’ve started searching for environmentally friendly ways to deal with ticks. Ticks are increasingly common in the northeast. Deer, like humans, are probably only an accidental host to black-legged ticks. There are two natural approaches to dealing with ticks suggested in current literature: Predators that eat ticks or tick-carrying animals, and hosting a wide Variety of animals for ticks to feed on, including those not infected by Lyme disease.
Predators: One commonly suggested tick-eater is Guinea fowl (1). They can wander the lawn and the woods eating small animals, including ticks they find on twigs and tall grass. To be effective, the birds need to range freely, but Guinea fowl are somewhat wild and often go visiting, never to return home. And their raucous noise often makes them unwelcome in neighborhoods. So, Guinea fowl may eat many ticks, but they weren’t satisfactory to some land-owners who tried using them.
Natural predators such as hawks, owls, foxes, coyotes, snakes, and weasels, all eat small rodents, and the ticks on them (2). It has been observed that one snake can consume 450 ticks in a day by eating tick-infested small animals. Encouraging natural predators to visit our yards by keeping house-pets leashed or indoors may reduce tick populations.
Animal variety: Hosting a wide range of animal species that ticks will feed on is another suggested approach (3). Researchers have found that the ticks don’t infect all animals with Lyme disease. White-footed deer mice can infect ticks with Lyme disease but many other species that ticks may bite appear not to harbor the disease. Keeping many kinds of animals in the neighborhood can offer ticks other species to bite, reducing the chance that a tick that bites us will be infected. Many species can be encouraged by maintaining wildlife corridors. Uninterrupted woodlands allow birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians to move around to feed or breed. A tick needs a blood meal to complete its life cycle but it could do so without becoming infected by Lyme disease. Greenfield has many wildlife corridors and residents are reporting an encouraging range of animal species to us. This variety may keep many of our local ticks free of Lyme disease.
We don’t think the natural approaches eliminate all risk to our families, but we can reduce risk by keeping the environment healthy. Environmental Commission members can be contacted through the Town website.
Sources: (1)(“Eight Ways to Fight Back Against Ticks…”, Tilly’s Nest.com, July 2013), (2) (Foley, James A., Aug 2013, Timber Rattlesnakes Help Control the Spread of Lyme Disease), (3) (Ostfeld and Keesing, “Biodiversity and Disease Risk: the Case of Lyme Disease”, Conservation Biology Oct 1999). | <urn:uuid:0072af2f-44cf-44ad-8192-a657a2e3447d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://greenfieldny.org/departments/ecommission.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201672.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190318191656-20190318213656-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.94842 | 664 | 3.40625 | 3 |
There is often confusion over how tall a figure should be. The height will depend on two factors - the average height of the real subject and the scale being used. These notes provide an explanation of both so that a better judgement can be made of the size of any figure.
The average height of a human being has varied through history as a result of changes in diet, medicine and various other factors, mostly social and environmental. The rate and direction of this change varies in different parts of the world and at different times, and of course different genes mean that different groups that effectively share a similar environment may still have different height patterns. For models of soldiers another factor will be deliberate selection - for example grenadiers and elite units have generally been reserved for taller men in many armies, although most armies usually deliberately recruited from the taller men as they did, and still do, have a minimum height requirement. Finally, gender is also clearly a factor as men are on average noticeably taller than women.
We have found no authoritative source of information on global human height throughout history - simply fragmentary references to certain groups and certain periods, some of which are contradictory. Fortunately the small size of 1/72 scale figures means any great precision is unnecessary, so we have put together a brief (and of necessity grossly generalised) overview of human height through history.
Beginning with Europe, it seems the average Roman male was about 1.65m (22.9mm) tall. Vegetius refers to a minimum height requirement of 1.72m (24mm) for some units, which illustrates the likely taller-than-average nature of most armies through time, although whether this minimum height was always achieved, particularly in moments of crisis, is far from certain. Also it is commonly reported that northern Europeans such as the Celts and Germans were noticeably taller than those in the south - a feature still slightly evident to this day. By around the year 1000 the average height for a northern European was around 172m (24mm), which may not have been much different from when the Roman Empire was at its peak. In the following centuries average height declined slowly, so that by around 1650 it stood at 1.66m (23.1mm) before slowly starting to rise again, so that by the war of Napoleon average male height was perhaps 1.67m (23.3mm). For the modern period we do have solid data, and we know that the average modern European is about 1.77m (24.7mm) tall.
There is no information on America before colonisation, but by the time of the American Revolution Americans were noticeably taller than their European counterparts. During the 19th century the average actually dropped (largely due to the character of immigration), before rising again during the 20th century. Today citizens of the USA are about the same height as the average European.
For Asia the data is even less clear. For various reasons Asian peoples were mostly significantly shorter than those in Europe, with an average male height of 1.56m (21.8mm) more or less constant up to the 19th century, when contact with the rest of the world starting making a significant impact. By the 1930s the average was 1.67m (23.3mm) in China and today it is about 1.72m (24mm), although there are still differences between north and south.
Finally people naturally vary in height, but this is not by more than 10% from the average - more than that is seen as exceptional and rare. In any event a set of figures should seek to show the individuals at average height, not at an obtainable but very unusual height.
Models can come in any scale, and there seem to be a bewildering number that are commonly used. To begin with, a scale can be represented in one of three different ways.
The first is the most obvious - simply expressing the scale as a ratio, for example 1:72. In the modelling world this can be written as either 1:72 or 1/72 - they mean the same thing. Quite simply, this means every part of the model is that fraction in size of the real thing.
The second form of expressing model scale is using an absolute measurement, for example 25mm. This seems to have started when Britains began making figures in what they called 54mm scale. The measurement, which is mostly used only for figures, is the distance on the figure from the sole of the foot to the eyes, although some companies use different criteria so beware of inconsistencies! With this method all the differences in average height discussed above are ignored as all the figures are the same height, and equally individuals such as Napoleon (165cm tall) and Abraham Lincoln (185cm tall) should in theory also be the same.
Finally there are scales that are referred to by name, for example 'HO'. These are mostly confined to the world of model railways, although some older sets such as those from Atlantic are described as being 'HO' scale.
This website is concerned with 1/72 scale models, which is by far the most popular smaller scale for plastic historical figures, but also encompasses other scales that are close enough for most people. Incidentally, the odd figure of 72 is based on a 6 foot man being scaled down to 1 inch in old imperial measurements, and exists because when the scale was invented in the 1930s the modelling world was dominated by UK and US manufacturers, where metrication had yet to occur.
Apart from 1/72 scale, a few older military models were created in 1/76 scale. This derives from the model railway 00 scale, and is not used today for military figures. However some figures such as the Matchbox range were created in this scale, so as a result they are slighter smaller than 1/72 scale, though natural variances in human height can help to explain away the differences. However the same cannot be said for equipment etc, where differences in scale are more obvious. HO scale is another railway scale, and equates to 1:87, so figures in this scale are quite noticeably smaller than the rest.
On this website we do not always say the claimed scale of the figures. We only give the average height so modellers can judge for themselves whether one set is compatible with another. In any case, the claimed scale should be treated with caution - for example, some 'HO' figures from Atlantic are considerably bigger than others (ironically the ancient Egyptians tower over the 20th century Italians, despite both being claimed to be 'HO'!)
So what height should those figures be? Well, taking the 1/72 scale, we can see that an average Roman man should be about 22.5mm tall, while an average Napoleonic man would be 23.5mm and a modern soldier about 24.3mm. Obviously these are very small measurements, and the task of reducing a large master figure to just the right height model is not without difficulties, but these figures are a reasonable guide to what to expect from 1/72 scale figures.
Below is a chart showing the approximate conversions for figure heights in 1/72 scale. | <urn:uuid:3a040102-88da-41ee-b916-0f389db69ba9> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | http://plasticsoldierreview.com/ShowFeature.aspx?id=28 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038916163.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419173508-20210419203508-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.970012 | 1,461 | 3.296875 | 3 |
A well balanced nutrition programme will ensure that the plants cellular structure is robust and resilient, whilst avoiding excessive of nutrient build up that can also be detrimental to plant health. There are numerous examples of nutrients being cited for their role in plant health, with nitrogen, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and molybdenum being examples.
Nitrogen deficiency predisposes the plant to take-all infection, whilst the absence of satisfactory potash supply, plants will be poor and stunted, especially in dry seasons. Physiological stress will be more damaging if potash nutrition is limiting - frost damage will be more severe, waterlogged areas will take longer to recover and plants will wilt earlier and remain flaccid for longer under drought conditions.
Crops will be more susceptible to disease and pests especially where nitrogen and potash availability are imbalanced. This will result in weaker, sappier growth which will contain a higher concentration of soluble nitrogen compounds and simple carbohydrates providing a readily available food source for diseases such as the mildews.
Thinner cell walls with less mechanical resistance to predators may also result from potassium shortage. A review of over 1000 cereal trials found that where potash levels were low and out of balance with nitrogen supply, application of potash reduced disease and bacterial infections in over 70% of cases (PDA). Potassium deficiency has also been linked to higher rates of rust infection.
Zinc has been shown to reduce the levels of infection of cereal blight (Rhizoctonia cerealis), whilst copper deficiency leads to male sterility giving blind grain sites that become infected with ergot.
Manganese has been associated with disease control in numerous investigations. It has a direct inhibitory effect on fungi growth, especially powdery mildew, as well as being involved in lignin and suberin production giving plant cells more resistance to infection. There is good evidence to support the effect manganese has on reducing the incidence of take-all infection in wheat. | <urn:uuid:fea49205-138d-4110-ae42-642c57074560> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.yara.co.nz/crop-nutrition/wheat/how-to-maintain-wheat-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522242.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121035242-20210121065242-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.939565 | 404 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Women who are pregnant or who want to be have many questions about how to have a healthy baby, a healthy pregnancy, maintain some level of fitness and return to their pre-pregnancy weight as quickly as possible. The short answer for a normal-weight woman is to eat as perfectly as possible, gain between 25 and 35 pounds during pregnancy, exercise in moderation and you will likely be within a few pounds of your former weight in about 6 months.
Gaining the correct amount of weight is important as excesses in either direction may have detrimental effects for the baby and mother. A strong predictor of weight gain for the baby is the starting BMI (Body Mass Index – a measure of weight for a given height) of the mother and the amount of weight she gains. Weighing too little at the beginning of pregnancy for the mom can lead to growth slowing and an underweight baby. Slowed growth can be bad for the baby since it increases the risk for problems shortly after birth. Being underweight or gaining too little from inadequate nutrient intake also puts the mother at risk for larger than normal losses of mineral stores. Weight gained during pregnancy above recommendations is more likely to be retained weight after delivery. Too much weight gain for the mother increases the risk of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure and can indicate preeclampsia. It also increases the risk of either preterm delivery and low birth weight, or excessive weight gain for the baby. The table below shows the recommended amount of weight gain for a single pregnancy based on the starting BMI of the mother.
Recommended Pregnancy Weight Gain Based on Starting BM
Starting BMI Under 20 20 to 26 26.1 to 29 Above 29
Recommended Weight Gain 30 to 40 lbs 25 to 35 lbs 15 to 25 lbs Up to 15 lbs
Based on this chart a woman who is 5’4” tall weighing between 117 and 151 lbs should gain between 25 and 35 pounds during pregnancy for optimal health for her and her baby. The weight gain recommendation is to supply adequate energy and nutrients to support tissue growth in several areas and averages 300 calories daily. This energy cost is not even throughout the pregnancy. The beginning of pregnancy demands little to no additional energy, while the last half sees a large surge in energy needs. Figure 1 below shows an estimated breakdown of the components of a 25 pound weight gain during the pregnancy for a 7 pound baby.
Figure 1 Weight Gain in Pregnancy in pounds.
At week four there is not enough of a change to equal a pound so it appears as zero on the figure.
To support optimum weight gain during pregnancy, avoid alcohol, cigarettes, limit or avoid caffeine and exercise in moderation. Proper formation of the central nervous system, spine and skull occurs early in development and requires an ample supply of nutrients such as folic acid even before calorie needs begin to climb. Inadequate folic acid to the developing baby can lead to neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Calcium and iron intakes need to be increased in addition to many others. This can be a difficult time to eat properly for women with nausea, vomiting, heartburn and a limited stomach size.
The intake of alcohol should be avoided during pregnancy. There is a strong relationship between alcohol intake and abnormal baby development in women who drink alcohol during pregnancy. The severe form of this is called fetal alcohol syndrome, which is characterized by facial changes, small size for age and problems with the central nervous system including low IQ. The bottom line: there is no safe period during pregnancy to drink alcohol and no safe amount to drink.
Caffeine is safer than alcohol in small amounts. It is still important to limit caffeine to 300mg daily. Recent studies of caffeine use during pregnancy show an increased risk of a preterm delivery although there is no proof that caffeine causes it.
Not much needs to be said about tobacco during pregnancy. Cigarettes contain numerous harmful chemicals that reach the baby when a woman smokes. One of the better known compounds in tobacco is nicotine, which constricts blood vessels and limits the oxygen that reaches the baby. Don’t do it.
Exercise during pregnancy is covered elsewhere on this website and will be briefly discussed here. In general exercise during pregnancy is healthy and can be beneficial for the mother and delivery. Ask your doctor before beginning any exercise program. Avoid exercises that make it easy to lose balance, contact sports, and large increases in volume or intensity to the workload. Start slowly, make gradual changes and pay attention to your body; when it is painful or difficult to continue, stop. Also, don’t do exercises on your back during the second and third trimesters. Click here to download a workout routine
for pregnant women designed by the experts at NASM (National Academy of Sports Medicine).
dotFIT recommends the use of a multivitamin formula for everyone, especially women of child bearing years. Iron and folic acid can be very difficult to consume in the quantities required by pregnancy, which is why the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists endorses the use of supplements to supply iron for pregnant women. Ask your doctor for instructions if you have been diagnosed with any blood disorder, have a history of birthing children with neural tube defects or take medicine for seizures. Otherwise, it is prudent to use the dotFIT PrenatalMV™ or a prescription prenatal multivitamin/mineral supplement for the duration of the pregnancy. This will augment your best attempts at eating a perfect diet. The table below shows the contents of the dotFIT PrenatalMV along with the RDA for pregnant women aged 18 to 50.
Table 2 Nutrient needs during pregnancy and the dotFIT PrenatalMV multivitamin.
* Beta carotene is converted to vitamin A in the body as needed. Large doses of vitamin A during pregnancy have negative effects, whereas beta carotene does not. dotFIT has chosen to use beta carotene for the vitamin A source in the prenatal.
+ Calcium was left out of this product to maximize iron absorption and minimize pill size. Adding 1000 mg of calcium to this formula would result in a pill too large for most women to swallow comfortably. Instead, the dotFIT SuperCalcium+™can be used to add calcium to any diet with inadequate intake. | <urn:uuid:530fda96-5423-47aa-99bd-43d0453671ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crunch.dotfit.com/content-1762.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570730.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807211157-20220808001157-00736.warc.gz | en | 0.953055 | 1,303 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Cognition, or the ability to process and utilize information for social and emotional development, is an essential aspect of human memory. Studies in humans and other primates have shown that cognitive control, while a crucial developmental milestone, is not a single ability but a suite of constructs involving multiple capacities like degrees of self-knowledge and episodic and prospective memories. These, along with focal and directed attention, help attain goals and generate feelings of confidence or uncertainty. In such conditions, nootropics or cognitive enhancers play an essential role in improving cognitive parameters like memory, mental alertness, and other mental facilities.
Image Credit – https://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/45/14987
Buy Waklert Online, is one such nootropic that, since its advent, has worked wonders in improving a healthy person’s cognitive process and improving performance by masking fatigue. Considered to be the generic equivalent of Armodafinil, a potent nootropic considered the primary treatment option for narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and ADHD, Waklert has been proven to work on neurotransmitter signaling and neuronal-structural network to improve learning and memory satisfactorily.
How Waklert Works
Waklert or Armodafinil is the pharmacologically active R-enantiomer of Modafinil, a widely used wake-promoting agent in sleep disorders. While the exact mechanism of action is under study, animal studies have shown the medication to work on the amygdala, cortical regions, and sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus to perform its therapeutic functions. Animal studies conducted on Armodafinil derivatives have shown that the medication in low doses enhances the efficiency of prefrontal cortical information processing while dampening reactivity to threatening stimuli in the amygdala of the brain region
In contrast to other psychostimulants, it has a unique neurochemical profile that helps it bind and inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), resulting in elevated dopamine and norepinephrine levels.
Armodafinil administration has also been shown to decrease γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and elevate serotonin (5HT) levels, glutamate, orexin, and histamine, possibly secondary to catecholamine effects to exert its cognitive potential.
Waklert and memory
According to Harvard researchers, memory is an important aspect of human cognition; the continued process of information retention in the form of long-term or short-term memory allows individuals to recall and draw upon past events to frame their understanding skills and behavioral skills to the optimal extent.
Consequently, factors like sleep disturbance or changes in the neurotransmitter levels caused by stress, changes in body physiology, or conditions like narcolepsy or sleep apnea impact cognitive and memory parameters.
In such conditions, Waklert’s use can improve episodic secondary memory, i.e., the memory of everyday events like times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual information) that can be explicitly stated or conjured and reduce fatigue levels to a moderate extent.
In a 12-week randomized, double-masked study conducted in obstructive sleep apnea patients suffering from excessive sleepiness problems, three hundred and ninety-one patients were included in a survey and administered 150-250 mg Armodafinil /Waklert once daily. Two hundred sixty patients received either Armodafinil or a placebo daily.
Efficacy Assessments in the form following were conducted along with assessing adverse events.
- Epworth Sleepiness Scale
- Cognitive performance battery
- Brief Fatigue Inventory
After 12 weeks, evaluation of the results showed that Armodafinil/ Waklert significantly reduced fatigue and improved the quality of episodic secondary memory with the patient’s ability to engage in daily living. It was well tolerated and did not adversely impact nighttime sleep. Headaches, nausea, and insomnia were the major adverse reactions reported with its use, indicating its safe nature.
Waklert in healthy individuals
In a study conducted on sixty healthy young adult male volunteers, 100 or 200 mg of the medication produced improvement in decision-making tasks and spatial planning tasks with simultaneous improvement in digit a short-term and working memory parameter, visual pattern recognition memory (the ability to test whether a stimulus is novel or familiar), spatial planning and stop-signal reaction time. The performance improvements were complimented by a slowing in latency on three tests.
Subjects reported feeling more alert, attentive, and energetic, indicating improved neuropsychological task performance when using the medication.
Waklert for improved vigilance
Vigilance is an essential aspect of cognition for ensuring adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Researchers have often postulated that from a neurophysiological point of view, tiredness, fatigue, and a decrease in attention/concentration are parameters that, if not taken care of, can produce sleep pressure and ultimately impact the individual’s strategies for survival.
In such conditions, Armodafinil or Waklert has been observed to work on the neurotransmitters to improve alertness parameters and positively impact the quality of tasks of the individuals.
In a study conducted to impact the efficacy of Armodafinil for vigilance, forty-eight U.S naval air traffic controlled students were enrolled in a trial. The subjects were divided into two groups and administered Armodafinil 150 mg or placebo, following which they were evaluated eight to eleven hours post-dose. At 8:00 am, Armodafinil/placebo was administered, and the subjects were instructed to complete a standard day’s work. After their return at 3:45 pm, they were asked to perform psychomotor vigilance work for four hours. The results showed that participants receiving the 150 mg dose of Armodafinil experienced significantly fewer lapses of attention than the control group.
The study concluded that Armodafinil/Waklert has the potential to promote sustained vigilance in areas where fatigue-related performance issues can be highly problematic.
Waklert in immunocompromised patients
In addition to working on cognitive performance in healthy individuals, Waklert use has also shown positive results on the fatigue scales of immunocompromised patients. In a four-week double-blind trial conducted on 70 HIV+ diagnosed patients, the use of Armodafinil, the primary component of Waklert, and the use of the medication improved fatigue levels with the mood of the subjects. Approximately 75% of the enrolled subjects reported a positive response rate on using Armodafinil and reported improved energy levels. While the use of Armodafinil didn’t reduce depressive symptoms in the absence of improved energy, those with Axis I depressive disorder did show a favorable outcome with improved cognitive levels.
Image Credit – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142348/
The medication was well tolerated and effective for the majority of the participants. After six months, those subjects still using Armodafinil/Waklert had more energy and fewer depressive symptoms than the people no longer using the drug.
Animal studies and clinical research have shown the importance of Armodafinil, the chief ingredient of Waklert, in improving cognitive parameters safely. Being the generic derivative of Armodafinil, Waklert has equal potential to work on cognition levels and improve work performance, memory, and attention levels. However, you must take care to use the medication as per the physician’s advice to obtain the effects safely. Despite having a safe nature, Armodafinil can cause anaphylactic reactions if you are allergic to the ingredients. To prevent drug-related interactions, it would be best to discuss your allergy history with the physician before using the drug. | <urn:uuid:a2c930a7-cc27-4b2a-a922-3e757d1c8e84> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nootraplus.com/waklert-150mg-in-australia-nootraplus-paves-the-way-for-cognitive-brilliance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.915305 | 1,643 | 2.734375 | 3 |
End User Mobile Security
This course should give you basic ideas on importance of mobile device security, what needs to be protected on mobile device, who should be responsible for mobile device security and what are basic thing you need to do in order to reach that goal.
Many organizations have begun allowing employees to use their personal devices for work purposes. Although convenient for users, the concept of Bring your Own Device (BYOD) has opened companies up to many security issues.
Therefore, users must know the risks of having personal mobile devices in the office and the best practices for mitigating those risks. This course is designed with the end-user in mind, and serves as the ideal starting point for anyone looking to enter the cyber security field and ultimately raise their threat awareness.
Through this curriculum, you will learn the differences between the security considerations for personal and work devices and the importance of following company policy when using personal devices at work. You will also gain a thorough understanding of what device permissions are and how/when to use them to keep your mobile device free of malware. The course also explores rooting and jailbreaking testing methods and how these methods should not be used for personal devices.
For this course you need no special previous knowledge.
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
- The importance of mobile device security?
- What kind of threats are directed towards mobile devices?
- Points where you should apply security measures on mobile devices?
- How should mobile device security be organized?
Complete this entire course to earn a End User Mobile Security Certificate of Completion | <urn:uuid:5a731ca2-4e59-4da2-8236-c77cfdbce066> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.cybrary.it/course/end-user-mobile-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558015.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523101705-20220523131705-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.944834 | 327 | 2.875 | 3 |
Grapefruit is a large orange-like fruit that is included in the citrus family. It is a “new” addition to the citrus-family, deriving from a natural cross-breeding between pomelo and orange.
It is called a grapefruit because it grows in clusters, similar to grapes. The taste of grapefruit can be sour and bitter, but it contains many health benefits.
Just 1 glass of chilled grapefruit juice, especially in winter, can help boost your levels of vitamin C. It is loaded with the benefits derived from various vitamins and nutrients , including lycopene and potassium.
Also, it contains calcium and phosphorous. In terms of its culinary value, it is known to be a wonderful appetizer, and is regularly included for breakfast as an energizing start to the day.
Health Benefits of Grapefuit Juice:
1. Low in Calories
If you are on the look-out for a refreshing beverage that will not cost you tons of calories, you can skip past those milkshakes and smoothies, and go straight for the juice of 1 medium grapefruit instead. For just about 70 calories, you will get a generous serving of vitamin A and C.
2. Lowers Cholesterol
The pectin that is preseint in grapefruit may help lower your cholesterol if you include this juice as part of your healthy diet. Studies have reported that regular consumption of pectin helped lower LDL cholesterol. But, it is also very important to maintain a healthy diet as well.
While pectin does not come from the juice, it is in the membranes, seeds and the thick white pith of the grapefruit, therefore you can eat the grapefruit whole, in addition to juicing it for its full effect.
3. Disease Prevention
Vitamin C is a powerful nutrient that contains many benefits. According to The George Mateljan Foundation, eating foods that are high in Vitamin C is linked with a reduced risk of death, including cancer, stroke and heart disease.
Lycopene, the red pigment present in grapefruit, is a cancer fighting antioxidant. According to healthy-juicing, the following cancer preventives are present in grapefruit juice:
– Bioflavonoids: Stops the factory in your body, that is responsible for tumor growth.
– Terpenes, monoterpenes and Limonoids: Increase the production of cancer fighting enzymes.
– Phenolic acid: Inhibits the progress of cancer-causing nitrosamines.
There are other common ailments that grapefruit juice can help you with. As said above, grapefruit juice helps in reducing acidity in your body. Minimizing acidity could help in preventing pneumonia, fever and even the common cold.
Grapefruits are made almost entirely of water. If you are feeling dehydrated, just 1 glass of grapefruit juice is a good choice.
Like cucumbers or watermelon, this fruit is particularly delicious on a hot summer day when you are prone to lose a lot of water from sweating.
5. Weight Loss
If you are trying to lose those excess weight, grapefruit can help to speed up the process. Grapefruit juice have high amount of fat burning enzymes. These enzymes added with the high water content of grapefruit will help speed up your metabolism. Not only will grapefruit help in increasing your metabolic activity and burn fat, but it can also can increase your energy as well.
Womenfitness.net suggests that drinking 8 ounces of grapefruit juice may help block enzymes that are involved in the storage of carbohydrates and fat.
Adding grapefruit juice into your diet would help to jump-start your weight loss process. | <urn:uuid:012ef8a8-ff8d-4405-bfed-8a51b34b34ef> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://1mhealthtips.com/how-to-improve-your-health-by-drinking-grapefruit-juice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116073323-20190116095323-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.953934 | 762 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What does exaltation mean in the Bible?
To exalt manner to lift to the highest of heights. To exalt God is to lift God to the absolute best position in our lives. God has extremely exalted Jesus and made Him Lord over the whole thing (Philippians 2:8-9)! Thus, to exalt God is to highly exalt or make a lot of His Son.
What exaltation approach?
English Language Learners Definition of exaltation : the act of raising anyone or something in significance : the act of exalting any individual or one thing or the state of being exalted. : a strong sense of happiness, energy, or importance. See the full definition for exaltation in the English Language Learners Dictionary.
What is an instance of exaltation?
Exaltation is outlined as a feeling of ecstasy or extreme happiness, or the act of praising someone extremely. When you’ve gotten just had a new child and are extremely happy, the feeling you feel is an example of exaltation. A feeling of serious pleasure, satisfaction, power, and many others.; elation; rapture.
How do you employ the word exaltation?
Exaltation in a Sentence 🔉
- The previous woman smiled in exaltation as she after all received her highschool diploma.
- If the bride is not beaming with exaltation after the wedding, in all probability she married the unsuitable guy.
- Tina yelled in exaltation when she noticed the automotive her parents bought her.
What is an exaltation in church?
Exaltation is a belief amongst members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that mankind can achieve the best stage of salvation, to forever reside in God’s presence, continue as families, develop into gods, create worlds, and have spirit children over which they are going to govern.
What is the meaning of Father of exaltation?
In the authentic Hebrew language of the Torah, which is the first five books of our Old Testament, the identify Abram literally means “exalted father.” The name Abraham, alternatively, accommodates any other unused root word, which roughly way “multitude.” Abraham translated actually, then, way “father of a multitude.” Most modern …
What does self exaltation mean?
Self-exaltation; elevation of 1’s own standing, energy, significance, and so on. Also on occasion with the and plural settlement: self-exalting other folks jointly.
What is the meaning of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross?
Universal Exaltation of
Exaltation of the Holy Cross, also called Universal Exaltation of the Holy and Life-Giving Cross or Holy Cross Day, liturgical ceremonial dinner celebrated on September 14 to honour the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified. The common image of the Christian faith, the go represents Christ’s victory over demise.
What does Christ’s exaltation mean for us?
The exaltation of Jesus signifies that humanity is certain to God in God’s glory. To put it otherwise, Christ’s ascension reminds Christians that the risen existence that they are promised can have a objective, just as this existence has a goal. That function is union with God.
What does exaltation mean LDS?
Whose identify approach exaltation of the Lord?
Jeremiah (Hebrew) – 2 Chronicles 36:12 – exaltation of the Lord. Jeremy (Hebrew) – 2 Chronicles 36:12 – exaltation of the Lord.
What is every other word for self exaltation?
What is some other word for self-exaltation?
What does the name exaltation mean?
Definition of exaltation. 1 : an act of exalting : the state of being exalted. 2 : a very intensified sense of well-being, power, or importance.
What does exalt mean biblically?
Dictionaries – Baker’s Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology – Exaltation. Exaltation [N] In the Bible “exaltation” maximum ceaselessly refers to the lofty position of God and of Jesus Christ, but on occasion the time period is implemented to human beings, especially to Israel and her king.
What does it mean to be exalted?
To be exalted or to exalt something is to lift to a better stage in rank, honor, energy, character, quality, and to carry something or somebody.
What does exultation mean?
Definition of exultation : the act of exulting : the state of being exultant : a sense of serious happiness and pleasure : an exultant feeling | <urn:uuid:01856127-370c-440a-af59-fe4f6f29f8f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://animetalusa.com/what-does-exaltation-mean-in-the-bible/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337307.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002083954-20221002113954-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.902125 | 1,057 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Showing 1-10 of 37 results for Alzheimer's Disease
Could your memory problems be dementia symptoms or signs of mild cognitive impairment? Learn about types of forgetfulness and causes of memory loss.
Caring for someone with Alzheimer's disease? Get easy-to-understand information and advice in this comprehensive guide from NIA. It addresses all aspects of care, from bathing and eating to coping with confusion and sundowning, getting respite care, and more.
Although Alzheimer's disease currently has no cure, recent research results point toward a day when it might be possible to delay, slow down, or even prevent this devastating brain disorder. This 24-page booklet describes the latest NIA-funded research about prevention of Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline, from physical exercise and diet to social engagement and cognitive training. Also included are tips for staying healthy as you grow older.
Find information for those recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers about healthcare and financial planning, advance directives, and where to go for legal help. Also includes a list of steps to take and other resources for advance planning.
What’s the difference between mild forgetfulness and more serious memory problems? Find out about memory problems, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and how to get help for serious memory loss.
Learn about Lewy body dementia (Lewy body disease), a surprisingly common brain disorder that affects older adults and causes changes in the ability to think and move.
Learn about Alzheimer's, a brain disease that causes memory loss and other symptoms. Find out when to see the doctor and what treatments are available. | <urn:uuid:f383df32-2b8d-4d06-b147-16bbafcba05f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.nia.nih.gov/espanol/print/alzheimers/publication/frontotemporal-disorders-information-patients-families-and-caregivers/common | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00012-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921244 | 330 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Head Injury, Alzheimer's Appear to Affect Brain in Similar Ways
TUESDAY, April 27, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury appear to affect the brain in similar ways, according to a study that may point to new ways to identify people at high risk for Alzheimer's.
"These findings are the first to suggest that cognitive impairment following a traumatic brain injury is useful for predicting the magnitude of Alzheimer's-like brain degradation," said study author Andrei Irimia. He is an assistant professor of gerontology, neuroscience and biomedical engineering at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles.
More than 1.7 million Americans a year suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which is often followed by changes in brain structure and function, as well as thinking and memory struggles.
Concussion, which is a mild TBI, is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's, but similarities in brain changes caused by the two conditions haven't been investigated before.
This study included 33 people who suffered TBIs in falls; 66 people with Alzheimer's; and a control group of 81 healthy people without TBI or Alzheimer's.
Compared to the control group, the TBI and Alzheimer's patients had more cortical thinning, the researchers found.
Cortical thinning is often associated with declines in attention, memory and speech, as well as impaired ability to make decisions, integrate new information and adapt behavior to new situations.
Using MRI scans, the researchers also found significant similarities between Alzheimer's disease and how the brain's gray and white matter deteriorate after TBI.
In gray matter, the most extensive similarities were in areas involved in memory and decision-making. In white matter, there were similar patterns of degeneration in structures such as the fornix (involved in memory); corpus callosum (which facilitates information exchange between brain hemispheres); and corona radiata (involved in movement of limbs).
The findings were published April 26 in the journal GeroScience.
"The results may help health professionals to identify TBI victims who are at greater risk for Alzheimer's disease," Irimia said in a university news release.
While the findings do not establish a cause-and-effect relationship between TBI and Alzheimer's, the researchers said they add to evidence that the two conditions share common trajectories.
At least 15% of Americans have a history of TBI.
The American Academy of Family Physicians has more on traumatic brain injury.
SOURCE: University of Southern California, news release, April 26, 2021 | <urn:uuid:232bffeb-ceb9-4028-82c8-feb1a9bcb23c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://healthlibrary.uchealth.com/RelatedItems/6,1652780861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611089.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210613222907-20210614012907-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.951175 | 528 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Date: May 2005
Creator: Orozco-Teran, Rosa Amelia
Description: The incorporation of fluorine into SiO2 has been shown to reduce the dielectric constant of the existing materials by reducing the electrical polarizability. However, the incorporation of fluorine has also been shown to decrease film stability. Therefore, new efforts have been made to find different ways to further decrease the relative dielectric constant value of the existing low-k materials. One way to reduce the dielectric constant is by decreasing its density. This reduces the amount of polarizable materials. A good approach is increasing porosity of the film. Recently, fluorinated silica xerogel films have been identified as potential candidates for applications such as interlayer dielectric materials in CMOS technology. In addition to their low dielectric constants, these films present properties such as low refractive indices, low thermal conductivities, and high surface areas. Another approach to lower k is incorporating lighter atoms such as hydrogen or carbon. Silsesquioxane based materials are among them. However, additional integration issues such as damage to these materials caused by plasma etch, plasma ash, and wet etch processes are yet to be overcome. This dissertation reports the effects of triethoxyfluorosilane-based (TEFS) xerogel films when reacted with silylation agents. TEFS films were employed because they form robust silica ...
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries | <urn:uuid:4fee30dd-cbfd-427d-add5-9d5cd243be38> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/partners/UNT/browse/?sort=date_a&fq=dc_rights_access%3Aunt&fq=untl_collection%3AUNTETD&fq=str_degree_discipline%3AMaterials+Science+and+Engineering | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132372.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00204-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944265 | 303 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Access to Grade Level Curriculum Shapes Citizens of the World
Robin Pegg, M.Ed., COTA/L, ATP
What does it mean to be relevant? Does everyone have an equal opportunity to BE relevant? They say that what you don’t know won’t hurt you. But I’m not so sure they are right. For individuals with Williams syndrome and other learning differences, what they don’t know has a huge impact on their ability to understand the world around them, and, consequently, their ability to engage in relevant social conversations and experiences with their peers.
For instance, in about 3rd to 4th grade... typical students in class are reading “Sarah, Plain & Tall”. They are learning about Sarah’s letters to family members back home and to future family members she doesn’t yet know. They are learning about her trip across the country on a train, her sense of fear and loneliness, and her sense of wonder and adventure. Everyone in the class is relating to her emotions and experiences. They are creating a mental movie of what’s happening and they are learning to put themselves in her shoes. They are drawing conclusions and making predictions about what happens next. If a child with learning differences is included in this classroom and reading the same book they are able to actively engage in these same conversations and experiences. They are also able to engage in the extended learning and discussion that happens on the playground, at the lunch table, and during think, pair, share time in the classroom.
Generally, children with disabilities are taught at their instructional level. This might make sense in terms of their ability to develop skills; but it often makes no sense in terms of relevance. Over the years, educators have gotten together and decided what every child ought to know at the various grades in school. If children with learning differences aren’t taught at grade level, they are denied access to that same set of knowledge, and essentially rendered irrelevant with their peers because they don’t have the same frame of reference.
If a child with learning differences is included in the classroom where students are reading "Sarah, Plain & Tall", but provided a different book at their instructional level, they are immediately at a disadvantage with their peers. They might have the opportunity to listen to what is happening while they are in the room, but without access to the whole curriculum, they are cheated out of that rich experience the other children are having. They don’t have the opportunity to create the same mental movie and share in Sarah’s experiences. Therefore, when the rest of the class is talking about the story at recess or lunch, the child with challenges has no way to engage in that conversation. Lack of access has denied them the ability, not just to participate in the conversation, but also to engage in the same sense of wonder. Worst of all, they are perceived as incompetent or “just not cool” by their peers because of this lack of knowledge… and this makes them irrelevant to their social group.
PrAACtical AAC recently published a blog post with this poster
Perception (relevancy) drives EVERYTHING.
Think about a time when someone you know with Williams syndrome did or said something extraordinary. For that split second, five minutes, or whatever moment in time; how did you perceive them? Were you thinking about what they couldn’t do? OR were you thinking about what they could do? AND… From that moment forward, did your perception of them as a whole change?
It’s not about NEVER teaching a child at their instructional level. Teaching at the instructional level is very important for building skillsets. But, when educators deny access to a broader curriculum because of their perception of a child’s ability, they create a curriculum casualty. Pretend that your instructional level in reading is grade two, and will, in all likelihood always be at grade 2. If you were only ever provided books at that level; you will have never experienced Lord of the Flies, Charlotte’s Web, or Willie Wonka’s Amazing Chocolate Factory. Just to name a few... Based on your reading level, it may also have been assumed that you were not able to participate in science and social studies classes past the 2nd grade because you just wouldn’t “get it”. Therefore, you would have missed out on discussions about American history, civil rights (very important for someone with a disability), anatomy, volcanoes, weather patterns, cells, etc. Without those experiences what prior knowledge would you actually have to draw from, in order to solve problems and make decisions in your life? How would you participate in day-to-day conversation in a relevant fashion? When you add the knowledge gaps in reading, science, and social studies together; the gaps become a chasm.
Rather than seeking out an individual’s strengths and using them to help a student access age-appropriate curriculum and experiences, educators may be recognizing their weaknesses and allowing them to dictate a student’s experience. Individuals with disabilities then might lack the experiences and prior knowledge they need to communicate appropriately with their peers, fulfill their role as a student, and participate in their world. For a student with Williams syndrome, who is social by nature but has trouble relating to peers, this can be especially harmful.
To be relevant is to be a part of what’s happening in the world around you. People with disabilities live in the same world as people without disabilities, so they NEED to be relevant. They go to the same stores, they eat at the same restaurants, but if they are not engaged in the same conversations; they don’t have the ability to truly be citizens of their world.
You may have seen the recent NBC Dateline program that discussed what happens when people with autism “age-out” of the system and how they might be ill equipped for the world in which they are now living. These are the mechanics that underlie the concept of being relevant. It’s nice that they are recognizing this for folks with autism...It is true for nearly all students with all types of challenges, and particularly for those with Williams syndrome due to their extremely social nature.
Parents of individuals with WS must help educators understand that it is important to completely equip your children to live in their world. Educators need to expose children to as much knowledge and as many experiences as possible NO MATTER their IQ score. They must give them knowledge that goes beyond their instructional level. Parents, YOU must insist that your children are challenged to think, problem solve, guess, draw conclusions, correlations and analyze situations. These skills, together with a broad range of knowledge, will better equip your child to be relevant, and that will make them a true “Citizen of their World”.
Hargis, C. H. (2003). Grades and grading practices; Obstacles to improving education and to helping at-risk students (2nd ed.). Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Hargis, C. H. (2013). Curriculum based assessment: A primer (4th ed.). Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Rosenfeld, S., & Berninger, V. (Eds.). (2009). Implementing evidence-based academic interventions in school setting. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wheelock, A. (1998). Safe to be smart: Building a culture of standards-based reform in the middle grades. Westerville: National Middle School Association
Robin Pegg, M.Ed., COTA/L, ATP, is a Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant and Assistive Technology Specialist, working in the public schools for the last 13 years. Robin has extensive experience using all types of technology (low tech to high tech) to support learning and literacy development in children of all ages and ability levels. She also consults with various educational institutions to promote the implementation of Universal Design for Learning. Robin is the WSA’s Education Consultant and Director of Whispering Trails Camps. | <urn:uuid:67342342-51aa-44b5-9816-3081ac4336fe> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://williams-syndrome.org/blog/wsa-blog-relevancy-matters?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218101.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821092915-20180821112915-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.967477 | 1,665 | 3.6875 | 4 |
IN THIS CHAPTER
Creating and binding Space Warps to objects
Understanding the various Space Warp types
Working with Space Warps and particle systems
Space Warps sound like a special effect from a science fiction movie, but actually they are non-renderable objects that let you affect another object in many unique ways to create special effects.
You can think of Space Warps as the unseen forces that control the movement of objects in the scene such as gravity, wind, and waves. Several Space Warps, such as Push and Motor, deal with dynamic simulations and can define forces in real-world units. Some Space Warps can deform an object's surface; others provide the same functionality as certain modifiers.
Space Warps are particularly useful when combined with particle systems. This chapter includes some examples of Space Warps that have been combined with particle systems.
Space Warps are a way to add forces to the scene that can act on an object. Space Warps are not renderable and must be bound to an object to have an effect. A single Space Warp can be bound to several objects, and a single object can be bound to several Space Warps.
In many ways, Space Warps are similar to modifiers, but modifiers typically apply to individual objects, whereas Space Warps can be applied to many objects at the same time and are applied using World Space Coordinates. This ability to work with multiple objects makes Space Warps the preferred way to alter ... | <urn:uuid:33a97560-2de1-4245-ba1d-47e40b44403e> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/3ds-max-2008/9780470187609/ch38.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572471.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916015552-20190916041552-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.939331 | 297 | 3.78125 | 4 |
- LiveScience: “Predisposition for Religion Can Spread Quickly”
Cambridge University economist Robert Rowthorn has developed mathematical models to investigate the spread of religion based on two simple variables. First, Rowthorn notes higher birth rates among the religious. Second, he adds in a genetic “predisposition” for religion that is passed on in religious families. Together, this leads to a rapid increase in the proportion of religious individuals in a society.
For example, the model shows that a religious group encompassing just one half of one percent of the members of a society can swell to half of the entire population within ten generations.
The key assumption in the model is that it’s genetics that predisposes individuals for being religious (although we presume that being raised in a religious family may have the same effect). Otherwise, the offspring born to religious parents are no more likely to adopt religion than are others in society. “All people who work in this area know there is a genetic basis to being religious, in the sense there is a genetic basis to all human behavior,” Rowthorn argued.
The model shows that a religious group encompassing just one half of one percent of the members of a society can swell to half of the entire population within ten generations.
For “secularists,” perhaps including Rowthorn, the combination of differential reproduction rates among the religious and a genetic basis for religious belief are a dangerous combination. Even if more people “defect” (his term) away from religion, their lower rate of reproduction may doom secularism to perpetual minority status. Of course, we frequently note that secularism is itself a religious view, given that it begins with by-faith assumptions about the nonexistence or irrelevance of the supernatural world. And while Rowthorn’s fears may be justified in one sense, his analysis ignores the great secularization that has occurred during the past century. Even if the masses remain “religious,” in many circles that “religion” has become diluted and secularized through compromise with the world (see our reports in Christian Post: “Survey Offers In-Depth Look at Mainline Protestant Clergy” and No Religion Rising and Lack of Knowledge of Church History and Other Faiths).
For More Information: Get Answers
Remember, if you see a news story that might merit some attention, let us know about it! (Note: if the story originates from the Associated Press, FOX News, MSNBC, the New York Times, or another major national media outlet, we will most likely have already heard about it.) And thanks to all of our readers who have submitted great news tips to us. If you didn’t catch all the latest News to Know, why not take a look to see what you’ve missed? | <urn:uuid:18ba8883-08bb-4d02-9f18-ec959ff00d6a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://answersingenesis.org/genetics/human-genome/predisposition-to-religion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660992.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00187-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93403 | 589 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Learn something new every day More Info... by email
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multi-infarct dementia are among the most common types of memory loss diseases. Memory loss, also sometimes referred to as dementia, is most commonly associated with aging, but it can actually affect any individual at any age. This is particularly true in individuals who have developed specific diseases. Modern medicine may help slow the decline of memory loss attributed to these conditions, but there is no way to cure any of them.
Memory loss may be acute or chronic. Acute cases are typically attributed to a sudden physical or emotional trauma. Chronic memory loss, however, is mostly due to one of several progressive diseases and is mostly irreversible.
As people age, minor memory loss is considered normal, and deficits in memory are not necessarily caused by any known diseases. The aging process is, however, often accompanied by the threat of certain diseases known to impair cognitive functioning.
One of the most common of all memory loss diseases is Alzheimer’s disease. As a progressive brain disorder, Alzheimer’s systematically destroys the brain’s cells and causes a slow decline in cognitive functioning. It accounts for as much as 80% of all dementia cases, and although it mostly affects the elderly, individuals as young as 30 years of age may also be diagnosed with the disease.
Parkinson’s disease is also relatively common and often shares some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Along with affecting the motor skills of its victims, Parkinson’s is known to cause significant memory loss and dementia. While body tremors and an abnormal gait are among the most obvious symptoms, many patients eventually also develop extreme memory loss.
Among the lesser known memory loss diseases is Huntington’s disease. Characterized by a lack of coordination and involuntary movement, progressive memory loss is also a recognizable symptom of this particular brain disorder. Unlike Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease commonly affects people under 55 years of age and, in very rare cases, it may even affect children.
Multi-infarct dementia (MID) also affects the memory. Caused by multiple and often unrecognized strokes over a long period of time, damage sustained by important brain tissue slowly begins to interrupt a person’s cognitive abilities. MID appears to be very similar to Alzheimer’s disease and is often difficult to diagnose.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:dc7ba07a-8fc7-45b5-b597-07436f66db57> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-memory-loss-diseases.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011352596/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092232-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963702 | 556 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Nicholas Schott, Graduate Student (Stegemann and Putnam Laboratories), Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan
Organoids and engineered tissues made in the laboratory hold major therapeutic promise, but a bottleneck to their successful use is that they rarely contain blood vessels (vasculature). Pre-vascularizing such constructs represents a promising means to circumvent this shortcoming, but achieving vasculature that is functionally mature is a critical challenge. This image depicts an innovative strategy: coculture of endothelial cells (which make blood vessels) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC, which can give rise to muscle). Both cell types are embedded within a fibrin hydrogel and cultured in the lab for several weeks. Over this time course, endothelial cells assemble into highly branched, multicellular structures (red). MSC then support subsequent maturation of the newly vascular network by forming direct interdigitations with endothelial cells and regulating vessel permeability. This stimulus in turn induces MSC to differentiate into smooth muscle (green), which reinforces the vessel walls. | <urn:uuid:618ca124-197a-419e-9505-3d50fe3191a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://bioartography.com/products/healing-crosstalk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104514861.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705053147-20220705083147-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.911595 | 223 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What's the Latest?
New studies suggest that people in powerful positions struggle to empathize with those who occupy more humble ranks. In one such study at the University of Illinois, researchers found that "among full-time employees of a public university, those who were higher in social class (as determined by level of education) were less able to accurately identify emotions in photographs of human faces than were co-workers who were lower in social class. (While social class and social power are admittedly not the same, they are strongly related.)" Some sociologists have theorized powerful people lack empathy because they do not need the less-powerful to access important resources. But contemporary neuroscientists have a different explanation.
What's the Big Idea?
Associate professor of psychology at the University of Toronto, Michael Inzlicht argues that the experience of power fundamentally changes how sensitive one's brain is to the actions of others. When people experience situations of power, their brains experience less motor stimulation--an event that is evidence of our ability to resonate with what another person is doing. "In short, the brains of powerful people did not mirror the actions of other people. ... So the bad news is that the powerful are, by default and at a neurological level, simply not motivated to care. But the good news is that they are, in theory, redeemable."
Read more at the New York Times
Photo credit: Shutterstock | <urn:uuid:03318fb0-fe68-44d5-9923-8ea364a27668> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/why-powerful-people-find-it-difficult-to-empathize | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701158811.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193918-00204-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965578 | 288 | 2.9375 | 3 |
తలకు రక్దాన్ని అందించే ధమని, కంఠానికి రక్దాన్ని అందించే ధమని
Adjective(1) of or relating to either of the two major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck
(1) The catheter is inserted either at the front of the elbow, for investigation of the neck arteries (a carotid angiogram), or in the groin for a coronary angiogram.(2) Previous studies showed that carotid artery dilatation is a compensatory mechanism in early stages of atherosclerosis.(3) When I arrived at the hospital a patient was already anaesthetised, waiting for me to carry out a carotid angiogram to help diagnose a mass in the neck.(4) Others have reported that increases in carotid artery diameter are associated with cardiovascular risk factors.(5) As he buttoned up his shirt, I noticed the scar on his neck from previous carotid surgery.(6) It is intended for treating carotid artery disease in high-risk patients.(7) The patients were also given an ultrasound scan of their carotid arteries.(8) The main concern about carotid angioplasty is the risk of stroke at the time of the procedure.(9) Blood was obtained by carotid artery laceration.(10) A clinical diagnosis of carotid artery dissection was made.(11) People with lower levels of lutein present in their blood, however, did experience carotid artery thickening.(12) In cases of absence of the internal carotid artery, the carotid canal may also be absent.(13) Strangles place direct pressure on both the carotid and vertebral arteries.(14) She laughed as she jammed a thumb into his carotid and he went limp in her hands.(15) Third, the angle of the needle as depicted increases the risk of carotid artery injury.(16) You can check your pulse over your carotid or radial artery.
(1) carotid artery :: కరోటిడ్ ధమని
1. carotid ::
Different Formscarotid, carotids
English to Telugu Dictionary: carotid
Meaning and definitions of carotid, translation in Telugu language for carotid with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of carotid in Telugu and in English language.
Tags for the entry "carotid"
What carotid means in Telugu, carotid meaning in Telugu, carotid definition, examples and pronunciation of carotid in Telugu language. | <urn:uuid:0e34885f-8740-4f46-8849-aaaf8c3a4e16> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.english-telugu.net/?q=carotid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255562.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520041753-20190520063753-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.929575 | 713 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This week, I would love to talk to you about Sensitive Periods.
Sensitive periods are uncontrollable impulses toward specific activities. These limited
periods of time are temporary and as much as they seem to happen around the same time of life for every child worldwide, it is observation of each child that will guide us. It will help us know which inner need has to be fulfilled in a certain time frame and how to take advantage of these sensitivities to help the child learn easily.
Sensitive periods are essential to the child’s growth and it is of utmost importance that adults prepare an environment for the child in order to respect these sensitive periods.
This work the child does during a sensitive period is effortless and she is not doing it voluntarily, which makes the acquisition easier on the child who does not feel tired but on the contrary happy, satisfied and enthusiast.
EM Standing who worked closely with Maria Montessori says in his book:
“The intense and prolonged activity aroused and sustained by a sensitive period does not cause fatigue; rather the reverse. After a spell of work done at the imperious bidding of this inner urge the child feels better, stronger, calmer.[…] By mean of such work he has been creating himself.”
In the first few months of a baby’s life, we notice a need for things to be in a certain place and for people to feed them, bathe them and put them to bed at a certain time. It helps them organise the world around them. This need comes back in an important sensitive period for order around the age of 2 until 4 years old.
During this sensitive period the child will order the world around her and will learn and like to organise, classify in categories and she will need to find things in specific, organised places to fulfill her need.
Starting from birth the child is fascinated by language, this sensitive period is the longest of all:
“If we make small but distinct movements with our lips, the child will become very attentive.
This is something, which fascinates him, for what is developing in him is his awareness of a task he must accomplish-he is becoming sensitive to language.” Maria Montessori
Communication through speech settles and the child progresses fast as she is using language to interact. It is, therefore, important to talk to the child to model speech.
Between 2 and 3, the child will have a ‘language explosion’. It is very observable as the
child will multiply the number of words she can say in a peak of spoken language, she will also start making full sentences to express herself.
REFINEMENT OF SENSES
Children use their senses from birth and even before in the womb, they can hear, taste,
touch. The baby uses her senses to adapt to the world around and it is important to provide opportunities for the child to develop his senses.
Around 2.5 years old until 4, the child goes through a sensitive period for the refinement
of her senses. This is when the child enters the Montessori casa dei bambini (Children’s house from 3-6 years old) and will use the sensorial material which will help her appreciate the beauty of the world she lives in. The prepared environment is of utmost importance at that time as it answers the child’s needs to touch, smell, taste, see and hear.
COORDINATION OF MOVEMENT
Movement is crucial to grow and adapt to the world around us. The sensitive period for
movement has a peak during the first year of the child’s life and then another one between 3 and 6 years old. As the child grows and moves, her movements are more and more precise, so she can walk, run, jump and then later, climb, hit, kick or dance. Movement is important for body awareness (intellectual growth) and adaptation to the world we live in. It is also crucial to move for our mind to be at ease.
At first the movements of the young baby are not organised so as the child grows and
goes through the sensitive period for movement, she coordinates them to be able to do what her mind needs and wants; therefore, it is related to the control of the mind (intellect).
Providing opportunities for movement outdoors is very important; however, there are
also opportunities in the classroom for the child to move through Practical Life exercises. This all helps the child become more independent.
I hope this post helps to understand how we observe the Sensitive Periods in children in our Montessori world. We always need parents to tell us what they see at home as well so we can help the child even better.
Have a great winter weekend ! | <urn:uuid:fc12c444-f00b-4a83-b879-965b9105d03e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://chezmahemontessori.wordpress.com/2018/01/26/sensitive-periods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.965577 | 983 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Australia's Unique Animals
||Trevor Major, M.Sc., M.A.
How do creationists explain the origin and distribution of Australia’s unique animals in terms of a young Earth and a worldwide flood?
Explaining the origin of Australia’s marsupial population, and especially its uniqueness to that one isolated southern continent, is difficult for evolutionists and creationists alike. Marsupials such as kangaroos, opossums, wallabies, and koalas seem unusual, but monotremes (i.e., the echidna and the platypus) are even more puzzling. The main difference between marsupials and most other mammals centers on the reproductive system. Marsupials give birth prematurely and allow the fetus to develop in an external pouch. In other mammals, excluding the monotremes which lay eggs, the fetus develops within the uterus and is attached to, and nourished by, the placenta.
Perhaps the most interesting fact about marsupials is that they nearly all have non-marsupial equivalents in other parts of the world (see Dobzhansky, et al., 1977, Figure 9.3, p. 267). The kangaroo has a similar role to the antelope roaming the African savanna. The wombat resembles a badger, and even has a backward-pointing pouch so that it will not fill with dirt while burrowing! There also are many small marsupials that have rodent counterparts. Evolutionists attribute such similarities to “parallel evolution” in both homology (being alike in form) and analogy (occupying a corresponding niche). That is, they believe that these marsupials and their placental peers developed independently; they share similar characteristics, but took two different paths to get there (see Simpson and Beck, 1965, pp. 499-501). A common ancestry, combined with similar forces of natural selection, evolutionists assert, will result in the same sort of changes through time. This common ancestor is thought to be the opossum because it is a marsupial and is found in other areas of the world apart from Australia.
According to evolutionary theory, the opossum was a primitive mammal living 200 million years ago on a single southern land mass called Gondwanaland. When parts of this supercontinent divided into what are now Australia and South America, the opossums were separated geographically. Over eons of time, so the story goes, the Australian descendants of the opossum developed into the various types of marsupials seen today. However, in South America, they “evolved” placentas and eventually migrated to North America and Eurasia.
These evolutionary ideas suffer from a number of problems, as listed below:
There are no intermediate fossils (“transitional forms”) showing the development of the various marsupials from an opossum or opossum-like ancestor. Further, to suggest that one type of mammal could arise by supposed evolutionary mechanisms is incredible enough, but the chances of having both placental and non-placental forms evolve in the same way, at the same time, and in different regions, are remote to say the least.
The humble opossum has been nominated as the ancestor of all mammals because it is supposed to be so “primitive,” having a relatively small brain and no “specialized” characteristics. But the opossum has thrived virtually unchanged in many parts of the world. In general, marsupials often are considered less “advanced” because they lack the complex internal reproductive system of placental mammals. However, they possess many other characteristics that could give them an edge over their placental counterparts. For instance, a female kangaroo can nourish two young ones of different ages at the same time, providing the appropriate formula from each teat. Unlike placental mammals, marsupials can suspend or abort the embryo deliberately if adverse conditions arise. And, of course, the pouch provides a superior place of protection for the young marsupial. Yes, marsupials are different, but they are not inferior.
The distribution of marsupials is not well-answered by evolutionary theories. According to Michael Pitman, “the most diverse fossil assemblies have been obtained from South America and, later (Pliocene), Australia” (1984, p. 206). That is, according to the fossil record, the marsupials already were well-defined as a distinct group before the separation of Australia from other continents. Thus, geographic separation cannot be as significant to their development as evolutionists like to think. An alternate, biblically based model is as follows:
It is reasonable to suggest that God created the various kinds of marsupials. Hence, the many varieties of opossums, kangaroos, wallabies, and so on, most likely have arisen since the time of creation.
There could be any number of reasons that God created both placental and non-placental forms. One possibility is that marsupials were created for a specific environment. For example, on the African savannas or North American plains, animals migrate to different areas according to the seasons, and range over huge tracts of land in search of better grazing. However, vegetation patterns in Australia do not allow such flexibility. The unique characteristics of marsupials that allow them to survive in a tough environment are indicative of good design, not blind evolution.
Representatives of marsupial kinds went into the ark and were carried through the Flood. Any other varieties not in the ark became extinct with the Flood (and now exist only as fossils).
After the Flood, marsupials may have migrated to Australia across land connections or narrow waterways. Perhaps there is a supernatural element involving the second point made above. That is, God, having created specially equipped creatures, may have directed them to settle in Australia in particular. If God can arrange for all the animals to go to Noah (Genesis 6:20), then He very well could assist and direct them in their migration from Ararat once they left the ark (Genesis 8:17).
There is no need to postulate long periods of time for whole-scale movement of animal kinds over the Earth. Initial studies by Richard Culp show that there are minimal differences between many North American, European, and Asian varieties of certain plant and animal species (Culp, 1988). The lack of dissimilarities, and the occurrence of unique animal or plant assemblages in various parts of the world (not just Australia), may be evidence for a rapid resettlement in relatively recent times. This would be consistent with the Genesis account.
Bartz, Paul A. (1989), “Questions and Answers,” Bible-Science Newsletter, 27:12, July.
Culp, G. Richard (1988), “The Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants,” Creation Research Society Quarterly, 25:24-27, June.
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, F.J. Ayala, G.L. Stebbins, and J.W. Valentine (1977), Evolution (San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman).
Pitman, Michael (1984), Adam and Evolution (London: Rider).
Simpson, G.G. and W.S. Beck (1965), Life: An Introduction to Biology (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World), second edition. | <urn:uuid:566c0dcf-6694-4d66-bf18-2a8fbf64b9cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=9&article=1137 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202672.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322155929-20190322181929-00107.warc.gz | en | 0.939103 | 1,557 | 3.90625 | 4 |
'Feminist' Study: Objective Truth, Scientific Method Are Sexist
Real misogynists used to argue that women couldn't understand things as well as men could. This patronizing view is both insulting and false, but now it has reemerged in a new way — so-called feminist professors arguing that science itself is misogynist because it deals in objective truth.
That's one of the daft arguments in "Are STEM Syllabi Gendered? A Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis" by the University of North Dakota's Laura Parson, published in The Qualitative Report at the beginning of this year. While Parson admits that STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) syllabi do not have "overt references to gender," their language "reflects institutionalized STEM teaching practices and views about knowledge that are inherently discriminatory to women and minorities by promoting a view of knowledge as static and unchanging."
Here's what she means in attacking such a "chilly" view of knowledge:
Syllabi promote the positivist view of knowledge by suggesting that there are correct conclusions that can be drawn with the right tools:
- "A critical thinker considers all available evidence with an open mind and uses appropriate techniques to analyze that evidence and reach a conclusion (Lower level geology)."
- "The main goal is to attain knowledge and comprehension of major concepts and techniques of organic chemistry (Upper level chemistry)."
As these examples show, the STEM syllabi explored in this study demonstrated a view of knowledge that was to be acquired by the student, which promotes a view of knowledge as unchanging. This is further reinforced by the use of adverbs to imply certainty such as "actually" and "in fact" which are used in syllabi to identify information as factual and beyond dispute (Biber, 2006a; 2006b). For example, "draw accurate conclusions from scientific data presented in different formats" (Lower level math). Instead of promoting the idea that knowledge is constructed by the student and dynamic, subject to change as it would in a more feminist view of knowledge, the syllabi reinforce the larger male-dominant view of knowledge as one that students acquire and use make (sic) the correct decision.
Parson seems to be arguing — in an academic paper, no less! — that in STEM fields, knowledge should be seen as "constructed by the student and dynamic, subject to change as it would in a more feminist view." There's one way in which science is constantly changing — it is always adapting to new evidence. But this is not what Parson is arguing. She wants a student to be able to define inconvenient facts out of existence, to be able to interpret the evidence to mean whatever the student wants it to mean.
There's just one major problem with this: If science and technology were defined in this way, they would not work.
Do you really want the engineer who designs your 747 to think that airplane design is up to his or her own interpretation? That there are no scientific laws about how to make the plane fly, except whatever view of truth he or she "constructs"? I would not trust such a person with looking after my iPhone, much less my life at 40,000 feet, and no rational woman I know would either.
This isn't sexism, it's common sense. In science, technology, engineering, and math, results matter — even minute calculations often make the difference between success and failure, poverty and prosperity, life and death. Something either works or it doesn't, and in order to figure out what does and does not work, you need to understand the way things actually are, not the way you'd like them to be.
Next Page: Where this "feminist" relativism comes from, and why it's insulting to women. | <urn:uuid:b3090a40-8c18-4292-a942-ed6470914d51> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://pjmedia.com/trending/2016/09/23/feminist-study-objective-truth-scientific-method-are-sexist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823114.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018195607-20171018215607-00626.warc.gz | en | 0.965708 | 777 | 2.890625 | 3 |
At the moment, India produces less than 5 MW of solar power a year. Under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, India aims to generate 1.000 MW by 2013, and if that goes well, increase capacities to an annual production of 20.000 MW by 2020.
According to the Times of India, the mission will be segmented into three phases. The first three-year phase will be evaluated and on that basis financial mechanisms for the next phases are to be decided.
During phase 1 (2010-2013) the government is proposing to cover an area of 7 million square meters with solar collectors. The promotion of roof-top panels through generation based incentive for self-use as well as putting the power on to the grid is also intended.
India’s Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, explains his guidelines for India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM):
Another interesting point is the fact that it has been decided that instead of the large direct subsidy to solar power producers suggested earlier, solar power production and sale will be integrated into existing power purchase mechanisms.
NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited (NVVN) shall in the first phase be made the nodal agency to buy solar power from producers at the rate recently established by Central Electricty Regulatory Commission. Sold to state utilities, it would be credited against the compulsory renewable energy purchase targets set up by the respective state electricity regulatory commission. Specific targets for solar power are yet to be decided.
Another barrier is to be eased by plans to do away with customs and excise duty on import of capital equipment as well as ease the duty rates for raw material and inputs.
Furthermore 1.000 engineers are to be trained specializing in the field of photovoltaic, and scholarships will enable 100 engineers to study abroad during phase 1 of India’s solar mission. Appropriate courses are to be set up at engineering institutes.
It is intended that by the end of the final phase in 2022, 20.000 MW of grid-based solar power, 2,000 MW of off-grid solar power and coverage of 20 million square meters with collectors will be achieved through India’s Solar mission. | <urn:uuid:55223294-5cce-46fd-bbe3-e0c0ae7a24cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://blog.reegle.info/blog/building-solar-india.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049277475.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002117-00001-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947691 | 459 | 3.03125 | 3 |
K is for Cretaceous
Cretaceous starts with a ‘C,’ so why is it K for Cretaceous? All the divisions of the Earth’s geological time scale have one- or two-letter designations, kind of like all the elements of the periodic table have a symbol (like C for carbon or Au for gold). The abbreviation for Cretaceous is K, from the German for chalk (kreide) and also because ‘C’ is also already used for Carboniferous.
For today’s installment, we’ll look a paper that utilizes stable oxygen isotopes from the teeth of a dinosaur to determine how fast the teeth grown.
Suarez, You, Suarez, Li, and Treischmann, 2017, Stable isotopes reveal rapid enamel elongation (amelogenesis) rates for the early Cretaceous iguanodontial dinosaur Lanzhousaruus magnidens, Nature Scientific Reports, v. 7: 15319 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-15653-6
Iguanodontians were herbivorous dinosaurs with tightly packed teeth optimized for chewing vegetation. These dinosaurs replaced their teeth continuously though life so that their chewing mechanism was always ready to go.
Lanzhousaurus magnidens only has 14 teeth in each quadrant of its mouth. These teeth were really big. The question the researchers wanted to explore was just how fast would these teeth need to grow so that the jaws were always ready to chew.
With isotopic analysis, it is possible to determine how quickly teeth elongate as they grow. Oxygen isotopes vary with seasons (mostly because of temperature changes) and this is recorded in the tooth incrementally as the tooth grow. When multiple samples are taken along the length of a tooth, seasonal changes can be seen and the rate of tooth growth can be determined. | <urn:uuid:f57c9628-426c-4e26-a021-248fb5ae93be> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://sirealonline.com/2019/04/14/k-is-for-cretaceous-atozchallenge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.946549 | 396 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
- This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation
- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
- Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article
Do you really want to delete this prezi?
Neither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again.
Make your likes visible on Facebook?
Connect your Facebook account to Prezi and let your likes appear on your timeline.
You can change this under Settings & Account at any time.
WHOLE BRAIN TEACHING AND LEARNING
Transcript of WHOLE BRAIN TEACHING AND LEARNING
urrent research suggests that the historical approach to learning, right brain and left brain, should be considered.. According to Jill Bolte Taylor, author of My Stoke of Insight, "Although each of our cerebral hemispheres processes information in uniquely different ways, the two work intimately together when it comes to just about every action we take" (Hermann-Nehdi, 38).
The basis for Whole Brain Teaching, began with with one teacher's problem classroom, led to research and the design of a new way of teaching. "A theoretical background is provided from a constructivist point of view as a rationale for using Whole Brain Teaching in relation to Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory and Wenger's (2006) framework of Community Practice" (Macias & Macias).
6. Traditionally education has focused on right brain activity - the reasoning, rational part of the brain. WBT techniques seek to make connections between this rational part of the brain and the left side of the brain which is concerned with creative activity .
Learning is not a task but an experience. The emphasis on memory and regurgitation in our schools, as opposed to problem solving and critical thinking is a major flaw in the system. The irony is that when students are fully engaged (through whole brain learning) they do not have to be forced to focus, or to memorize, but instead do these easily as part of the natural process of learning. The challenge then is to be able to organize this information so that you can retrieve it and present it efficiently.
We at Foundations For Life believe that our educational system must be revamped in order to address the learning needs of our children. The current learning system is rigid and monolithic. It does not acknowledge that individuals learn differently and at different paces, and that this “one size fits all” philosophy although logical, may itself be the problem. We believe that learning can be done more effectively when the entire person is included in the process.
Therefore, as teachers it is our duty to teach to the whole brain as opposed to the right or left hemisphere. Teaching to the whole brain requires establishing rituals and routines, stimulating emotions and allowing students to become active learners.
As Graham Tyrer puts it, "Using the principles of whole brain learning, everyone is a potential genius". If we as teachers embrace the differences each student brings to the table, while also incorporating fun active lessons into our teaching, there can be no room for failure.
WBT is a pedagogical approach which is based on current research into brain activity and how we learn. WBT uses techniques which activate both hemispheres of the brain - thus it is a "Whole Brain" approach.
"Teaching..should encompass different alternative delivery options (materials, media, and methods)...allowing teachers to become facilitators instead of broadcasters of new information" (Jones, 1979). Whole brain teaching, in the 21st century classroom, incorporates music, dances, singing, chants, and technology based projects. "The goal is to liven up lessons with zany and upbeat actions and sayings while placing a major emphasis on students immediately re-teaching information to their peers".
By all measures our educational system would seem to be a “sick system”, a learning system that focuses on whole brain learning and accelerated techniques is the cure. The goal then is to move away from a banking system of learning to a whole brain learning model, and to create a learner that comprehends his or her own style of learning and is enthused by the idea of continuing to learn throughout their lives.
WBT is very big on rules and has easy ways to get students to comply with them.
ECHNIQUE ONE: THE "CLASS-YES" - "PLUG" YOUR BRAIN INTO THE BRAINS OF YOUR STUDENTS. The "CLASS-YES'
works like this: The teacher makes a decision to get the class's attention. To do this the teacher is activating his/her prefrontal cortex by using the decision making function of that part of the brain. The teacher then says "CLASS" and the students respond by saying "YES" in unison. The students must say "YES" in the same tone of voice and in the same way that the teacher says "CLASS" - this is crucial.
TECHNIQUE TWO: THE "TEACH- OK" - TEACHING ISN'T JUST FOR TEACHERS
"TEACH-OK". Research has shown, not surprisingly really, that students learn best when actively engaged in the teaching process. When students , using energetic gesturing, reteach to their partner what the teacher has just taught them they are activating five parts of the brain important to learning : the visual cortex (seeing gestures), motor cortex (making gestures), Broca's area (verbalizing), Wernickes area (hearing) and the limbic system (giving emotional content).
Steps of the ""TEACH OK" to hopefully make it easier to understand and use.
STEP ONE - Divide your classes into pairs. You will want to group weaker students with
STEP TWO - Micro teach with gestures. This means giving one small bit of information that the students will reteach to each other.
STEP THREE - To recap steps one and two-we have divided the class into pairs and presented a small bit of information .
STEP FOUR - The teacher monitors the groups as the students teach each other.
STEP FIVE - The teacher brings the "TEACH-OK" to a close with a "CLASS-YES"
STEP SIX - The teacher then continues with another bit of information building on the previous bit of information, or if it is time, change activities.
Two other valuable tools which are often used during the presentation of a micro bit of information are the "HANDS AND EYES" and "MIRRORING."
TECHNIQUE THREE: "THE SCOREBOARD" - KEEP THE TEACHER HAPPY AND EVERYTHING IS SABAI.
The scoreboard is a central feature of the Whole Brain Teacher' s classroom. It is an integral part of class management when working with younger students and is critical in keeping older students focused.
The "SCOREBOARD" works on the limbic system which is the part of the brain that controls emotional response. It is a powerful tool to keep order and keep things focused. | <urn:uuid:bb5c93d8-09dd-4112-a59d-80b20d30db94> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://prezi.com/imgvday27pay/whole-brain-teaching-and-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659680.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00086-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943138 | 1,499 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Why Medical Coding and Medical Coders Will rule The Future ..?
What is medical Coding ? We can simplify this term by saying Medical coders read a patient’s medical chart and analyze it, determining the patient's diagnoses and any procedures performed. They at that point sort those analyses and strategies as indicated by a national grouping framework, allocating a particular numeric or alphanumeric code to every conclusion or method. There are many uses associated with medical coding. Some of them are;
Epidemiological Studies ;It is a study which is related to how often diseases occur in several groups of individuals and why it is occurred . It is occupied to plan and evaluate strategies to stop illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed. the epidemiology of a disease is an integral part of its basic description and it has a special techniques of data collection and interpretation. And this will help us to measure the prevalence of that disease ie; the existing cases of a disease and may be seen as a measure of disease status; it's the proportion of individuals during a population having a disease.
Clinical and diagnostic Research ; Medical coding is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions.It is the indicative characterization standard for all clinical and research purposes. It characterizes the universe of infections, issue, wounds and other related wellbeing conditions, recorded in a thorough, progressive style that takes into account, simple stockpiling, recovery and examination of wellbeing data for prove based dynamic, sharing and contrasting wellbeing data between medical clinics, locales, settings and nations; and information correlations in a similar area across various timeframes.
Education Of Health professionals
If you are working in medicinal services, a firm handle of clinical phrasing is imperative to your activity execution. It is essential that both clinical and nonclinical positions inside a healthcare system must be able to handle medical terminology effortlessly to identify what is being perused, composed, charged, or conveyed during everyday occupation obligations.It will definitely improve your job performance and guide you become competitive in health care services.While you learn the same,you will start learning a standardized medicine language and it will help you to understand and communicate easily and as a result you can improve the patient safety by avoiding miscommunications.In nut shell,all the healthcare members are able to understand the medicine language and this will leads to minimize the avoidable mistakes.
Health Service Planning
Medical codes are also used for performance measurement. It will decrease the need for record abstraction and chart review, and thereby minimize administrative burdens on physicians and other health care professionals and gave eligible professionals (EPs) the opportunity to assess the quality of care they were providing to their patients, helping to ensure that patients get the right care at the right time.
Health Services/intervention planning
A range of routinely collected administrative and clinically generated codified data could be used to evaluate the impact of interventions on the delivery of health and social care to improve the services.
Quality Assurance Activities ;Medical coding happens every time you see a healthcare provider. The healthcare provider reviews your complaint and medical history, makes an expert assessment of what’s wrong and how to treat you, and documents related to your visits.I t will helps to ensure the Patient's diagnosis, Medical necessity for treatments, services, or supplies the patient received Treatments, services, and supplies provided to the patient Any unusual circumstances or medical condition that affected those treatments and services Reimbursement by health insurers; Medical coding involves extracting billable information from the medical record and clinical documentation, while medical billing uses those codes to create insurance claims and bills for patients.
Casemix management; Casemix is a general term which explains any system which totals information about patients and associated procedures into groups based on the type and mix of the patients treated. The job of the clinical coder is to effectively distinguish and decipher the account portrayals of sicknesses, wounds and systems contained in clinical records into alphanumeric codes.These codes are utilized for a few purposes including the arrangement of data for wellbeing administration arranging.It is determined from inpatient stay data collected by the clinical coder from the patient record and manually coded into electronic systems.
Role delineation of healthcare facilities ;It is a process that determines that support services, personnel profile, minimum safety standards and other requirements are provided to ensure the provision of clinical services in a safe and adequate manner. With the help of coding all the mentioned areas can coverup with proper and adequate measures. As a result it will help to maintain minimum standards and will leads to take necessary actions accordingly.
UtilizationReview; It is performed by an interdisciplinary team of health information management professionals, registered nurses and board-certified, actively practicing physicians.It will help us to conduct line-by-line and cost outlier bill audits, determinations of medical necessity and are experienced in identifying quality problems and fraud. | <urn:uuid:37dbfc68-bd87-4a73-8864-47292554a664> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.cigmahealthcare.in/latest-updates/blog-detail?slug=why-medical-coding-and-medical-coders-will-rule-the-future-of-him-sector | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585242.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019043325-20211019073325-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.9392 | 1,006 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A local conservation charity is using National Pet Month to throw a spotlight on the dark side of the international pet trade. A new exhibit at Newquay Zoo focusses on one part of the problem - the illegal trade in South East Asian songbirds.
The Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust is the charity that runs Paignton Zoo, Living Coasts in Torquay and Newquay Zoo in Cornwall. Spokesperson Phil Knowling said: “National Pet Month is a great opportunity to talk about the pet trade from a conservation perspective. We want to raise awareness about the illegal and unsustainable harvesting of wild animals to sell illegally into the pet trade.
“Pets are important – they help people form a connection with nature and learn to empathise with animals. But the illegal trade in animals is causing a conservation crisis for many species.”
Most of the bird species in Newquay Zoo’s Gems of the Jungle walk-through aviary are threatened by the illegal pet trade. They include Sumatran laughing thrush, Pekin robin and bul bul. But it’s not just birds; other animals are in danger, including tortoises, parrots and loris.
Newquay Zoo Animal Collection Manager John Meek said: “Gems of the Jungle was built to highlight the illegal bird trade in Asia. Birds are kept in small cages in most homes throughout Asia. To have a song-bird in your home is a status symbol. These birds are caught and sold cheaply – and, because they are kept separately, they don’t get a chance to breed, which is another reason for their decreasing numbers.”
In countries like Indonesia, many local species are facing extinction in the wild. In the same country, the authorities regularly stop consignments of illegally-caught turtles numbering thousands of animals.
The illegal pet trade can include species covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As more individuals are trapped, the species becomes rarer, increasing the commercial value.
Paignton Zoo’s Head of Veterinary Services Ghislaine Sayers makes another point: “Illegally imported animals arrive without quarantine or vet care, so they can very easily bring new diseases into this country. The animals also suffer from poor welfare, poor nutrition, unsuitably-small travelling crates, social deprivation and other stresses which suppress their immune system and make them more susceptible to diseases they may be already carrying.”
Phil Knowling: “What can people do? Contact their MP; ask local pet shops where they get their animals - the more questions we ask the better.” Paignton Zoo Environmental Park is a registered charity. For more information go to www.paigntonzoo.org.uk or ring 01803 697500.
NewsAnimal ambulance arrives in Uganda 17th January, 2020Drive 4 Wildlife raised over £50,000 to support the Ugandan Wildlife Education and Conservation Centre in their anti-poaching and animal rescue efforts.
NewsBIAZA Members' Conservation Outputs Revealed 8th January, 2020BIAZA is proud to announce its headline conservation outputs from across the BIAZA membership which have now been released.
NewsThe Bug Issue 18th November, 2019A new conservation campaign led by the BIAZA Terrestrial Invertebrate Working Group (TIWG) will focus on conserving some of the most endangered native… | <urn:uuid:86c81dc1-73fc-403b-9d58-66f20af91b46> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://biaza.org.uk/news/detail/whitley-wildlife-conservation-trust-highlights-illegal-pet-trade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.926159 | 720 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The study, published in Infection and Immunity, finds that reintroducing normal microbial diversity to the guts of mice infected with antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria can help to restore microbial balance and eliminate the pathogens.
Led by researchers from Spain and the USA, the research team explain that taking antibiotics causes a reduced diversity of the microbiota which allows antibiotic-resistant pathogens - such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) - "to invade and thrive in the intestine."
The new study, however, finds that repopulating the intestines of mice with bacterial species Barnesiella can help to promote the clearance of the antibiotic-restistant strains and thus restore a healthy microbial balance.
"The presence of Barnesiella in fecal samples was associated with protection against VRE, suggesting that in humans, Barnesiella may also confer protection against dense VRE colonization," explained Carles Ubeda from the Centro Superior de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Spain - who led the study.
"The findings could be very useful for development of novel probiotics," said Ubeda.
"Scientifically, this is a major finding that will help us to understand how the microbiota confer resistance against intestinal colonization by pathogens, an important question that remains incompletely answered."
Ubeda and his colleagues treated mice with antibiotics before giving the mice either faecal transplants from untreated mice, or an aerobic or anaerobic culture from the faecal transplants.
The team found that mice receiving the faecal transplant or an anaerobic culture were able to clear the VRE, while those receiving the aerobic culture failed to do so.
After this, the team compared the microbiota in each group. The big difference: the mice that had cleared the VRE contained bacteria from the anaerobic genus Barnesiella, while those that had failed to clear the VRE did not.
The team suggested that their findings may present an opportunity for the development of novel probiotic cultures that contain the Barnesiella genus.
The Pre- & Probiotics Online Event
The global pre- and probiotic markets are in good health, with an unparalleled number of studies backing the beneficial effects of the guy-friendly ingredients. Yet Europe’s 2012 ban of all pre- and probiotic claims – and even use of the terms ‘prebiotic’ and ‘probiotic’ – has led to big challenges in the global marketplace.
Taking place on March 26th, NutraIngredients presents Pre-and Probiotics 2013, an online conference to tackle the big issues in pre- and probiotics.
Source: Infection and Immunity
Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1128/IAI.01197-12
"Intestinal Microbiota Containing BarnesiellaSpecies Cures Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Colonization"
Authors: Carles Ubeda, Vanni Bucci, Silvia Caballero, Ana Djukovic, et al | <urn:uuid:dc28da6c-f3c1-4a16-83ce-913b328df2b2> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Good-bacteria-may-wipe-out-antibiotic-resistant-pathogens-Study?nocount | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929272.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00005-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912288 | 628 | 3.25 | 3 |
By Amy Medling, founder of PCOS Diva
We have all experienced an electrolyte imbalance. When left unchecked, this imbalance can cause serious health concerns, especially if the condition becomes chronic. In simple cases, it can be resolved by drinking more water, eating foods containing the right electrolytes, or by taking a supplement.
In this article, we’ll discuss the importance of electrolytes, what happens if you get an electrolyte imbalance, and what you can do to get yourself back on track.
What are electrolytes?
Electrolytes is a term used to describe particles that possess either positive or negative charges. In food and nutrition, electrolytes pertain to the essential minerals found in the blood, urine, and sweat. These minerals dissolve in fluid which then form electrolytes. These electrolytes are then used by the body in various metabolic processes.
These are some of the electrolytes found in the human body:
If you’re wondering why they ring a bell, it’s because they’re often listed in food labels as part of the Nutrition Facts – telling you how much mineral you’re ingesting per serving of food or beverage. In fact, electrolytes are a critically important part of every diet.
The most commonly found electrolytes are sodium and chloride as they are naturally found bound together as sodium chloride, also known as table salt. Because of the abundance of salt in our diet, it’s unusual to be sodium or chloride deficient unless you have a medical condition that prevents your body from metabolizing salt.
The least common among electrolytes is magnesium, a mineral of which, researchers say, 75% of Americans aren’t getting enough. Almonds, dark chocolate, pumpkin seeds, and peanuts are all good sources of magnesium. Many women with PCOS find that they need additional supplementation.
Major functions of electrolytes
The body uses electrolytes to perform a variety of metabolic processes necessary for optimum health. Below are some of the roles of electrolytes in our body.
The brain wouldn’t be able to pass its commands without enough electrolytes. This is because when sodium – one of the most abundant electrolytes in the body – moves across the nerve cell membrane, it helps trigger a chain reaction that generates small electrical charges.
The electrical charges are then used to create nervous impulses which the brain uses to send signals across the body.
Muscles are incapable of autonomous movement and require signals from the brain to tell them what they need to do. More than that, they also require help from something as small as electrolytes (specifically calcium) to help with muscle contraction.
Magnesium is also necessary so your muscles can relax after contraction as well as for the muscle fibers to slide outward when needed.
During exercise, without electrolytes, not only will you tire easily and struggle with your activity, but you’ll also risk suffering from really bad muscle cramps even if you didn’t even overexert yourself.
Electrolytes are critical when it comes to maintaining adequate levels of hydration throughout the body. Sodium, in particular, helps maintain fluid balance through a process called osmosis.
Osmosis is when water moves from a place with low solute (lower electrolyte concentration) to a place with high solute (higher electrolyte concentration). It’s basically water being attracted to “drier” regions in the body which helps prevent over and under hydration – which could lead to cells either bursting for having too much water or shriveling up due to dehydration.
Your body is constantly trying to maintain balance or a condition called homeostasis. Homeostasis is when everything in the body is just right, without any spikes or dips in nutrients, hormone secretions, and of course level of acidity. When it comes to balancing acidity, electrolytes have been shown to be a factor in maintaining adequate pH levels.
Electrolyte imbalance and what it does to your body
Electrolytes help keep fluid balance inside and outside your cells. They make sure our cells are optimally hydrated, not dehydrated or over-hydrated. If something triggers an electrolyte imbalance – medication, sudden change in lifestyle and habits, fad diets, and diseases – this can result in the body producing too much or not enough electrolytes and minerals.
Severe symptoms could also include confusion and sudden change in behavior, seizures, and chest pain. If any of the symptoms are present, you should call an ambulance right away.
Preventing electrolyte imbalance
In many cases, electrolyte imbalance is preventable.
Urine color is a good indicator of hydration level. Barring discoloration due to medicines, vitamins, or supplements, a “clear” urine indicates optimal hydration whereas a dark yellow tinge means you need to drink water. If you’re about to exercise or do some strenuous activity, checking the color of your urine before is a good way to tell if you drank enough water.
Stay hydrated during activity. Sports drinks often advertise electrolytes, but they typically contain way too much sugar for women with PCOS. I suggest always drinking lots of water and adding PCOS Diva Revive on strenuous days. Drink when you’re thirsty, but also drink before you’re thirsty. Try to keep hydration levels consistent.
Getting your electrolytes balanced again
Prevention is always better than cure. However, if you suspect electrolyte imbalance and want a way to treat it, you can try to balance your electrolytes with dietary adjustments (including foods high in minerals as well as managing proper hydration) or through supplementation.
If you do plan on supplementing, look for products that contain the following ingredients:
- Electrolytes. For obvious reasons, an electrolyte supplement is not complete without the actual electrolytes as ingredients. Be on the lookout for minerals like magnesium, sodium, and chloride.
- D-Ribose. This not-so-common ingredient is a type of naturally occurring carb and factors in the body’s energy production. As part of an electrolyte supplement, ribose helps with cramping and stiffness.
- Taurine. Another ingredient that helps with cramps as low taurine levels have been associated with the symptom. Apart from symptom relief, taurine helps the body by boosting cell hydration.
- Citrus. Citruses often contain calcium and potassium. When combined with salt, citruses help balance the fluid levels in the body.
Your Solution: PCOS DIVA REVIVE
PCOS DIVA REVIVE is especially designed to boost hydration, regulate blood pressure, support exercise recovery, and more importantly, replenish lost electrolytes. Not only does it contain the ingredients highlighted, it also has quercetin and rutin, two potent antioxidants that not only help fight inflammation and oxidation, but also aid in muscle recovery. Magnesium and potassium also support systems associated with chronic stress.
Amy Medling, best-selling author of Healing PCOS and certified health coach, specializes in working with women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), who are frustrated and have lost all hope when the only solution their doctors offer is to lose weight, take a pill, and live with their symptoms. In response, Amy founded PCOS Diva and developed a proven protocol of supplements, diet, and lifestyle programs that offer women tools to help gain control of their PCOS and regain their fertility, femininity, health, and happiness. | <urn:uuid:09425bb4-4dfa-4472-863e-9cf1d4c2c7c3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://pcosdiva.com/2019/07/electrolyte-imbalance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735990.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806001745-20200806031745-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.937057 | 1,571 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In Higher Education and Professional Development
Routledge – 2010 – 200 pages
Routledge – 2010 – 200 pages
Story is everywhere in human lives and cultures and it features strongly in the processes of teaching and learning. Story can be called narrative, case study, critical incident, life history, anecdote, scenario, illustration or example, creative writing, storytelling; it is a unit of communication, it is in the products of the media industries, in therapy and in our daily acts of reflecting. Stories are 'told' in many ways - they are spoken, written, filmed, mimed or acted, presented as cartoons and in new media formats and through all these, they are associated with both teaching and learning processes but in different ways and at different levels. As a result of growing interest and simultaneous confusion about story, it is timely to untangle the various meanings of story so that we can draw out and extend its value and use.
Using Story aims to clarify what we mean by story, to seek out where story occurs in education and life and to explore the processes by which we learn from story. In this way the book intends to ‘bring story into the open’ and improve its use. Building on her wealth of experience in the field, Jenny Moon explores the theory of story and demonstrates both its current uses and new ways in which to enrich and enliven teaching, learning and research processes.
Ideal for anyone involved in education, personal or professional development or with a more general interest in story, the book begins by considering the range of what is meant by story, and then considers the theory behind the meanings. In the large final part of the book, Jenny provides a rich patchwork of different uses of story in education that cut across forms of story, story activities, disciplines and applications all of which will aid the use of story.
@contents: Preface Part 1: Some Introductory Ideas 1. Introduction: Bringing Story into Education and Professional Development 2. The Multiple Dimensions of Story Part 2: Theory - Story and Human Functioning 3. Learning and the Understanding of Stories 4. The Deployment of Meaning in Story 5. Social, Cultural and Communication Functions of Story 6. Taking Stock: Reflecting on Insights and the Educational Roles of Story Part 3: Story in Higher Education and Professional Development: A Treasury of Ideas 7. Enhancing Thinking and Learning Processes with Story 8. Stories of Experience in Personal and Professional Development 9. Story as Case Study, Scenario and Critical Incident 10. Story for Promoting Change 11. Story and Research 12. Uses of Fiction in Education 13. Oral Storytelling in Education 14. New Ways with Story Index References
Jenny Moon works at the Centre for Excellence in Media Practice at Bournemouth University and as an independent consultant running workshops and projects in higher education and professional development in the UK and internationally. | <urn:uuid:c619247a-da0c-4fea-8c5c-ab585ce09d40> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415564694/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802764752.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075244-00136-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926911 | 582 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Sunday, April 30, 2006
For the most recent ephemeris, go to the Minor Planet Ephemeris Service and type
one designation per line, into the the input box. You can get the data formatted for your favorite planetarium software.
(and a Hat tip to Phil the Bad Astronomer for mentioning my humble blog)
No, fragments of 73P will NOT hit the earth.
In the wake of the mssive disintergration of some of 73P's fragments, a few people have been asking if some of the smaller chunks may hit Earth.
The answer is a resounding no!. The reason can be seen in the Hubble image in this post and the spectacular video page, where you can seen an animation of 73P-B breaking up over 3 days. Go now, my favorite is the medium quality MPEG). As you can see, while 73P-B produces a spectacular number of small fragments, mots of them remain cloase to the parent body. Several of them seem to evaporate completely over this 3 day time fame (eg the fragment bottom right).
The fragments that do survive are gravitationally bound, they will follow 73P's orbit around the Sun and won't hit us. Have a look at the Celestia image below to see the relative postions of the comet and Earth.
As you can see in the Celestia image (using the latest ephemeris), even at closest approach the fragments are quite some distance from Earth. At closest approach for spectacularly fragmenting 73P-B, the comet is 0.067 AU, about 26 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon. Now some of those fragments are travelling sideways, but to have any chance of hitting earth, they have to be traveling at around 8 kilometers per second in our direction, and you can see from the images they are drifing much more lazily than that.
Celestia simulation of 73P at time of fragment C's closest approach to Earth (click to enlarge).
Will we get a meteor shower from 73P? Over on the comets list Carl Hergenrother points out that 73P is the parent body of the Tau Herculid meteor shower, which only occasionally produces meteors. Recent studies suggests that there will be no enhancement of the Tau Herculids this year (if they can be seen at all).
There will be significant Tau Herculid activity in 2022, but this will be due to particles released in 1892. We will probably not enocounter the debris fro either the 1995 or 2006 breakups for quite a long time.
Saturday, April 29, 2006
Comet 73P in Celestia!
Friday, April 28, 2006
Dramatic images of 73P-G breakup!
73P-G has broken up dramatically, go to Carl Hergenrother's site and scroll to the bottom for amazing images. Hubble also has some great images, and details here. Fragment B is rapdily evolving and has had a large outburst (see this nice image) and here is a good animation of 73P-B. Fragment R is in outburst. Fragment C is still magnitude 7.9 and is doing fine.
This image shows the location of fragments B, C and G in Corona borealis (click to enlarge)
More Solar flares!
Sunspot group 875 has fired off a strong, M7.5 solar flare. Unfortunately the SOHO Lasco C2 and C3 cameras have no images from this time, so I have no idea if a CME was fired off or not. We'll have to wait a day or so to see if this flare is likely to produce aurora. Also drop into Sungazer for a video of yesterdays flare.
While you are at it, remember that there are currently no plans to replace the ACE spacecraft? Why not write in to ask for a new solar wind monitor.
Galapagos tortoise webcam!
But what about the ORFans
Thursday, April 27, 2006
Two new sun spot groups (875, 876) have rotated onto the face of the Sun. Early this morning there was a C class and M class solar flare from these spots. The flares did not appear to produce Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejections, so they are unlikley to generate aurora, but these spots should be watched as futher flares may be very likely to produce aurora. Stuart has also noticed this, and reports on the astounding proposal to stop funding aurora alert service. At Spaceweather, they report that there is no plans to replace the ACE space craft, our early warning space weather satellite. Given that NASA is about to increase manned missions, the lack of an early warning craft is foolish in the extreme.
Wednesday, April 26, 2006
Comet 73P-B in outburst!
Comet 73P is still providing surprises. Yesterday Fragment 73P-B was reported to be in outburst again, with the Sun-forward sub-fragment being substantially brighter. The ESA's Very Large Telescope has also taken detailed images of 73P-B, showing more details of the fragments of the fragment (remember that Fragment B recently broke up). Recent amateur images of 73-P are here and here.
Sunday, April 23, 2006
The ISS, Venus, Mercury and the Moon (25th-27th April)
The next few days will be busy ones. On the morning of the 25th (Tuesday, ANZAC day) Venus and the Moon will be close together. For Adeladieans, on this morning the ISS will pass close to Mercury at 6:13 am ACST, at magnitude 2.3 the ISS will be hard to spot, but interesting none the less. Later that night, Callisto will be at maximum distance from Jupiter, and theoretically visible to the unaided eye (see here for spotting details). On the morning of the 26th (Wedensday) the Moon will be close to Mercury. On the morning of the 27th (Thursday) The ISS will pass between Venus and Mercury in most states. Adelaide 5:23 am, Brisbane 4:20 am, Melbourne 5:52, Sydney 5:52, and Hobart 5:56 am. More up to date predictions (the path of the ISS can change substantially over time), and specific predictions for your location can be found in my flares section on Southern Skywatch.
Comet 73P-B breaks up!
Fragment 73P-B has split into two fragments, as seen in these lovely images here, here and here. This image give probaly the first good view of the split nuclei, with intensity traces. Recent reports also suggest that fragment G may have split in two as well.
Both fragments C and B are easily viewable in binoculars (if the clouds ever clear) and small telescopes. Fragment C (the lower one in the image above) is now magnitude 7.9 (ignore the magnitudes in the image, the comets have been evolving to rapidly for the MPC data) Fragment B is something like 8.5-8.9. G is around magnitude 15. Fragments B and C, being close to the stars of Corona borealis, are very easy to find at the moment (providing you aren't clouded out). Looking north-east, locate bright orange Arcturus (the organge star in the image above) then look down and to the right to a curved spray of stars, Corona borelais, the comets will be embeded in this diadem.
A fantastic montage of this area showing fragments B, C and G is located here (small version, very hard to see G in this one) and here (large version). For the most recent ephemeris, go to the Minor Planet Ephemeris Service and type
one designation per line, into the the input box.
No Lyrids for Me
Hughie has been playing with me. We will have beautiful clear afternoons with the sky the purest blue, then shortly after sunset, the clouds will come over and persist unil mid morning. Lulled by this seemingly immutable pattern, I didn't get up early this morning to see if I could pick up any Lyrid lunar impacts. So when I did wander out in the early morn, the sky was celar and sparkly.
I had to rush out and set my telescope up in a hurry, but I was able to get some nice pictures of the Moon and Venus in very stable air, unlike the last two times when the images jumped all over the place (and its been about a wekk since I was bale to do any imaging at all). Unfortunately, this was well into twilight and not too far from dawn, so no Lyrid impacts were going to be seen, and good contrast Lunar images hard to obtain. But you can still see the lava rilles quite clearly despite this.
Friday, April 21, 2006
This year you have a cahnce to see Lunar meteor impacts yourself. On the morning of April 22 the Lyrid meteor shower crossed the Moon. While the lyrid shower is pretty dismal from the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon will be in an excellent position for us to see meteor impacts. See this Space Weather article giving full details of the event. Also see this NASA article as well.
Thursday, April 20, 2006
More on comet 73B
Wednesday, April 19, 2006
Where is 73P now?
Tuesday, April 18, 2006
Venus and Mercury
Sunday, April 16, 2006
Venus and Uranus close together (17-20 April)
Although Uranus is bright enough to be (just) visible to the naked eye, Finding it can be quite difficult. Over the next few days we have a very bright signpost, Venus. Between Monday 17 April to Thursday 20 April Venus will be within binocular distance of Uranus. The Spotter map above (click it to get a full scale view) shows that most nights Venus is just above Uranus (the circle is the field of view of 10x50 binoculars). Uranus is the second brigthest object close to Venus (all except Lambda Aquarii and a star near the bottom are less than magnitude 6, while Uranus is magnitude 5.9). On the 17th Venus is also just 9' from Lambda Aquarii (the red star in the field just below Venus in the image above). See if you can see them separate with the unaided eye. On the 18th and the 19th Venus and Uranus will be within wide field telescopic eyepices. Venus will look like a half Moon, and Uranus should be (just) a visible disk.
Saturday, April 15, 2006
Morning Venus and Mecury
Venus (bright dot near centre top) and Mercury (dimmer dot just above roof line), glow in the predawn eastern sky.
A Movable Feast
Once, on a radio interview, I was asked how to calculate the date of Easter. Embarrassingly, I had no idea at the time (other than it was the first Sunday after a particular full Moon). If you want to calculate the date of Easter yourself, here is a good page from the Astronomical Society of South Australia on calculating Easter (you can do it with a pocket calculator). This BBC site gives you computer code to do it, and finally this site calculates it for you (and all the sites give fascinating historical details of calculating Easter).
Thursday, April 13, 2006
Dan Brown isn't in danger yet
And do drop by The Pandas Thumb for my latest essay.
Is 73P-B disintergrating?
It's going to be one of those days.
Wednesday, April 12, 2006
Occultation of Spica (early morning April 14)
The Moon will occult the bright star Spica (alpha Virginis, magnitude 1) on the early morning of April 14 (April 13 in India). This will be visible from Northern Australia (NT, Northern WA and North QLD), Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, South East Asia and India. Representative local times are given in the at the Southern Skywatch Occultation section (sorry, tables don't seem to work properly in Blogger). The IOTA Spica Occultation page gives a lot more cites, but in Universal time, so you have to do the conversions yourself.
The full moon will make viewing the dissapearance and reapearance of Spica hard to see with the unaided eye. This occultation is best viewed with binoculars or a small telescope. In locations outside the occulation track, Spica and the Moon will appear evry close togeher, and will be interesting to look at.
Tuesday, April 11, 2006
anniversary of the beginning of manned space flight. On April 12 1961, 45 years ago, Yuri Gagarin was launched into space, the first human to travel beyond our fragile world. This is also the 25th anniversary of STS-1, the first Space Shuttle flight, with John Young and Robert Crippen.
What will you do for Yuri's Nlight? I'm going to have a loook for the ISS, and tell my kids about Yuri Gagarin and his flight. If you are more adventurous, you can go to a Yuri's Night Party. There is one in Adelaide (see the party link for contact details), and one in Sydney at the PowerHouse Museum (see party link for contact details, not on the PowerHouse site). If you can't go, why not have a mini-party at your place?
Venus Express has made it!
Monday, April 10, 2006
Venus Express arrives on Tuedsday
Latest on Comet 73P Schwassmann-Wachmann
Fragment B continues in outburst, and despite some fears that it might disintergrate completely, it appears to be hanging on in there. Fragement B is still brighter than C (just) and at magnitudes 9.0 and 9.1 repectively, they are brighter than ephemeris predictions. Currently overwhelmed by the Moons light, by the time the Moon wanes they should be easily visible in 10x50 binoculars. More fragments keep being found, as well, this is one exciting comet!
A nice shot showing C, B and G fragments all together is here.
Some nice individual shots of fragments B, C, G and R is here. As well, here is an image of fragment M.
Sunday, April 09, 2006
Aurora Happening NOW!!! (10:30 pm AEST)
We are having another (mostly unexpected) aurora. aurora have been reported in Tasmania a few moments ago, and the solar wind magnetic field went southwards sharply just now. If you are in New Zealand, Tasmania or Southern Victoria, go outside and look southwards NOW (allow some moments for your eyes to adjust to the dark). Pale green glows, with some sheets and rays should be seen in Tasmania.
Speaking of the Moon
A Moon Mosaic
Finally the clouds parted and I was able to get some shots. ALthough not for long. I manged to get this sequence and make a partial mosaic in the Gimp (the Guide to Gimp for Astrophotography is still coming) before the clouds rolled in as I was imaging. The quality isn't good because of this (messing up the exposures as well). My Venus phase campaign has suffered a bit of a set back, no images for 14 days due to cloud and rain, but I got one this morning. Tonight was clear, cold and cloud free, and I was hoping to make a full mosaic, but even after equilibrating my telescope for over an hour, the seeing was terrible. Oh well, better luck next lunation.
Saturday, April 08, 2006
Blue Ringed Planet.
Blue rings are generally associated with poisonous octopi, but Uranus's faint outer ring, discovered last year, turns out to be blue. Saturn also has a blue ring (the only other planet with a blue ring), associated with the small moon Enceladus, while Uranus's blue moon is associate with the orbit of the small moon Mab. The blue colour is probably due to the small size of the particles scattering light. The blue ring around Saturn is probably due to Enceladus's water gysers. How Mab genereates its ring is unknown at present.
The One That Got Away
Also, I had forgotten about the Moon with Callisto. The Moons light made it difficult to see Callisto in binoculars, let alone with the unaided eye (sigh). On the 17th the nearly Full Moon will be not far from Jupiter, but there is a short time window at 8:00 pm where Callisto may be visible. The 25th looks like our best bet this month.
That takes me back. When I was young, Woomera was one of the few rocket launch sites in the world. For a brief while, Australia was a space-race nation, launching the Black Arrow, Skylark and the Blue Streak missiles (oddly, the Woomera Pad site doesn't list the Bue Streak, even though they were launched there). I had dreams of working in space, and in a (now embarrassing) rush of youthful enthusiasm, a mate and I wrote to Woomera asking for funds to develop Cavorite for spacetravel (well, what did we know, HG Wells sounded authoritative). They never replied, but my dream of space flight persisted.
Time passed, Britain and Australia lost interest in rockets, and the Woomera facility was largely moth balled. We did have a very successful sub-orbital upper atmosphere rocketry program and and X-ray astronomy program, but that finally finished, and now the Woomera launch site is mostly silent (except for the occasional ScramJet flight).
When Stuart came over, I dragged him off the to aviation museum down the road, which had a display of rockets and paraphernalia from Woomera. It was a mild day (for Adelaide, which means our eyes weren't actually boiling in our sockets) and we managed to walk for the Train Museum Carpark (which I had mistakenly parked in under the impression it was right next to the aviation museum) to the aviation museum without getting heatstroke. I rushed in to show Stuart the display…
And it wasn't there. The Museum had moved last year, and they hadn't unpacked most of the Woomera stuff yet. There were a couple of unlabeled launching bodies, and what appeared to be a satellite motor, but that was it. The staff were helpful as they could be, but weren't space enthusiasts, they had no idea when the display would be restored, or what the launching bodies were, or where the thruster came from.
Don't get me wrong, the aviation museum is fascinating, but I had specifically taken Stuart out in heatstroke conditions to see the rockets that his dish at Jodrell used to monitor, so not having them there was disappointing. Later we peered through the chain-link fence at the back of the museum at a Blue Streak hulk, partly buried under bits of a flying doctors plane. It was a bit sad.
Now Andy Thomas wants the Government to spend $150 million to set up a commercial launch and space tourism center. Shooting the wealthy into the edge of space in a glorified glider wasn't what I imagined when I wrote to Woomera all those years ago, I had in mind a more gleaming Gernsbackian spaceprot where I would fly to Mars to study lichens, or explore the steaming Jungles of Venus, but it would be great to see it used again, and Australia join the space capable nations.
Friday, April 07, 2006
Iridium Flares, Saturday 8 April
While waiting to see Callisto, people in Adelaide, Hobart, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth (Sydney misses out for some reason) will see a nice bright Iridium Flare (magnitudes -7, -6, -2, 0 and -8 respectively, for comparison, Venus is magnitude -4.6 at the moment and Jupiter -2.4). The satellite track is shown in the picture. The Flare maximum brightness is at 19:34 in Adelaide, 19:25 in Hobart, 19:36 in Melbourne and Perth and 19:12 in Brisbane. In all cases the flare should appear in roughly the middle of Sextans, just above Leo. If you want to check your own location, see my flare section at Southern Skywatch.
Thursday, April 06, 2006
Unaided eye Callisto Saturday April 8
It was a discussion with a Velikovsky supporter that alerted me to the fact that the Jovian Moons are potentially visible to the naked eye. As you may know, Velikosky claimed that Venus was originally a "comet" ejected from Jupiter. He also claimed that the myth of Minerva springing from Jupiter/Zeus's forehead was based on visual observation of Venus "erupting" from Jupiter, accompanied by bright lighting bolts from Venus to Jupiter.
Unfortunately, they would have never seen it. All of Jupiter's Moons are bright enough to see with the unaided eye (Ganymeade, the brightest is mag 4.6). Although Callisto at Magnitude 5.7 is just above the limit, and you would need dark skies to see it. Yet you can see none of them (unless you follow the instructions below). Part of this is distance, and the other part is brightness.
The human eye can generally distinguish objects 4' (arc seconds) apart (people with excellent vision can see objects 1-2' apart), although more practically this limit is more like 8-25' depending on age and how good your eyesight is. Io and Europa never get much more than 2' and 3' away from Jupiter respectively, so most people would never be able to see them. Ganymeade and Callisto get to about 5' and 10' respectively at Jupiter's closest approach, and could theoretically be seen, but the brightness of Jupiter overwhelms their light.
Venus would be quite a bit brighter than the Jovian Moons at Jupiter's distance, but still substantially less than Jupiter. A Venus sized object at the distance of Jupiter could possibly be seen at the 8' limit. This would be long after any eruption and "lightning bolts" had happened. So rather than seeing Venus dramatically erupt from Jupiter, exchanging lightning bolts with it, a keen-eyed shepherd might have seen a moderately bright star creep slowly away from Jupiter over several hours/days, provided that Jupiter was at closest approach and Venus was ejected at right-angles to the shepherd's line of sight (otherwise they may not have noticed it for days). Casual observers would never have noticed. Hardly the stuff of legend.
But there is a way to see Callisto without either telescope or binoculars. Like seeing Venus in Daylight, you need to block out the light of Jupiter. This works best when Callisto is at its furthest from Jupiter (and when Jupiter is reasonably close to Earth, so the apparent separation is largest). You will also need dark skies of course, so if you are not in the country, you might like to plan a nighttime trip to the country. The night of April 8 is the first good opportunity we have to see Callisto (there are about 6 others in the next two months, 17 and 25 April and 3 May and 11 May are probably the best).
You will need to be able to see Jupiter (here is the location map for Jupiter), and to have a large object like a wall or roof to block out Jupiter’s light. Because Jupiter is rising straight up, Jupiter's Moons are above it, so you need something that blocks Jupiter from below (like a roof line) rather from the side (until around 1.00 am, when Jupiter levels out). The image above shows how Jupiter will look in binoculars at 10:00 am. With Callisto above and to the left a bit of Jupiter, slowly move so that Jupiter is just covered by the obscuring object, and Callisto should be just visible as a faint star just above the obscuring object. You may need to check the appearance of Jupiter and it's Moons in binoculars, to be sure of what you are seeing.
It will be a challenge, but it should be an interesting challenge.
An unexpected aurora
Wednesday, April 05, 2006
The Angry Astronomer
Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann hijinks!
Fragment B is still in outburst mode, and is now about as bright as Fragment C (the supposedly brightest fragment). But at magnitude 9.5 this is out of the reach of binocular views yet. A nice fragment B animation is here.
More and more fragments are being described, there are 19 offical fragments, and probably more to come. No more news of the staus of the apparent G split. For amateurs with binoculars or modest instruments, fragments B, C and G are the ones to watch, and we may see some interesting sights in the coming weeks.
Tuesday, April 04, 2006
Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann's dim future
And not a drop to drink!
Some nice sunspots.
April Southern Skywatch finally up
Monday, April 03, 2006
Comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann is coming!
Sunday, April 02, 2006
Saturday, April 01, 2006
That's not a Moon!
So not much sleep last night, and another Birthday to go to tonight, but I've got some more astro information and stories coming soon. | <urn:uuid:6c6ac77b-386f-4d3a-80ca-f457b343e8d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://astroblogger.blogspot.com/2006/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337490.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004085909-20221004115909-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.943507 | 5,480 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The construction industry is experiencing growth, as housing demands increase and the country's infrastructure undergoes rebuilding and repairs. While requirements to be a construction worker don’t include a degree, a certification from a trade school is helpful for workers who specialize.
Construction workers have access to many possible educational career paths. They can learn the trade on the job, attend vocational school or obtain a bachelor’s degree in construction engineering technology. Workers often start as unskilled laborers to learn the basics of the trade, then refine ...
Salary and Career Info for a Construction Worker. Learn about the education and preparation needed to become a construction worker. Get a quick overview of the requirements - including training ...
How to become a Construction Worker. Most construction workers learn their trade through short-term on-the-job training after being hired by a construction contractor or a temporary-help employment agency. Although there are no formal educational requirements, high school classes in english, mathematics, blueprint reading, welding, and shop can ...
Education and Training to Become a Construction Worker. Several educational options are available for those interested in construction. You can learn the trade on the job, attend a vocational school or obtain a degree from a college or university.
They typically need work experience in a trade such as carpentry or plumbing, as well as a bachelor’s degree in construction science, construction management or engineering. Certification from national organizations is becoming an increasingly important requirement with some employers.
You can also become a construction worker through an apprenticeship or traineeship. Entry requirements may vary, but employers generally require Year 10. Additional Information. When working at heights, industry standards require construction workers to complete a Work Safely at Heights short course provided by a Registered Training Organisation.
Typically, there are no educational requirements for a construction worker. However, advancement could be limited without an education, especially moving up to management positions.
Most construction laborers and helpers typically work full time and do physically demanding work. Some work at great heights or outdoors in all weather conditions. Construction laborers have one of the highest rates of injuries and illnesses of all occupations. Learn more about construction laborers ...
Construction: Educational Requirements to Be a Contractor. Learn about the education and preparation needed to become a contractor. Get a quick view of the requirements as well as details about ... | <urn:uuid:cfb6a196-5e61-4f3a-ae56-9fe21e9635a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.reference.com/web?q=Requirements+to+Become+a+Construction+Worker&qo=contentPageRelatedSearch&o=600605&l=dir | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256600.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190522002845-20190522024845-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.926651 | 471 | 3.015625 | 3 |
We All Depend on the Grasses: My Favorite Family
Gerald “Stinger” Guala, Ph.D., Former Keeper of the Herbarium
|A farmer in Madagascar carries rice using a bamboo yoke.|
Ever since an early mentor of mine handed me, an over-enthusiastic fifteen year old, a grass and said “this is the most difficult group of plants to know: if you can figure this out, you can do anything,” I have been fascinated with grasses. After several hours of looking up parts of the language that only grasses use (glumes, lemma, lodicules, awns etc.), I figured out what he had given me. It was a wild relative of rice. I still have that specimen.
Rice is a grass, as are maize (corn), wheat, barley, millet, oats, sugar cane, sorghum, rye and bamboo. Remember that most livestock eat primarily grass or grass products so, indirectly, leather, wool, meat, eggs and milk also come from grass.
The grass family, known scientifically as the Poaceae or Gramineae (both names are correct), is one of the four largest families of flowering plants, with approximately 500 genera and 10,000 species. Grasses range from tiny inconspicuous herbs less than an inch high to the giant bamboos that grow to 130 feet tall. The family is undoubtedly the most important flowering plant family to humans, directly or indirectly providing more than 3/4 of our food. It also is a major producer of our oxygen and provides a large component of the earth's environmental illtering processes due to its enormous geographic range, spatial coverage and biomass.
The economic importance of grasses can hardly be overstated. The latest edition of Agnes Chase's First Book of Grasses tells us that grasses are the greatest single source of wealth in the world. They provide much of the starch (rice, cornmeal, bread, cereal, pasta) and much of the protein in most human diets. Although a few grasses absorb selenium and other harmful substances from the soil and a few others have potentially poisonous cyanogenic compounds in their shoots and leaves, the overwhelming majority are not poisonous. The grains are naturally low in fat and rich in complex carbohydrates. Grasses sweeten what you drink and eat with cane sugar, molasses and high fructose corn syrup. Corn by-products also provide the raw material for many chemicals used in industry. Grasses provide the raw material for most alcohol products (sake from rice, rum from sugar cane, beer from barley, bourbon from corn, and whiskeys and other spirits from wheat and rye).
Although bamboo shoots are enormously important as a food crop in Asia, the real economic contribution of the bamboos is as a building material and a raw material for paper and furniture. More than 3,000 uses have been listed for bamboos in Japan alone. There is even a bamboo culture in Honduras which is based on the giant Guadua bamboo which we have in the Garden.
Of course, because corn and rice are the staple foods of many of the world's people, cultures can be defined by them as well. Rice is a sacred plant in many Asian cultures with some 21,000 recognized breeding lineages.
In contrast to the enormous economic benefit of grasses, it must also be noted that a large percentage of the world's worst weeds are in this group as well; and they cost millions of dollars every year to manage. Cogon grass and Bermuda grass, the world's most common grasses, are also two of the world's worst weeds. You need only look in any vacant lot or roadside in Miami to see some of our most prolific weedy grasses (Neyraudia reyanudiana, Pennisetum putpureum and Panicum maximum) dominating the landscape.
Grasses aren't just in your back yard, they are more geographically distributed than any other family of flowering plants. The southernmost recorded flowering plant is the Antarctic hair grass, Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv., and several species of grasses are among the most northern growing tundra plants as well. They are very common in alpine areas and lowlands, in swamps and in some deserts. When forest is cleared, grasses usually dominate the landscape. They bind the soil and prevent loss of topsoil all over the world. Taken together, they cover more area on earth than any other flowering plant family. They are the dominant plant in the savannas that ring the earth at the boundaries of the tropics and they dominate the boreal steppe (cold temperate grasslands) and the prairies of North America. Tropical savannas currently cover about 20% of the earth's land surface, grass dominated areas in general may cover as much as half. Dominance of grasses in these habitats is usually maintained because there is not enough water for trees to survive, there is heavy grazing pressure, or because fire occurs frequently enough to keep the trees out. Grasses adapted to fire prone areas have their growing tip either below ground or well protected within a tight clump of leaf bases. When they burn, only the leaves or the odd flower stalk are lost. The growing tip stays insulated and safe.
Grasses are also generally fast growers. A bamboo has been measured growing 47.5 inches in 24 hours. Some grasses are actually stimulated to grow by grazing. The huge herds of more than a hundred different grazing animals in Africa, bison on the great plains of the USA, cattle all over the world and billions of termites on the savannas of South America are all supported by grass. There are two major photosynthetic pathways in grasses, C3 and C4. With the exception of the bamboos which are all C3 and are common in the tropics, the relative percentages of C4 and C3 grasses reverse each other between the tropics and the poles with almost all grasses at high latitudes being C3 and most of those at the equator being C4. In general, C4 grasses are more efficient and can work at higher temperatures and light levels than C3 grasses but they need higher temperatures and/or light levels to begin photosynthesizing.
The Garden has representatives of most of the major groups of grasses, including a few that are not in any other botanical gardens in the western hemisphere and at least one bamboo that is not in any other botanical garden. I co-authored a new classification of grasses (shown above) that has just come out in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Several mysteries of grass relationships were solved in that paper, but many more remain to be solved. I'll be busy for a long time to come on my favorite family - the one that we all rely on.
Garden Views Winter 2002 | <urn:uuid:6c4ac519-f27c-465b-b197-5cf4d4fc29cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.virtualherbarium.org/GardenViews/Grasses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00356-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964767 | 1,425 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Biopolymers: New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings
With growing concern for the environment and the rising price of crude oil, there is increasing demand for non-petroleum-based polymers from renewable resources. Leading research groups worldwide in industry and academe are working on such technology with the objective of applying the latest advances in the field.
Written by well-respected experts, this text systematically covers the extraction and production of selected biopolymers as well as their properties and application as films or coatings in a variety of uses. The areas addressed include food packaging, edible coatings, paper coatings and agricultural films.
Intended for researchers and students, this book will also be of interest to industry, especially in terms of the practical applications.
About the Editor.
List of Contributors.
1 Introductory Overview (David Plackett).
1.2 Worldwide Markets for Films and Coatings.
1.4 Bio-Derived Polymers.
1.5 Other Topics.
2 Production, Chemistry and Degradation of Starch-Based Polymers (Analía Vázquez, María Laura Foresti and Viviana Cyras).
2.3 Effect of Gelatinization Process and Plasticizer on Starch Properties.
2.5 Production of Starch–Polymer Blends.
2.6 Biodegradation of Starch-Based Polymers.
2.7 Concluding Remarks.
3 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Polylactides (Anders Södergård and Saara Inkinen).
3.2 Production of Polylactides.
3.3 Polylactide Chemistry.
3.4 Properties of Polylactides.
3.5 Concluding Remarks.
4 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (Eric Pollet and Luc Avérous).
4.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthesis.
4.3 Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoates.
4.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Degradation.
4.5 PHA-Based Multiphase Materials.
4.6 Production and Commercial Products.
5 Chitosan for Film and Coating Applications (Patricia Fernandez-Saiz and José M. Lagaron).
5.2 Physical and Chemical Characterization of Chitosan.
5.3 Properties and Applications of Chitosan.
5.4 Processing of Chitosan.
5.5 Concluding Remarks.
6 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Proteins (Mikael Gällstedt, Mikael S. Hedenqvist and Hasan Ture).
6.2 Plant-Based Proteins.
6.3 Animal-Based Proteins.
6.4 Solution Casting of Proteins – an Overview.
6.5 Dry Forming of Protein Films.
6.6 Concluding Remarks.
7 Synthesis, Chemistry and Properties of Hemicelluloses (Ann-Christine Albertsson, Ulrica Edlund and Indra K. Varma).
7.4 Extraction Methodology.
7.7 Concluding Remarks.
8 Production, Chemistry and Properties of Cellulose-Based Materials (Mohamed Naceur Belgacem and Alessandro Gandini).
8.2 Pristine Cellulose as a Source of New Materials.
8.3 Novel Cellulose Solvents.
8.4 Cellulose-Based Composites and Superficial Fiber Modification.
8.5 Cellulose Coupled with Nanoparticles.
8.6 Electronic Applications.
8.7 Biomedical Applications.
8.8 Cellulose Derivatives.
8.9 Concluding Remarks.
9 Furan Monomers and their Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Alessandro Gandini).
9.2 Precursors and Monomers.
9.4 Biodegradability of Furan Polymers.
9.5 Concluding Remarks.
10 Food Packaging Applications of Biopolymer-Based Films (N. Gontard, H. Angellier-Coussy, P. Chalier, E. Gastaldi, V. Guillard, C. Guillaume and S. Peyron).
10.2 Food Packaging Material Specifications.
10.3 Examples of Biopolymer Applications for Food Packaging Materials.
10.4 Research Directions and Perspectives.
10.5 Concluding Remarks.
11 Biopolymers for Edible Films and Coatings in Food Applications (Idoya Ferández-Pan and Juan Ignacio Maté Caballero).
11.2 Materials for Edible Films and Coatings.
11.3 Edible Films and Coatings for Food Applications.
11.4 Concluding Remarks.
12 Biopolymer Coatings for Paper and Paperboard (Christian Aulin and Tom Lindström).
12.2 Biopolymer Films and Coatings.
12.3 Bio-Nanocomposite Films and Coatings.
12.4 Concluding Remarks.
13 Agronomic Potential of Biopolymer Films (Lluís Martín-Closas and Ana M. Pelacho).
13.2 The Potential Role of Biodegradable Materials in Agricultural Films.
13.3 Presently Available Biopolymers and Biocomposites.
13.4 Past and Current International Projects on Biodegradable Agricultural Films.
13.5 Present Applications of Biopolymer Films in Agriculture.
13.6 Potential Uses: Current Limitations and Future Applications.
13.7 Concluding Remarks.
14 Functionalized Biopolymer Films and Coatings for Advanced Applications (David Plackett and Vimal Katiyar).
14.4 Miscellaneous Applications.
14.5 Concluding Remarks.
15 Summary and Future Perspectives (David Plackett).
15.3 Bio-Thermoset Resins.
15.4 Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanofillers.
15.5 Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Nanofillers.
15.6 Concluding Remarks. | <urn:uuid:b96aa99c-1a74-4528-92f6-4ad8c7947cd6> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119995795.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246642012.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045722-00271-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.723851 | 1,309 | 2.625 | 3 |
New research has revealed a dramatic drop in the activity levels of primary school pupils, with children becoming 17 minutes less active per week every year between the ages of six and 11.
A study by Bristol University found that in Year 1, 61% of children did at least an hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) every day - the level recommended by the UK Chief Medical Officers. Yet by Year 6, only 41% achieved this target - and the decline is particularly steep for girls, dropping from 54% to 28% by the time they finish primary school.
The study, funded by the British Heart Foundation and published in the International Journal of Obesity, monitored the activity of more than 2,000 children from 57 schools across south west England between 2012 and 2018. Children wore an accelerometer for five days, including two weekend days, which assessed how many minutes per day they were active enough to get slightly out of breath and sweaty.
Researchers also examined how body mass index (BMI) is associated with physical activity in childhood, and whether associations change as children age. Russ Jago, Professor of Paediatric Physical Activity and Public Health at the University of Bristol, said: “Evaluating patterns of physical activity across childhood is an important way to identify key ages in which to intervene to change behaviour – and establish healthy habits for life.
“These numbers prove that more needs be done to ensure children keep active as they approach adolescence. This isn’t about getting children to exercise more, but rather maintaining their activity levels. Developing early intervention strategies that help children retain activity levels could include after school physical activity programmes, focusing on participation and enjoyment in addition to popular sports – and a greater emphasis on promoting weekend activities.”
The study coincides with data from the 2017/18 National Child Measurement Programme showing that 10% of four to five-year-olds and 20% of 10 to 11 year olds in England were obese. Ninety percent of children who are obese aged three remain overweight or obese in adolescence.
BHF Associate Medical Director Professor Jeremy Pearson said: “Almost a third of children in the UK weigh more than they should, while one in four primary school children are not meeting the recommended levels of exercise. We know that children living with obesity are more likely to become obese adults, putting them at increased risk of developing heart and circulatory diseases and their risk factors - such as type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure - later in life.
“Staying active must be combined with policies that help families make healthy and informed choices, such as a 9pm watershed on junk food marketing and restricting the promotion of unhealthy foods.”
According to the study, physical activity is associated with improved psychological wellbeing and lower levels of cardiometabolic risk factors among children and adolescents. Physical activity levels increase between the ages of three and six, appearing to peak around the age that children start school. After this time, several studies have shown that physical activity declines and sedentary time increases between six and 15, with girls less active than boys across all age groups.
NHS guidelines on physical activity for children suggest exercise such as bike riding, playground activities, swimming, football, hopping and skipping. Moderate activity should warm children up and cause them to breathe harder but they should still be able to carry on a conversation, while vigorous activity will make it harder to keep talking.
As well as improving cardiovascular health and helping children maintain a healthy weight, exercise improves bone health and self-confidence, as well as helping children develop new social skills. Read our guide to keeping your family active this winter and make physical activity your new year’s resolution! | <urn:uuid:04b79cca-4cf8-4dbb-a760-9ee65328222c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.activequote.com/articles/study-shows-sharp-drop-in-primary-pupils-activity-levels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649741.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604093242-20230604123242-00754.warc.gz | en | 0.964012 | 747 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Cancer Research
Flaxseed’s potential influence on breast, prostate, and other hormone-related cancers has led to an interest in its role for the prevention and survivorship of these cancers. Results have shown mixed findings, and much more human research is needed.
Interpreting the data
After a systematic review of the global scientific literature, AICR/WCRF analyzed how foods and their nutrients affect the risk of developing cancer.
“Convincing” or “probable” evidence means there is strong research showing a causal relationship to cancer—either decreasing or increasing the risk. The research must include quality human studies that meet specific criteria and biological explanations for the findings.
A convincing or probable judgement is strong enough to justify recommendations.
- There is probable evidence that foods containing dietary fiber DECREASE the risk of:
- Colorectal cancer
- Weight gain, overweight and obesity*
*This is important, because there is strong evidence that excess body fat increases the risk of at least 12 different cancers.
Ongoing Areas of Investigation
- Laboratory Research
Interest in flaxseed and cancer prevention often focuses on its ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) and lignans, although evidence is clearest regarding its role as a source of dietary fiber.
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a form of omega-3 fat that our bodies convert into another omega-3 fat, called EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). EPA is a source of protective, anti-inflammatory compounds. Only a small proportion of ALA is converted into EPA, yet moderate amounts of flaxseed in limited animal and human studies have been shown to increase EPA levels.
Lignans increase antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and carcinogen-deactivating enzymes in cell studies. They also decrease growth and increase self-destruction of cancer cells. In studies with mice, lignans and flaxseed decrease cancer development and growth.
- Lignans are sometimes categorized as phytoestrogens because they have a chemical structure similar to estrogen. Earlier, this led to fears that lignans could promote cancers fueled by excess estrogen, such as estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. There was also concern that lignans could interfere with tamoxifen and certain other anti-estrogen cancer treatments. But in studies with mice, flaxseed and lignans isolated from flaxseed reduce development and growth of both ER+ and estrogen-negative (ER-) breast cancer. They lower levels of several growth factors that promote breast cancer and increase the expression of tumor suppressor genes.
- Limited animal studies have found that flaxseed and flaxseed oil do not interfere with actions of tamoxifen or trastuzumab (medications used for breast cancer treatment) and may even enhance their effectiveness. Most of the animal studies have focused on breast cancer. The relatively few animal studies addressing other cancers have shown some decrease in markers of inflammation and a decrease in number and size of colon cancer tumors, and in growth and spread of prostate cancer.
Phenolic acids increase cells’ antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses against damage that could lead to cancer in cell and animal studies. Emerging evidence in animal studies suggests they may also improve glucose metabolism, decrease insulin resistance, and alter the gut microbiota (microbes living in the colon), creating an environment in the body less likely to support cancer.
Gamma-tocopherol is one of eight compounds that make up vitamin E. Earlier research focused on the related alpha-tocopherol compound, the form listed on nutrition labels and the only form currently recognized to meet human requirements. Yet cell and animal studies suggest that gamma-tocopherol may provide even stronger anti-inflammatory protection than alpha-tocopherol. In both cell and animal studies, gamma-tocopherol decreases cancer cell growth.
- Human Studies
Overall, research in flaxseed and cancer prevention with humans show mixed results. The studies are relatively small and short term. In one month-long trial of about 30 post-menopausal women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, daily flaxseed decreased signs of cancer cell growth. In several studies of healthy women consuming flaxseed daily, estrogen levels decreased or estrogen shifted to more of a relatively inactive form. The result was less estrogen in the form that seems to promote breast cancer growth. However, studies show unexplained variability, which may partly reflect effects of individual differences in hormones, overall diet and genetics.
Population studies are not clear about the impact of ALA on prostate cancer risk, but most recent overall analyses show no significant effect. In a study of men with prostate cancer who ate flaxseed, followed a low-fat diet or both for about 30 days before surgery, each of these strategies reduced cancer cell growth compared to a control group, although the combination strategy produced best results.
Dietary Fiber: AICR/WCRF found strong evidence, including population studies, linking high dietary fiber consumption with reduced risk of colorectal cancer.
Analysis for the AICR/WCRF Third Expert Report found the evidence too limited to support a conclusion for an association of dietary fiber to several other cancers. Other analyses combining 16 to 20 prospective cohort studies have linked dietary fiber with lower risk of breast cancer.
- Viscous fiber is a type of soluble dietary fiber that forms a gel in the digestive tract, slowing digestion and thus, the rise in blood sugar after eating. Having healthier blood sugar and insulin levels could potentially help reduce cancer risk. Viscous fiber’s actions in the gut may also contribute to reducing circulating estrogen levels. Such effects could help explain why some studies link greater soluble dietary fiber to lower breast cancer risk.
- AICR/WCRF found strong evidence that foods containing dietary fiber reduce the risk of weight gain, overweight and obesity. Some studies suggest that viscous fiber like that in flaxseed may contribute to this effect by increasing a feeling of fullness. By supporting a healthy weight, foods rich in fiber indirectly contribute to a lower risk of the 12 or more cancers related to excess body fat.
- AICR-Supported Studies
- Tips for Selection, Storage and Preparation
- Whole flaxseed provides plenty of fiber, but our bodies can’t digest it enough to access its other healthful components. Ground flaxseed offers more potential health benefits, but it doesn’t stay fresh as long as whole flaxseed.
- Buy whole flaxseed to grind in a coffee or spice grinder.
- If ground flaxseed or flaxseed meal is more convenient, buy either type, refrigerated or in a vacuum-sealed package.
- Flaxseed oil is quite perishable. Buy it in refrigerated opaque bottles.
- Store whole flaxseed up to a year in an airtight container in a dry, cool cabinet.
- Store ground flaxseed in an airtight container in the refrigerator up to 30 days or in freezer up to four months.
- Add ground flaxseed to hot or cold cereal, yogurt or smoothies.
- Sprinkle ground flaxseed on salads or on top of cooked vegetables for a nutty flavor.
- Include ground flaxseed in baked muffins or other quick breads.
- Flaxseed may decrease absorption of medications, so take it one hour before or two hours after any prescription or non-prescription medicine. Talk to your physician or healthcare provider about use if taking fish oil, omega-three supplements or anticoagulant medications.
- Drizzle flaxseed oil on salads or vegetables or in smoothies. Do not cook with flaxseed oil.
- De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(2):68.
- Mason JK, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components: can they play a role in reducing the risk of and improving the treatment of breast cancer? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(6):663-678.
- Taibi A, Lin Z, Tsao R, Thompson LU, Comelli EM. Effects of Flaxseed and Its Components on Mammary Gland MiRNome: Identification of Potential Biomarkers to Prevent Breast Cancer Development. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2656.
- Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JP, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A. Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;18(14):1818-1892.
- Tajik N, Tajik M, Mack I, Enck P. The potential effects of chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic components in coffee, on health: a comprehensive review of the literature. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(7):2215-2244.
- Villa-Rodriguez JA, Ifie I, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Roopchand DE. The Gastrointestinal Tract as Prime Site for Cardiometabolic Protection by Dietary Polyphenols. Advances in Nutrition. 2019;10(6):999-1011.
- Thompson LU, Chen JM, Li T, Strasser-Weippl K, Goss PE. Dietary flaxseed alters tumor biological markers in postmenopausal breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(10):3828-3835.
- Haggans CJ, Hutchins AM, Olson BA, Thomas W, Martini MC, Slavin JL. Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 1999;33(2):188-195.
- Haggans CJ, Travelli EJ, Thomas W, Martini MC, Slavin JL. The effect of flaxseed and wheat bran consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(7):719-725.
- Sturgeon SR, Volpe SL, Puleo E, et al. Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary levels of estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(2):175-180.
- McCann SE, Wactawski-Wende J, Kufel K, et al. Changes in 2-hydroxyestrone and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone metabolism with flaxseed consumption: modification by COMT and CYP1B1 genotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(2):256-262.
- Sturgeon SR, Heersink JL, Volpe SL, et al. Effect of dietary flaxseed on serum levels of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(5):612-618.
- Carayol M, Grosclaude P, Delpierre C. Prospective studies of dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(3):347-355.
- Simon JA, Chen YH, Bent S. The relation of alpha-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1558S-1564S.
- Demark-Wahnefried W, Polascik TJ, George SL, et al. Flaxseed supplementation (not dietary fat restriction) reduces prostate cancer proliferation rates in men presurgery. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(12):3577-3587.
- Ma Y, Hu M, Zhou L, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risks of proximal and distal colon cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(36):e11678.
- World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and colorectal cancer. Available at: dietandcancerreport.org.
- Aune D, Chan DS, Greenwood DC, et al. Dietary fiber and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(6):1394-1402.
- Norat T, Chan D, Vingeliene S, et al. The Associations Between Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer. WCRF/AICR Systematic Literature Review Continuous Update Project Report. London: World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research;2017.
- Chen S, Chen Y, Ma S, et al. Dietary fibre intake and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Oncotarget. 2016;7(49):80980-80989.
- World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Wholegrains, vegetables and fruit and the risk of cancer. Available at: dietandcancerreport.org.
- Stephen AM, Champ MMJ, Cloran SJ, et al. Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions, sources, recommendations, intakes and relationships to health. Nutr Res Rev. 2017;30(2):149-190.
- Dahl WJ, Stewart ML. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Health Implications of Dietary Fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(11):1861-1870.
- Li J, Gu Z, Pan Y, et al. Dietary supplementation of α-linolenic acid induced conversion of n-3 LCPUFAs and reduced prostate cancer growth in a mouse model. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2017;16(1):136.
- Edel AL, Patenaude AF, Richard MN, et al. The effect of flaxseed dose on circulating concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside derived enterolignans in young, healthy adults. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(2):651-663.
- Taylor CG, Noto AD, Stringer DM, Froese S, Malcolmson L. Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29(1):72-80.
- Harper CR, Edwards MJ, DeFilippis AP, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil increases the plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids in humans. J Nutr. 2006;136(1):83-87.
- Holscher HD. Dietary fiber and prebiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes. 2017;8(2):172-184.
- McRorie JW, Jr., McKeown NM. Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(2):251-264.
- Livingston KA, Chung M, Sawicki CM, et al. Development of a Publicly Available, Comprehensive Database of Fiber and Health Outcomes: Rationale and Methods. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156961.
- Deschasaux M, Zelek L, Pouchieu C, et al. Prospective Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Breast Cancer Risk. PLoS One. 2013;8(11).
- World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Diet, nutrition and physical activity: Energy balance and body fatness. Available at dietandcancerreport.org. | <urn:uuid:2a4ee039-5ae4-4cea-857d-41763f49d028> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/food-facts/flaxseed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529658.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519172853-20220519202853-00407.warc.gz | en | 0.839727 | 3,389 | 2.765625 | 3 |
When it comes to high-speed coding solutions, it’s tough to beat the sheer power provided by a laser marking system. Across the manufacturing and packaging spectrum, laser marking systems have become increasingly popular in recent decades due to their:
However, laser marking systems weren’t always so popular. Just a few decades ago, laser systems carried price tags that most operations couldn’t afford. Moreover, their operational capabilities were considerably lower than those offered by other marking systems of the time.
So, how did laser marking systems go from an out-of-reach technology to one of today’s most popular coding solutions? To provide a succinct answer, we spend this article looking at the history of laser technology, focusing on two of today’s most important laser systems: fiber laser systems and CO2 laser systems.
Our goal in writing this historical overview isn’t to provide a comprehensive look at laser technology development—instead, we will review the origins and development timeline of today’s top two laser marking technologies:
It took decades to develop both of these systems into what they are today, and each one has unique application specialties.
For basic background info on these laser options, read below to read some of their basic specialties and development timelines.
Fiber laser systems are a solid-state laser technology, meaning they use solid materials as a laser source. In every fiber laser system is a component called a diode, which produces light and pumps it into a fiber-optic cable. The light travels through the fiber optic cable until it reaches an optical cavity. There, the light is exposed to a rare-earth dopant that increases the intensity of the light and converts it into a concentrated beam that can mark, engrave, and cut solid materials.
Fiber laser systems are known for being highly powerful and adept at working with metals such as aluminum, steel, copper, brass, and nickel, as well as rigid plastics.
The first fiber laser was built and operated by Elias Snitzer in 1961. Working at American Optical in Southbridge, Massachusetts, Snitzer and his colleagues spent the next few years refining fiber optics until they were able to produce the first fiber laser system in 1963.
Although Snitzer is remembered as one of the most important figures in the history of fiber laser development, there were several other important individuals in the history of fiber laser technology. For example:
CO2 laser systems are a gas-state laser technology, meaning they use gaseous materials as a laser source. Each CO2 laser system is built with a glass tube containing a mix of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen. By exposing the tube’s gaseous mix to high-voltage electricity, the system excites the gas particles and causes them to release light.
To turn the released light into a laser beam, the CO2 laser tube is bookended by two mirrors: a fully reflective mirror and a partially reflective mirror. The released light particles bounce between the mirrors, building in intensity and forming a beam. Once the light reaches sufficient brightness, the beam can pass by the partially reflective mirror and be discharged toward the substrate.
Due to these operating mechanics, CO2 laser beams have longer wavelengths than those made with fiber systems. As a result, CO2 laser systems are not well-suited for most metal marking applications. However, they do fare well with marking organic materials, such as wood and rubber, that fiber lasers are incompatible with.
Here’s a condensed timeline of some major CO2 laser milestones:
After these major developments in the 1960s, engineers continued to refine CO2 laser technology throughout the 1970s and 1980s, expanding application possibilities.
For information on how today’s leading coding/marking companies have leveraged fiber and CO2 laser technology in their hardware, read our thoughts in one of our latest articles.
Want to learn more about the history of laser technology? Stay connected to C&M Digest by subscribing to our newsletter. With information on hardware, formulas, and other important marking topics, our newsletter will keep you updated on the latest industry developments. To get in touch with us about possible collaborations or ideas for coverage, contact us today. | <urn:uuid:694b579e-e9c6-437b-bfe9-08f5cf266eae> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.codingmarkingdigest.org/industries/history-of-laser-technology-fiber-and-co2-systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506429.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922234442-20230923024442-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.948062 | 865 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The North Indian version, the bin, is used in classical Hindustani music. Classified as a stick zither, it is about 4 feet (1.2 metres) in length, having a large resonating gourd under each end of its hollow wooden body, 24 high, movable frets, and four metal melody strings and three metal drone strings running along the length of the body. The musician, who plays the instrument in a seated position, holds it across his body at a 45-degree angle with one gourd resting on the left shoulder and the other gourd resting on the right knee or hip. The melody strings are plucked in a downward motion with a plectrum that is worn on the first and second fingers of the right hand, while the little finger of the right hand strums the drone strings in an upward motion. The fingers of the left hand are used to stop the strings. The bin was the dominant stringed instrument of Hindustani music in the 18th century, but in the 19th century its use declined in favour of the sitar, and it has since become nearly obsolete.
The vina of southern Indian Karnatak music is a long-necked lute with a pear-shaped wooden body attached to the neck, rather than the lower gourd found on the bin. Like the bin, it has 24 frets, four metal melody strings, and three metal drone strings. The musician plays the vina while in a seated position, holding the instrument across his lap in a nearly horizontal position, with the instrument’s body resting on the floor or supported by his right thigh and the gourd resting on his left thigh. The strings are plucked in a manner quite similar to that used in playing the bin. Of later origins than the bin, the vina was a favourite chiefly among amateur female vocalists, but it now occupies in Karnatak music the dominant position held by the sitar in Hindustani music. | <urn:uuid:cacd3a37-b87e-45cf-bbae-287ea313e866> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629307/vina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447552799.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185912-00080-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960747 | 409 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Anyone who has been reading this blog for a while will be well aware of some of the key problems with copyright in the Internet age. For example, the desire to stop people sharing unauthorised digital files online has led to more and more extreme legislation, culminating in the recent ACTA and TPP. In fact, it is impossible to stop people sharing such files unless you institute total surveillance to check on everything that is uploaded and downloaded. By an interesting coincidence, that is precisely where we are heading thanks to legislation like the Draft Communications Data Bill...
But leaving aside issues concerned with basic human rights like freedom of speech and privacy, there is another quite different problem with copyright. This one is not a product of the digital age, but has always been there, and is to do with how creators are remunerated for their work.
The current model, deriving from the original 1710 Statute of Anne, is that people create and then have a right to control how copies are made – their copy right. Using this government-granted monopoly, they can sell copies of their work either directly or, as is more usual, using a publisher to handle that side of things.
The difficulty is that under this model, creativity comes first, and money comes later, which is potentially a problem, since creators need money to live on while they're creating in order to earn that money to live on. This inherent flaw is one of the reasons that publishers have become so powerful. Through an advance for a future creation, the publisher has the creator in thrall: in order to pay back what is effectively a loan, artists have to do pretty much what publishers tell them.
Although that's an old problem, the Internet does offer a new solution. Because online communications between a creator and his or her public can be direct, it's possible to go to those future purchasers of a work, and to ask for money upfront, before creation begins. This is the Kickstarter model, whereby people pledge to pay money, but usually only if a declared total is reached. Although that model still needs refining, there's no doubt that it can work extremely well.
Of course, there's still a classic chicken-and-egg problem here: artists can only get funded for future creation if they have fans in the first place. The question then becomes: how can an artist acquire fans without the financial resources to spend months or years creating a major work to attract them?
Fortunately, there are already examples of how this problem can be overcome. It's increasingly the case that people who have never created a major work are being funded to do so by people who admire their online activity in different spheres. For example, bloggers may well be encouraged to work on a larger scale by fans of their blog posts. Similar, those with sufficiently large Twitter followings may be able to raise money through Kickstarter-like projects to enable them to take time to write something much longer.
The critical element here is reputation: people who wish to raise money for major projects are using the fact that there are enough people online who admire what they do to fund more of it. That reputation is reflected in part through things like number of visitors to a blog, or the number of followers on Twitter, although these are crude measurements.
Given this central importance of reputation in the online world, it's important to support it where possible, by ensuring that credit is given where it is due. One way to do that would be to make it easier to pass on creations with information about their creators, even when they are released under liberal licences that permit modification. Since the work itself may well change, the obvious way to do this would be through the metadata that accompanies it.
Currently, there is no easy way to embed that kind of metadata, nor to work with it. This makes the creation of tools that allow such metadata to be embedded in files an important task that needs tackling if the online reputational system is to be bolstered.
One reason for doing that is that reputation transcends licensing and even copyright. That is, even with licences that allow complete freedom to change a work, the metadata could be preserved to ensure that the original creator is credited. This approach would also work in the complete absence of copyright. In this case, social norms would also be needed to encourage people to pass on metadata.
In fact, related social norms are already developing: for example, on Twitter, it is considered bad form not to pass on the original source of information, while longer online pieces are expected to carry correspondingly more detailed information about attribution where applicable. This should make it easier to build a more robust reputational system that addresses copyright's big economic problem. | <urn:uuid:ceb7018c-7355-41aa-8a47-44baadb1cc56> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.computerworlduk.com/it-business/another-problem-with-copyright-how-to-fix-it-3569293/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509960.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016010149-20181016031649-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.965762 | 952 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This year we celebrated National Storytelling Week by inviting teachers from the different departments to visit the library at lunch time to share extracts from their favourite books with students. Over the week forty seven students participated in one or more of the storytelling slots. Throughout the week stories ranged from funny, to being about endurance and stories which were linked to the remembrance of The Holocaust.
Thank you to all the teachers for their amazing storytelling and fabulous stories that they shared.
- Mrs Slade ‘Ruby in the smoke’ by Philip Pullman
- Mrs Appleyard ‘The enchanted ring’ a translated traditional French fairy tale
- Mrs Brae ‘The Boy in the striped pyjamas’ by John Boyne
- Mrs Foster ‘Chitty, Chitty Bang Bang flies again’ by Frank Cottrell Boyce
- Mrs Ball ‘There’s a boy in the girls’ bathroom’ by Louis Sachar
- Mrs Horner ‘ Once’ by Morris Gleitzman
- Miss Wensley ‘Life in a jar: the Irena Sendler project’
- Miss Byron ‘The Hobbit’ by J.R.R. Tolkien
- Mrs Corner ‘The Twits’ by Roald Dahl
- Mr Burton ‘Run baby run’ by Nicky Cruz
- Miss Buffey ‘Revolting Rhymes – Cinderella’ by Roald Dahl
- Miss Leach ‘Hour of the bees’ by Lindsay Eagar
- Mrs Eves ‘Downhill from here’ by Gavin Boyter | <urn:uuid:50e744da-8632-483b-8315-3e77475b3dd7> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.canon-slade.bolton.sch.uk/blog/national-storytelling-week-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00287.warc.gz | en | 0.9367 | 334 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Consider the code below
>>> def maker(N): def action(X): return X ** N return action
This defines an outer function that simply generates and returns a nested function, without calling it—maker makes action, but simply returns action without running it.
I have written about how objects are created in python - if you want to take a quick detour, you can find it here
If we call the outer function:
>>> f = maker(2) # Pass 2 to argument N >>> f <function maker.<locals>.action at 0x0000000002A4A158>
what we get back is a reference to the generated nested function—the one created when the nested def runs.
If we now call what we got back from the outer function:
>>> f(3) # Pass 3 to X, N remembers 2: 3 ** 2 9 >>> f(4) # 4 ** 2 16
we invoke the nested function—the one called action within maker. In other words, we’re calling the nested function that maker created and passed back.
To get a conceptual understanding of how python handles functions, you can read this before proceeding ahead.
Perhaps the most unusual part of this, though, is that the nested function remembers integer 2, the value of the variable N in maker, even though maker has returned and exited by the time we call action. Usually a variables name should be destroyed once the function is exited. I have written about it here if you want to read.
In effect, N from the enclosing local scope is retained as state information attached to the generated action, which is why we get back its argument squared when it is later called.
Just as important, if we now call the outer function again, we get back a new nested function with different state information attached. That is, we get the argument cubed instead of squared when calling the new function, but the original still squares as before:
>>> g = maker(3) # g remembers 3, f remembers 2 >>> g(4) # 4 ** 3 64 >>> f(4) # 4 ** 2 16
This works because each call to a factory function like this gets its own set of state-information. In our case, the function we assign to name g remembers 3, and f remembers 2, because each has its own state information retained by the variable N in maker.
This is a quick short article giving an intuitive understanding of factory functions. This is used extensively in python. | <urn:uuid:b7e50533-e994-450d-8918-49e7ca884b5b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.bharathkreddy.com/post/factory-functions-closures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989705.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512193253-20210512223253-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.894851 | 513 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Recent research indicates that salt is accumulating in the environment and poses an emerging threat both to ecosystems and human health.
water pollution Archives - State of the Planet
Plastic microbeads, common in soap, toothpaste and other consumer products, are flooding waters. A team from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory is doing the first large-scale assessment of their impact on New York’s waterways.
A number of national and local governments are tightening environmental regulations and shutting down specific mining projects, or in some cases the entire industry, due to environmental risks, including those related to water use and pollution.
An all-purpose guide for journalists covering disasters, natural and manmade.
Undergraduates from Columbia and Barnard will be able to serve as research assistants on research projects related to sustainable development and the environment with distinguished faculty and researchers at the cutting edge of this burgeoning field.
Earlier this summer, the Securities and Exchange Commission proposed changes to their disclosure requirements for publicly listed mining companies. The Columbia Water Center was among those submitting comments on the proposed new rules.
From late December 2015 through January, a team of Earth Institute scientists and human rights lawyers from Columbia University worked in the highlands of Papua New Guinea to deliver the results of an independent study of water quality and human rights to the indigenous communities living near an industrial gold mine.
People living in areas of Pennsylvania where hydraulic fracturing is booming are suffering increasing rates of hospitalization, a new study says. The study is one of a small but growing number suggesting that the practice could be affecting human health.
H. James Simpson, a geochemist who pioneered important studies of water pollutants in the Hudson River and abroad, died May 10. He had been affiliated with Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for 50 years. The cause was Parkinson’s disease, said his family; he was 72.
Five hundred utilities in the U.S. provide drinking water with unsafe levels of arsenic, the Environmental Protection Agency says. But how many people are getting too much arsenic in their water is much less clear, according to a study conducted in part by the Columbia Water Center. | <urn:uuid:6a0a880b-c811-43b2-ae14-426ecf35fe71> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/tag/water-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.957882 | 439 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The planets that are best understood are the four terrestrial planets of our own solar system. Applying the detailed understanding gleaned from these bodies is crucial in our interpretation of exoplanetary systems. With the ongoing programs to search for planets around nearby stars, as well as upcoming ground- and space-based surveys, we can anticipate huge growth in the number and information on detected rocky exoplanets in the coming decades. As the characterisation of these new planetary systems proceeds it will in turn improve understanding of our own solar system, and in particular of how potentially habitable Earth-like planets may form, evolve, and are distributed throughout the galaxy.
The Rocky Worlds conference series aims to bring together planetary scientists, astronomers, and earth scientists to foster discussion and build the collaborations that will pave the way for the next decade of rocky exoplanet discovery and characterisation.
Exoplanet Mission Timeline
Image credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser; ESA
Planetary Science Missions
Image credit: NASA | <urn:uuid:961ff2ad-cdb1-43b7-89e0-a93c5363ccc4> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.rockyworlds.org/scope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057424.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923135058-20210923165058-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.884698 | 203 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Objective: To compare the risk of fetal death on the day of childbirth, with the risk of death at other ages, and with the risks of some hazardous activities, on a common scale of risk per day. Design: Review of publicly available data. Setting: UK. Sample: Data extracted from the Office of National Statistics and other sources. Methods: Data from the Office of National Statistics and other sources were used to calculate death rates at different ages expressed as rates per day of life. Death rates for different activities were also calculated as risks per day, or risks per activity, as appropriate. All risks were expressed in micromorts, the number of one in a million chances of dying. Figures on life expectancy (LE) were used to compare potential life years lost. Main outcome measures: Daily, or unit of activity, risk of dying for different activities compared with the risk of dying on the day of childbirth. Results: The risk of dying on the day of birth (0.43 per 1000, or 430 micromorts) exceeds that of any other average day of life until the 92nd year. It is comparable with other apparently more dangerous activities, such as undergoing major surgery. For comparison, the average risk of non-natural death per day and the increased risk from smoking one cigarette or travelling 200 miles by car are all about 1 micromort. Conclusions: The lifetime risk of death in childbirth is low, but is concentrated in a short period, making being born a high-risk activity. Parents considering interventions to reduce these risks should be made aware of this.
|BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|Early online date
|13 Feb 2014
|Published - May 2014
Bibliographical noteThe full text of this article is available free from the link given.
- Intrapartum stillbirth | <urn:uuid:027431f1-b672-4665-a93d-c2a992237891> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/the-dangers-of-the-day-of-birth-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473370.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221034447-20240221064447-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.941028 | 379 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Chocolate may be good for your heart: study
(Reuters) - Eating chocolate is not only a treat for the tongue -- it may also have some tangible benefits for heart health, such as lowering blood pressure slightly, according to a study involving more than a thousand people.
The study, which combined the results of 42 smaller studies and was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, also found that participants had small improvements in blood vessel function and a dip in their insulin levels.
A number of past studies have found that chocolate lovers seem to have lower rates of certain heart risks, such as high blood pressure.
"My take-away message would be that if people like dark chocolate, then eating a little in place of other 'treat' foods is fine, and may be beneficial," said study leader Lee Hooper, at Norwich Medical School in the UK.
"However, the evidence is not yet good enough to suggest that we should all be doing this."
She cautioned that the studies involved were neither large enough nor long enough to show whether eating chocolate has any effect on a person's risk of having a heart attack or stroke.
In contrast to past studies, which were largely observational and couldn't prove cause-and-effect -- that chocolate itself caused the changes -- the current study focused on clinical trials, where researchers assigned people to eat chocolate or not and then watched for changes in blood pressure, cholesterol and other heart risk factors.
Hooper and her team pooled data from 42 small clinical trials involving about 1,300 people and found that chocolate eaters had a few points knocked off their blood pressure readings, along with lower insulin levels and other benefits.
Though it's not clear why chocolate has this affect, it's believed to be due to compounds known as flavonoids, which are also present in foods such as nuts, soy, tea and wine. Continued... | <urn:uuid:fb779a9a-f681-4ca5-9ca4-38ea1f913d8a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://ca.reuters.com/article/lifestyleNews/idCATRE8210O420120302 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463611560.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528200854-20170528220854-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.9783 | 382 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What do business owners do with their financial information? We work with owners to identify the financial strengths and weaknesses of their businesses by properly establishing the relationship between the items of the balance sheet and the profit and loss accounts. Financial statements play a dominant role in setting the framework of managerial decisions. Information provided in the financial statements is not an end in itself as no meaningful conclusions can come from these statements alone. However, the information provided in the financial statements is of immense use in making decisions through analysis. Our goal is “to help you understand your financial statements as well as you understand your business.”
Our Financial Planning activities involve the following tasks:
Performing Financial Planning is critical to the success of any organization. It provides the Business Plan with rigor, by confirming that the objectives set are achievable from a financial point of view. It also helps the CEO to set financial targets for the organization, and reward staff for meeting objectives within the budget set. The flow charts below illustrate the Financial Planning and Analysis process used by Ames Accounting to support clients with existing and start-up businesses. | <urn:uuid:84009b55-282b-436b-beac-8d352c66954f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://amesaccounting.com/business-financial-planning-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.951701 | 219 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Newly published findings reveal that, since its introduction in 2006, the HPV vaccine has reduced HPV infection rates by a massive 56% among female teenagers 14-19 years of age. Is this impressive? Enormously. Is it enough? Not even close.
Top image via Getty
Close to 80 million Americans are currently infected with HPV, viruses from the papillomavirus family responsible not only for oral and genital warts, but a variety of cancers. That's about one third of the population (which, in this country, makes it about as prevalent as obesity). It is estimated that 19,000 cancers annually are attributable to HPV infections in women (the most common being cervical cancer) and 8,000 in men (who suffer most commonly from throat cancers).
There is a causal link between HPV and cancer. That means the HPV vaccine is effectively a cancer-vaccine. A CANCER VACCINE. That these vaccinations have been as effective as they have (even in the face of unfounded antivaccination propaganda and astoundingly dumb political maneuvering) is certainly a testament to their importance; but the report – published in the June issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases – also throws into stark contrast how much more could be done to curb the rate of HPV infection and, by extension, the development of cancer.
Says Tom Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control:
This report shows that HPV vaccine works well, and the report should be a wake-up call to our nation to protect the next generation by increasing HPV vaccination rates.
Unfortunately only one third of girls aged 13-17 have been fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine. Countries such as Rwanda have vaccinated more than 80 percent of their teen girls. Our low vaccination rates represent 50,000 preventable tragedies – 50,000 girls alive today will develop cervical cancer over their lifetime that would have been prevented if we reach 80 percent vaccination rates. For every year we delay in doing so, another 4,400 girls will develop cervical cancer in their lifetimes.
HPV is typically spread through sexual contact, and can transmit while there are no visible symptoms. As a result, on the order of 14 million Americans become newly infected every year. Given the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine, these numbers are simply unacceptable. We can do better.
For additional information on HPV, cancer screening and HPV prevention, visit the CDC. | <urn:uuid:f7f95c35-d202-4dd5-af59-9dacc88c55ff> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://io9.gizmodo.com/hpv-vaccines-are-saving-countless-lives-but-we-could-557038907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660070.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118110804-20190118132804-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.962782 | 488 | 2.6875 | 3 |
After the first big opening of your novel, your readers are hooked on the story and wanting for more (hopefully).
The second act of your book requires scenes that stretch the tension, raise the stakes, keep readers worried, and build toward Act III in a way that seems inevitable.
The first tool at hand to get to that is DEATH.
The most compelling fiction has death hovering over the Lead Character throughout the whole story. Death can be meant as:
- physical death: the obvious one
- psychological death: the Lead needs to find a reason to live or reach the desired object. If he can't succeed he's willing to die for it
- professional death: the Lead risks to lose his identity related to his career and success
The second tool to write a compelling second act is to create a good OPPOSITION.
For beginners it is easier to create a villain that is human. If the Lead is fighting a corporation, pick a group leader to help readers identify with the characters. Don't forget: the villain has to be stronger than the Lead to make the fight more intriguing.
The third tool we can use is the ADHESIVE.
An adhesive is any strong relationship or circumstance that holds people together. Here are some tips to make the adhesive strong:
- life and death: Lead fights to stay alive, Opposition wants Lead dead
- professional duty: for example a cops gets assigned a case
- moral duty: for example a mother looks for her missing child
- obsession: the Lead is obsessed with finding the Holy Graal
- physical constraint: as in 'The Shining' by Stephen King. We all know the story, but if you need a reminder:
Have a good novel! | <urn:uuid:8bd98380-6d6f-4212-b0be-4cd6b1cc2b61> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://lisafobia.blogspot.com/2013_09_25_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358520.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211128103924-20211128133924-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.945345 | 356 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Drought has been deadly for indigenous people in Colombia’s desert peninsula, underscoring a global crisis: People will be forced from their homes as weather turns more extreme.
PORCIOSA, Colombia—Seventeen-year-old Virginia Pushaina drops an orange bucket into the murky depths of an open pit to collect muddy water. It’s early morning in October, but the temperature’s already approaching 90 degrees. Crops of corn and beans have long since shriveled to dust, and emaciated goats scrounging for food in the sand no longer can feed a family or fetch a good price at market.
Six months pregnant, Pushaina often thinks about the baby son she lost to an infection two years ago. She now fears for her young daughter, who often lacks clean water and receives little nourishment apart from a few swallows of chicha, a fermented corn drink.
Since the region’s crippling drought began three years ago, 12 children among Pushaina’s hundred extended family members have died from malnutrition, dehydration, or illnesses caused by consuming dirty, stagnant water from the earthen wells. Many mothers in this indigenous Wayúu community on the Caribbean desert peninsula of Guajira are so malnourished that they are unable to produce milk for their babies.
Long before dawn breaks, women from the ranchería of Porciosa set out into the night with battered plastic containers, walking for hours across the sweltering desert to retrieve clean water from the nearest potable wells. They haul it back by burro or on bicycles, or lacking those, they carry it themselves. If they can’t carry enough to meet their families’ needs, they must resort to consuming water from Porciosa’s two pit wells, which are contaminated with bacteria. It’s an arduous daily ritual carried out in Wayúu rancherías, or settlements, across the state of La Guajira.
From our partners:
The word víctima in Colombia has a strong association with the country’s long-running armed conflict. But as the Colombian government moves steadily toward a peace accord, it is grappling with how to respond to a new kind of victim—people forced from their homes as they suffer the effects of higher temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme droughts and floods.
The Wayúu’s plight underscores a broader challenge for Colombia: analyzing the climate-related tipping points that could make people already suffering poverty, conflict, or other environmental threats more likely to migrate, particularly to its crowded cities.
It’s an emerging concern all around the world, yet consensus on the best ways forward remains elusive. When the United Nations climate talks commence in Paris on November 30, climate-related migration is likely to garner only a small amount of space in the accord’s text. That leaves individual countries to devise their own approaches to measuring migration and displacement and safeguarding rights.
Worldwide an average of 22.5 million people have been displaced each year since 2008 by natural disasters related to extreme weather and climate change, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, part of the Norwegian Refugee Council.
“We are moving beyond the social conflict already occurring in the country toward a different vulnerability, and some of those [affected] people have no recognition and no future unless we try to understand what’s happening with migration,” says Elsa Garcia Salazar, an environmental monitor specializing in climate change at the Bogotá office of the International Organization for Migration.
Crisis in La Guajira
For centuries, the Wayúu have resourcefully adapted to seasonal dry periods by migrating within their territory, which extends across the border to Venezuela. But the region’s unprecedented drought is exacerbating the effects of armed conflict, environmental degradation, and government neglect, driving many in this tribe of some 400,000 to a point of crisis.
“It’s very critical, the situation of our community,” says Arico Pushaina, a community leader in Porciosa. “If the government doesn’t help us … the Wayúu will come to an end in this land.”
Scientists at IDEAM, Colombia’s institute of hydrology and meteorology, attribute Guajira’s three-year drought to repeated El Niños, a weather phenomenon causing hot and dry conditions there. But recent research says the frequency of these extreme El Niño events has increased due to global warming. And with more intense droughts predicted for this region, the fate of the people who call this windswept desert home remains uncertain.
Across Guajira Peninsula’s 9,700 square miles, a staggering 37,000 people suffer from malnutrition, according to a 2014 report by Colombia’s Ombudsman Office. Its hunger crisis intensified in August, when Venezuela closed its border and imposed strict checkpoints to fight contraband gasoline, food, and other products flowing into Colombia. Since then, the Wayúu have found it harder to get cheaper Venezuelan goods, making a bad economy even worse.
The drought also is exacerbating another serious water woe: the damming of the Río Ranchería, the main river that flows through La Guajira. The river was dammed in large part to quench the voracious thirst of mining companies, resulting in its flow being cut off from the Wayúu. The Wayúu are now petitioning the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to restore their access.
No one in Porciosa has yet migrated outside of traditional Wayúu territory. But in nearby communities, some—particularly younger people—have left for other Colombian states, according to local leaders.
Garcia wants to know whether the drought is altering the Wayúu’s traditional migration patterns and pushing them in greater numbers toward urban areas and neighboring states. There’s an urgent need, she says, for rigorous data collection tools that can aid policymakers in understanding how phenomena linked to climate change are contributing to human migration—not only in La Guajira but throughout the country.
One study ranks Colombia 18th in the world for climate change risks—two to three times the risk of neighboring Brazil, Venezuela, and Ecuador: From expansive agricultural lands to urban centers in the Andes to nearly 2,000 miles of coastline, the majority of Colombians live in places likely to be affected by extreme weather, sea level rise, and other phenomena exacerbated by global warming.
[infobox title=’Rodrigo Suárez Castaño, director of the climate change division at Colombia’s Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development said:’]
“If the government doesn’t help us … the Wayúu will come to an end in this land.”
“We have a lot of challenges with climate change issues.” “If things keep going this way, we’re going to have more people moving and more people living in cities. It’s a big question and challenge we have on our hands.”[/infobox]
Colombia’s Climate Challenges
Colombia is being hit by climate-related changes that are exacerbating underlying problems, driving thousands from their homes.
Colombia’s Wake-up Call
Last year, Colombia became one of the first countries in South America to include migration in its national climate change adaptation plan.
A pivotal event for the Colombian government in recognizing the potential for climate-induced migration was the devastating, widespread La Niña floods in 2010 and 2011, which affected more than three million people throughout the country. There is no clear data on how many people were ultimately displaced, but flooding and mudslides damaged nearly 500,000 homes and affected millions of acres of agricultural lands.
IT WAS A WAKE-UP CALL. Following the floods, the government collaborated with the International Organization for Migration to track 2,000 people who had been displaced—an initial step toward a national climate migration study. The survey revealed trends similar to those seen in conflict displacement. Two years after the floods, nearly half had not yet returned home. Many had migrated to large cities like Medellín, Bogotá, and Cartagena.
“If you don’t have something in the Paris outcome, it will be much more difficult to keep [migration] on the list of priorities.”
~ WALTER KAELIN ~
Like those displaced by conflict, people displaced by the flooding lost property, income, and social support networks. They often settled informally on the fringe of cities in undesirable areas lacking basic infrastructure. People arriving from rural agricultural regions also tended to lack skills necessary to find jobs in an urban economy.
The small study underscored that cities need to be prepared to receive new migrants as part of their own climate adaptation plans. So far, they lack systems for preparing for them.
Can the Cities Cope?
Take the Colombian city of Cartagena. The city is home to tens of thousands of displaced conflict victims, many of whom settle informally along the major coastal lagoon of Cienaga de la Virgen with no sewer, water, or other municipal services. The arrival of more people because of climate-related phenomena—like flooding to the city’s south, rising seas that threaten the islands off its coast, and drought in La Guajira—will add to the pressures.
But while Cartagena has one of the most advanced adaptation plans in the region, the city hasn’t yet developed a strategy for climate migration. Suárez says the national government is supporting such efforts by providing guidelines.
“We are moving beyond the social conflict already occurring in the country toward a different vulnerability.”
~ ELSA GARCIA SALAZAR ~
International Organization for Migration
[infobox title=’Dolly González, Cartagena’s city planning director said:’]
“If we don’t make a commitment to getting solid data about patterns of climate migration, we will not have adequate tools for decision-making.” “People who arrive in Cartagena because of climate change are staying outside of the government aid programs, because the focus has been conflict.”[/infobox]
Beyond counting and tracking migrants, governments face challenges in developing legal mechanisms to provide ongoing support after initial crises like floods and fires. In Colombia, those fleeing extreme weather aren’t covered by the same laws that protect the rights of conflict-displaced migrants. So far, there isn’t even a standardized international definition of what constitutes a climate migrant.
The big question now is whether migration and displacement will be included in a new UN climate accord. Ahead of Paris, some developing nations proposed a new entity to organize humanitarian responses to climate-related disasters.
There’s general agreement that climate migration will grow in coming decades, notes Walter Kaelin of the Nansen Initiative, which is working to improve international responses to people displaced by natural disasters. But providing compensation for affected countries is a sticking point. “If you don’t have something in the Paris outcome, it will be much more difficult to keep this on the list of priorities,” he says.
A Plea to Preserve a Culture
Back in Porciosa, Virginia Pushaina watches her 19-month-old daughter grow weak and cry for food. She notices that the toddler has the same skin rash that her son developed before contracting a fatal infection. But she doesn’t have much time to dwell on such unsettling thoughts. Each day she must give herself completely to the present: tending her daughter, walking miles to fetch water, and making mochilas, intricately-woven cotton bags popular with tourists that have become crucial to the economic survival of many Wayúu families.
“If things keep going this way, we’re going to have more people moving and more people living in cities.”
~ RODRIGO SUAREZ CASTANO~
Colombia Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
Arico Pushaina pleads for greater government investment, including deeper wells, new windmills and solar pumps, medical clinics, and programs that allow artisans to get a fairer price for their goods.
He worries that, if La Guajira’s droughts become more intense and prolonged, the young will no longer be able to rely on traditional economic activities such as livestock and subsistence agriculture. What future will the Wayúu have, he wonders, if they are forced to leave for crime-ridden cities, far removed from their culture?
His uncertainty about the future also stems from another source. Contaminated water has contributed to the death of ten elders since the drought began, says Pushaina. With them goes their precious cultural knowledge, including the Wayúu tradition of using dreams to plan for the future.
“When they interpret dreams, they inform the community about what’s to come. It has really affected us, the [loss of] elders,” he says. “We no longer know what’s going to happen.”
This feature originally appeared in National Geographic. | <urn:uuid:7ed3371d-d08e-4148-8ee3-559018377d1d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://citi.io/2015/11/24/how-can-climate-talks-in-paris-impact-the-rest-of-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00814.warc.gz | en | 0.935372 | 2,769 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2012 June 9
Explanation: As its June 6 2012 transit begins Earth's sister planet crosses the edge of the Sun in this stunning view from the Hinode spacecraft. The timing of limb crossings during the rare transits was used historically to triangulate the distance to Venus and determine a value for the Earth-Sun distance called the astronomical unit. Still, modern space-based views like this one show the event against an evocative backdrop of the turbulent solar surface with prominences lofted above the Sun's edge by twisting magnetic fields. Remarkably, the thin ring of light seen surrounding the planet's dark silhouette is sunlight refracted by Venus' thick atmosphere.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:bdd77c1f-fe91-4cd8-a397-54d137163909> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~apod/apod/ap120609.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00219-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896937 | 208 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Shaka Samvat2309 Plavanga
Vikram Samvat2444 Krodhana
Gujarati Samvat2444 Siddhartha
TithiAmavasya upto 07:52 PM
YogaSukarman upto 09:10 AM
KaranaChatushpada upto 07:13 AM
KaranaNagava upto 07:52 PM
Rahu Kalam10:56 AM to 12:13 PM
Gulikai Kalam08:20 AM to 09:38 AM
Yamaganda02:49 PM to 04:07 PM
Abhijit11:53 AM to 12:34 PM
Dur Muhurtam09:07 AM to 09:48 AM
Dur Muhurtam12:34 PM to 01:16 PM
Amrit Kalam06:17 AM, Dec 12 to 07:59 AM, Dec 12
Varjyam08:03 PM to 09:45 PM
Hours which are past midnight are suffixed with next day date. In Panchang day starts and ends with sunrise.
In Hindu Calendar, the day starts with local sunrise and ends with next day local sunrise. As sunrise time is different for all cities, Hindu Calendar made for one city is not valid for any other city. Hence it is important to use location based Hindu Calendar, like this website. Further, each Hindu day consists of five elements, which are called angas. These five elements are -
In Hindu Calendar, all five elements together are called Panchang. (In Sanskrit: Panchang = Pancha (five) + Ang (part)). Hence Hindu Calendar which shows all five elements for each day is called Panchang. In South India Panchang is known as Panchangam.
When Hindu Calendar includes Muslims, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist and Jain festivals, including national holidays, it is called as Indian Calendar. | <urn:uuid:aeeb38a3-3a7d-43fa-8afb-b4a1defac114> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.drikpanchang.com/panchang/month-panchang.html?date=11/12/2387 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.876536 | 404 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Curtis Jackson, famously known as ‘50 Cent’ is a famous icon of rap music in the United States of America. Born on 6th of July 1975 in New York, the musician claims that his rough past as a child and his early adulthood was a propellant to his current success in the music industry. His grandparents raised him after his drug-dealing mother died; latter, he survived nine bullet shots, a tragedy that almost left him dead. Nonetheless, the rap artist did not give in to that. In fact, in 2003, his album ‘Get Rich or Die Trying’ was a top seller, escalated by the hit song ‘In Da Club’ among others, and since then, he stiffened competition in the American rap industry, constantly leading the industry with his artistic style.
Buy Connecting Music to the Past essay paper online
A closer look at 50 Cent’s style reveals that he, majorly, is celebrated for his rhythm and songwriting skills, which has seen him receive various awards from time to time. At the ASCAP R&B awards, Mitchell Gail reported that “50 Cent took home three awards, including songwriter of the year” (19). Most supporters and funs of the hip-hop and rap artists claim that they are more drown to 50 Cent because of his arrogant style and nature of music, mostly stirred up by the gruesome chain of past events in his life. In addition, in as much as 50 Cent seeks support from other artist, he does not overuse the talent of others to promote his albums. For that matter, he is very specific about who to choose; for example, the major artists featured in his albums are Eminem, Lloyd Banks, Young Buck, The Game, Olivia, Tony Yayo, and Jemie Foxx.
While researching about rap music, Forman and Neal, in their book found that rap music can be tracked back to “the revolutionary verse of Gil Scott-Heron and the Last Poets, to Pigmeat Markham’s ‘Here Come De Judge’” (68). Further, the two writers found that you could cite some ancient oral traditions of various African-American cultural practices, in essence, brining about the origin of the rap music. No wonder, rap was initially more popular amongst the black Americans. The difference between the ‘then rap music’ and what has evolved over the years is that initially the musicians would plainly record their production by placing their rhythmic, repetitive speech over well-known black music hits, and were very dependent on existing music. However, today’s artists, like 50 Cent, have given it different twists, where they write songs, and specially design the rap lyrics, giving it a splendid touch of instrumentation, which has perfected the music and made it more appealing to the American listeners. This has proven to be far much appealing to the listeners rather than the initial form of rap music that solely depended on the existing music.Want an expert to write a paper for you Talk to an operator now
Another popular pop and R&B singer, songwriter, record producer, model, business lady and an actress, Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, New York, on March 27th of 1970. Carey started recording her music in the 1990s, and was named the best-selling female R&B artist of the millennium, at the 2000 World Music Award. Additionally, she has earned five Grammy Awards as reported by ‘The Guardian’ and her music is famous for her “vocal range, power, melismatic style, and use of the whistle register”. Nonetheless, it is impossible to ignore her huge record of album sales and shipments of over 62.5 million albums within the US, and sales figures of more than 200 million albums worldwide.
In effect, Mariah’s kind of music falls under R&B genre; and to understand the scope of this genre, it is important to consider its origin and how it evolved over the years. R&B is a popular music genre that is believed to have come up as a combination of blues, gospel, and jazz music influenced by the African-American artists. Initially, this genre of music was only popular amongst the black American community, in the early 1940’s. However, today it is one of the most popular genres of music played in the United States of America. Historically, R&B was generally played in an ensemble style, which included a lead singer, instrumentalist, rhythm section, wind instruments, and a combination of piano and organ (Andrews 71). Andrews further explains that, in 1948, this kind of music gained its genre name as R&B, which signified ‘Rhythm and Blues’. However, unlike Mariah Carey’s music target audience is both teenagers and adults, back in the 1950’s, R&B majorly targeted teenagers. Furthermore, in the year 1970s, rhythm and blues also included soul and funk under its blanket, but this has changed with time. Today’s R&B artists, like Mariah Carey, have separated this form of music from the rest genres that were initially associated with it. They have made it explicit and distinct from the rest by the specific tunes of instrumentation and the rhythm associated with R&B. Nonetheless, though this genre of music has been associated with the African-American community for years, Mariah and other non-black musicians have taken this to another level, making it an internationally adorable genre of music sung by interracial artists.
‘Luke Bryan’ is a name that hit the headlines in 2007, and has since remained there because of the artist’s impeccable talent that has impressed many listeners. Known for his finely tuned art of playing the guitar, Luke also impresses his audience with smooth vocals and skills as a songwriter. “Songwriting gives me a way of telling stories about my life to other people. It also gives me chance to make other people’s stories heard, especially if they grew up like me or have experienced the same things that I have”, he said, which actually explained the origin of his passion as a singer and a songwriter (Jewels 34).
Luke Bryan is just a demonstration of a tip of the iceberg behind the power of the country music that makes it very popular amongst the Americans and other nationalities. This genre of music gives artists the power to tell their story in a poetic, or rather an artistic way that allows listeners easily relate with the storyline. Indeed, its origin dates back to almost a century from now. In fact, Gish explains that it originated in the end of the twentieth century (32), saying that it began in the rural areas of Southern states of the USA. This genre is believed to have taken its roots from the ‘Western Cowboy and the American folk music’. Nonetheless, Kate Riggs explains further that country music is generally characterized by dance tunes, ballads, and simple forms. It is majorly associated with string instruments, like banjoes, electric guitars, acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas (Gish 24).
In conclusion, different genres of music may have completely different origins and could have evolved differently. However, a keen eye would easily notice a similarity, or, at least, a common root of certain genres of music. For example, Curtis Jackson and other rap artists of today would not easily reveal the origin of the rap music because this genre of music has constantly evolved over the years and taken a different shape. However, it is explicit that it is mostly dominant amongst the African-Americans, and this justifies the fact that it truly could have originated from cultural practices and poetry of the African-American community. Similarly, R&B originates from the African-American community. However, looking closer, it is revealed that it has its roots in blues, jazz, and gospel music. These combined are the genres of music that inspired artists to come up with the R&B genre. On the other hand, country music is a blend of music forms that were popular in the Southern United States towards the end of the twentieth century. These were the initial roots of the formation of the country music, and include; the folk music, gospel, Celtic, and other old-time music forms. Artists borrowed from these and through their music evolved to form today’s version of music.
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:8fc56830-8a90-45bf-8c9e-72d217394216> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/music/connecting-music-to-the-past.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657155816.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715035109-20200715065109-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.978621 | 1,739 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sunday, March 8, 2009
West Kauai: Razing cane, one last time?
Workers at Gay & Robinson lift some of this year's 50 tons of sugarcane into the plant that has been feeding America’s sweet tooth for 120 years. But operations will cease next year, leaving only a single plantation on Maui to carry on a business that lured workers from around the Pacific and shaped the modern social fabric of the islands.
Although devastating in the short run for G & R’s 225 workers, many of whom still live in weathered “sugar shacks” just down the road, the future is not all grim: In 2007 the sugar king partnered with Pacific West Energy to develop the first fuel ethanol plant in America to create renewable power and clean-burning ethanol fuel from sugarcane. Some $80 million will be needed to re-purpose the bounty from the 7,500-acre plantation. In addition, the company plans to install a new hydroelectric power unit that will increase their current capacity by five to 10 megawatts and provide renewable energy to the island's power grid.
Using remarkable efficiency and Kauai’s abundant water, Gay & Robinson was able to compete in a world market that benefited from cheaper labor, but in recent it has incurred significant losses mainly due to the rising costs of fuel and fertilizer. Hawaii's first sugar cane plantation started in 1835 in Koloa on Kauai. Plantations were started later on the Big Island, Maui, and Oahu, and agriculture was the state's main economic engine for nearly a century.
Hawaii immigrant Eliza Sinclair; her daughters, Jane Gay and Helen Robinson; and their sons, Francis Gay and Aubrey Robinson, formed Gay & Robinson in the 19th century. The family owns the island of Ni’ihau, home to only pureblooded Hawaiians, and has always been know for taking care of its workers. | <urn:uuid:a4afaa15-a82f-47ba-8af9-f8c4c30e0e86> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.trailblazerhawaii.com/2009/03/west-kauai-razing-cane-one-last-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.961263 | 397 | 2.671875 | 3 |
"Carte du Nord Est &c du Nord West du Pole", Bernard, Jean Frederic
Period: 1717 (published)
Color: Black & White
22.5 x 13 inches
57.2 x 33 cm
Copper engraved map of the Arctic showing the three-island version of Greenland, and Nova Zembla as an island. The mythical island of Freesland, with several place names, is shown off the southwest coast of Greenland. This map is derived from Moses Pitt's map of the Arctic that was reduced by Robinson in 1694. First published in his Recueil de Voyages au Nord 1717, this example in the second state; mentioned by Kershaw as probably from Isaac de la Peyrère’s history of Greenland. Two place names in Iceland, Papei and Sneland, also suggest a relation with a map by Pierre Duval that accompanied La Peyrère’s book about Iceland. Embellished with four compass roses and a title cartouche.
References: Kershaw #123.
Nice, sharp impression with some toning of the folds and a tiny spot of loss in an unengraved portion. Professionally backed with Japanese tissue. Hinge remnants on verso. | <urn:uuid:618c2ab2-5756-4142-af48-bdedee0d7443> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.oldworldauctions.com/catalog/lot/117/430?printview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195528013.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722113215-20190722135215-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.904879 | 260 | 2.671875 | 3 |
What to do in an Emergency
Prepare a Family Disaster Plan using the following guidelines.
- Meet with your family and explain the need for a Family Disaster Plan. Explain to all members, including children, the likely threats and the dangers of each.
- Explain to each family member what he or she should do during a disaster event.
- As a family locate a safe place in your house to shelter for each type of hazard.
- Designate a friend or relatives house as an alternative shelter if a member of your family is unable to make it home when a hazard threatens or you are not allowed to return to your house due to an evacuation of your area. This should also be the place you self evacuate to in the event your area has to be evacuated. All family members should know the name of the occupants, their address and telephone number. If you have pets ensure that you can bring your pets as well.
- Develop an emergency communications plan. In the event that family members become separated, as can happen with the swift onset of an event such as flooding during the day when parents are to work and children at school, have a plan for getting back together.
- Arrange for an out of town relative or friend to be your family contact point. This is the person, living well away from you, who you will contact to provide information on how you have fared during the disaster and the condition of the family. This person will then inform all other relatives and friends of your situation. They also become the focal point for inquiries as to your welfare from others.
- Make sure every family member has a clear idea of what will be required if an evacuation notice is issued. What they must do and what the family must do to make their way to safety.
- Produce check-lists of action to take in preparation for specific disaster events.
- Place emergency telephone numbers clearly near the phone. Teach children to ring 000 in an emergency.
- Create an Emergency Kit.
- Document your Family Disaster Plan and practice it with the whole family. | <urn:uuid:9ddb3b33-5502-4217-b3e5-60cf93064921> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.burdekin.qld.gov.au/community-information/emergency-information/emergencies/family-disaster-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206647.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00365-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967744 | 419 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Excessive foot perspiration can lead to embarrassing foot odor and physically uncomfortable feet.
The interaction between the perspiration and the bacteria that thrive in shoes and socks can generate odor. It can be an inherited condition: some people’s feet sweat more than others.
Stress, some medications, fluid intake, and hormonal changes can also increase the amount of perspiration produced.
Preventing Foot Odor
In general, foot odor can be controlled with a few preventive measures:
- Keep feet clean and dry
- Always wear socks with closed shoes—cotton socks are best
- Wear shoes made of leather, canvas, mesh, or other materials that let feet breathe
- Change socks and shoes at least once a day
- Let shoes dry out between wearings
- Check for fungal infections between toes and on the bottoms of feet. If any redness or dry, patchy skin is observed, see a podiatrist right away
- Dust feet frequently with a non-medicated baby powder or foot powder
- Applying antibacterial ointment also may help, or an antifungal ointment if fungus exists
Soak feet in strong black tea for 30 minutes a day for a week. The acid in the tea kills the bacteria and closes the pores, keeping your feet dry longer.
Use two tea bags per pint of water. Boil for 15 minutes, then add two quarts of cool water. Soak your feet in the cool solution.
In some cases, a prescription ointment may be required to treat the problem. | <urn:uuid:7c85430d-6a05-4b11-95b8-732f1a89fe40> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://andersonpodiatrycenter.com/patient-resources/library/foot-odor-perspiration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583668324.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20190119135934-20190119161934-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.892424 | 325 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Better Students Ask More Questions.
What would be some examples for guiding principles and a criminal code for a group of...
3 Answers | add yours
One must assume that trapped miners, or anyone else in a similar situation--say shipwrecked sailors--are acting under the assumption that their situation, no matter how dire, is temporary. Any rules, or codes of conduct are only for the time when they await rescue, no further. The exigencies of survival would of necessity preclude them from adopting an entire new system of laws, as the above answer suggests; as it is highly doubtful that they could soberly and reflectively form a new government. Such a response might be appropriate if one were marooned on a distant island with no hope for immediate rescue. Although trapped miners are in dire straits, their situation should not be such that they revert back to a "state of nature," with all its pitfalls.
A more proper answer, I think, is that the trapped miners must consider themselves bound by the same code of conduct which they would observe without the emergency. Those in charge are still in charge. Acts which are criminal above ground are criminal below ground; although punishment of any such offenses must wait until rescue.
There is precedent for this situation in the case of The Queen vs. Dudley and Stephens(1884) in which three British sailors were shipwrecked; and in order to survive, the sailors drew lots to determine which one should be killed and eaten by the other two. Dudley and Stephens, the survivors, were tried and convicted of murder. The court determined that the exegencies of the moment did not relieve them of liability under the law:
It is not suggested that in this particular case the deeds were devilish, but it is quite plain that such a principle once admitted might be made the legal cloak for unbridled passion and atrocious crime. There is no safe path for judges to tread but to ascertain the law to the best of their ability and to declare it according to their judgment; and if in any case the law appears to be too severe on individuals, to leave it to the Sovereign to exercise that prerogative of mercy which the Constitution has intrusted to the hands fittest to dispense it.
It must not be supposed that in refusing to admit temptation to be an excuse for crime it is forgotten how terrible the temptation was; how awful the suffering; how hard in such trials to keep the judgment straight and the conduct pure. We are often compelled to set up standards we cannot reach ourselves, and to lay down rules which we could not ourselves satisfy. But a man has no right to declare temptation to be an excuse, though he might himself have yielded to it, nor allow compassion for the criminal to change or weaken in any manner the legal definition of the crime. It is therefore our duty to declare that the prisoners' act in this case was wilful murder, that the facts as stated in the verdict are no legal justification of the homicide; and to say that in our unanimous opinion the prisoners are upon this special verdict guilty, of murder.
Posted by larrygates on February 12, 2012 at 1:11 AM (Answer #1)
This situation would be somewhat like a state of nature in which there would be no legitimate authority to tell the miners what to do and to enforce laws. Therefore, they would have to set up their own society. Of course, they would already have ideas from their society so it would not be exactly like a state of nature.
A guiding principle might be equality. It might be that every person stuck in the mine should be able to share equally in whatever resources they have. This would include food, of course, but it might also include time in any light source they have. It might include the idea that all have to share equally in whatever tasks they need to do in order to survive and be as healthy as possible.
In a criminal code, crimes would largely be offenses against this principle of equality. The major problem with a criminal code would be the need to figure out a way to punish any wrongdoing. It would presumably have to be in the form of "fines" with the offender losing all or part of his share of resources.
A major problem this "society" would face in trying to enforce these laws would be the possibility of factions arising among the miners. These might try to cheat on behalf of their members and prevent the system from working as it is supposed to.
Posted by pohnpei397 on February 12, 2012 at 12:47 AM (Answer #2)
"My stomach was full as it could be, and nobody ever got around to finding Timothy".
As stated, there is always a chance of rescue, therefore, no new Civilization need be incorporated by men and no laws need be drafted as when the Mayflower Compact was introduced into American Jurisprudence, a young new community in a new land, if you grasp the comparison.
There was an episode of the series Combat I remember, they somehow got trapped in a mine shaft, and one American soldier wanted kill the German prisoner, to have more food and air for the others.
Sgt. Saunders said, no, and when the soldier asked why, they would kill him above ground, Saunder's replied "I said Kill, not murder".
Laws of Man and God are not suspended when human tragedy unfolds.
Posted by bor on February 12, 2012 at 8:55 AM (Answer #3)
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students. | <urn:uuid:66768dc2-b6a0-43c6-87e9-e4cb3f2517e5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-would-some-examples-guiding-principles-314083 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999665917/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060745-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977988 | 1,140 | 3.203125 | 3 |
William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson – better known as Masters and Johnson – were trailblazing sexologists who conducted research into the physiology of sex in the 20th century, earning widespread fame in the 1960s. Though initially research partners, they married in 1971 but eventually divorced in 1992.
Masters and Johnson’s sex studies, which inspired the popular Showtime series Masters of Sex, began in the 1950s and involved monitoring subjects’ responses to sexual stimulation under lab conditions. Their work proved both controversial and highly influential, feeding into the ‘sexual revolution’ of the 1960s and correcting widespread misconceptions about sexual stimulation and dysfunction, particularly amongst women and the elderly.
Masters and Johnson’s later work, however, was plagued by falsehoods. Their 1970s and 1980s studies on homosexuality, for example, sensationalised the AIDS crisis and perpetuated myths about the transmission of HIV.
From pioneering the field of sexology to courting controversy, here’s the story of Masters and Johnson.
Sexology before Masters and Johnson
When Masters and Johnson commenced their studies in the 1950s, sex was still considered a taboo subject by large swathes of the public and indeed many scientists and academics. As such, scientific research into human sexuality was typically limited in scope and greeted with suspicion.
That said, Masters and Johnson were preceded by Alfred Kinsey, a biologist and sexologist who published reports on sexuality in the 1940s and 1950s. But his work, while important, was primarily concerned with behaviour, touching on attitudes to sex and fetishes. Studies into the physiological mechanics of sex at the time were at best superficial and at worst non-existent or shaped by misconceptions. Enter Masters and Johnson.
Starting their studies
When William Masters met Virginia Johnson in 1956, he was employed as a gynaecologist by the medical faculty of Washington University, St Louis. He had commenced research studies into sex two years earlier, in 1954, and Johnson joined his team as a research associate. Over the following decades, Masters and Johnson conducted wide-ranging studies into human sexuality, initially with a particular focus on physiological sexual responses, disorders and both female and elderly sexuality.
Accounts of Masters and Johnson’s early dynamic typically paint Masters as a driven, focused academic and Johnson as a sympathetic ‘people person’. This combination would prove invaluable during their research endeavours: Johnson was apparently a reassuring presence for subjects enduring incredibly intimate, and at times invasive, scientific scrutiny.
How did Masters and Johnson collect data?
Masters and Johnson’s research involved monitoring responses to sexual stimulation, including using heart monitors, measuring neurological activity and using cameras, sometimes internally.
The research duo’s first book, Human Sexual Response, was published in 1966 to both outrage and fanfare. Though written in intentionally formal, academic language – to abate accusations that it was anything other than a work of science – the book became a bestseller.
Human Sexual Response outlined the researchers’ findings, which included categorisations of the four stages of sexual arousal (excitement, plateau, orgasmic and resolution), recognition that women could have multiple orgasms and proof that sexual libido can endure into old age.
The book is widely recognised as the first laboratory-researched study of human sexual physiology. It shot Masters and Johnson to fame and its theories proved perfect fodder for magazines and talk shows in the 1960s, as the nascent ‘sexual revolution’ gained momentum in the west.
Masters and Johnson founded the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation – which was later renamed the Masters and Johnson Institute – in 1964 in St Louis. Initially, Masters was its director and Johnson its research assistant, until the pair became co-directors.
At the institute, Masters and Johnson started offering counselling sessions, lending their expertise to individuals and couples affected by sexual dysfunction. Their treatment process involved a short course combining elements of cognitive therapy and education.
In 1970, Masters and Johnson published Human Sexual Inadequacy, detailing their findings on sexual dysfunction, performance and education. By this point, Masters and Johnson had become romantically involved. They married in 1971, but they would ultimately divorce in 1992.
Despite their pioneering early work, Masters and Johnson courted controversy later in their careers. In 1979, they published Homosexuality in Perspective, which outlined – to widespread criticism – the conversion of dozens of purportedly willing homosexuals to heterosexuality.
Moreover, 1988’s Crisis: Heterosexual Behaviour in the Age of AIDS detailed falsehoods about the transmission of HIV/AIDS and contributed to alarmist perceptions of the disease.
Masters and Johnson’s later work was undermined by inaccuracy and myth. But the pair are nonetheless remembered as pioneers of the field of sexology, and their studies into the physiology of sex proved influential, as did their evaluations of sexual dysfunction.
The legacy of Masters and Johnson is certainly complex: they perpetuated sensational myths about HIV/AIDS and homosexuality, but they also helped to expel many misconceptions about sex and sexuality, particularly regarding women and the elderly. | <urn:uuid:4bef010d-3307-4cff-ae13-28d573b09ebc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.historyhit.com/masters-and-johnson-controversial-sexologists-of-the-1960s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948235171.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305124045-20240305154045-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.965899 | 1,041 | 3.046875 | 3 |
||Blue Sky Item 2032|
Open Drop Menu For Options
Check Box for engraving
These designs can be personalized with logos and text. We will also blow them in the colors of your organization At No Additional Charge.
The rare earth metals used to produce our planet series were created inside stars burning hydrogen which produced every element found on Earth.
These elements were distributed through the cosmos during super novas which coalesced into the earth we refine to produce colored glass.
Blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum which is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere at most sun angles.
The result is that the human eye perceives blue when looking toward parts of the sky other than directly at the sun.
Near sunrise and sunset, most of the light we see has to travel a longer distance through the atmosphere which scatters the blues and greens out.
What remains are the longer wavelengths which produce the familiar red sunrises and sunsets.
Click For Entire Planet Collection | <urn:uuid:6cdc367a-50f0-46c1-aa02-c6e6bbe9fe5d> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://monarchcustomglass.com/cgi-bin/imcart/display.cgi?item_id=2032&cat=34&page=1&search=&since=0&status=&title= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578558125.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422155337-20190422180330-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.932019 | 203 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Rocky Mountain Research Station Publications
RMRS Online Publication - Journal
Articles, External Publications, and Special Reports
Plant Guide: Nineleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium triternatum [Pursh] Coulter and Rose)
Tilley, Derek; St. John, Loren; Ogle, Dan; Shaw, Nancy. 2011. Plant Guide: Nineleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium triternatum [Pursh] Coulter and Rose). Aberdeen, ID: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center. 4 p.
Nineleaf biscuitroot begins growth very early in the spring, often just following snow melt, providing crucial early forage for many wildlife and domestic animals. It is considered one of the most valuable forage species of the genus due to its large stature and high production levels. It is rated as having fair to very good forage for sheep and poor to good forage for cattle (USDA-FS, 1937). Ogle and Brazee (2009) rate it as desirable spring and summer forage for cattle, sheep, horses, elk, deer and antelope.
Keywords: Nineleaf biscuitroot, Lomatium triternatum, native forb, seed production
About PDFs: For best results, do not open the PDF in your Web browser. Right-click on the PDF link to download the PDF file directly to your computer. Click here for more PDF help.
PDF File Size: 215 K
Title: RMRS Other
Publications: Plant Guide: Nineleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium triternatum
[Pursh] Coulter and Rose)
Electronic Publish Date: October 3, 2012
Last Update: October 3, 2012
RMRS Publications | Order a publication | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:aa31d135-bcea-435e-8f10-cfe1ded257ee> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2011_tilley_d003.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654467.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00078-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.81946 | 381 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Next generation medical imaging and genomic sequencing studies, including my own work, have helped reveal that some foods are neuro-protective, literally shielding the brain from harm and supporting cognitive fitness over the course of a lifetime. Conversely, other foods are harmful for the brain, slowing us down in general, making us feel sluggish and tired, while at the same time increasing our risk of dementia.
Here’s how it works: Donepezil boosts serotonin and acetylcholine in the brain, chemicals that are usually found in high concentrations in the brains of young children which naturally decrease with age. As a cholinesterase inhibitor, Donezepil boosts brain function by increasing the amount of acetylcholine around nerve endings. In dementia and Alzheimer’s patients, the drug has been shown to improve memory function.
The real culprit at the heart of the problem may be impossible to regulate – the human desire to have a supercharged brain. For now, this wish is still largely relegated to the domain of fiction. Researchers point out that increasing the power of certain parts of the brain, such as areas responsible for learning and focus, would likely deprive other parts of the brain that are needed to live. Despite the appeal of a super-brain, a better goal is still to maintain a balanced brain and lifestyle.
One might suggest just going to the gym or doing other activities which may increase endogenous testosterone secretion. This would be unsatisfying to me as it introduces confounds: the exercise may be doing all the work in any observed effect, and certainly can’t be blinded. And blinding is especially important because the 2011 review discusses how some studies report that the famed influence of testosterone on aggression (eg. Wedrifid’s anecdote above) is a placebo effect caused by the folk wisdom that testosterone causes aggression & rage!
Nootropics may seem attractive to anyone who wants to try to improve their cognitive function and is willing to purchase powders, pills and other forms of these natural and synthetic supplements. Nootropic users have their own terminology, referring to measured combinations of nootropics and vitamins and minerals as “stacks.” For instance, Danger and Play, a site for active people, features a stack for beginners. The recipe includes 1600 mg of the piracetam along with recommended dosages of supplements such as ALCAR, rhodiola and magnesium. There are recipes for morning, afternoon and night, thus providing daylong guidance on how to most effectively stack for more energy, greater concentration, and improved information retention. The stack tip specifically states that the ingredients are not addictive, especially if taken in strict accordance with the recipe.
Provigil may well confer a temporary advantage on healthy people, but this doesn't mean that it's ready to replace your morning espresso. Anjan Chatterjee told me that there "just aren't enough studies of these drugs in normal people". One study, published recently in the Journal of the American Medical Association, suggests that Provigil can be habit-forming. A group led by Nora Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, scanned the brains of 10 men after they had been given a placebo, and also after they had been given a dose of modafinil. The modafinil appeared to lead to an increase in the brain chemical dopamine. "Because drugs that increase dopamine have the potential for abuse," Volkow's report concluded, "these results suggest that risk for addiction in vulnerable persons merits heightened awareness." (Cephalon, in a response to the report, notes that Provigil's label urges physicians to monitor patients closely, especially those with a history of drug abuse.) On the website Erowid, where people vividly and anonymously report their experiences with legal and illegal drugs, some modafinil users have described a dependency on the drug. One man, who identified himself as a former biochemistry student, said that he had succeeded in kicking cocaine and opiate habits but couldn't stop using modafinil. Whenever he ran out of the drug, he said, "I start to freak out." After "four to five days" without it, "the head fog starts to come back".
Conversely, you have to consider that the long term effects of Modafinil haven’t been studies very well. It significantly upsets sleep cycles, and 50% of Modafinil users report a number of short term side effects, such as mild to severe headaches, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, nervousness, hypertension, decreased appetite, and weight loss. PET scans show it affects the same areas of the brain that are stimulated by substance abuse.
Vitamin C has long been thought to have the power to increase mental agility, and some research suggests that a deficiency may be a risk factor for age-related brain degeneration including dementia and Alzheimer's. Furthermore, interesting studies demonstrate that vitamin C may be useful in managing anxiety and stress. One of the best sources of this vital vitamin are blackcurrants. Others include red peppers, citrus fruits such as oranges and broccoli.
One of the most common strategies to beat this is cycling. Users who cycle their nootropics take them for a predetermined period, (usually around five days) before taking a two-day break from using them. Once the two days are up, they resume the cycle. By taking a break, nootropic users reduce the tolerance for nootropics and lessen the risk of regression and tolerance symptoms.
Phillips told me that, much as he believes in neuroenhancers, he did not want to be "the poster boy for smart-in-a-pill". At one point, he said: "We really don't know the possible implications for long-term use of these things." (He recently stopped taking Provigil every day, replacing it with another prescription stimulant.) Nor does he think we need to be turning up the crank another notch on how hard we work. "But," he said, "the baseline competitive level is going to reorientate around what these drugs make possible, and you can choose to compete or not."
As professionals and aging baby boomers alike become more interested in enhancing their own brain power (either to achieve more in a workday or to stave off cognitive decline), a huge market has sprung up for nonprescription nootropic supplements. These products don’t convince Sahakian: “As a clinician scientist, I am interested in evidence-based cognitive enhancement,” she says. “Many companies produce supplements, but few, if any, have double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to show that these supplements are cognitive enhancers.” Plus, supplements aren’t regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), so consumers don’t have that assurance as to exactly what they are getting. Check out these 15 memory exercises proven to keep your brain sharp.
It's been widely reported that Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and college students turn to Adderall (without a prescription) to work late through the night. In fact, a 2012 study published in the Journal of American College Health, showed that roughly two-thirds of undergraduate students were offered prescription stimulants for non-medical purposes by senior year.
Such competitive anxieties are already being felt in the workplace. Recently an advice column in Wired featured a question from a reader worried about "a rising star at the firm" who was "using unprescribed modafinil to work crazy hours. Our boss has started getting on my case for not being as productive." And on internet forums such as ImmInst (Immortality Institute), whose members share a nerdy passion for tweaking their cognitive function through drugs and supplements, people trade advice about dosages and "stacks" - improvised combinations - of neuroenhancers ("Cut a tablet into fourths and took 25mg every four hours, four times today, and had a great and productive day - with no side-effects"). In one recent post a 52-year-old - who was working full time, studying for an advanced degree at night and "married, etc" - wrote that after experimenting with modafinil he had settled on two daily doses of 100mg each. He believed that he was "performing a little better", adding: "I also feel slightly more animated when in discussion."
Smart drugs offer significant memory enhancing benefits. Clinical studies of the best memory pills have shown gains to focus and memory. Individuals seek the best quality supplements to perform better for higher grades in college courses or become more efficient, productive, and focused at work for career advancement. It is important to choose a high quality supplement to get the results you want.
Choline is very important for cognitive function because it is a precursor to Acteylcholine. Your body needs enough choline to convert into Acteylcholine to keep your brain healthy. For this reason, choline supplements are often considered great nootropics, even by themselves. CDP-Choline and Alpha GPC are the best sources for supplemental Choline.
Clarke and Sokoloff (1998) remarked that although [a] common view equates concentrated mental effort with mental work…there appears to be no increased energy utilization by the brain during such processes (p. 664), and …the areas that participate in the processes of such reasoning represent too small a fraction of the brain for changes in their functional and metabolic activities to be reflected in the energy metabolism of the brain… (p. 675).
Why? Just think for a moment how much visual, auditory, and sensory information you’re exposed to and required to process every day. From constant background sounds to big city noise pollution, the phone ringing, artificial lighting, chemical-laden air fresheners circulating smells of fresh linen, electromagnetic fields piercing through your brain, the new procedure you have to learn at work, and a host of other sensory stimuli, the human brain has to organize and deal with this information all while keeping you upright and going. Although the brain has incredible skills and unimaginable capabilities, modern living creates unprecedented stress and sensory overload from all of the information that must be processed every single day. Sensory overload has even been shown to cause irritability, anxiety, mood swings, depression, ADHD, fibromyalgia, PTSD and chronic fatigue syndrome. The ability of your brain to continue learning, processing, and forming new neural connections is key to maintaining optimal brain health and longevity.
The magnesium was neither randomized nor blinded and included mostly as a covariate to avoid confounding (the Noopept coefficient & t-value increase somewhat without the Magtein variable), so an OR of 1.9 is likely too high; in any case, this experiment was too small to reliably detect any effect (~26% power, see bootstrap power simulation in the magnesium section) so we can’t say too much.
We have established strict criteria for reviewing brain enhancement supplements. Our reviews are clear, detailed, and informative to help you find supplements that deliver the best results. You can read our reviews, learn about the best nootropic ingredients, compare formulas, and find out how each supplement performed according to specific criteria.
Walnuts are chock-full of heart-healthy and anti-inflammatory nutrients, and are the only good nut source of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), HuffPost Healthy Living earlier reported. That means they help promote blood flow, which in turn allows for efficient delivery of oxygen to the brain. And research presented at the 2010 International Conference on Alzheimer's found that mice with the disease who were regularly fed walnuts had improved memory, learning and motor skill coordination, according to MyHealthNewsDaily.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that relates to a collection of behavioural symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness. It is most commonly diagnosed in childhood between the ages of 6 and 12 when disruptive behaviour begins to show, however, due to a growing awareness of the condition, it is also becoming common among adults. According to the thinktank Demos, the cost of undiagnosed ADHD in adults in the UK who are unable to work or hold down a full-time job are estimated to cost billions of pounds to the nation. They warn that too many may be going through life struggling, unable to access the support ot diagnosis they need, which means there could be a huge amount of wasted talent.
It looks like the overall picture is that nicotine is absorbed well in the intestines and the colon, but not so well in the stomach; this might be the explanation for the lack of effect, except on the other hand, the specific estimates I see are that 10-20% of the nicotine will be bioavailable in the stomach (as compared to 50%+ for mouth or lungs)… so any of my doses of >5ml should have overcome the poorer bioavailability! But on the gripping hand, these papers are mentioning something about the liver metabolizing nicotine when absorbed through the stomach, so…
After we had ordered beers he said: "One of the most impressive features of being a student is how aware you are of a 24-hour work cycle. When you conceive of what you have to do for school, it's not in terms of nine to five but in terms of what you can physically do in a week while still achieving a variety of goals - social, romantic, extracurricular, CV-building, academic."
“It is surprising and encouraging that it may be possible to predict the magnitude of a placebo effect before treatment,” says Tor Wager, a neuroscientist at the University of Colorado Boulder, who was not involved in the research. More work is needed to see how the predictive features hold up in other populations and for different pain conditions, he says.
Recently I spoke on the phone with Barbara Sahakian, a clinical neuropsychologist at Cambridge University and the co-author of a 2007 article in Nature entitled "Professor's Little Helper". Sahakian, who also consults for several pharmaceutical companies, and her co-author, Sharon Morein-Zamir, reported that a number of their colleagues were using prescription drugs like Adderall and Provigil. Because the drugs are easy to buy online, they wrote, it would be difficult to stop their spread: "The drive for self-enhancement of cognition is likely to be as strong if not stronger than in the realms of 'enhancement' of beauty and sexual function." (In places like Cambridge, at least.)
Back home, I contacted Aubrey Marcus, whose company Onnit Labs produces Alpha Brain. He attributed my lucid dreaming to increased levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which enhances REM dreaming. Alpha Brain has two ingredients that boost acetylcholine levels: GPC choline, which the body converts to acetylcholine, and Huperzine A, an alkaloid derived from Chinese club moss, also known as Huperzia serrata. "Huperzine A disarms the enzyme that naturally breaks down acetylcholine," Marcus said. "So while the GPC choline is being converted to acetylcholine, the Huperzine A is keeping it from disappearing. It's like plugging the drain and turning on the faucet."
Exercise is also important, says Lebowitz. Studies have shown it sharpens focus, elevates your mood and improves concentration. Likewise, maintaining a healthy social life and getting enough sleep are vital, too. Studies have consistently shown that regularly skipping out on the recommended eight hours can drastically impair critical thinking skills and attention.
I have elsewhere remarked on the apparent lack of benefit to taking multivitamins and the possible harm; so one might well wonder about a specific vitamin like vitamin D. However, a multivitamin is not vitamin D, so it’s no surprise that they might do different things. If a multivitamin had no vitamin D in it, or if it had vitamin D in different doses, or if it had substances which interacted with vitamin D (such as calcium), or if it had substances which had negative effects which outweigh the positive (such as vitamin A?), we could well expect differing results. In this case, all of those are true to varying extents. Some multivitamins I’ve had contained no vitamin D. The last multivitamin I was taking both contains vitamins used in the negative trials and also some calcium; the listed vitamin D dosage was a trivial ~400IU, while I take >10x as much now (5000IU).
For example, a study published in the journal Psychopharmacology in 2000 found that ginkgo improved attention. A 2001 study in the journal Human Psychopharmacology suggested that it improves memory. Nevertheless, in a review of studies on ginkgo in healthy people, researchers found no good evidence that it improved mental abilities, according to a 2002 report in Psychopharmacology Bulletin.
What worries me about amphetamine is its addictive potential, and the fact that it can cause stress and anxiety. Research says it’s only slightly likely to cause addiction in people with ADHD, but we don’t know much about its addictive potential in healthy adults. We all know the addictive potential of methamphetamine, and amphetamine is closely related enough to make me nervous about so many people giving it to their children. Amphetamines cause withdrawal symptoms, so the potential for addiction is there.
Since my experiment had a number of flaws (non-blind, varying doses at varying times of day), I wound up doing a second better experiment using blind standardized smaller doses in the morning. The negative effect was much smaller, but there was still no mood/productivity benefit. Having used up my first batch of potassium citrate in these 2 experiments, I will not be ordering again since it clearly doesn’t work for me.
The exact moment when science morphed into science fiction was when so-called climate scientists (formerly known as weather forecasters) realised that some people could be conned into believing in man-made global warming and pumping fortunes into university departments to prove it. Now, they're all at it.Come back Arthur C Clarke. Your country needs you now.
L-Glutamine- One Of The 13 Essential Ingredients In Brain Fuel Plus… Perhaps the best fitting ingredient in our product’s name, L-Glutamine is the only compound besides blood sugar that can both cross the blood brain barrier AND be used by the brain for energy, which is why it is commonly called “brain fuel.” In fact L-Glutamine is involved in more metabolic processes than any other amino acid in the entire body. It is shown to promote mental alertness, improve mood and memory, and help with depression and irritability. It has even been shown to improve IQ.
However, normally when you hear the term nootropic kicked around, people really mean a “cognitive enhancer” — something that does benefit thinking in some way (improved memory, faster speed-of-processing, increased concentration, or a combination of these, etc.), but might not meet the more rigorous definition above. “Smart drugs” is another largely-interchangeable term.
Sure, you could certainly swallow too much St. John’s Wort and create the same type of serotonin or neurotransmitter issues you could create with a synthetic smart drug, but it’s far more difficult to harm yourself with a nootropic compared to a synthetic smart drug. Although synthetic, laboratory-designed nootropics do indeed exist, even those are not as harsh on the biology as a smart drug and have a mechanism of action that is a bit more natural. Let’s begin with the more natural nootropics.
Nootropics, also known as ‘brain boosters’, or ‘cognitive enhancers’ are made up of a variety of artificial and natural compounds that help in enhancing the cognitive activities of the brain by regulating or altering the production of neurochemicals and neurotransmitters in the brain. It improves blood flow, stimulates neurogenesis (the process by which neurons are produced in the body by neural stem cells), enhances nerve growth rate, modifies synapses, and improves cell membrane fluidity. Thus, positive changes are created within your body, which helps you to function optimally; whatever be your current lifestyle and individual needs.
According to the US Food and Drug Administration, "Piracetam is not a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical, or dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake. Further, piracetam is not a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any such dietary ingredient. [...] Accordingly, these products are drugs, under section 201(g)(1)(C) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(C), because they are not foods and they are intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Moreover, these products are new drugs as defined by section 201(p) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 321(p), because they are not generally recognized as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in their labeling." | <urn:uuid:46dfdcd7-0740-4ac5-90e9-2fac12430e60> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://noobstarter.com/brain-food-to-eat-before-a-test-nootropics-box.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114150002-20181114172002-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.954366 | 4,397 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Of the two vaccines used in the U.K. to protect against pandemic H1N1 influenza, the adjuvanted split-virus vaccine offered better protection for children than the non-adjuvanted whole-virus vaccine, but caused more side effects, a phase II study showed.
After two doses, there were higher seroconversion rates with the adjuvanted vaccine both in children younger than 3 (98.2% versus 80.1%, P<0.001) and in older children (99.1% versus 95.9%, P=0.03), Claire Waddington, a clinical research fellow at the Oxford Vaccine Group in England, and colleagues reported online in BMJ.
Although the researchers said both vaccines were well tolerated, there were higher rates of local and systemic reactions with the adjuvanted vaccine.
Waddington and her colleagues concluded, "The favorable immunogenicity of the adjuvanted split-virion vaccine in the youngest children in our study suggests that novel adjuvants could be used to improve the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccines in this population."
Children have been heavily affected by the H1N1 pandemic and were in the priority group for vaccination in most countries. But there is little safety and efficacy data for the new vaccines.
Waddington and her colleagues compared the two pandemic vaccines purchased by the U.K. Department of Health, GlaxoSmithKline's AS03B adjuvanted split-virus vaccine derived from egg culture, which contains 1.875 µg of haemagglutinin antigen, and Baxter's non-adjuvanted whole-virus vaccine derived from cell culture, which contains 7.5 µg of haemagglutinin.
The study was an open-label, randomized, parallel-group, phase II study conducted at five centers in England during the second wave of the pandemic from September 2009 to December 2009.
Children ages 6 months to 12 years were randomized to receive the adjuvanted vaccine (469 patients) or the whole-virus vaccine (464 patients) administered in two doses 21 days apart.
Seroconversion, defined as four-fold increase to a titer of at least 1:40 from before vaccination to three weeks after the second dose, occurred at higher rates with the adjuvanted vaccine according to both the microneutrilization assay and the haemagglutination inhibition assay.
There was a significant interaction between immunogenicity and age (P<0.001), with a greater effect in younger children for the adjuvanted vaccine and a magnified effect in older children with the whole-virus vaccine.
There were more side effects with the adjuvanted vaccine, including more frequent severe local reactions after both the first (7.2% versus 1.1%) and second (8.5% versus 1.1%) doses in children older than 5 and after the second dose in children younger than 5 (5.9% versus 0%) (P<0.05 for all).
Systemic reactions were also more frequent, including irritability and decreased feeding and activity in children younger than 5, and muscle pain and a state of being generally unwell in children older than 5.
Among younger children, fever of at least 100.4°F was more common with the adjuvanted vaccine after the second dose (22.4% versus 8.9%, P<0.001).
Four adverse events of note occurred, according to the researchers. One, a focal seizure believed to be unrelated to vaccination, occurred with the whole-virus vaccine. Three others occurred with the adjuvanted vaccine -- one case of knee osteoarthritis possibly related to the shots and two generalized seizures believed to be unrelated to vaccination.
The researchers acknowledged some limitations of the study, including the lack of a blood test after the first dose because two doses were recommended at the time, and lack of a non-adjuvanted split-virus vaccine as a comparator.
The study was funded by the National institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Program and was supported by the NIHR Oxford Comprehensive Biomedical Research Center program and the Thames Valley, Hampshire and Isle of Wight and Western Comprehensive Local Research Networks and the Southampton Respiratory NIHR Biomedical Research Unit. The study was adopted by the NIHR Medicines for Children Research Network and supported by their South West and London-South East, North, Central, and East Local Research Networks. One of the study authors is a Jenner Institute Investigator.
Vaccines were manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline and Baxter, both of whom donated the vaccine but had no role in study planning or conduct.
Waddington reported no conflicts of interest. Several of the study authors reported receiving research grants and honoraria from and participating on advisory boards for vaccine manufacturers.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Dorothy Caputo, MA, RN, BC-ADM, CDE, Nurse Planner
BMJSource Reference: Waddington C, et al "Safety and immunogenicity of AS03B adjuvanted split virion versus non-adjuvanted whole virion H1N1 influenza vaccine in U.K. children aged 6 months-12 years: open-label, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study" BMJ 2010; DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c2649. | <urn:uuid:16bea8ba-623c-432e-a713-781d87f3e825> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/swineflu/20384 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866932.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624102433-20180624122433-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.946446 | 1,144 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.